Clergy and laity Laity - A layman (pl. laity; Greek λαϊκός - Laiki) is a follower of Christianity, a member of the Church, who is not a priest, who does not belong to the clergy. Clergy is a collective term to designate a social class, individuals or social group consisting of professional ministers of a particular religion. Used, as a rule, only to monotheistic religions.
Clergy and laity Until 1589, the head of the Orthodox Church was the metropolitan. Until 1589, the head of the Orthodox Church was the Metropolitan. The center of religious life was the church, which was built with donations from people. The center of religious life was the church, which was built with donations from people. Parishioners - residents of surrounding villages or a city block who elected a candidate for priests Parishioners - residents of surrounding villages or a city block who elected a candidate for priests
Josephites and non-acquisitive Josephites (Osiflyans) are followers of Joseph Volotsky, representatives of the church-political movement in the Russian state at the end of the 15th to the middle of the 16th centuries, who defended an extremely conservative position in relation to groups and movements that demanded reform of the official church. They defended the right of monasteries to land ownership and ownership of property in order for the monasteries to carry out broad educational and charitable activities. Yosiflyane (Osiflyane) followers of Joseph Volotsky, representatives of the church-political movement in the Russian state at the end of the 15th to the middle of the 16th centuries, who defended an extremely conservative position in relation to groups and movements that demanded reform of the official church. They defended the right of monasteries to land ownership and ownership of property in order for the monasteries to carry out broad educational and charitable activities.
Josephites and non-covetous people Non-covetous people, this term usually refers to the monastic movement in Russia at the end of the 15th and first half of the 16th centuries, which opposed monastic land ownership. Non-acquisitive, this term usually refers to the monastic movement in Russia at the end of the 15th and first half of the 16th centuries, which opposed monastic land ownership.
Josephites and non-covetous people At the end of the 15th century. With the formation of the state, secular authorities increasingly attempted to take land from the church. Ivan 3 planned to confiscate the lands that were owned by the metropolitan, bishops and monasteries. At the end of the 15th century. With the formation of the state, secular authorities increasingly attempted to take land from the church. Ivan 3 planned to confiscate the lands that were owned by the metropolitan, bishops and monasteries. The church council opposed this. The church council opposed this.
Josephites and non-covetous people The founder and abbot of the Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery, Joseph Volotsky, spoke out in defense of the monasteries. The monk Nil Sorsky from Constantinople did not agree with him. He argued that monasteries should not engage in charity, and therefore they do not need land. The founder and abbot of the Joseph-Volokolamsk monastery, Joseph Volotsky, spoke out in defense of the monasteries. The monk Nil Sorsky from Constantinople did not agree with him. He argued that monasteries should not engage in charity, and therefore they do not need land
Josephites and non-covetous people The monk Vassian became a follower of the Nile, who criticized the Josephites in his literary works. A follower of Nile was the monk Vassian, who criticized the Josephites in his literary works. Disputes about church lands continued for many years, until the councils of 1547, 1549 and 1551 established a model of church-state relations. Disputes about church lands continued for many years, until the councils of 1547, 1549 and 1551 established a model of church-state relations.
Heresies of Matvey Bashkin and Fedosia Kosova Matvey Semyonovich Bashkin (XVI century) representative of the reform movement. Descended from the children of boyars. One of the first in Rus' to speak out against servitude. Matvey Semyonovich Bashkin (XVI century) representative of the reform movement. Descended from the children of boyars. One of the first in Rus' to speak out against servitude.XVI centuryXVI century
Heresies of Matvey Bashkin and Fedosius Kosov Theodosius Kosov is one of the representatives of the religious movement of the 16th century, the head of a heretical movement, an ideologist of the peasantry and urban poor of the 16th century. in the fight against the official church and the feudal system, Theodosius Kosoy is one of the representatives of the religious movement of the 16th century, the head of a heretical movement, the ideologist of the peasantry and urban poor of the 16th century. in the fight against the official church and the feudal system
Heresies of Matvey Bashkin and Fedosy Kosov First half of the 16th century. This is not only a time of intense religious controversy, but also a period of the spread of personal heresies. During the days of Great Lent in 1553, the boyar's son Matvey Bashkin came to confession to the priest of the Kremlin Annunciation Cathedral, Simeon. First half of the 16th century. This is not only a time of intense religious controversy, but also a period of the spread of personal heresies. During the days of Great Lent in 1553, the boyar's son Matvey Bashkin came to confession to the priest of the Kremlin Annunciation Cathedral, Simeon.
Heresies of Matvey Bashkin and Fedosy Kosov Meetings between Bashkin and Simeon continued further. Soon the priest realized that Matthew’s reasoning was heresy! Meetings between Bashkin and Simeon continued. Soon the priest realized that Matthew’s reasoning was heresy! He reported this to his spiritual mentor Selvester, who had access to the king. Matvey was arrested, and the case began! He reported this to his spiritual mentor Selvester, who had access to the king. Matvey was arrested, and the case began!
Heresies of Matvey Bashkin and Fedosius Kosov Also Feodosius Kosoy got caught in the heat! Theodosius Kosoy also got caught in the heat! Matvey and Fedor did not recognize the Holy Trinity and GOD!!! Matvey and Fedor did not recognize the Holy Trinity and GOD!!! Result: During the investigation, Theodosius managed to escape to Lithuania, and Matvey was sent for “UNDERSTANDING” Result: During the investigation, Theodosius managed to escape to Lithuania, and Matvey was sent for “UNDERSTANDING”
Heresies (from the Greek word “heresis,” which means “special doctrine”) are a deviation from official church teaching, from church dogma and from the worship of church shrines - icons, relics of saints, etc.
Heretics denied the divine origin of Jesus Christ and spoke about his human essence, rejected the veneration of icons, monasticism, and the worship of saints.
Heresies undermined the foundations of the church, and since the church supported the state and substantiated the divine origin of the supreme power, the power of the great Moscow princes, the fight against church foundations also meant undermining state interests.
The wave of heresy reached Rus' in the second half of the 14th - early 15th centuries, and it is no coincidence that its first shoots appeared in Novgorod and Pskov - large trading cities closely connected with Western countries. Heretics (they were called Strigolniks because among them there were clerics who had been disrobed, that is, deprived of clergy) denounced the churchmen, including the monastic brethren, for greed, bribery, the pursuit of “estate” and said that such people cannot teach people to believe.
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Slide captions:
Church and state in the XV - early XVI centuries.
1. Changes in the position of the Russian Orthodox Church In 1448 - the Council of the Russian Orthodox clergy elected Bishop Jonah as metropolitan. In 1453 - the Russian Orthodox Church becomes independent.
2. Monasteries of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra Solovetsky Monastery Joseph-Volokolamsky Monastery Nikitsky Monastery
3. Heresies Strigolniki opposed: priests taking payment for ordination, Church hierarchy, Doubted the correctness of the sacred sacraments. The Judaizers did not recognize the dogma of the trinity of God, they denied the sacredness of icons, they denied the church hierarchy, they criticized the monks, believing that they did not lead a worthy lifestyle.
4. Josephites and non-covetous people 1st row – Non-covetous people (p. 188, paragraph No. 2) 2nd row – Josephites (p. 188, paragraph No. 3). 3rd row – grand-ducal power (pp. 188 – 189, paragraph No. 4) Task: 1, 2nd row: identify the essence of the main ideas, main ideologists, 3rd row: identify the attitude of the grand-ducal power to the church dispute
Non-covetous Josephites Nil Sorsky Joseph Vlotsky Liquidation of monastic land ownership. Independence from civil power Protected monastic possessions. The primacy of royal power
5. Formation of the ideology of autocracy The theory “Moscow is the third Rome” in the history of Christianity there were three great centers: Rome Constantinople Moscow - the third Rome
Homework § 22, repeat vocabulary words
On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
Lesson topic: “Church and state in the 15th – early 16th centuries.”
Objectives: To provide an understanding of the relationship between church and state. To familiarize students with the characteristic features of monastic life. Talk about religious disputes. Identify the reasons for the emergence of the theory...
Summary of the lesson on the history of the Middle Ages: "Church and state in the 11th -13th century"
Topic: “Church and State in the 11th - 13th centuries” is studied in the 6th grade. Using a variety of forms of student work in the lesson, it is possible to ensure that even the most passive students become interested...
Slide 1
Who was at the head of the Russian state? What was the Boyar Duma? What is the name of the body that controlled tax revenues? What functions did the Palace perform? What is feeding? What name did the new set of laws adopted by Ivan III receive? What is elderly? Who paid it and in what case? What is a fiefdom? What is an estate?
Slide 2
Remember who supported Alexander Nevsky, who inspired Dmitry Donskoy to the Battle of Kulikovo, who supported the Prince of Moscow during the princely strife? CHURCH AND STATE AT THE END OF THE XV - BEGINNING OF THE XVI CENTURY. Plan of the Monasteries. Non-possessors and Josephites. 2. Heresies in the second half of the 15th - first half of the 16th century. 3. The theory “Moscow is the third Rome” by monk Philotheus.
Slide 3
New words and concepts: Union of Florence, synodics, heresies, simony, strigolniki, non-covetous people, eldership, clerk, Judaizers. Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, where the Union of Florence was signed in 1439
Slide 4
Until 1448, the Russian Church was under the control of the Ecumenical (Constantinople) Patriarchate, constituting a separate Russian Metropolis. Due to the devastation of Kyiv by the Tatar-Mongols, the metropolitan see in 1299 (according to other sources - in 1309) was moved to Vladimir, and in 1325, under Metropolitan Peter, the see was moved to Moscow. In 1448, the Council of Bishops of the Russian Church independently elected Bishop Jonah of Ryazan as metropolitan, who received the title of Metropolitan of Moscow and All Rus'
Slide 5
Monasteries
The Solovetsky Monastery was founded in 1436 in the lands of the Novgorod Republic by the monks Zosima and German. The first monastic settlement on the islands appeared a little earlier - in 1429. The founders are German and Savvaty. The Trinity-Sergius Lavra, in church literature usually the Holy Trinity-Sergius Lavra, is the largest Orthodox male stauropegic monastery in Russia, located in the center of the city of Sergiev Posad, Moscow region, on the Konchura River. Founded in 1337 by St. Sergius of Radonezh Find out: how were the monasteries enriched? Page 184 (last paragraph)
Slide 6
Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery
Slide 7
Non-possessors and Josephites
Who did the grand ducal government support? Page 188-189 At the church council (1503) - a dispute about church wealth
Slide 8
Slide 9
“Beware that no one deceives you, for many will come in My name, saying, ‘I am the Christ,’ and will deceive many.” (Matthew 24:4-5)
Heresy of the Strigolniks Heresy of the Judaizers What is heresy? How did they fight heresies in Western Europe?
Slide 10
Why are heresies dangerous? “I speak to you, the deceivers and apostates of the faith of Christ and to all your like-minded people, who are philosophizing with you your evil accursed and cursed heresy, that in Veliky Novgorod they naturally committed evil and accursed deeds incomparable: many of you cursed the image of Christ and the most pure image written on the icons , and some of you swore at the cross of Christ, and some of you spoke blasphemous words against many holy icons, and some of you splintered holy icons and burned them with fire, and some of you bitten the cross with silos (a cross made of aloe wood), and some of you bitten They beat holy icons and crosses on the ground and threw dirt on them, and some of you threw holy icons into a tub, and they did a lot of other desecration of the holy images written on the icons. And you have uttered many blasphemies against our Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, and against His Most Pure Mother of God...” Church Council of 1490 (Metropolitan Zosima)
Slide 11
Monk Philotheus (c. 1465-1542) - elder of the Pskov Spaso-Eleazarovsky Monastery (village of Elizarovo, Pskov region). The alleged author of the concept “Moscow - the Third Rome” (q. v.), the theses of which are set out in his letters to clerk Mikhail Grigorievich Misyur-Munekhin and Grand Duke Vasily III Ivanovich.
Slide 12
Monomakh's Cap "... all the Christian kingdoms were trampled under foot by the infidels... having come to an end and descended into the one kingdom of our sovereign." And this happened in fulfillment of ancient prophecies: "two of Rome fell, and the third stands, and the fourth will not exist."
Slide 13
Let's repeat:
Who are the non-covetous people and the Josephites? What is heresy? About what heresies in Russia in the end. 15-beg. 16th century did you find out? What is the Union of Florence? Who was the author and what is the essence of the theory “Moscow – the third Rome”?
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