Winter years of release. Characteristics and history Winter Machine

Gas-12 winters - Soviet six-seven-seven-family car of a large class with a hexoconne-long-base sedan body, produced in the Gorky Automobile Plant (Molotov Plant) from 1950 to 1959 (some modifications - to 1960) year. "Winter" is the first representation model of the Gorky Automobile Plan. In just ten years of existence on the conveyor, 21527 Cars winters and GAZ-12 were manufactured.

In May 1948, the Gorky Automobile Plant named after Molotov received a government assignment to the development of a six-bed car, which, for comfort, efficiency and dynamics, was to take an intermediate position between the prestigious ZIS-110 and the massive "victory"

All work, including the release of the "zero" series, was assigned 29 months - the term was unprecedented for our car industry. To meet it, it was necessary to either completely copy a similar foreign car (the plant urged American Buick), or create its own as possible, the aggregates available in its design, first of all, the engine. And to the honor of the Gas designers headed by Andrey Alexandrovich Lipgartom, despite the powerful pressure from the heads of the Ministry of the Auto industry, the second option was chosen. As a result, the creators of winter managed to borrow about 50% of the parts of the engine, the transmission and the challenges of the gas-51 and GAZ-20 "victory"

Fuel economy considerations, compliance with the underlying type of domestic passenger cars ("victory" - four cylinders, "ZIS" - eight, - the machine in between them should be six-cylinder) and the presence of a good six-cylinder row engine gas-11 (licensed copy Dodge D5) forced the designers to use a six-cylinder engine, although more modern sizes and mass of the projected car would be an eight-cylinder

On October 1, 1931, the main autonomy of the country was awarded the name of Stalin (the plant named after Stalin, ZIS), and the second most important enterprise was offered the name of the Minister of Foreign Molotov. "Gorky car factory named after Molotov" - so the company was called in official papers from the mid-30s, and the letter "M" was added to the title of all its passenger models - "Molotolov". But for the new passenger car of the representative class, they came up with a special sonorous reduction in winters ("Molotov Plant"), in full analogy with ZIS. This abbreviation has tried to apply for all notable parts of the machine, ranging from the wheels of the wheels and ending the core steering wheel. As a result, the new name quickly became popular in the people - what kind of winters, everyone knew!

For the car it was necessary to design the body with a memorable appearance and characteristic forms. What the importance was attached to the plant of this stage of work, says the fact that the chief designer of the plant Andrei Aleksandrovich Lipgart suffered his workplace directly to the group of artists-investors! There, next to field plasticine and wooden landing layouts, he joined the process of creating an external appearance of GAZ-12 everyday

Road tests of winters passed in various parts of the Soviet Union, in various climatic, road conditions and often with specially created difficult working conditions. Cars were tested in summer and winter, on a good highway and in the city, on difficultly passable dirty and knocked roads, in the mountains of the Caucasus and Crimea, when overcoming the river (up to 1 km long) of the fusion and on dusty settlers. The runs were produced in summer, the speed along the route Gorky - Moscow - Minsk and back, in the fall on the highway and dirt roads the Gorky route - Ulyanovsk - Gorky, in winter on snow-covered roads, at low temperatures on the Gorky route - Moscow - Kharkov and back, finally, the final, In the summer of 1950 on the route Gorky - Moscow - Minsk - Simferopol - Kerch - Batumi - Tbilisi - Kislovodsk - Rostov - Moscow - Gorky. Runs showed high exploration qualities and comfortable vehicle

November seventh of November 1949, an experienced copy of GAZ-12 took part in a festive demonstration in Gorky

February 15, 1950, according to the established tradition to represent new cars in the Kremlin, the winters was shown by I. V. Stalin. He liked the car immediately, and he easily gave "good" to its production. Soon the specialists of the gas, headed by the chief designer of the plant A. A. Liphard and the leading designer N. Yuushmanov, for the creation of winter were awarded the USSR State Prize of 1950. The first industrial batch of the Wim-12 collected exactly in time - October 13, 1950

To verify operational qualities in 1951, government tests of three vehicles were held. Tests were carried out at full load (six people and 50 kg of cargo in the trunk). The total mileage of each car during the test was 21072 km, of which 11,028 km traveled along the route: Moscow-Leningrad-Tallinn Riga-Minsk-Moscow-Kiev-Lviv-Kishinev-Simferopol-Novorossiysk - Kutaisi Tbilisi Rostov Don Kharkov-Moscow with an average technical speed of 48.2 km / h; The average daily mileage of cars was 298.1 km.

Even before the end of the production of the car, in 1957, Molotov, together with Malenkov, Kaganovich and Shipilov, landed in opal, and the leaps of renaming of factories, mines and steamers began throughout the country. Campaign renaming and winters - Since 1957, the car has received the usual factory designation GAZ-12 All inscriptions by car quickly redesigned from gas for gas

From time to time, attempts were made to expose the appearance of GAZ-12 restyling, but in the series these samples did not go

GAZ-12 design

The engine was generally structurally similar to GAZ-11, which was used on GAZ-51, but there was several modifications to increase power. Motor power increased - expanding intake channels by applying a dual carburetor and increasing the compression ratio to 6.7: 1, which ensured the steady operation of the engine on standard gasoline with an octane number 70. As a result of constructive improvements in the motor, good economy (fuel consumption is not The 18-19 liters exceeded 100 km of run, which for that time was a very good indicator for the machine with a curb weight of 1940 kg) and a sufficiently high dynamics (the maximum speed is 125 km / h, overclocking time is up to a hundred - 37 seconds). A relatively low number of revolutions corresponding to the maximum of power - 3600 min-1 - has led to almost silent operation of the engine

For "winters", a new gearbox was developed, for the first time in the history of the plant had synchronizers (on the II and III transmissions) and switching the lever located on the steering column - there was such an American fashion

The original design solution applied to GAZ-M-12 and has no analogues in the domestic passenger car industry, was hydromefta - the transmission unit, located between the engine and the clutch, and representing the crankcase filled with special oil in which not related to each other rotated Mechanically two rotor in the form of half a toroid, separated by blades on 48 compartments (pump rotor, playing the role of the flywheel) and 44 compartments (turbine rotor, mounted light flywheel and ordinary friction clutch). There was a small gap between the inner ends of the Rotor. When operating the engine twisted the pumping wheel, which created a fluid movement in the crankcase, which brought the turbine wheel into rotation, and their mutual slipping was allowed.

"Winter" could start with any transmission from the existing three-factory instructions, it was recommended to trim from the second transfer, and the first to use only in heavy road conditions and on the rises. Elasticity when moving on a direct-third gear was just amazing. The car was touched from a place smoothly and without any jerks. "Wam" could be slowed down to a complete stop, without turning off the transmission, after which it was possible to start the movement simply released the brake and pressing the accelerator - the hydromefta did not form a constant rigid connection between the transmission and the engine, without giving the engine to the engine when stopped - the hydrumuft rotors began slipping relative to each other (the pump rotated the engine, and the turbine was stroke along with the transmission), which is thus playing the role of the second, automatic clutch

The use of relatively low-power six-cylinder engine made difficult to use frame design. In addition, there was also absent in the production program of the frame of the desired geometry. Then, the gas designers went to a step that had no analogues in world practice - applied on a six-bed car with a wheelbase of 3.2 m carrying body design. This made it possible to reduce the curb weight of the car, compared with frame "classmates", at least 220 kg. The body has become the most important constructive element when creating a new gas, for, if it were not possible to resolve all the problems that arose during its design, the production of a new car on the conveyor in the Directive time could be forgotten

To test the power unit and the chassis, in the first in the history of the plant, the "platform" was created, which was an elongated half-meter, due to the insertion in the middle of the body, "victory". This made it possible to bring the wheel database to the required length (3,200 mm) and to carry out one-time tests of the resulting body for strength. This technique has significantly reduced the volume of complex calculations when designing the carrier body structure "WINE" - and, therefore, to reduce the time of design, as well as the work of technologists and production workers on the introduction of a new car, for the manufacture of which it became possible to apply proven and well-developed technologies. used in the production of bodies of serial "victories"

"Victory" with an elongated fiftiethisantimeter insertion body

"Victory" with an elongated fiftiethisantimeter insertion body. Installation of the "fifth wheel" designed to register the dynamic characteristics of the prototype

When developing the body, the focus was on ensuring its strength and rigidity torsion. Designers managed to solve this problem, which is what is the fact that during test runs there was a high tightness of the body, which allowed, in particular, to overcome brody to a depth of up to 550 mm without water in the salon. With a 1500-kilometer mileage on rural roads, held in summer at air temperature to +37, dust in the salon also did not penetrate

In accordance with the task, the car should have 6 seats, but the designers have found the opportunity to place three passengers in the back seat. For this, the niches of the rear wheels, increasing their rings up to 1560 mm (the front of the front was 100 mm less). Such a solution required the expansion of the tail part of the body, which was done at the expense of the protruding wings of the rear wheels. From the point of view of design, it made it possible to break the monotony of a long sidewall, make it more dynamic

In the body there were three rows of seats. Middle (so-called strapontaine) could be folded and removed into the back of the front seat. At the same time, for the feet of passengers sitting from behind, unprecedented space was released (the distance between the backs of the front and rear sofas exceeded 1.5 m). The front seat was not regulated, therefore for the driver of a solid place a place was not enough

The salon was rich for that time declected, supplied with a three-way radio receiver, a clock with a weekly plant, an electric circuit, ashtray. In addition, there were light bulbs on the dashboard, signaling about the tightened manual brake and the increased (more than 90) water temperature in the cooling system

Experimental "Winter", second option, 1949

Another feature of winter is a smooth floor of the cabin, without a protruding casing of the cardan shaft. And the unique design of the hood has become a business card of this car. Only in winter, a solid stamped hood could open on any side - to the left or right, and when opening both locks, the hood could generally be removed from the car. Also, a novelty in the design of steel wheel with a 15-inch rim. On the pre-war "EMKA" and KIM-10, post-war "Moskvich-400", "Victory" and ZIS-110 were used, as you know, 16-inch wheels. This led to the complication of the brake mechanism. To increase the efficiency of the brakes, the design with two driving pads was applied. Each block of front wheels was provided with an independent working cylinder. GAZ-12 became the first Soviet car with brakes having two driving pads.

Overall dimensions of GAZ-M-12 "WINE"

Specifications

Specifications
Manufacturer:	Gorky Automobile Plant, Gorky
Release time:	1950-1959
Number of places (including driver location)	6
Dry weight of the car (without load, water, oil, gasoline, chauffeur, passengers, spare wheel and tools), kg	1800
Distribution of the weight of the car along the axes,% without load: on the front axis without load: on the back axis full load: on the front axle with full load: on the rear axle
Dimensions: length width Height in curved state without load	5530 mm 1900 mm 1660 mm
Base	3200 mm
King of front wheels	1450 mm
Pitch rear wheels	1500 mm
Vehicle	1940 kg
Full weight	2390 kg
The smallest radius of the ridge of the garouter, m	6,8
Minimal enumeration road	200 mm
Corners of entry front rear
Maximum speed	120 km / h
Fuel consumption in summer on an even highway with full load at a speed of 50-60 km / h	15.5 l / 100km
Engine
Engine	GAZ-12, carburetor, four-stroke, six-cylinder, nipple
Engine volume	3.48 L.
Compression ratio	6.7
Maximum power	90 hp at 3600 rpm
Cylinder diameter, mm	82
Piston stroke, mm	110
Maximum torque, kgm	21,5
Applied fuel	automotive gasoline with actan number 70

Type KP	mechanical with hydromefta
Number of gears	3
transmission number of 1 transfer	3,115
transmission number of the 2nd transmission	1,772
transmission number of the 3rd transmission	1
reverse Rate	4.005 (from the end of 1951 - 3,738)
Clutch	one-piece, dry, equipped with hydromefta
main gear	single, hypoid
Steering gear	globid Worm and Double Roller
Wheels
Wheel designation	6-LX15
Tire size	7.00x15
pressure in the tires of the front wheels (kgf / sq. CM)	2,25
rear Wheel tire pressure (kgf / sq. CM)	2,25

Modifications

- (1955-59g) with. From ordinary GAZ-12, a taxi was distinguished by the front separate seats, an artificial leather salon trim, the presence of a green light and a special torpedo with a built-in taxometer instead of a radio receiver. Due to the high cost - one and a half times greater than the "victory" - was issued relatively few. The fare in winter was one and a half times higher than in the "victory", which was then the main car and taxi

GAZ-12B. Serial car GAZ-12B winters (1951-1960). Sanitary version of the gas-12 sedan. Cars were stained in the color of ivory. Special equipment included stretcher rushing through the rear hatch. In addition, cars were completed with the top lamp depicting the Red Cross and the driver from the driver. Front two seats were separated from the rest of the cabin with a glass partition

In 1951, three experienced copies of gas-12a with four-door body type of phaeton were manufactured. The car did not go to the car - the gain of the body associated with the "Removal" of the roof, led to an excessive weighting machine for a 95-strong motor, and its dynamic indicators were unsatisfactory

On the basis of GAZ-12 - this is not factory development, but an exceptionally local design, existed in Riga.

Optionintroduced by the combined parts of GAZ-13 and Winter Machines, who received the name "Ollobyk". The reasons for his appearance were that the party and Soviet nomenclature existed a strict "table of ranks". And if according to office, the official was laid "winters", then ride on the "seagull" was imprudent. But I wanted !!! The yield was found in the cut-off military. At one of the military factories by order of general, a party "CHAKS" was made with body iron from "winters". The machine combined the comfort and dynamics of the representative machine and the external democracy of the car middle managers. The exact number of such cars is unknown.

Racing cars based on GAZ-12.Gorky Automotive Plant for the USSR Championship of 1951 on the automotive races put gas-12 with elevated degree of compression (from 6.7 to 7.2 units) and power (from 90 l. With 3,600 rpm to 100 liters. P. at 3300 rpm). The engine had one serial dual carburetor K-21, and an additional increase in transmission was introduced into the transmission with remote electrical inclusion. The maximum speed of the machine was 142 km / h. A well-streamlined record-racing car "Avangard" has created a group of enthusiasts at the Kharkov plant of transport engineering named after Malyshev. The machine had the rear arrangement of the power unit, the clutch, the gear change box, the steering parts and the brake system from GAZ-12. The operating volume of the engines reduced due to the use of sleeves and pistons O75 mm from 3485 to 2992 cm 3. At first, the engine had a cylinder head with upper inlet valves, and in the last version (Avangard-3) top steel and exhaust valves. With a compression ratio of 8.1 and a rotary type discharge, the power was 150 hp. at 400 rpm. In 1952, the Rider I. Helight at the "avant-garde 1" reached a speed of 230.7 km / h, and then at Avangarde-3 brought it to 271 km / h. A group of athletes under the leadership of V.N. Kosenkova in the Leningrad Taksopark No. 1 in 1960 built several sports cars on the basis of nodes and forced (up to 100-105 liters) of the gas-12 engine. The maximum speed of these machines, named KVN-3500, reached 170 km / h.

On October 1, 1931, the main autonomy of the country was awarded the name of Stalin (the name of Stalin - ZIS), and the second most important enterprise was offered the name of the Minister of Foreign Affairs - Molotov. "Gorky Car Plant named after Molotov" - so the company was called in official documents from the mid-30s, and the letter "M" was added to the title of all its passenger models. But for the new passenger car of the representative class, they came up with a special sonorous reduction in winters ("Molotov Plant"), in full analogy with ZIS. This abbreviation has tried to apply for all notable parts of the machine, ranging from the wheels of the wheels and ending the core steering wheel. As a result, the new name quickly became popular in the people - what kind of winters, everyone knew!

History of creation

In May 1948, Gorky Automobile Plant named after Molotov received a government assignment to the development of a 6-seater passenger car, which, for comfort, efficiency and dynamics, was to take an intermediate position between the government ZIS-110 and the mass victory of GAZ M-20.

All work, including the release of the "zero" series, was assigned to 29 months - the term was unprecedented for the Soviet Auto industry. To keep it into it, it was necessary to either completely copy a similar foreign car (the plant strongly recommended American Buick), or create its own, using the aggregates available in its design, first of all - the engine. And to the honor of the Gas designers, headed by Andrei Alexandrovich Lipgigant, despite the powerful pressure from the heads of the Ministry of the Auto industry, the second option was chosen, which was certainly a very bold step. As a result, the creators of winter managed to unify about 50% of the parts of the engine, the transmission and the chassis with the "GAZ-51" and GAZ-20 of the victory then.

As a power unit for a new large sedan, a row 6-cylinder low-flaped motor with a working volume of 3.5 liters, designed in the mid-1930s, was chosen. After the war, he stood on GAZ-51 and GAZ-63 trucks.

But the presence of a motor is not all, because for the car it was necessary to design the body with spectacular design and characteristic forms. What the importance was attached to the plant of this stage of work, says the fact that the chief designer of the plant Andrei Aleksandrovich Lipgart suffered his workplace directly to the group of artists-investors! There, next to natural plasticine and wooden landing layouts, he carried out a daily control over the process of creating an external appearance of the future GAZ-12.

The use of a relatively low-powerful 6-cylinder engine made difficult to use the heavy framework of the body. In addition, there was no in the manufacturing program of the frame of the frame of the desired geometry. Then gas designers went on a step that had no analogues in world practice - applied on a 6-seater car with a wheelbase of 3.2 m carrying body design (without frame). This made it possible to reduce the curb weight of the machine, compared with frame analogs, at least 220 kg. The body has become the most important constructive element when creating a new GAZ-12, for if it were not possible to resolve all the problems that arose during its design, the production of a new car on the conveyor in the directorous time could be forgotten.

The platform based on the victory for the testing of the chassis and a 6-cylinder motor for GAZ-12 winters. In 1948, a "platform" was created for testing the power unit and the chassis, for the first time in the history of the plant, which was an elongated half-meter victory by insertion in the middle of the body. This made it possible to bring the wheel database to the required length (3,200 mm) and to carry out one-time tests of the resulting body for strength. This technique made it possible to significantly reduce the volume of complex calculations in the design of the carrier structure of the casual structure of the Winter - A, therefore, to reduce the time of design, as well as the operation of technologists and production workers on the introduction of a new car, for the manufacture of which it became possible to apply proven and well-developed technologies that have already used Production of bodies of serial victories.

When developing the body, the focus was on ensuring its strength and rigidity torsion. Designers managed to solve this problem, which is what is the fact that during test runs there was a high tightness of the body, which allowed, in particular, to overcome brody to a depth of up to 550 mm without water in the salon. With a 1500-kilometer run on rural roads, which took place in summer at air temperature to +37, dust in the salon also did not penetrate.

Testing machines

Road tests of winters passed in various parts of the Soviet Union, in various climatic, road conditions and often with specially created difficult working conditions. Cars were tested in summer and winter, on a good highway and in the city, on difficultly passable dirty and knocked roads, in the mountains of the Caucasus and Crimea, when overcoming the river (up to 1 km long) of the fusion and on dusty settlers. Runs produced: in the summer - the speed along the Gorky route - Moscow - Minsk and back; In the fall - on the highway and dirt roads along the Gorky - Ulyanovsk - Gorky; In winter - on snow-covered roads, at low temperatures on the route Gorky - Moscow - Kharkov and back, and, finally, the final - in the summer of 1950 on the route Gorky - Moscow - Minsk - Simferopol - Kerch - Batumi - Tbilisi - Kislovodsk - Rostov - Moscow - Gorky. The runs showed high performance and comfortable car comfort.

On November seventh, 1949, an experienced copy of GAZ-12 took part in a festive demonstration in Gorky.

February 15, 1950, according to the established tradition to represent new cars in the Kremlin, the winters was shown by I.V. Stalin. He liked the car immediately, and he easily gave "good" to its production. Soon the gas specialists, headed by the head designer of A.A. Lipgart and the lead designer N. Yuushmanov, for the creation of winter were awarded the USSR State Prize in 1950. The first industrial batch of the WIN-12 was collected in time - October 13, 1950.

To verify operational qualities in 1951, government tests of three vehicles were held. Tests were carried out at full load (six people and 50 kg of cargo in the trunk). The overall mileage of each car during the test was 21,072 km, of which 11,028 km passed on the route: Moscow - Leningrad - Tallinn - Riga - Minsk - Moscow - Kiev - Lviv - Chisinau - Simferopol - Novorossiysk - Kutaisi - Tbilisi - Rostov-on - Done - Kharkov - Moscow with an average technical speed of 48.2 km / h; The average daily mileage of cars was 298.1 km.

Design

It is worth noting that the design of the new car turned out to be very harmonious and memorable (apparently, Andrei Lipgart did not see his workplace to artists-designers).

To accommodate three passengers on the back sofa, the constructors spread the rear wheels niches, increasing their rings up to 1560 mm (the front track was 100 mm less). Such a solution required the expansion of the tail part of the body, which was done at the expense of the protruding wings of the rear wheels. In terms of design, it made it possible to break the monotony of a long sidewall, make it more interesting and dynamic.

Doors GAZ-12 spilled in different directions. The gas-12 door hitch was as followed in such a way that the front was opened to the front of the car, and the rear, on the contrary - to the rear (like the doors of the gate). It can be seen by the location of the door handles. Rotary vents were only on the front door. The rear windshield had an arched shape. The wintery was the first Soviet car, where the use of bent glass was used.

The hood had a property to open in any direction. It is worth remembering about the hood of GAZ-12: a solid stamped hood could open on any side - to the left or right, and when both locks are opened, the hood could generally be removed from the car.

It was on GAZ-12 for the first time an emblem with a deer appeared. An interesting design element was enshrined on the hood - a red comb that had decorative backlight. Finally, it was on the hood that the winter appeared first, well-known now, the emblem depicting a deer - the symbol of Nizhny Novgorod.

The painting of the body at the factory was produced by the highest nitroemals in 7 layers with manual polishing of each. Cars were painted, mostly, in black, less often - white and dark green colors. Taxis were usually gray, and "ambulance" - the color of "ivory". The exports proposed cherry, green and gray cars, as well as two-color combinations. For China, a batch of cars popular there is a blue color, traditionally symbolizing good luck and success.

Comb on the hood (with decorative illumination). The car looked quite modern enough for the 1950, fully corresponding to the then automotive fashion, externally bother with many American models of medium and highest classes. At the same time, the winters exceeded the novelty of the design of American cars of individual brands, as well as most of the products of European firms (which was mainly developed before the Second World War).

Motor, Transmission and Chassis Gas-12

The gas-12 engine was, in general, constructively similar to GAZ-11, developed in 1937 (licensed American "Dodge D5"), which in the early 1940s was used on GAZ-11-73 passenger cars, on staff SUV GAZ-61 and light tanks. If we remember American cars, equipped with these 6-cylinder engines, then from the most famous - heavy Dodge SUVs of the WC series and 3-axis WC62 trucks, which came in the 1940s on Land Lesu in the USSR. After the war - since 1946, the motor was widely used on the mass Soviet trucks "GAZ-51" and "GAZ-63" (power was 70 hp). It should be noted that the modifications of this unit were established in 1950 - on serial BTR-40, and in 1952 - on prototypes of promising trucks-62 all-terrain trucks, which did not go into the series.

For GAZ-12, the motor was subjected to significant refinement. Thus, the power of a 6-cylinder 3.5-liter engine increased from 70 to 90 hp. - expanding intake channels by applying a dual carburetor and increasing the compression ratio to 6.7: 1. Such a compression ratio ensured the steady operation of the engine on standard gasoline with an octane number 70. It was Aviation gasoline B-70.

As a result of the design improvements of the motor, a new 2-ton car received a good economy (about 18 liters per 100 km run - a good result for the 1950s) and a good dynamics (the maximum speed is 125 km / h, overclocking time to one hundred - 37 seconds) . It should be noted that the GAZ-12 motor was low-robust (the maximum power of 90 forces was achieved at 3600 turns per minute, and the moment 215 N * m at 2100), which ensured it high elasticity and silent.

For winter, a new gearbox was developed, for the first time in the history of the plant had synchronizers (on II and III transmissions). The gear shift occurred by a lever located on the steering column - like many American analogues of that time.

An original constructive solution that does not have analogues in the domestic passenger automotive industry was the use of hydromephids on gas M-12. It was located between the engine and the clutch, and was a crankcase filled with special oil, in which mechanically connected with each other, two rotors rotated. The rotors had the shape of half of the toroid and were separated by the blades on 48 compartments (the pump rotor, playing the role of the flywheel) and 44 compartments (the turbine rotor, the lightweight flywheel was attached to it and the usual friction clutch). There was a small gap between the inner ends of the Rotor. When operating the engine twisted the pumping wheel, which created a fluid movement in the crankcase, which brought the turbine wheel into rotation, and their mutual surveillance was allowed.

Winter could start moving with any of the available three gears - the factory instruction was recommended to be trimmed immediately from the second. The hydromefta provided smooth start from a place on the second transmission without danger to drown out the motor with insufficiently pressing the gas pedal and allowed to move without switching gears in the speed range of 0 - 80 km / h. The first gear was used only when tossed on steep climbs or when driving in heavy road conditions, and the third was used on the highway.

In addition to explicit advantages, this transmission unit also had some disadvantages: for example, it was possible to use only parking brake to hold the machine on the spot when stopped at a slope, even when the transmission was turned on, the winters easily began to roll. This presented high demands on the technical condition of the manual braking mechanism, and in the frost, the inclusion of the parking brake could cause the brake pad to the drums for a long time. A more efficient way to keep the car on the spot was to use prisms-stops - they were attached to every car. For the sake of justice, it should be noted that this deficiency was also characteristic of many early automatic transmissions that did not have the provisions of "P" ("Park", "Parking").

Since 1950, a new gearbox (without hydromefta) began to put on gas M-20 "victory", in addition, later its modifications were used on GAZ-21, GAZ-22, GAZ-69, RAF-977, ERAZ-762 And others. It provided the highest degree of unification of parts and facilitated car service very much. The solid storage margin, laid down when designing this unit, was originally calculated on a 6-cylinder engine with a large torque, provided the PPA a huge resource when working in a pair with 4-cylinder engines listed above cars.

The open-type cardan transmission consisted of two shafts with an intermediate support, which made it possible to reduce their diameter and lower to the limit of the front point of the cardan swing. In combination with the hypoid main transmission, such a design made it possible to lower the axis of rotation of the cardan shaft by 42 millimeters. This made it possible to place a cardan shaft without any problems under the floor of the cabin without a protruding tunnel.

For winters, unlike other representatives of the Soviet car industry of those years, wheels with a 15-inch rim were applied. On the pre-war "EMKA" and KIM-10, post-war Moskvich-400, victory and ZIS-110 were used, as you know, 16-inch wheels. This led to the complication of the brake mechanism. To increase the efficiency of the brakes, the design with two driving pads was applied. Each block of front wheels was provided with an independent working cylinder. GAZ-12 became the first Soviet car with brakes having two driving pads.

Since their speech went about wheels - two words about their suspension: it was independent, on the front levers with twisted springs, behind - on longitudinal semi-elliptical leaf springs, which to increase the durability were exposed to shot blasting. The front suspension was equipped with a transverse stability stabilizer. The shock absorbers were installed hydraulic, dual-action.

The RUAL GAZ-12 mechanism had a fairly simple and reliable design - a global worm with a double roller. The steering wheel did not have a servo, but it was quite easy to control the machine - the increased to 18,2 gear ratio in the steering mechanism and the large diameter of the "Branca" were helped. By the way, with a length of just over five and a half meters (5.53) winters had a rotation radius of only 6.85 meters.

Salon and Comfort

Since, under the terms of the technical assignment, the main passenger winter is an average official who converts personal gas M-20 victory, but did not reach the ZIS-110, then the most attention was paid to its convenience.

In the Salon GAZ-12 there were three rows of seats. The average can be folded and removed into the back of the front seat. In the body there were three rows of seats. The average (so-called "straight") - it was possible to fold and remove into the back of the front seat, while for the foot of three passengers sitting behind, a lot of space was released (the distance between the backs of the front and rear sofas was about 1.5 m). The front seat was not regulated, therefore it was not enough space for the full driver.

The high ceiling and the large width did a salon very roomy, spacious and comfortable. Especially convenient was the rear seat, designed for a comfortable, free landing of three passengers. The rear doors were opened against the movement, in combination with high doorways and a rear sofa, practically completely rendered back for the doorways, made the entrance and the outlet of the passengers is very convenient.

Salon for those years had a good finish without much luxury. For this, pretty simple materials were used: painted "under the tree" and chrome metal; fabric (tight drape type of overcoat cloth) muffled shades - gray, beige, gentle-green, purple; Plastic "under the elephant bone". All metal parts were decorated with decorative coating, quite realistically imitating lacquered wood panels. The abundance of chrome elements and brilliant light plastic "under the elephant bone" attached to the cabin made by the car of this class atmosphere of luxury, and the decoration "under the tree", dense carpets on the floor and upholstered fabrics - home comfort, but there was not enough options for finishing a higher class.

The car was equipped with a three-way radio, a clock with a weekly plant, an electric circuit, ashtray. In addition, there were light bulbs on the dashboard, signaling about the tightened manual brake and about the increased (more than 90 degrees) in the cooling system.

The interior of GAZ-12 had luxury, according to the standards of those years, elements: heating and ventilation of the back of the cabin (in addition to the front) with a separate fan, which was carried out from the rear sofa; Wide armrests for passengers from behind; Four ashtrays; Soft handrails in the back of the rear sofa and on the sides; additional backlight; Separate cigarette lighter in the passenger compartment and so on.

Epilogue

Elegant beauties - winters was used not only to a high-ranking bureaucracy, but also by the establishment - prominent workers of culture, science and art. In addition, GAZ-12 is the only model of this class, which has become a commodity consumption, that is, entered the open sale. Neither with the subsequent "seagull" nor with the "zisami" there was no such thing. True, the price of 40 thousand rubles - two and a half times more expensive "victory" - made a car completely inaccessible to the mass consumer. Satisfy the interest of a simple Soviet person to a difficult technique in part could modify the winters: taxis and ambulance (GAZ-12B), and the latter is completely free. The gas-12b ambulance modification had a glass septum behind the front seat, two folding chairs, located one after the other, and stretchers that put forward and moved into the car through the trunk lid. The car was equipped with a headlamp with a red cross sign, placed above the windshield, a swivel plate on the left front wing and a drawer for medicines.

Immediately after the start of the production of GAZ-12, he made a cross among officials. The first secretaries of the Commands had the ZISA-110, and the appearance of a new car were reserved by restrained. But the deputies "first" passionately were placed from the modest "Emok" and "victories" in much more representative winters. The struggle for the possession of the Gazovsk flagship acquired such forms and such a scope that the journal "Crocodile" (the supervised Central Committee of the CPSU) was forced already in early 1952 to publish a caustic feuilleton "Stop! Red Light! ", Having riselled the nomenclature workers who went for any tricks for the sake of obtaining a personal winter.

Winter modifications - taxis and ambulance. In 1959, Khrushchev began fighting privileges. This struggle was expressed in the fact that many workers were deprived of personal cars, and these cars themselves were transmitted to the taxi. Greater Capacity Winter pushed the thought to use it as a minibus. However, in the first days of work, drivers, while driving from the route, began to wove the markets, train stations, hotels and restaurants. At the end of the shift, they honestly handed out the laid revenue, and the rest put themselves in his pocket. When the controlling authorities spoil about it, the chauffeurs were planted, and the cars were redesigned to ordinary taxi, supplying them with taxometers.

In the summer of 1957, the gas lost its name in Opalu of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Molotov in his title. The "top model" of the plant received the official name of GAZ-12; In 1959, he lost the place of the "Seagull" GAZ-13, and in 1960 the production of sanitary GAZ-12B ceased.

In just ten years of existence on the conveyor, 21,527 GAZ-12 cars were manufactured (even in the period of established production, the maximum of 6 cars per day was produced). The winters became the same symbol of the time as the film "Kuban Cossacks" or "Stalin's houses". To date, the GAZ-12 Wal-12 has become a real legend of the car industry and is the desired acquisition for many collectors of retro cars. The price of renovated samples with the original package can reach up to 50,000 - $ 60,000.

Technical Specifications GAZ-12

Modification	GAZ M-12 (1950)
Years of production	1950 — 1960
Body type	4-door sedan
Number of places	7
engine's type	petrol
Supply system	carburetor
Number of cylinders	6 (inline)
Working volume	3.485
Max. Power, hp (rpm)	90 (3600)
Torque, n * m (rpm)	215 (2100)
Compression ratio	6,7
Drive unit	rear
Transmission	3-st. fur. (with hydromefta)
type of drive	rear
Front suspension	independent spring
Rear suspension	dependent Spring
Length, mm.	5 530
Width, mm.	1 900
Height, mm.	1 660
Wheel base, mm	3 200
Front pitch, mm	1 460
Pitch back, mm	1 500
Clearance, mm.	200
The angle of the front sink, hail.	24
Corner of the rear sink, hail.	18
Rotation radius, m	6,8
Curb weight, kg	1 940
Full weight, kg	2 390
Max. Speed, km / h	125
Acceleration up to 100 km / h, sec	37,0
Fuel consumption, l / 100 km	15-20
Brand gasoline	70

GAZ-21 "Volga" - Soviet passenger car with Sedan Body. Until 1965 was called GAZ-M21 "Volga". Produced serially since 1956 ...
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Gas-12 winters

An indication to start developing a representative car Gorky Automobile Plant named after Molotov receives in early 1948 the car should have taken an intermediate position between the GAZ-M20 "victory" car and the Limousine ZIS-110. Machine that received the factory index Gas-12 wintersThere was a completely definite status - a car for the second echelon of the country's leadership. In all major parameters, it had to be the stage below the class than limousine ZIS-110.who used the top of power. That " Winter"It was doomed to be forever second, no one doubted - it is enough to compare the names assigned to Moscow and Gorky auto plants. Initially, a rather difficult task was set up - it was necessary to design the body with a characteristic appearance and memorable" licked "forms.

The chief designer of the plant, Andrei Alexandrovich Lipgart, came to the conclusion that the American sedan could serve as a prototype Cadillac Fleetwood 61. 1948 release. And then - for the first time, by the way, in world practice - Lipgart decided to make a passenger car with three rows of seats without a frame, with a bearing body. Only such a design was able to provide an acceptable mass and more or less "government" dynamics. The first two prototypes of the car still did not satisfy their behavior of the lipgart. And only the third, with anterior facing, copying Cadillakovskaya, and bumpers, stylistically similar to Byikovski, corresponded to the technical task.

The new Gorky car was more advanced than "ZIS". Firstly, " Winter"He had a carrying body that for a long-base and heavy machine was in those years a bold, who did not have analogues, which made it easier for 200 kg immediately. Secondly, on the" winter "was first used hydromefta, which provided an exceptional smoothness of the stroke. It was located between engine and clutch and provided good engine adaptability to road conditions. Two, not related to each other, cups (rotors) Hydromeflues form a toroidal cavity filled with oil. The pumping rotor is divided by vanes-burdens on 48 compartments, and turbine - by 44. When rotating the hydromephids in the compartments, the circulation of "harnesses" of oils, which transmit torque from the pump rotor to the turbine and at the same time allow them relative slip-ups at the same time. And although the hydromefta does not increase the torque of the engine, such as a hydrotransformer with hydromechanical transmissionIt allows you to touch on the second gear, provides fast and smooth overclocking, and allows you to move on a direct transmission on the road with frequent lifts. The first gear is used only at the beginning of the movement on the risk of the country, or to the mountain.
Gorky Auto Plant first applied on the Soviet car and the so-called flange semi-axes of the rear axle. Nowadays, they received widespread recognition and fully displaced the previous design, where the semi-axes were connected to the brake drum cone neck with a knap. Another innovation embedded by car GAS-12, steel wheels with a 15-inch rim.

Design Gas-12 winters

interior photo Gas-12 winters

Luxury winters pleasantly surprises with elegant lines and an abundance of chromium in the exterior and in the interior - in the style of the best American cars of the late 1940s. Much attention was paid to the smallest detail of the appearance, which determined the overall perception of the car. With all his views, the car raises genuine respect, clearly pointing to the status of his passengers.
To accommodate three passengers on the back sofa, the constructors spread the rear wheels niches, increasing their rings up to 1560 mm (the front track was 100 mm less). Such a solution required the expansion of the tail part of the body, which was done at the expense of the protruding wings of the rear wheels. In terms of design, it made it possible to break the monotony of a long sidewall, make it more interesting and dynamic.
The car was equipped with a three-way radio, a clock with a weekly plant, an electric circuit, ashtray. In addition, there were light bulbs on the dashboard, signaling about the tightened manual brake and about the increased (more than 90 degrees) in the cooling system.
Interior GAZ-12 had luxurious, according to the standards of those years, elements: heating and ventilation of the back of the cabin (in addition to the front) with a separate fan, which was controlled from the rear sofa; Wide armrests for passengers from behind; Four ashtrays; Soft handrails in the back of the rear sofa and on the sides; additional backlight; Separate cigarette lighter in the passenger compartment and so on.

photography of the Salon GAZ-12 WIND

Handling gas doors 12 It was performed so that the front was opened to the front of the car, and the rear, on the contrary - to the back (like the shutters of the gate). It can be seen by the location of the door handles. Rotary vents were only on the front door. The rear windshield had an arched shape. The wintery was the first Soviet car, where the use of bent glass was used.
In the body there were three rows of seats. The average (so-called "straight") - it was possible to fold and remove into the back of the front seat (the distance between the backs of the front and rear sofas was about 1.5 m). The front seat was not regulated.

It is worth remembering about the hood of GAZ-12: a solid stamped hood could open on any side - to the left or right, and when both locks are opened, the hood could generally be removed from the car. An interesting design element was enshrined on the hood - a red comb that had decorative backlight. Finally, it was on the hood that the winter first appeared, everyone known now, emblem with image of deer. - Symbol of Nizhny Novgorod.
The painting of the body at the factory was produced by the highest nitroemals in 7 layers with manual polishing of each. Cars were painted, mostly, in black, less often - white and dark green colors. Taxis were usually gray, and "ambulance" - the color of "ivory". The exports proposed cherry, green and gray cars, as well as two-color combinations. For China, a batch of cars popular there is a blue color, traditionally symbolizing good luck and success.

GAZ-12 WINE

At the heart of it six-cylinder engine GAZ-11The design of which Gorkovchan began in 1937. Its release was deployed in 1940, and it was used on the passenger cars of GAZ-11-73 and GAZ-61, as well as on the light tanks and self-propellas of the Times of the Great Patriotic War and GAZ-51 trucks.
Power 76 hp, which this engine developed in the "light" version, and especially 70 hp The cargo option (GAZ-51) for GAZ-12 was not enough. Therefore, the engine was forced by raising power up to 90 hp. at 3600 rpm. To do this, increased to 6.7 units of compression ratio (fuel - gasoline with an octane number of at least 70). In fact, "winters" were calculated on the 72nd gasoline, but the car can ride the 66th, and the 76th ideal option for it.

Brake System Gas-12 winters

In order to increase the efficiency of the brakes, the plant turned to the design with two driving pads. Each block of front wheels was provided with an independent working cylinder. GAZ-12 became the first Soviet car with brakes having two driving pads. An interesting design, also first applied in our automotive, had an engine hood. It could be completely left to the left, right and even remove it. Fixing handles were under the instrument panel. No, of course, in the "winter" steering amplifier - then they didn't even stutter about it. Yes, and the diameter of the steering wheel is chosen so well that driving a car is quite easy. This machine does not like harsh driving movements at all, it obediently obey, if in managing it to combine confidence, tenderness and sense of space.

Modification of GAZ-12B WALK "Ambulance"
(1951-1960)

stock Foto Gas-12B winged help

Since 1951, on the basis of "Winter" began to produce a "ambulance" carriage - gas 12 B.. The "ambulance" had a glass partition behind the front seats, two folding chairs and retractable stretchers in the rear compartment. Sanitary option, produced from 1951 to 1960. Cars were stained in the color of ivory. In addition, cars were completed with the top lamp depicting the Red Cross and the driver from the driver. The front two seats were separated from the rest of the salon with a glass partition.
Body remained 4-door - loaded and unloaded stretcher Through the trunk lid. GAZ-12B had an identification lamp on the roof and a firefare in the left front wing. Such machines remained in the "weapons" of the Ministry of Health, until the beginning of the 80s and have sought their century in provincial cities. In the same 1951, 3 copies were made with a 4-door open body of Faeton - GAZ-12A. The car did not go to the series - the enhancement of the body associated with the "Removal" of the roof, led to an excessive weighting machine for a 95-strong motor, and its dynamic indicators were unsatisfactory.

photo GAZ-12B Salon ambulance

Modification of Gas-12 winters "Taxi" (1955-1959)

The simplest modification is a car-taxi. The changes touched only the upholstery of the seats, put the dermatin instead of velor. The scale of production "WINDER" (up to 2000 cars per year) was soon allowed to provide all nomenclature autoship. Due to the high cost - one and a half times greater than the "victory" - was issued relatively few. GAZ-12A. Used mainly as route taxis, including on long-distance lines.

Modification GAZ-12A WALL PAETON And Catafalk (1951)

In 1951, three prototypes were made with a four-door body of type Phaeton. The car did not go to the series - the enhancement of the body associated with the removal of the roof, led to the excessive weighting of the machine and its dynamic indicators were unsatisfactory.

Winter (until 1957), GAZ-12. - Soviet six-bed six-bedd long-beed-out sedan, produced at the Gorky Automobile Plant (Molotov Plant) from 1949 to 1959 (some modifications - to 1960.)

Winter is the first representation model of the Gorky Automobile Plant. Predecessor "Seagulls" GAZ-13. It was mainly used as a service car ("Striking"), intended for the Soviet, party and government nomenclature - at the level of the Minister, Secretary of the Regional Committee and the Chairman of the regional executive committee and above, in some cases was sold to personal use

In total from 1949 to 1959, 21,527 WIN / GAZ-12 copies of all modifications were released.

Development

Above the winter ("Plant named after Molotov"), only Stalin Plant Machines were on the subordination.

However, it did not interfere with the "Molotovatsha" from Gorky in their strange rivalry with the "Stalinites" from Moscow to always create more courageous and advanced designs.

In particular, the winter was the world's first car with three rows of seats in the bearer body. On it, for the first time in domestic practice, a hydromechanical transmission was applied, which provides smooth overclocking from the place and ease of transmission control.

Initial period

Development was launched in 1948 and was carried out in a short time - 29 months were released on it. Designer - A. A. Lipgart, responsible designer designer - Lev Eremeev (future author of the exterior M-21 "Victory-II", "Volga" GAZ-21, ZIL-111 and "Seagulls" GAZ-13).

Comparison with foreign analogues

The settled datching team was allowed to either approximately copy the foreign model (which, in principle, and was intended initially - in particular, the plant strongly recommended "BYUK" of the 1948 sample - that is, in fact, the minimally renovated pre-war model of 1942), Or take advantage of the already existing developments and design the car, which is maximized by the aggregates and technology already mastered. Designers and designers elected the second path, although the significant influence of American samples of the same class to choose from stylistic solutions was preserved.

At the same time, overlooking the appearance with a number of American segment models fine Car (medium-high class), the winters was not a copy of a particular foreign car in any way design, nor, in particular, in a technical aspect - in the last factory designers even managed to "say a new word" in the world automotive industry.

Setting into production

In October 1950, the first industrial batch of GAZ-12 was collected. In 1951, government tests of three vehicles with full load were conducted. The mileage of each car amounted to 21,072 km.

The car was produced from 1949 to 1959 in the version with Sedan and Sedan-Taxi Body, in the version of the Sanitary Car with the Body "Embulence" (in fact - Hatchback) - until 1960.

A total of 21,527 cars were released.

Car name

Until 1957, the model was designated only as a winter (the abbreviation of the plant name - "Molotov plant", wrote in capital letters), the name GAZ-12 was purely intra-water. The factory plate of the car facilitates: Car Winter (GAZ-12). But after the defeat of the "anti-party group", Molotova, Malenkov, Kaganovich and Sticklov, who joined them, - the name of the Molotov was excluded from the factory name. The car became referred to the factory designation: GAZ-12. Then the central apparatuses who wanted to demonstrate their support for the party's course, preferred to replace the names and emblems of "WINE" on new - "Gas". In the private sector and on the periphery of the authorities to political changes in the design of the car treated indifferent and largely due to this, many early release cars reached our days with the original emblems of the Winter.

Serial

GAZ-12A. - Taxi with an artificial leather salon finish. Due to the high cost - one and a half times greater than the "victory" - was issued relatively few. GAZ-12A was used mainly as route taxis, including in intercity lines.
GAZ-12B. - Sanitary option, produced from 1951 to 1960. The machines were painted in a light beige color, in addition, outwardly differed from the usual sedan, the external loops of the trunk cover, which opened on a large corner and allowed the stretcher into the salon.

Experienced and non-reluctal

GAZ-12. With the Body "Phaeton" - in 1949 there were two experimental samples, but before massive production was not brought due to difficulties with ensuring the required rigidity of the open carrier body.

CHASSIS

An independent spring pivot front suspension was performed by the type of suspension "Victory" (in turn, made by the type of Opel Kapitänmelonel 1938) and did not differ in principle. The rear suspension was different from the "victory" is also only in detail. Shock absorbers were still lever.

The steering trapezium was renovated while maintaining the general scheme.

Other

Among the novelties were also: 15-inch rims of wheels, brakes with two driving pads, bent rear windows (front remained V-shaped), oil radiator in the engine lubrication system, half-axis flange type, and so on.

Projects of modernization

In 1956, the GAZ-13 has already developed a project to modernize the winter under the designation of the WIND-12V. The changes in the design were supposed to be mainly cosmetic - solid windshield, more elegant rims of headlights painted under the color of the body, a more generalized checkered grille, other caps, moldings on the sidewall, a changed tail design and so on. At the same time, it was planned to increase the engine power, improve the braking properties of the car and implement the automatic transmission from the Volga.

However, it soon became clear that the style of the car was outdated hopelessly, the external modernization could no longer be able to exhain it, and to spend resources for modernization, when only a few years remained before the release of the new model, considered irrational.

EXPLOITATION

An elegant car was used not only to a high-ranking bureaucracy, but also an establishment - prominent workers of culture, science and art. In addition, winters is the only model of this class, which has become a commodity consumption, that is, entered the open sale. Neither followed by "seagull" nor with the zisami there was no such thing. True, the price of 40 thousand rubles - two and a half times more expensive "victory" - made a car less accessible to the consumer. Satisfy the interest of a simple Soviet person to a difficult technique in part could modify the winning "taxi" and "ambulance", and the latter is completely free. Another modification - with an open body "Cabriolet" - was built in 1951 in the order of the experiment, in just two copies. The reconstruction of such a body is also mastered in our days the Molotov-Garage workshop.

Executive functions

Winter, filed to the land of the aircraft. 1957, Leipzig, GDR.

Work in taxoparks

The first taxi-winters appeared in Moscow in the summer of 1952 for servicing the International Economic Meeting. They were painted in light gray color with a white strip of chasers. In 1956, 300 vehicles were received in the 1st Moscow Taksopark. In 1958 they had 328.

They were operated in Moscow until 1960. Winter-taxi, as a rule, were black with a belt of white chasers. In the late 1950s, on the doors of the winter, converted into a taxi from personal cars, two strips of checkerels were separated on the doors around the circuit T in the center.

The ta-49 meter was located on the floor. As the cost of travel on the winter was significantly higher than on the usual "victory", they were mainly traveled into a fold; Subsequently, the winter was mainly transferred to the route taxi, working on fixed routes, however, insufficient capacity - only 6 people, of which two were sitting on uncomfortable folding strapontanes - led to them quite quickly replacing the RAF-977 minibuses, more compact, spacious and Economical (since 1959).

Taxi winters were used in other cities. For example, in Minsk they appeared on October 23, 1954

Sale in personal use

The Winter car was the most democratic of all the Soviet cars of the Big class: unlike the "CHEKS followed by him, it was massively used in a taxi and ambulance service, sold to the population.

The price of the car was 40,000 rubles to reform 1961, a whole condition at the average salary then, despite the fact that the prestigious "victory" cost 16,000 rubles. (later 25,000 rubles), and Moskvich-400 - 9,000 rubles. (later 11,000 rubles). So there was simply no queues for the winter, and their main buyers were the Soviet scientific and creative elite from among those who did not relieve a personal car. Nevertheless, such "private" cars were managed by personal drivers, served and kept in state garages.

Moreover, with the filing of I. V. Stalin, to the Order of Lenin, handed over for 25 years of impeccable service, officers and complete seniors (the main ship's heads), relied on the payment of the day off. However, the USSR Ministry of Finance could not finally decide on the size of this manual, and then it was decided, along with the Order of Lenin, to reward the Winter Car in the Government configuration. It is curious that N. S. Khrushchev, having come to power, the whole premium system for years has immediately canceled.

Already at the beginning of the seventies after the mass write-off of wintering from state institutions and taxis, private traders were bought as ordinary cars. The price of GAZ-12 did not exceed the value of "Zhiguli". Owners often used these vehicles for transportation, such as potatoes. It was at this time that most of the surviving windows lost their historical configuration, acquired foreign trade units, engines from trucks and so on, which makes complete winters in the original, factory configuration, a very rare car and a fairly desired finder for a collector.

EXPORT

Cars winters were supplied to exports mainly to the socialist camp countries, as well as in a number of capitalist countries, for example, Finland, Sweden (mention of winter on the streets of Stockholm is available in one of the detectives of the Swedish writer Feather Valley).

SPORT

On the basis of the aggregates, the Winter was built racing cars of the Avangard series.

Cultural aspects

Sometimes in the Soviet cinema winters used as an indirect character characteristic. So, in the comedy of Eldar Ryazanov "Give a plaintive book" (1964) a negative hero of the bureaucrat rides in morally obsolete and archaic looking by the time of winter, and a progressive official - on a much more modern "seagull" GAZ-13.Zim as one of the flagships Soviet automotive vessels regularly appeared in 1950-60s both in documentary sequirs and in a number of feature films, for example, you can recall the fantastic detective "the mystery of two oceans" and the comedy "Seven old men and one girl", as well as on various advertising posters dedicated to resorts , road safety and so on. The car is mentioned even in the Romana of Vladimir Nabokov "Pinn" (1957), written and published in the United States.

The Camp appears in the Basna Samuel Marshak "Weight Measures" (1954), where it symbolizes the wealth and high status of the Soviet writer: "Writing weight on machines // They were measured in conversation: // Genius - on the" winter "long, just talent - on" Victory "..." In the poem of Sergey Mikhalkov "Change" (1952), the winters also symbolizes the status of the passenger: "In the winter - the gray-made lieutenant-general, // next to the driver - his adjutant ..." (with further reprints the poem outdated and besides The politically irrelevant "Winter was replaced by the" Seull ":" In the "Seagull" - a gray-tree lieutenant-general ... ")

Already in the early 1970s, the production of which ended only ten years ago, was perceived as hopelessly outdated, a kind of symbol of the past (Wed. Yuri Trifonova in "Preliminary Follows", 1970: "I was driving in Tokhir on the old, rather Bicycle, antediluvian winter. It was written off somewhere for the addition and disgrace "). On the other hand, in 1975, the tenth episode of the television series "The investigation leads the experts", the head of the collar of non-ferrous metals reprehensors reproaches the young retirery receptor for the fact that in the desire to stand out from those around the surrounding driving on the winter (probably renovated), attracting unnecessary attention law enforcement agencies : "... But you are, a goat, drive around in the winter so that you all point all the fingers! You can't do everything, on "Zhiguli" to ride! "

Starting from the 1980s. The winters on the movie screen embodies nostalgia for post-war time and becomes a kind of symbol of the Lockstalinsky era (see "Winter Evening in Gagrah", 1985).

Restored to the original (authentic) state in the Atelier "Molotov-Garage" The stock of winter appeared in the teleclip "Tuchi" of the group "Ivanushki International". Also winged in the clip "Moscow Bit" of the group "Bravo".

Currently, some recovered copies of wintering are successfully used as wedding limousines, and also actively participate in various retro cars and highlights of historical films ("Driver for Faith" and many others).

The winter is mentioned in the work of the Strugatsky brothers "Monday begins on Saturday" ("On the way goes the winters, and I will ask ..." What physical strength is enclosed in these lines! What clarity feelings! ")

More gas-12 winters can be seen in the film "Austin Powers: Goldmumber" in the memoirs of Dr. Evil and Austin Powers.

Even in the period of established production, the maximum 6 vehicle vehicles were produced per day. In just a ten-year period from 1950-1960, about 21,000 pieces were released.
Alligator hood GAZ-12 Thanks to the special design of the loops, it opened both to the left and right; He could even just take off.
Despite the huge size of the car, the driver's seat was distinct because of the desire to free the place for the official passenger.
The car could touch from the place on any of the existing three transmission transmissions (while the categorical ban on the operation was even separately registered in the instruction manual. Over time, the hydromuleuft opened due to the wear of the corrugated copper seal with graphite rings. Repairs was very difficult business - the corrugated seal was in the discharge of a large deficit. Avtowner N. Farafonov from Alma-Ata came up with an effective method of eliminating this disadvantage - instead of turbine oil in the hydrumule, it is pumped with a lubricant syringe with a 6.5 kilogram of refractory lubricant (Litol24) - the node is securely and durable works even during a defective seal. At work, the hydromefta is not reflected in any way, except that the smoothness of the course is somewhat slightly reduced in winter.
The design of GAZ-12 was paid to the development process such a lot of attention that Andrei Lipgart temporarily transferred his workplace into a group of designer artists; It should be noted that the success of this approach was complete - even today the style of winter looks impressive.
GAZ-12 radiator grille at first glance looks like a similar lattice "Cadillac" 1948 model year; In fact, it is similar only to superficially (shape and number of cells), but has another design, other proportions, and when compared, it creates a different impression of the front of the machine.
Red "Comb" on the hood of GAZ-12 had a decorative backlight, which was included at night.
The graphical linkage of the body cross sections in the drawings gave the surface that gave the correct - smooth and without bellows of light layers - glare, additionally this effect was improved using experiments on models illuminated by various light sources; Painting designed with such a calculation of the body into modern paints - "Metallic", fundamentally not giving the correct flare - technical barbarism; The same applies to almost all cars of the 1940s - 50s, the surface of the body of which was designed for non-metallic paints, and the clear correct glaker is a significant part of the visual perception of the car.
Smooth bundles of the body were not easy, mating surfaces on the conveyor were aligned with the alloy solder (as well as all over the world on top-class cars in those years). According to some data, up to 4 kg of tin was spent on each body. Therefore, during repair body works, it was necessary to substitute the container for the flow of the molten electrical welding of tin.
Some auto repair enterprises (especially in the Baltic) in the 60s, cargo pickups were built on the basis of winter, presumably their lifting capacity could be up to 750 kg and possibly more. In addition, in Riga in 1971, a catatball was made by turning the winter in a pickup.