Simple calculation of battery economy tesla model S
First, let's figure out "what this hot dog of yours is made of." Unfortunately, on the manufacturer's website, performance characteristics data are published for the buyer, who does not even like to remember Ohm's law, so I had to look for information and do my rough estimates.What do we know about this battery?
There are three options that are labeled by kilowatt-hours: 40, 60 and 85 kWh (40 has already been discontinued).
It is known that the battery is assembled from serial batteries 18650 Li-Ion 3.7v. Manufacturer Sanyo (aka Panasonic), the capacity of each can is presumably 2600mAh, and the weight is 48g. Most likely there are alternative supplies, but the performance characteristics should be ~ the same and the bulk of the conveyor still comes from the world leader.
(In production cars, battery assemblies look completely different =)
They say that the weight of a full battery is ~ 500 kg (it is clear that it depends on the capacity). Let's discard the protective shell, the heating / cooling system, small things and wiring weighing, well, let's say, 100 kg. There are ~ 400 kg of batteries left. With a weight of one can of 48g, roughly ~ 8000-10000 cans come out.
Let's check the assumption:
85000 watt-hours / 3.7 volts = ~23000 amp-hours
23000/2.6 = ~8850 cans
That is ~ 425 kg
So, it's rough. We can say that there are ~ 2600mAh elements in the amount of about 8k.
So I came across the film after the calculations =). It is vaguely reported here that the battery consists of more than 7 thousand cells.
Now we can easily estimate the financial side of the issue.
Each can of an ordinary retail buyer TODAY costs ~ $ 6.5.
In order not to be unfounded, I confirm with a screen. Pair sets for $13.85: 
The wholesale price from the factory will probably be almost 2 times lower. That is, somewhere around $ 3.5-4 per piece. you can buy even for one bibika (8000-9000 pieces - this is already a serious wholesale).
And it turns out that the cost of the battery cells themselves today is ~ $ 30,000. Of course, Tesla gets them much cheaper.
According to the manufacturer's specification (Sanyo), we have 1000 guaranteed recharge cycles. Actually, at least 1000 is written there, but the fact is that for ~ 8000 cans the minimum will be relevant.
Thus, if we take the standard average car mileage per year of 25,000 km (that is, somewhere around ~ 1-2 charges per week), we will get approximately 13 years to 100% COMPLETE unusability. But these banks lose almost half of their capacity after 4 years in this mode (this fact has been recorded for this type of battery). In fact, they are still working under warranty, but the car has half the mileage. Operation in this form loses all meaning.
So, somewhere around $ 30-40k for 4 years of normal rolling fly away to the scrap. Against this background, any calculations of charging costs look ridiculous (there will be ~ $ 2-4k of electricity for the entire life of the battery =).
Even from these rough figures, one can estimate the prospects for ousting "ICE-skunks" from the car market.
For a sedan similar to the Model S with an internal combustion engine for 25,000 km per year, it will take ~ $ 2500-3000 for gasoline. For 4 years, respectively ~$10-14k.
conclusions
Until the price of batteries drops by 2.5 times (or fuel prices rise by 2.5 times =), it’s too early to talk about a massive market capture.However, the outlook is excellent. Battery manufacturers will increase capacity. Batteries will become lighter. They will have less rare earth metals.
Once for similar jars (3.7v) Affordable wholesale price per 1000 containermAh will be reduced to $0.6-0.5, mass movement into electric cars will begin(gasoline will become ~ equal in costs).
I recommend monitoring other battery form factors as well. It is possible that their prices will fluctuate unevenly.
My guess is that these price cuts will occur before the next revolution in chemical battery technology. It will be fast evolutionary process that will take 2-5 years.
There remains, of course, the risk of a sharp increase in demand for such batteries. As a result, there is a shortage of raw materials or supplies, but it seems to me that everything will work out. Similar risks have been greatly overestimated in the past, and as a result, things somehow got better.
There is another interesting point to note here. Tesla doesn't just seal 8k cans into one can. Batteries undergo complex testing, are matched to each other, a high-quality circuit is created, a tricky cooling system is added, a bunch of controllers, sensors and other high-current stuffing that is not yet available to the average buyer. So it will be cheaper to buy a new battery from Tesla than to save and take any canoe. And it turns out that Tesla immediately signed all buyers for consumables that cost 10 times more than the charge itself. This is a good business =).
Another thing is that competitors will soon appear. For example, BMW is about to launch an electric i-series (most likely investing in BMW stock instead of Tesla for years to come). Well, then - more.
Bonus. How will the global market change?
From the point of view of the main raw material for the production of cars, steel consumption will drop sharply. Aluminum from internal combustion engines will migrate to body parts, because it is no longer possible to make electric car bodies from steel (too heavy). Without an internal combustion engine, complex and heavy steel components are not needed. The car (and infrastructure) will have significantly more copper, more polymers, more electronics, but almost no steel (at least in traction elements + running gear and armor. Everything). Even battery wrappers will do without tin =).The consumption of oils, lubricants, liquids and all sorts of additives will be reduced to almost zero. Stinky fuel will go down in history. However, more and more polymers will be needed, so Gazprom remains on horseback =). In general, it is irrational to “burn” oil. From it you can make solid and durable products of the highest technological level. So the age of hydrocarbons will not end with electric cars, but reforms in this market will be serious and painful.
Traction lithium-ion batteriesTesla, what's inside?
Tesla Motors is the creator of truly revolutionary eco-cars - electric vehicles that are not only mass-produced, but also have unique performance that allows their use literally every day. Today we take a look inside the Tesla Model S traction battery, find out how it works and uncover the magic of this battery's success.
Batteries are delivered to customers in such OSB boxes.
The largest and most expensive spare part for the Tesla Model S is the traction battery pack.
The traction battery pack is located in the bottom of the car (in fact, it is the floor of an electric car - a car), due to which the Tesla Model S has a very low center of gravity and excellent handling. The battery is attached to the power part of the body using powerful brackets (see photo below) or acts as a power-bearing part of the car body.
According to the North American Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), a single charge of Tesla's 400V DC, 85kWh lithium-ion traction battery is capable of driving 265 miles (426 km), making it the longest mileage among similar electric vehicles. At the same time, from 0 to 100 km / h, such a car accelerates in just 4.4 seconds.
The secret of the success of the Tesla Model S is highly efficient cylindrical lithium-ion batteries of high energy intensity, the supplier of the basic elements is the well-known Japanese company Panasonic. There are a lot of rumors around these batteries.
Oding outthem isdanger! Keep out!
One of the owners and enthusiasts of the Tesla Model S from the USA decided to completely disassemble the used battery for the Tesla Model S with an energy capacity of 85 kWh in order to study its design in detail. By the way, its cost as a spare part in the USA is 12,000 USD.
On top of the battery pack there is a heat and sound insulating coating, which is covered with a thick plastic film. We remove this coating, in the form of a carpet, and prepare for disassembly. To work with the battery, you must have an insulated tool and use rubber shoes and rubber protective gloves.
Tesla battery. We disassemble!
The Tesla traction battery (traction battery pack) consists of 16 battery modules, each with a nominal voltage of 25V (battery pack design - IP56). Sixteen battery modules are connected in series in a battery with a nominal voltage of 400V. Each battery module consists of 444 cells (batteries) 18650 Panasonic (the weight of one battery is 46 g), which are connected according to the 6s74p scheme (6 cells in series and 74 such groups in parallel). In total, there are 7104 such elements (batteries) in the Tesla traction battery. The battery is protected from the environment by using a metal case with an aluminum cover. On the inside of the common aluminum cover there are plastic linings, in the form of a film. The common aluminum cover is fastened with screws with metal and rubber gaskets, which are sealed, additionally with silicone sealant. The traction battery pack is divided into 14 compartments, each compartment contains a battery module. Sheets of pressed mica are placed at the top and bottom of the battery modules in each compartment. Mica sheets provide good electrical and thermal insulation of the battery from the body of the electric vehicle. Separately, in front of the battery, under its cover, there are two of the same battery modules. Each of the 16 battery modules has a built-in BMU, which is connected to a common BMS system that controls the operation, monitors the parameters, and also provides protection for the entire battery. The common output terminals (terminal) are located at the rear of the traction battery unit.
Before completely disassembling it, the electrical voltage was measured (it was about 313.8V), which indicates that the battery is discharged, but is in working condition.
The battery modules are distinguished by the high density of Panasonic 18650 cells (batteries) that are placed there and the accuracy of fitting parts. The entire assembly process at the Tesla factory takes place in a completely sterile room, using robots, even a certain temperature and humidity are maintained.
Each battery module consists of 444 cells (batteries), which are very similar in appearance to simple finger batteries - these are 18650 lithium-ion cylindrical batteries manufactured by Panasonic. The energy intensity of each battery module of these cells is 5.3 kWh.
In Panasonic 18650 batteries, the positive electrode is graphite and the negative electrode is nickel, cobalt and alumina.
Tesla's traction battery weighs 540 kg and measures 210 cm long, 150 cm wide, and 15 cm thick. The amount of energy (5.3 kWh) generated by just one unit (out of 16 battery modules) is equal to the amount produced by a hundred batteries from 100 laptops. A wire (external current limiter) is soldered to the minus of each element (battery) as a connector, which, when the current is exceeded (or in the event of a short circuit), burns out and protects the circuit, while only the group (of 6 batteries) in which this element was not working , all other batteries continue to work.
Tesla's traction battery is cooled and heated by an antifreeze-based fluid system.
When assembling its batteries, Tesla uses cells (batteries) manufactured by Panasonic in various countries such as India, China and Mexico. The final modification and placement in the battery compartment case are made in the United States. Tesla provides warranty service for its products (including batteries) for up to 8 years.
In the photo (above) the elements are Panasonic 18650 batteries (the elements are rolled from the plus side “+”).
Thus, we learned what the Tesla Model S traction battery consists of.
We thank you for your attention!
Tesla Motors is the creator of truly revolutionary eco-cars, which are not only mass-produced, but also have unique characteristics that allow their use literally on a daily basis. Today we take a look inside the battery of the Tesla Model S electric car, find out how it works and reveal the magic of this battery's success.
According to the North American Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Model S only needs a single charge of 85 kWh batteries to cover more than 400 km, which is the most significant indicator among similar cars on the specialized market. To accelerate to 100 km / h, the electric car needs only 4.4 seconds.
The key to the success of this model is the presence of lithium-ion batteries, the main components of which are supplied to Tesla by Panasonic. Tesla batteries are covered in legends. And so one of the owners of such a battery decided to violate its integrity and find out what it is like inside. By the way, the cost of such a battery is 45,000 USD.
The battery is located at the bottom, thanks to which Tesla has a low center of gravity and excellent handling. It is attached to the body by means of brackets.
Tesla battery. Parsing
The battery compartment is formed by 16 blocks, which are connected in parallel and protected from the environment by means of metal plates, as well as a plastic lining that prevents water from entering.
Before completely disassembling it, the electrical voltage was measured, which confirmed the working condition of the battery.
The assembly of batteries is characterized by high density and precision fitting of parts. The entire picking process takes place in a completely sterile room, using robots.
Each block consists of 74 elements, which are very similar in appearance to simple finger batteries (Panasonic lithium-ion cells), divided into 6 groups. At the same time, it is almost impossible to find out the scheme of their placement and operation - this is a big secret, which means that it will be extremely difficult to make a replica of this battery. We are unlikely to see a Chinese analogue of the Tesla Model S battery!
Graphite serves as the positive electrode, and nickel, cobalt and aluminum oxide serve as the negative electrode. .
The most powerful battery available (its volume is 85 kWh) consists of 7104 such batteries. And it weighs about 540 kg, and its parameters are 210 cm long, 150 cm wide and 15 cm thick. The amount of energy generated by just one unit of 16 is equal to the amount produced by a hundred batteries from laptop computers.
When assembling their batteries, Tesla uses elements produced in various countries, such as India, China, Mexico, but the final refinement and packaging are made in the United States. The company provides warranty service for its products for up to 8 years.
Thus, you learned what the Tesla Model S battery consists of and how it works. We thank you for your attention!
We partially reviewed the configuration of the battery Tesla Model S with a capacity of 85 kWh. Recall that the main element of the battery is a lithium-ion battery cell of the company Panasonic, 3400 mAh, 3.7 V.
Panasonic cell, size 18650
The figure shows a typical cell. In reality, the cells in Tesla are slightly modified.
Cell data parallel join in groups of 74 pcs. When connected in parallel, the voltage of the group is equal to the voltage of each of the elements (4.2 V), and the capacitance of the group is equal to the sum of the capacitances of the elements (250 Ah).
Further six groups connect in series to the module. In this case, the voltage of the module is summed from the voltages of the groups and equals approximately 25 V (4.2 V * 6 groups). The capacity remains 250 Ah. Finally, modules are connected in series to form a battery. In total, the battery contains 16 modules (total 96 groups). The voltage of all modules is summed up and totals 400 V (16 modules * 25 V).
The load for this battery is an asynchronous electric drive with a maximum power of 310 kW. Since P = U * I, in the nominal mode at a voltage of 400 V, the current I = P / U = 310000/400 = 775 A flows in the circuit. At first glance, it may seem that this is a crazy current for such a “battery”. However, do not forget that with a parallel connection according to the first Kirchhoff law, I = I1 + I2 + ... In, where n is the number of parallel branches. In our case, n=74. Since we consider the internal resistances of the cells within the group to be conditionally equal, then the currents in them will be the same. Accordingly, a current flows directly through the cell In=I/n=775/74=10.5 A.
Is it a lot or a little? Good or bad? In order to answer these questions, let us turn to the discharge characteristic of a lithium-ion battery. American craftsmen, having disassembled the battery, conducted a series of tests. In particular, the figure shows voltage oscillograms during the discharge of a cell taken from a real Tesla Model S, currents: 1A, 3A, 10A.
The spike on the 10A curve is due to manual switching of the load to 3A. The author of the experiment was solving another problem in parallel, we will not dwell on it.
As can be seen from the figure, a discharge with a current of 10 A fully satisfies the requirements for cell voltage. This mode corresponds to the discharge according to the 3C curve. It should be noted that we took the most critical case, when the engine power is maximum. In reality, taking into account the very use of a two-motor drive with an optimal gear ratio, the car will operate with a discharge of 2 ... 4 A (1C). Only at moments of very sharp acceleration, when driving uphill at high speed, the cell current can reach a peak of 12 ... 14 A.
What other benefits does it provide? For this load in the case of direct current, the cross section of the copper conductor can be selected as 2 mm2. Tesla Motors kills two birds with one stone here. All connecting conductors also perform the function of fuses. Accordingly, there is no need to use an expensive protection system, additionally use fuses. The connecting conductors themselves in the event of an overcurrent due to the small cross section melt and prevent an emergency. We wrote more about this.
In the figure, the conductors 507 are the same connectors.
Finally, let's consider the last question that worries the minds of our time, and causes a wave of controversy. Why does Tesla use lithium-ion batteries?
Immediately make a reservation that specifically in this matter I will express my own, subjective opinion. You may not agree with him.)
We will conduct a comparative analysis of different types of batteries.
Obviously, the lithium-ion battery has by far the highest specific performance. The best battery in terms of energy density and mass / size ratio, alas, does not yet exist in mass production. That is why in Tesla it turned out to make such a balanced battery, providing a power reserve of up to 500 km.
The second reason, in my opinion, is marketing. All the same, on average, the resource of such cells is about 500 charge-discharge cycles. And this means that with active use of the car, you will have to replace the battery after a maximum of two years. Although, the company really
To this car in general, of course, recently quite a controversial attitude. Many discuss what he is, others. There are people who consider the Tesla car an excellent element of a PR campaign built on the sale of something that has existed for a long time, but it never occurred to anyone to make a car out of it, and besides, it has few prospects and even exists
But let's leave these disputes "overboard" and look at the main element of this car - batteries. There were people who were not too lazy and did not squeeze a certain amount of money, they took and sawed the battery from the car.
Here's what it looked like
Tesla Motors is the creator of truly revolutionary eco-cars, which are not only mass-produced, but also have unique characteristics that allow their use literally on a daily basis. Today we take a look inside the battery of the Tesla Model S electric car, find out how it works and reveal the magic of this battery's success.
According to the North American Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Model S only needs a single charge of 85 kWh batteries to cover more than 400 km, which is the most significant indicator among similar cars on the specialized market. To accelerate to 100 km / h, the electric car needs only 4.4 seconds.
The key to the success of this model is the presence of lithium-ion batteries, the main components of which are supplied to Tesla by Panasonic. Tesla batteries are covered in legends. And so one of the owners of such a battery decided to violate its integrity and find out what it is like inside. By the way, the cost of such a battery is 45,000 USD.
The battery is located at the bottom, thanks to which Tesla has a low center of gravity and excellent handling. It is attached to the body by means of brackets.
Tesla battery. Parsing
The battery compartment is formed by 16 blocks, which are connected in parallel and protected from the environment by means of metal plates, as well as a plastic lining that prevents water from entering.
Before completely disassembling it, the electrical voltage was measured, which confirmed the working condition of the battery.
The assembly of batteries is characterized by high density and precision fitting of parts. The entire picking process takes place in a completely sterile room, using robots.
Each block consists of 74 elements, which are very similar in appearance to simple finger batteries (Panasonic lithium-ion cells), divided into 6 groups. At the same time, it is almost impossible to find out the scheme of their placement and operation - this is a big secret, which means that it will be extremely difficult to make a replica of this battery. We are unlikely to see a Chinese analogue of the Tesla Model S battery!
The positive electrode is graphite, and the negative electrode is nickel, cobalt and aluminum oxide. The specified amount of electrical voltage in the capsule is 3.6V.
The most powerful battery available (its volume is 85 kWh) consists of 7104 such batteries. And it weighs about 540 kg, and its parameters are 210 cm long, 150 cm wide and 15 cm thick. The amount of energy generated by just one unit of 16 is equal to the amount produced by a hundred batteries from laptop computers.
When assembling their batteries, Tesla uses elements produced in various countries, such as India, China, Mexico, but the final refinement and packaging are made in the United States. The company provides warranty service for its products for up to 8 years.
Thus, you learned what the Tesla Model S battery consists of and how it works.
More interesting things about Tesla: here you are, and here you are
