The device of the internal combustion engine of the car. The general device and the principle of operation of the engine when the engine of the car's internal combustion is energy

Call the engine with the heart of the car - the comparison is banal, but accurate. You can sort out the suspension as you like, set up the steering or improve the brakes - if the motor is not in order, all this turns into an empty spending time.

Today, cars can be found on the roads: and with old carburetor engineers, and with powerful diesel engines, controlled electronics, and even the latest hydrogen engines, which are still beginning to be improved. And in all this variety is quite difficult to navigate, if you do not know the foundations and principles of the engine of the internal combustion.

What is the engine and what is it needed for?

Engine device

For transport to drive, something should lead it into motion. At different times, these were harnessed animals, then steam and electric motors (yes, the progenitors of modern cars came to shift even earlier than traditional DVS), then the motors running on a fuel combustible.

The modern internal combustion engine is a mechanism that converts the fuel outbreak energy (heat) into mechanical work. Despite the sufficiently cumbersome design, today ICE remains the most convenient source of energy.

Electric transport, of course, more and more in everyday life, but the time of his "refueling" negates all the advantages - you can't make a canister with electricity in the trunk.

I found my use in many areas: according to the same principle, cars, motorcycles and scooters, agricultural and construction equipment, water transport, aircraft engines, military equipment, lawn mowers ... That is, almost everything that goes or flies.

Internal combustion engine device

Despite the variety of types and designs of the DVS, the principle of its device remains almost unchanged on any technique. Of course, individual structural elements can be very different on different engines, but the main components and components are very similar to each other.

So, the internal combustion engine consists of such structural nodes.

1. The cylinder block (BC) is the "shell" of the CPG and the entire engine as a whole, including the cooling system shirt.

   
   Cylinder block

2. The crank-connecting mechanism, it is KSM - a node, in which there is a transformation of the rectilinear movement of the piston into the rotational. It consists of a crankshaft, pistons, connecting rods, flywheel, as well as sliding bearings (inserts), which relies with crankshaft and mounting rods.

   
   Cracked-connecting mechanism: 1 - cylinder; 2 - flywheel; 3 - connecting rod bearing; 4 - crankshaft; 5 - knee; 6 - indigenous bearing; 7 - Shatun.

3. The gas distribution mechanism (TRM) is a system of filing a fuel and air mixture and removal of exhaust gases. It consists of camshafts, valves with rocker or rods, timing belt, thanks to which the entire system works synchronously with crankshaft turns.

   
   Gas distribution mechanism

4. The power system is a node in which the fuel and air mixture is prepared, which is then fed in the combustion chamber. Depending on the design, the fuel supply system may be carburetor (one nozzle per motor), the injector (nozzles are installed in front of the intake valve of each cylinder), with direct injection (nozzle is installed inside the combustion chamber). Includes a fuel tank with a filter and a pump, a carburetor (optional), intake manifold, nozzles, pump (in diesel engines), air filter air intake.

   
   Supply system

5. Engine lubrication system - provides lubrication in each of the friction nodes, as well as on areas that require additional cooling (for example, on the lower part of the pistons). It consists of an oil pump connected to the crankshaft, system of tubes and channels, leaving for a pair of friction, oil filter, oil pan. Depending on the design, engines with "dry" and "wet" crankcase are distinguished. In the first tank for collecting engine oil, is located separately, secondly - directly under the engine.

   
   Engine lubrication system: 1 - oil pump; 2 - cork plug hole; 3 - oil worker; 4 - reduction valve; 5 - hole for lubricating distribution gears; 6 - Sensor of the emergency oil pressure lamp oil; 7 - oil pressure indicator sensor; 8 - Crane oil radiator; 9 - oil radiator; 10 - Oil filter.

6. The ignition system is needed for the ignition of the fuel mixture in the combustion chamber. It is applied only on gasoline engines, since diesel fuel is flammable itself from compression. Includes spark plugs, high-voltage wires, ignition coils, as well as distributor (rubber) on old-type engines. In modern motors, the ignition system costs without a traver and even without wires: the design "Candle" design is used.

   
   Engine ignition system: 1 - generator; 2 - ignition switch; 3 - ignition distributor; 4 - interrupter cam; 5 - spark plugs; 6 - ignition coil; 7 - rechargeable battery.

7. The cooling system takes care of maintaining the specified engine operating temperature. The fluid cooling system consists of a coolant (coolant, antifreeze), cooling shirts (chain of chambers and channels inside the cylinder block), heat exchanger (cooling radiator), water pump and thermostat.

   
   Cooling system

8. The electrical system is the sources of the energy required for the engine start and maintaining it. The electrical system includes a rechargeable battery, a generator, starter, wiring and engine operation sensors.
9. The exhaust system - removes combustion products from the engine, performs the function of the finishing of exhaust gases, adjusts the sound of the motor operation. It consists of a graduate manifold, a catalyst and a smbed filter (optional), a resonator, silencer.

Exhaust system

Each of them these parts is gradually developing and improved depending on time requests. The desire to increase the power was replaced by the search for the most reliable and durable solutions, then fuel savings went first, and today - concern for nature.

Principle of engine operation

In all ICA, whatever designs they are, the same principle of operation is used. This transformation of the energy of thermal expansion during the combustion of the fuel is first in straight and then into the rotational movement.

Four-stroke motor tact

Four-stroke engines are used in all vehicles, large technique, aviation. This is the so-called classic type of DVS, which designers pay all their attention. Conditionally, each cylinder in the CPG can be divided into 4 stages (tact). it inlet, compression, combustion, release. The video below shows the operation of the 4-stroke engine in 3D animations.

1. On the intake tact, the piston in the cylinder moves down, from the valves to the lower dead point (NMT). When it starts to drop, the inlet valve opens and the fuel-air mixture is entered into the cylinder (or only air, if the engine is direct injection). When moving, the piston itself "pumps" the desired amount of air into the combustion chamber, if the engine atmospheric, or air enters the pressure if the turbocharger is installed.
2. Having reached the bottom of the dead point, the piston begins to rise. At the same time, the intake valve is closed, and when moving the piston compresses air with fuel sprayed in it to critical pressure.
3. As soon as the piston conventionally reaches the top of the dead point and the compression becomes the maximum, the spark plug is triggered and the fuel flashes (diesel fuel is lit when compressed, without a spark). The microwave from the flash pushes the piston is down again, to NMT.
4. And on the fourth tact, the exhaust valve opens. The piston moves up again, squeezing out the exhaust gases from the combustion chamber to the exhaust manifold.

The operation of the four-stroke engine

In fact, the useful operation in the engine is only one clock of four, when, when combustion of fuel, an overpressure is created, pushing the piston. The remaining three clutches are needed as auxiliary, which do not give the pulse to the movement, but energy is consumed on them.

Under such conditions, the engine could stop when the crank-connecting mechanism (CSM) comes to the energy equilibrium. But that this does not happen, a large flywheel is used, connected to the clutch system, and counterweight on the crankshaft, balanceing loads from the piston.

Tracked two-stroke engine

Two-stroke engines are not used too wide. These are mainly the motors of scooters and mopeds, light motor boats, lawn mowers. All workflow of such an engine can be divided into two main stages:

1. At the beginning of the movement of the piston from the bottom up (from the bottom of the dead point to the top) in the combustion chamber, the fuel and air mixture enters. Lifting, the piston squeezes it to critical compression, and when it is in the upper dead point, there is a regret.
2. Burning, fuel pushes the piston down, while simultaneously accessing the exhaust collector and combustion products come out of the cylinder. As soon as the piston reaches the lower dead point (NMT), the first tact is repeated - the inlet and compression simultaneously.

The operation of the two-stroke engine

It would seem that the two-stroke engine should be twice the four-stroke, because here the useful action accounted for half of the work. But in reality, the power of the two-stroke engine is much lower than, and the reason for this lies in the imperfect mechanism of gas distribution.

When combustion of fuel, part of the energy goes into the exhaust manifold, without performing any work other than heating. As a result, the two-stroke engines are used only in low-power transport and require special engine oils.

Engine classification

Since the inheritance is growing and improved for more than 100 years, quite a lot of their varieties have gained. Classified engines for different features and properties.

On a working cycle

This is already known to us dividing engines for two-stroke and four-stroke.

1. Two-stroke - one full-time cycle consists of two stages, while the crankshaft makes one turn;
2. Four-stroke - for one full-time cycle there are four stages, and the crankshaft makes two turns.

By type of construction

There are two main types of DVS: piston and rotary.

1. Piston is the one's most familiar to us with pistons, cylinders and crankshaft, which stands in almost any transport;
2. Rotary-piston, it is the Vankel engine - a special type of internal combustion engine, in which a three-margized rotor is used instead of the piston, and the combustion chamber has an oval shape. The Vankel engine was used in some models of cars, but the complexity of production and service forced engineers to abandon the use of this design.

Operation of a rotary engine

By the number of cylinders

In the CPG engine can be installed from 1 to 16 cylinders, for passenger cars it is usually 3-8. As a rule, designers prefer an even number of cylinders to balance their cycles. The most famous exclusion from the rules is the EcoBoost engine developed by the Ford concern, in many models of which is the three cylinders.

By the location of cylinders

The layout of the CPG is not always in line (at least a row engine is the easiest of repair and maintenance). Depending on the fantasy of engineers, engines are divided into several types of layouts:

1. Inline - all cylinders are lined up in one row and one crankshaft.

   Operation in line engine

2. V-shaped - two rows of cylinders mounted at an angle from 45 to 90 degrees per crankshaft.

   
   Operation of the V-shaped engine

3. VR-shaped - two rows of cylinders with a small angilating angle, 10-20 degrees mounted on one crankshaft.

   Work of the VR-shaped engine

4. W-shaped - represent a block of 3 or 4 rows of cylinders installed on one crankshaft.

   Work of a W-shaped engine operation of the radial engine

   In passenger cars, row, V-, VR-, W- and U-shaped engines are used, and in some models and opposites. But radial applied in aviation technique.

   By type fuel

   The classic of the genre here is gasoline and diesel engines. Gas are gaining popularity, hybrid and hydrogen are gradually improved.

   1. Gasoline engines require fuel mixture. For this, candles and ignition coils, working synchronously with the crankshaft movement. Feature of gasoline engines - the ability to develop a greater speed;
   2. Diesel engines operate on the principle of self-ignition fuel and air mixture. There are no ignition candles, but there is a direct injection system that requires fuel supply under high pressure. To start the engine, the incandescent candles are used, which are preheated by air and disconnected after heating the combustion chamber. Diesel engines are capable of developing greater power, but not speed, so used in heavy machinery;
   3. Gas installations are popular due to the low cost of liquefied gas (compared to gasoline). Gas engines operate at higher temperatures than gasoline or diesel, which, in turn, requires quality cooling system and special engine oil;
   4. Hybrid is a combination of DVS and electric motor. In standard driving mode, only an electric motor is involved, and the engine is activated if necessary to increase the load or recharge batteries;
   5. Until recently, hydrogen engines were quite dangerous: oxygen and hydrogen produced from water by electrolysis, burned unstable and with a risk of detonation. A different way to use a hydrogen-oxygen compound was found relatively recently: hydrogen is refilled in the tanks (and the refill lasts about 3 minutes), oxygen is captured from the air, after which they come to the electric generator, and not in the engine. In fact, the process is obtained, the inverse electrolysis process, as a result of which electricity and water is formed. The first car with hydrogen power installation has become Toyota Mirai.

   According to the principle of operation of the timing

   The key element of the gas distribution mechanism - camshaft, combined with the engine crankshaft using a belt or timing chain. Casting due to its design adjusts the operation of the valves, and the entire system works synchronously with the frequency of engine speed. Troubles the timing belt is almost always the path to the overhaul.

   Depending on the arrangement of the CPG in the engine can be 1 camshaft, if the engine is in line, or 2-4 camshafts, if it is a V-shaped layout.

   However, the standard GDM system has ceased to meet modern requirements for the power and engineering of engines. And now, besides the standard mechanical system, there are adaptive systems such as Honda i-Vtec, VTEC-E and DOHC, Toyota VVT-I, Mitsubishi MIVEC, the development of Volkswagen and Eco-Motors companies, as well as a Pneumatic timing system installed on Koenigsegg Regera and in perspective adding 30% engine power.

   Engine operation with turbine

   Turbated engines have their advantages and disadvantages: on the one hand, the more air, the more power can develop the engine. On the other hand, the turboyama effect is able to seriously turn the nerves to the lover of a sports ride. Yes, and an extra node is an excessive weak place, so that the turbocharged engines (or biturbo, as the motor with two turbines is called) are not all. Sometimes a well-collected atmospheric can "shut up for the belt" any supervision.

   Advantages and disadvantages of DVS

   1. If we talk about the advantages of internal combustion engines, then the first place will be easy for the user. In the century, the gasoline epoch we covered the network of gas stations and do not even doubt that it will always be possible to fill the car and go further. There is a risk of not meeting the refueling station - not trouble, you can take gasoline with you in the canes. It is the infrastructure that makes the use of DVS so comfortable.
   2. On the other hand, the fuel fuel refueling takes a couple of minutes, easy and accessible. Filled the tank - and we go further. This does not matter with a comparison with the coarse of the electric vehicle.
   3. The ability to serve for a long time with competent maintenance - what the famous magnets millionaires can boast. Regular timely, it is capable of maintaining a motor performance on a very long time.
   4. And, of course, we will not forget about the cute heart roar of a powerful engine. Real, honest, not at all similar to the voice acting of modern electrocars. No wonder some autocontracers specifically set up the sound of their engines of their cars.

   What is the main disadvantage of DVS?

   1. Of course, this is a low efficiency - within 20-25%. The highest efficiency of the efficiency among ICE is 38%, which issued the Toyota VVT-IE engine. Compared with this, the electromotors look much advantageous, especially with recovery braking systems.
   2. The second significant minus is the total complexity of the entire system. Modern engines have long ceased to be such "spaces", as described in the Classical DVS scheme. On the contrary, the requirements for motors are becoming higher, the motors themselves are more accurate and complex, new technologies and engineering solutions appear. All this additionally complicates the engine design, and the more difficult, the more weaknesses in it.

   So, if earlier, the uncle Vasya moved the engine of his "penny" on his own, but on new modern cars, it is unlikely that someone climbs into the thin system of the internal combustion system without special equipment and tools.

   And finally, the oil era itself goes into the past. Not in vain, the requirements for the environmental safety of transport are growing, and the efficiency of solar cells is also growing. Yes, gasoline and diesel motors will not soon disappear from the streets, but already Europe is fighting for the introduction of electric vehicles, thanks to which humanity will ever forget the word "gasoline could".

   Conclusion

   Despite any disadvantages, the engine remains "main in transport." Chemists come up with new engine oils, engineers are developing new GRM systems, and gasoline manufacturers are in no hurry to reduce prices. All because with the convenience and autonomy of the engine usual usual yet, no type of transport can be compared.

The invention of the internal combustion engine allowed humanity in developing to step significantly forward. Now engines that are used to perform useful work energy released during fuel combustion are used in many spheres of human activity. But the most spread of these engines were in transport.

All power plants consist of mechanisms, nodes and systems that interact with each other provide the transformation of the energy released during the combustion of flammable products into the rotational motion of the crankshaft. It is this movement and is its useful work.

In order to be clearer, it should be understood with the principle of operation of the force of the internal combustion.

Principle of operation

When combustion of a combustible mixture consisting of flammable products and air, more energy is released. Moreover, at the time of the ignition of the mixture, it increases significantly in the amount, the pressure in the epicenter of ignition increases, in fact, there is a small explosion with the release of energy. This process is taken as the basis.

If the combustion is produced in a closed space - the pressure resulting during combustion will be pressed on the walls of this space. If one of the walls make movable, then the pressure, trying to increase the amount of closed space, will move this wall. If you attach some rod to this wall, then it will already perform a mechanical work - moving, it will push this rod. By connecting the rod with a crank, when moving, it will make the crank crank relative to its axis.

This is the principle of operation of a power unit with internal combustion - there is a closed space (cylinder sleeve) with a single moving wall (piston). The wall of the rod (connecting rod) is associated with a crank (crankshaft). Then the opposite action is made - a crank, making a full turn around the axis, pushes the wall with a rod and returns back.

But this is only the principle of working with explanation on simple components. In fact, the process looks somewhat more complicated, because it is necessary to initially ensure the flow of the mixture into the cylinder, squeeze it for better ignition, as well as bring the combustion products. These actions got the name of the clocks.

Total 4 clocks:

• inlet (the mixture enters the cylinder);
• compression (the mixture is compressed by reducing the volume inside the piston sleeve);
• working (after ignituing the mixture, because of its expansion, pushes the piston down);
• release (disharging of combustion products from the sleeve for supplying the next portion of the mixture);

Piston engine tacts

It follows from this that a useful action has only work moves, three others - preparatory. Each beat is accompanied by a certain movement of the piston. When inlet and work, it moves down, and when compressed and release - up. And since the piston is associated with the crankshaft, each tact corresponds to a certain corner of the agonor of the shaft around the axis.

The implementation of clocks in the engine is made in two ways. The first - with the combination of clocks. In such a motor, all the tacts are performed for one complete crankshaft. That is, half-turn of the knees. The shaft at which the movement of the piston up or down is accompanied by two clocks. These engines were called 2-strokes.

The second way is separate tacts. One piston movement is accompanied by only one tact. As a result, that a full cycle of work occurred - 2 knee turnover is required. Shaft around the axis. Such engines received 4-stroke designation.

Cylinder block

Now the device internal combustion engine itself. The basis of any installation is a block of cylinders. It also contains all composites.

The structural features of the block depend on some conditions - the number of cylinders, their location, cooling method. The number of cylinders that are combined in one block can vary from 1 to 16. And the blocks with an odd number of cylinders are rare, only one and three-cylinder plants can be found from the produced engines. Most of the aggregates go with the pair of cylinders - 2, 4, 6, 8 and less often 12 and 16.

Four-cylinder block

Power plants with quantity from 1 to 4 cylinders usually have inline cylinders. If the number of cylinders is larger, they are placed in two rows, while with a certain angle of the position of one row relative to the other, the so-called power plants with the V-shaped position of the cylinders. Such a location made it possible to reduce the dimensions of the block, but at the same time the manufacturer is more complicated than in a row location.

Eight-cylinder block

There is another type of blocks in which cylinders are located in two rows and with an angle between them in 180 degrees. These engines were called. They are found mainly on motorcycles, although there are cars with such a type of power unit.

But the condition for the number of cylinders and their location is optional. There are 2-cylinder and 4-cylinder engines with a V-shaped or opposite position of cylinders, as well as 6-cylinder engines with inline arrangement.

Two types of cooling are used, which are used on power plants - air and liquid. The structural feature of the unit depends on this. The air-cooled unit is less dimensional and structurally easier, since the cylinders are not included in its design.

A block with liquid cooling is more complicated, its design includes cylinders, and the cooling shirt is located on top of the block with cylinders. Inside it circulates the liquid, removing the heat from the cylinders. At the same time, the block together shirt cooling is one integer.

From above, the unit is covered with a special stove - head of the cylinder block (GBC). It is one of the components that provide a closed space in which the combustion process is produced. Its design can be simple, not including additional mechanisms, or complicated.

crank mechanism

Incoming the engine design, ensures the transformation of the reciprocating movement of the piston in the sleeve in the rotational motion of the crankshaft. The main element of this mechanism is the crankshaft. It has a moving connection with the cylinder block. Such a connection ensures the rotation of this shaft around the axis.

A flywheel is attached to one of the ends of the shaft. The handwheel task includes the transfer of torque from the shaft on. Since the 4-stroke engine by two crankshaft turns accounts for only one half turn with a useful action - the work move, the rest require a reverse action, which is performed by the flywheel. Having a significant mass and turning, due to its kinetic energy, it ensures the grinding of the knees. Shaft during preparatory clocks.

The flywheel circle has a toothed crown, using it is running the power plant.

On the other hand, the shaft is placed a drive gear of the oil pump and the gas distribution mechanism, as well as a flange for fastening pulley.

This mechanism also includes connecting rods that ensure the transfer of effort from the piston to the crankshaft and back. Fastening to the shawn shatunov is also moving moving.

The surface of the cylinder block, knees. The shaft and connecting rods in the connecting places directly among themselves are not in contact between them, the sliding bearings are between them - inserts.

Cylinder-piston group

This group of cylinder sleeves, pistons, piston rings and fingers are consisting. It is in this group that the combustion process and the transmission of the extracted energy for transformation occurs. The combustion occurs inside the sleeve, which on one side is closed by the head of the block, and on the other - the piston. The piston itself can move inside the sleeve.

To ensure maximum tightness inside the sleeve, piston rings are used that prevent the mixture and combustion products between the walls of the sleeve and the piston.

The piston through the finger is movably connected to the connecting rod.

Gas distribution mechanism

The task of this mechanism includes a timely supply of a combustible mixture or its components in a cylinder, as well as the removal of combustion products.

Two-stroke engines as such no mechanism. It has a mixture and removal of combustion products produced by the technological windows that are done in the walls of the sleeve. Such windows are three - intake, bypass and graduation.

The piston, moving the opening-closing of a window, this is filling the liner with fuel and removal of spent gases. The use of such gas distribution does not require additional nodes, so the GBC in such an engine is simple and only the provision of cylinder tightness is included in its task.

A 4-stroke engine has a gas distribution mechanism. The fuel in such an engine is supplied through special holes in the head. These holes are closed with valves. With the need for fuel supply or gas removal from the cylinder, the corresponding valve is opened. The opening of the valves provides a camshaft, which with its cams at the desired moment presses the required valve and opens the hole. The camshaft drive is carried out from the crankshaft.

Timber with belt and chain drive

The layout of the gas distribution mechanism may differ. Engines are available with the lower arrangement of the camshaft (it is in the cylinder block) and the upper location of the valves (in the GBC). The transfer of effort from the shaft to the valves is carried out by means of rods and rockers.

Motors are more common, in which the shaft and valves have the top location. With such a layout, the shaft is also placed in the GBC and it acts on the valve directly, without intermediate elements.

Supply system

This system provides fuel preparation for further submitting it to the cylinder. The design of this system depends on the fuel used by the engine. The main now is fuel isolated from oil, with different fractions - gasoline and diesel fuel.

In engines using gasoline, there are two types of fuel system - carburetor and injection. In the first system, the mixing formation is made in the carburetor. It produces a dosage and feeding fuel into the air flow passing through it, then this mixture is already fed to the cylinders. Such a system and fuel tank, fuel lines, vacuum fuel pump and carburetor consist of a vacuum fuel pump.

Carburetor system

The same is done in injection cars, but they have a more accurate dosage. Also, fuel in the injectors is added to the air flow in the inlet nozzle through the nozzle. This nozzle fuel spraying, which provides better mixing formation. The injection system from the tank, the pump located in it, filters, fuel lines, and fuel ramps with nozzles installed on the intake manifold.

Diesels, the supply of components of the fuel mixture produced separately. The gas distribution mechanism through valves only fits air into cylinders. The fuel in the cylinders is supplied separately, nozzles and high pressure. This system consists of a tank, filters, high pressure fuel pump (TNVD) and nozzles.

Injector systems recently appeared, which operate on the principle of diesel fuel system - injector with direct injection.

The exhaust gas removal system provides the derivation of combustion products from cylinders, partial neutralization of harmful substances, and a decrease in sound when the exhaust gas is derived. It consists of a graduate manifold, a resonator, a catalyst (not always) and the muffler.

Lubrication system

The lubrication system provides reduced friction between the interacting surfaces of the engine, by creating a special film that prevents direct contact surfaces. Additionally carries out heat removal, protects the engine elements from corrosion.

The lubrication system of the oil pump, oil tanks - pallet, oil pump, oil filter, canals, by which the oil moves to rubbing surfaces.

Cooling system

Maintaining the optimal operating temperature during the engine operation is provided by the cooling system. Two types of system are used - air and liquid.

The air system produces cooling by blowing cylinders then air. For better cooling on cylinders, cooling ribs are made.

In the liquid system, the cooling is produced by liquid, which circulates in a cooling shirt with direct contact with the outer wall of the sleeve. This system is made of cooling shirt, water pump, thermostat, nozzles and radiator.

Ignition system

The ignition system is applied only on gasoline engines. On diesel engines, the ignition of the mixture is made from compression, so this system is not needed.

In the gasoline car, the ignition is performed from the spark that skipping at a certain point between the electrodes of the incandescent candles installed in the block head so that its skirt is in the combustion chamber of the cylinder.

The ignition system is made from the ignition coil, distributor (traver), wiring and spark plugs.

Electrical equipment

Provides this electricity equipment onboard network of auto, including the ignition system. This equipment is also made and started the engine. It consists of an acb, generator, starter, wiring, all sorts of sensors, which are followed by the operation and status of the engine.

This is the entire device of the internal combustion engine. Although it is constantly improving, but its principle does not change, only individual nodes and mechanisms are improved.

Modern development

The main task over which automakers are fighting is a decrease in fuel consumption and emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. Therefore, they constantly improve the power system, the result is the recent appearance of injection systems with direct injection.

Alternative fuels are searched for, the latest development in this direction is still the use of alcohols as fuel, as well as vegetable oils.

Also scientists are trying to establish the production of engines with a completely different principle of work. Such, for example, is the vankel engine, but there are no special success yet.

AUTOLEEK.

For about a hundred years for about a hundred years in the world in the world, the main power unit on cars and motorcycles, tractors and combines, other techniques is an internal combustion engine. Having come at the beginning of the twentieth century to replace the external combustion engines (steam), he and in century twenty-first remains the most cost-effective type of motor. In this article, we will consider in detail the device, the principle of operation of various types of DVS and its main auxiliary systems.

Definition and general features of the work of the engine

The main feature of any internal combustion engine is that the fuel is flammable directly inside its working chamber, and not in additional external media. In the process of operation, the chemical and thermal energy from the combustion of fuel is converted into mechanical work. The principle of operation of the DVS is based on the physical effect of thermal expansion of gases, which is formed during the combustion process of the fuel and air mixture under pressure inside the engine cylinders.

Classification of internal combustion engines

In the process of evolution, the DVS has allocated the following, which have proven its effectiveness, data types of motors:

• Pistoninternal combustion engines. In them, the working chamber is inside the cylinders, and the thermal energy is converted into a mechanical work by means of a crank-connecting mechanism transmitting the motion energy to the crankshaft. Piston motors divide, in turn,
• carburetorin which the air-fuel mixture is formed in the carburetor, injected into the cylinder and flammives there by sparking from the spark plug;

• injectorin which the mixture is served directly into the intake manifold, through special nozzles, under the control of the electronic control unit, and also flammified by means of a candle;
• dieselIn which the ignition of the air-fuel mixture occurs without a candle, by compressing air, which is heated from the pressure from a temperature greater than the combustion temperature, and the fuel is injected into the cylinders through the nozzles.
• Rotary-piston internal combustion engines. In motors of this type, heat energy is converted into a mechanical work by rotating the operation gases of a special form and profile rotor. The rotor moves along the "planetary trajectory" inside the working chamber with the form of "eight", and serves as a piston and the timing (gas distribution mechanism), and the crankshaft.
• Gas turbine internal combustion engines. In these motors, the transformation of thermal energy into mechanical work is carried out by rotation of the rotor with special wedge-shaped blades, which drives the turbine shaft.

The most reliable, unpretentious, economical in terms of consumption of fuel and the need for regular maintenance, are piston engines.

Technology with other types of DVS can be made in the Red Book. Nowadays, cars with rotary-piston engines make only Mazda. An experienced series of cars with a gas turbine engine produced "Chrysler", but it was in the 60s, and no one of the automakers returned to this issue. In the USSR, gas turbine engines were equipped with tanks "T-80" and landing ships "Bison", but in the future it was decided to abandon this type of motors. In this regard, let's stop in detail on the "won the world domination" of the piston engines of internal combustion.

The engine housing unites into a single organism:

• cylinder block, inside the combustion chambers of which the fuel and air mixture flames, and the gases from this combustion lead to the movement of the pistons;
• crank mechanismwhich transmits motion energy to the crankshaft;
• gas distribution mechanismwhich is designed to provide timely discovery / closing valves for intake / release of combustible mixture and spent gases;
• submission system ("injection") and ignition ("ignition") of the fuel and air mixture;
• system for removing combustion products (exhaust gases).

Four-stroke internal combustion engine in the context

When the engine starts, the air-fuel mixture is injected into its cylinders through the inlet valves and flammable there from the spark of the spark plug. When combustion and thermal expansion of gases from overpressure, the piston comes into motion, transmitting mechanical work on the rotation of the crankshaft.

The operation of the piston engine of internal combustion is carried out cyclically. These cycles are repeated with a frequency of several hundred times per minute. This provides a continuous translational rotation of the crankshaft engine.

Determine the terminology. Tact is a workflow that occurs in the engine in one stroke of the piston, more precisely, in one direction in one direction, up or down. The cycle is a tack of clocks repeated in a certain sequence. By the number of clocks within one working cycle, the internal combustion engine is divided into two-strokes (the cycle is carried out in one crankshaft turnover and two piston strokes) and four-stroke (for two crankshaft turns and four walking pistons). At the same time, both in those and in other engines, the workflow goes on the following plan: inlet; compression; combustion; Expansion and release.

Principles of operation of the DVS

- Principle of operation of the two-stroke engine

When the engine starts, the piston is fascinated by the rotation of the crankshaft, comes in motion. As soon as it reaches its lower dead point (NMT) and proceeds to the movement up, the fuel and air mixture is supplied to the cylinder chamber.

In its motion up, the piston compresses it. At the time of reaching the piston of its upper dead point (NTC), the spark from the electronic ignition candle ignites the fuel and air mixture. Instantly expanding, a pair of burning fuel is rapidly pushing the piston back to the bottom dead point.

At this time, an exhaust valve opens through which the split exhaust gases are removed from the combustion chamber. After passing the NMT again, the piston renews its movement to the NTC. During this time, the crankshaft makes one turn.

With a new movement of the piston, the channel inlet of the fuel and air mixture opens, which replaces the entire volume of exhaust gases, and the whole process is repeated again. Due to the fact that the work of the piston in such motors is limited to two clocks, it makes much less than in a four-stroke engine, the number of movements for a certain time unit. Minimize friction losses. However, high heat energy is highlighted, and the two-stroke engines are quick and harder.

In two-stroke engines, the piston replaces the valve mechanism of gas distribution, during its movement at certain points, opening and closing the working holes inlet and release in the cylinder. The worst, compared to the four-stroke engine, gas exchange is the main disadvantage of the two-stroke system of the FRO. At the time of removal of exhaust gases, a certain percentage of not only working substance is lost, but also power.

The spheres of the practical application of the two-stroke engines of internal combustion were mopeds and scooters; Boat motors, lawn mowers, chainsaws, etc. Low power technique.

These disadvantages are deprived of four-stroke engine, which, in various versions, and are installed on almost all modern cars, tractors and other techniques. In them, the intake / release of combustible mixture / exhaust gases is carried out in the form of separate workflows, and not combined with compression and expansion, as in the two-stroke. With the help of a gas distribution mechanism, mechanical synchronization of intake and exhaust valves with crankshaft turns is ensured. In the four-stroke engine, the injection of the fuel and air mixture occurs only after complete removal of the exhaust gases and the closure of the exhaust valves.

The process of operation of the engine of internal combustion

Each clock work is one stroke of the piston ranging from the top to the bottom dead points. In this case, the engine passes through the following phases of operation:

• Tact first, inlet. The piston makes movement from the top to the bottom dead point. At this time, discharge occurs inside the cylinder, the inlet valve opens and the fuel-air mixture is entered. At the end of the intake, the pressure in the cylinder cavity ranges from 0.07 to 0.095 MPa; Temperature - from 80 to 120 degrees Celsius.
• Tact second, compression. When the piston moves from the lower to the upper dead point and the intake and exhaust valve closed and the exhaust valve, the combustion mixture is compressed in the cylinder cavity. This process is accompanied by an increase in pressure to 1.2-1.7 MPa, and temperatures up to 300-400 degrees Celsius.
• Tact third, expansion. The fuel and air mixture is flammified. This is accompanied by the release of a significant amount of thermal energy. The temperature in the cavity of the cylinder increases sharply to 2.5 thousand degrees Celsius. Under pressure, the piston is quickly moving towards its lower dead point. The pressure indicator is from 4 to 6 MPa.
• Tact fourth, issue. During the inverse movement of the piston to the upper dead point, an exhaust valve opens through which the exhaust gases are pushed out of the cylinder into the exhaust pipeline, and then into the environment. Indicators Pressure in the final stage of the cycle are 0.1-0.12 MPa; Temperatures - 600-900 degrees Celsius.

Auxiliary Internal Combustion Engine Systems

- Ignition system

The ignition system is part of the machine electrical equipment and is intended. to ensure sparksFlaresing the fuel and air mixture in the cylinder working chamber. Composite parts of the ignition system are:

• Source of power. During the engine launch, the battery is such, and during its operation, the generator.
• Switch, or Ignition Castle. This is earlier mechanical, and in recent years, an electrical contact device for supplying an electrical barrier is increasingly.
• Energy storage. The coil, or autotransformer - a node designed to accumulate and convert the energy sufficient to occur to the desired discharge between the electrodes of the spark plug.
• Spark plug (trambler). A device designed to distribute high voltage pulse by wires leading to the candles of each of the cylinders.

The ignition system of the DVS.

- inlet system

Inlet Introduction system is designed for uninterrupted feed in motor atmospheric air To blend it with fuel and preparation of a combustible mixture. It should be noted that in the carburetor engines of the past, the inlet system consists of an air duct and air filter. And that's it. The inlet system of modern cars, tractors and other techniques include:

• Air intake. Represents the nozzle convenient for each specific engine shape. Through it, the atmospheric air is absorbed inside the engine, by means of the difference in the pressure indicators in the atmosphere and in the engine, where there is a vacuum when the pistons moves.
• Air filter. This is a consumable material designed to clean the air from dust and solid particles entering the engine, their filter delays.
• Throttle valve. Air valve designed to regulate the supply of the desired amount of air. It is mechanically activated by pressing the gas pedal, and in modern technique - with the help of electronics.
• Intake manifold. It distributes the air flow through the motor cylinders. To give the airflow of the desired distribution, special intake dampers and a vacuum amplifier are used.

- Fuel system

Fuel system, or power supply system, "replies" for uninterrupted fuel combustible To form a fuel mixture. The fuel system includes:

• Fuel tank - Capacity for storing gasoline or diesel fuel, with a combustible fence device (pump).
• Fuel pipelines - The complex of tubes and hoses, for which its "food" enters the engine.
• Mixing formation device, i.e. carburetor or injector - Special mechanism for the preparation of fuel and air mixture and its injection in ICE.
• Electronic control unit (ECU) mixture formation and injection - in injection engines This device "responds" for synchronous and efficient work on the formation and supply of combustible mixture into the motor.
• Fuel pump - Electrical device for injection of gasoline or diesel fuel line.
• Fuel filter - consumable material for additional cleaning of fuel in the process of transporting its tank to the motor.

Fuel system DVS scheme

- Lubrication system

Purpose of the Lubricant System - Reducing friction force and its destructive impact on the details; owl Parts of excess heat; removal Products nagara and wear; protection Metal from corrosion. The lubrication system of the DVS includes:

• Pallet Carter - Tank for storing engine oil. The oil level in the pallet is controlled not only by a special probe, but also a sensor.
• Oil pump - shakes the oil from the pallet and supplies it to the desired parts of the engine through special drilled channels- "Mains". Under the action of gravity, the oil flows from the lubricated details down, back to the pallet of the crankcase, accumulates there, and the grease cycle is repeated again.
• Oil filter Holds and removes hard particles from engine oil, resulting from carbon and wear products. The filter element always changes to a new one with each substitute for engine oil.
• Oil radiator Designed to cool the engine oil, using a liquid from the engine cooling system.

- Exhaust system

The exhaust system of DVS serves for removing Exhaust gas and reducing noity Motor work. In modern technique, the exhaust system consists of the following details (in order of exit of exhaust gases from the motor):

• Exhaust manifold. It is a system of pipes from heat-resistant cast iron, which takes split exhaust gases, quenching their primary oscillatory process and sends further to the receiving tube.
• Reception trumpet - Curved gas feed from fire-resistant metal, in the people referred to as "pants".
• Resonator, or, speaking by the folk language, the "bank" of the muffler - the capacity in which the separation of exhaust gases occurs and the reduction of their speed.
• Catalyst - A device intended for the purification of exhaust gases and their neutrode.
• Muffler - Capacity with a complex of special partitions intended for repeated changes in the direction of movement of the flow of gases and, accordingly, their noise.

Exhaust system of DVS

- Cooling system

If there is still an air cooler cooling system on mopeds, engine cooling and inexpensive motorcycles - a counter-stream of air, then it is not enough for more powerful techniques. It has a liquid cooling system designed for taking excess heat Motor I. reduced thermal loads on his details.

• Radiator Cooling systems serves to recover redundant heat into the environment. It consists of a large amount of curved aluminum tubes, with ribs for additional heat transfer.
• Fan Designed to enhance the cooling effect on the radiator from the oncoming air flow.
• Water pump (Pomp) - "chases" the cooling fluid on "small" and "large" circles, providing its circulation through the engine and the radiator.
• Thermostat - A special valve that provides the optimal coolant temperature by running it by "small circle", bypassing the radiator (with a cold engine) and by "large circle", through the radiator - when the engine is heated.

The coherent work of these auxiliary systems provides maximum return from the internal combustion engine and its reliability.

In conclusion, it should be noted that in the foreseeable future, the emergence of decent competitors to the internal combustion engine is not expected. There is every reason to argue that in its modern, improved form, it will remain a minority of the motor in all sectors of the global economy for several decades.

In this article, let's talk about the engine of internal combustion engine, we learn the principle of its work. Consider it in the context. Despite the fact that the internal combustion engine was invented for a very long time, but it still enjoys great popularity. True for a large amount of time the design of the internal combustion engine has undergone various changes.

The efforts of engineers are constantly aimed at facilitating the weight of the engine, improving efficiency, an increase in capacity, as well as reducing the emission of harmful substances.

Engines are gasoline and diesel. Also there are rotary and gas turbine engines that are used much less often. We will talk about them in other articles.

By the location of cylinders, the internal, V-shaped and oxidized. By the number of cylinders 2,4,6,8,10,12,16. There are also 5 cylinder internal combustion engines.

Each layout has its advantages for example, in-line 6-cylinder engine is well balanced, but is inclined to overheating. In V-engine engines, another advantage they take less space under the hood, but it makes it difficult for maintenance due to limited access. Previously, there were also row 8 cylinder engines most likely they did not become due to a strong tendency to overheating and they occupied a lot of space under the hood.

By type of operation, two types are: two clocks and four clocks. Two-stroke internal combustion engines are mainly used on motorcycles. In cars, 4 clock engines were almost always used.

DVS device

Consider the engine in the context

The internal combustion engine consists of the following components and auxiliary systems.

1) Cylinder block. The cylinder block is the main body of the engine in which the piston works occurs. It usually consists of cast iron and has a cooling jacket for cooling.

2) GRM mechanism. The gas distribution mechanism regulates the supply of fuel-air mixture and the removal of exhaust gases. With camshaft camshafts that affect the valve springs. Valves open either, closed depending on the engine's tact. When opening ink valves, cylinders are filled with fuel and air mixture. When opening the exhaust valves, the exhaust gases take place.

4) CSM-crystal-connecting mechanism. Thanks to the transmission of the energy of the connecting rod to the crankshaft, useful work is performed.

5) Oil pallet. In the oil pan is the engine oil which is used by the lubrication system for lubricating bearings and components of the internal combustion system.

6) cooling system. Thanks to the cooling system, the internal combustion engine maintains the optimum temperature. The cooling system consists of: pump, radiator, thermostat, cooling nozzles, and a cooling shirt.

7) Lubricant system. The lubricant system is used to protect the engine components from previously temporary wear. In addition, due to engine oil in the internal combustion engine, cooling and corrosion protection occurs. The lubrication system consists of: oil pump, oil filter, oil highways and oil pallet.

8) Power system. The power system provides timely fuel supply. It differs in 3 types of carburetor, monofry and injector.

Find out more detail that the carburetor or injector can be better.

In the carburetor, the fuel and air mixture is prepared in the carburetor for subsequent feed. The carburetor has a mechanical fuel pump.

Monovprysk is essentially moving from the carburetor to the injector or intermediate link. Thanks to the control unit, one single nozzle is given a command of the required quantity of fuel.

Injector. Injection fuel systems possess. ECU-electronic control unit, nozzles, fuel ramp. Thanks to the commands of the ECU on the nozzles, a signal is given about how much fuel is currently necessary. About the ECU in more detail.

To date, these are the most common fuel systems. Since they have a number of advantages. Efficiency, environmental friendliness and best return compared to the monovproma and carburetor.

There is also a direct fuel injection. Where the nozzles are injected into the fuel directly into the combustion chamber, not often used because of a more complex design and less reliability compared to the distribution injection. The advantage of such a design in better economy and environmental friendliness.

9) Ignition system. The ignition system is used to ignite the fuel and air mixture. Consists of high-voltage wires, ignition coils, spark plugs. Starter starts the internal combustion engine. For more information about the starter, you can learn by clicking on the link.

10) flywheel. The main task of the flywheel is the launch of the DVS using the starter through the crankshaft.

Principle of operation

Internal combustion engine makes 4 cycles or tact.

1) inlet. At this stage, the inlet of the fuel and air mixture occurs.

2) compression. During compression, the fuel and air mixture is compressed.

3) Working. The piston under the pressure of gases is sent to the NMT (lower dead point). The piston transmits energy to the rod, then the crankshaft energy is transmitted through the connecting rod. Thus, the energy exchange of gases on useful mechanical work occurs.

4) issue. The piston is sent up. Exhaust valves open to release decay products.

Innovation of the internal combustion engine

1) The use of Lasers to Fuel ignition. Compared to ignition candles, lasers will be easier to adjust the ignition angle and will be high power. Conventional candles with a strong spark quickly fail.

2) FREEVALVE technology This technology implies the engine without camshafts. Instead of camshafts, the valves control individual drives to each valve. Ecology and economy of such DVS above. The technology is designed by a subsidiary Koniesseg and has a similar name FreeValve. Technology so far raw, but has already demonstrated a number of advantages. What will happen next time will show.

3) Separation of engines on the cold and hot parts. The essence of the technology is that the engine is divided into two parts. In the cold, the inlet and compression will occur since these stages will more effectively happen in the cold part. Thanks to this technology, engineers promise performance improvement by 30-40%. In the hot part there will be ignition and exhaust.

And what future technologies of the internal combustion engine you have heard will definitely share it in the comments.

Modern car, most often, is driven. There are a huge set of such engines. They differ in the volume, the number of cylinders, power, the rotational speed used by the fuel (diesel, gasoline and gas engine). But, fundamentally, internal combustion seems like.

How the engine works And why is it called a four-stroke engine of internal combustion? About the inner combustion is understandable. Inside the engine burns fuel. And why 4 engine clutches, what is it? Indeed, there are two-stroke engines. But on cars they are extremely rare.

The four-stroke engine is called due to the fact that its work can be divided into four, equal in time, parts. The piston passes four times through the cylinder - twice up and twice down. Tact begins when the piston is located at an extremely lower or upper point. Motorists-mechanics are called upper Dead Point (NMT) and lower dead dot (NMT).

First Tact - Inlet Tact

First tact, it is intake, begins with VMT (top dead point). Moving down, piston sucks the fuel-air mixture into the cylinder. The work of this tact happens with an open intake valve. By the way, there are many engines with multiple inlet valves. Their quantity, size, time spent in the open state can significantly affect the engine power. There are engines in which, depending on the pressure pedal, there is a compulsory increase in the time of finding inlet valves in the open state. This is done to increase the amount of the fuel absorbed, which, after the ignition, increases the engine power. The car, in this case, can accelerate much faster.

Second tact - compression tact

The next engine work clock is compression tact. After the piston reached the lower point, it begins to rise up, thereby squeezing the mixture, which fell into the cylinder into the intake tact. Fuel mixture is compressed to the volume of the combustion chamber. What is this camera? The free space between the upper part of the piston and the top of the cylinder when the piston is found in the upper dead point is called the combustion chamber. Valves, this closed engine work closed Fully. The more dense they are closed, the compression is better. It has great importance, in this case, the state of the piston, cylinder, piston rings. If there are big gaps, it will not be good compression, and accordingly, the power of such an engine will be much lower. Compression can be checked by a special device. The magnitude of the compression can be concluded about the degree of wear of the engine.

Third Tact - Working

Third tact - worker, begins with VST. The worker it is called no coincidence. After all, it is in this tact that an action takes place that makes the car move. In this tact work comes. Why is this system so called? Yes, because it is responsible for igniting the fuel mixture, compressed in the cylinder, in the combustion chamber. It works it very simple - the system candle gives a spark. In fairness, it is worth noting that the spark is issued on the spark plug in a few degrees until the upper point is reached. These degrees, in a modern engine, are regulated by automatically "brains" of the car.

After the fuel will light up there is an explosion - it increases sharply in volume, forcing piston move down. Valves in this engine work tact, as in the previous, are in the closed state.

Fourth Tact - issue tact

The fourth engine work tact, the last - graduation. Reaching the lower point after the working clock, in the engine starts open exhaust valve. Such valves, as well as intake, may be several. Moving up piston through this valve removes spent gases From the cylinder - ventilate it. The degree of compression in cylinders depends on the clear operation of the valves, the complete removal of the exhaust gases and the required amount of the absorbed fuel and air mixture.

After the fourth tact, the first turn is coming. The process is repeated cyclically. And at the expense of what rotation happens - engine work Internal combustion All 4 Trackers, what makes the piston rise and go down in compression, release and intake tacts? The fact is that not all the energy received in the working clock is sent to the movement of the car. Part of the energy goes to spout the flywheel. And he, under the influence of inertia, twists the crankshaft of the engine, moving the piston during the period of "non-working" clocks.