Let us remind you that TRIZ is a compulsory part of classes at the Eidos Center. TRIZ is a theory for solving inventive problems. Formed by Heinrich Altshuller in the 70s and 80s of the last century. TRIZ is an applied science that requires constant practical use.

TRIZ helps to find STRONG solutions to a problem without trial and error, without a continuous enumeration of options. This decision is referred to as the IFR (ideal end result).

The most effective solution to a problem is one that is achieved only at the expense of existing resources. In practice, the ideal end result is rarely fully achievable, but it serves as a guideline.

When looking for caviar, you will surely come across a CONTRADICTION.

Attempts at changes in order to improve some parameters of the system lead to the deterioration of other parameters. For example, an increase in the strength of an airplane wing can lead to an increase in its weight, and vice versa - a lighter wing leads to a decrease in its strength. There is a conflict in the system.

Example:

Geologists doing research in Alaska have complained of foxes gnawing at the cables from the measuring instruments.

Contradiction: Foxes should not gnaw on the wires, because this harms people, and the foxes gnaw the wires (this is the reality).

An example of conflict resolution: Cayenne pepper, the hottest known variety, is injected into the wire sheath. And fox attacks stop immediately.

We will talk more about the elimination of contradictions in the following articles.

Now try to solve a creative problem:

Wipe your nose for the customer or David?

In 1504 in Florence, Michelangelo Buanorotti was finishing work on a five-meter statue of David. Pierre Soderini, the then head of the city, came to see how the work was going. He liked the statue. However, coming closer to her and looking up, where the master was working at that time, he said that David's nose, in his opinion, was too big. Michelangelo was at a loss: if you make corrections, the harmony of the sculpture will be disturbed, but if you do not make it, you can quarrel with the customer and not get money. What should Michelangelo do?

But first, ask yourself these questions:

What parts does the system consist of, how do they interact?
- Which connections are harmful, interfering, which are neutral, and which are useful?
- Which parts and connections can be changed and which ones cannot?
- What changes lead to an improvement in the system, and what - to a deterioration?

Last updated article: 10.02.2019

Whatever type of activity you are engaged in, your body and mind strives for the accuracy of tasks. Even if you don't realize it. The second attempt is likely to be more effective than the first, and the third is more effective than the first.

TRIZ - The Theory of Inventive Problem Solving describes this process with the help of such a law.

All systems are developing in the direction of increasing the degree of their ideality.

This law is one of the most important for understanding the whole theory and its applied application. I decided to write about the theory itself and algorithms for solving inventive problems, as I noticed that very few people from my environment know such terminology. Although these developments of Heinrich Altshuller, as for me, are a real diamond and will definitely appear in school programs over time. I will try to convey the main points in the simplest possible way. The text is presented as a combination of clippings from the author's books and my thoughts.

Why understand and study TRIZ?

TRIZ is needed when a person cannot solve a problem using the methods known to him. That is, when you need to include creativity, creativity. Before this theory, it was believed that such a process of "inventing" a solution to a problem is always intuitive and largely depends on the genius of the inventor. But as the research of the author of the theory has shown, there are absolutely logical algorithms for solving any creative problem. As for me, this is another example that there is no art that cannot be turned into a science.

So, more often than not, the task is formulated by a person in an extremely general, vague form: to do this, achieve this, increase (or lower) such and such. Trying to find a solution right away, the inventor involuntarily begins to sort out all sorts of options without any system (and what if you do this? ..). Thought is not directed, searches follow random paths, and there are a great many such paths. The correct algorithm for solving the problem consists in sequentially, step by step, moving from a general, rather vague problem to specific questions and precise actions.

Let's introduce one more fundamental concept of TRIZ into our terminological apparatus.

RBI - the perfect end result

This term is the starting point of any reasonable activity.

The simplest formulation of the IFR can be expressed as follows - the system itself (at the expense of resources) performs the desired action and, at the same time, does not allow undesirable effects. When formulating the IQR, it is advisable to use the word "Sam" (Sama, Samo, Sami). Now do you understand why laziness is the engine of progress?

There are three main IFR wordings commonly used:

1. "The system itself performs this function."
2. "There is no system, but its functions are performed (with the help of resources)."
3. "No function needed."

The degree of achievement of the IFR is demonstrated by the coefficient of ideality, which should be as large as possible:

Ideality coefficient \u003d Sum of useful functions / Costs + Undesirable effects.

This is why Henry Ford paid repair crews for the time they were NOT working. That is why one ancient philosopher said that the level of decline of a city can be determined by the number of lawyers and doctors in it - the more there are, the closer the city is to decline. To me, as a lawyer by training, this thesis once seemed offensive, but now I understand its truth. The value of many professions is that they are unnecessary.

Therefore, I suggest that you simply innovate yourself and gradually improve your skill in achieving RBIs. What could be more exciting than creating self-regulating systems that perform a given function? Perhaps the creation of a system that will become smarter than the creator.

RBI funnel - if NOT, THEN ..

I have not seen such a concept in the books of Heinrich Altshuller. Although it is quite possible that he formulated it differently. This term came to my mind while working on the problem of one online store. There is nothing revolutionary in it, but its very formulation and the right questions direct our attention in the right direction. So, the RBI funnel is the ladder of ideal outcomes (from main to less ideal). For example, how such a staircase might look like in an online store:

IQR 1. Each site visitor commits a transaction (if NOT, THEN ..)

IQR 2. Each visitor of the site subscribes but the company news (if NOT, THEN ..)

RBI 3. Each site visitor reaches a micro-conversion, which closely correlates with the transaction (if NOT, THEN ..)

RBI 4., etc.

The formulation of such a chain in any system helps to maximize the use of all incoming resources.

Algorithm for Solving Inventive Problems

So, solving a creative problem is a completely logical process. This is a chain of logical operations in which one link naturally follows another. Many years of practical development of the technique by the author of the method led to the conclusion that the most rational division of the algorithm into 5 stages:

1. Set a task.
2. Imagine .
3. Determine what hinders achieving this result (i.e. finding contradiction).
4. Determine why does it interfere (to find cause of contradiction).
5. Determine under what conditions it would not hurt (that is, find conditions under which the contradiction is removed).

1. A task - set up an analytics and reporting system for the owner of the online store, which will answer all his questions in one program.
2. Perfect end result - the owner in one program sees comprehensive, real-time updated information for making management decisions.
3. Technical contradiction - there is no program that can create a general report from different sources of information.
4. The reason for the contradiction - the necessary information is in different programming languages.
5. Condition for removing a contradiction - bringing the collected data to one language, will allow them to be loaded and visualized in one system.

All analysts who work with Business Intelligence software solve this problem. In fact, such a decision process can take a split second in the head of a professional of any activity. But the purpose of the example is to show a rough way of thinking.

findings

Heinrich Altshuller has several books that cover all these topics in detail (he pointed them out). I gave the main approach in such a compact form so that it was simple, interesting and understandable even for a student.

If at least in a simplified version you understand what a neural network is and how it works, then it will become even easier for you to understand the above algorithms. For example, such well-known social networks as Facebook and Youtube are improving their algorithm for an extremely simple RBI - all users on Earth must spend all their time on a particular social network 24 hours a day. And the entire output of information, a system of recommendations, notifications - the entire neural grid works for this result. Or search engines. They also have an absolutely simple metric. Each user should receive comprehensive information upon request from the first link in the search results.

It is important to understand that these algorithms are applicable to absolutely any task: technical, managerial, economic - any. By applying such a simple algorithm of thinking, your mind will gradually become an ideal machine for solving any professional problem, and new inventions will become a regular occurrence in life.

Perfect end result

The solution of mathematical problems and problems "for quick wits" is often carried out by the method "by contradiction". The essence of the method is that the problem is solved from the end. Determine the end result - the answer. Having understood it, they "pave" the way to the beginning, that is, they solve the problem.

It would be tempting to solve technical problems in a similar way. But how do you know the answer?

Indeed, when solving technical problems, the answer is not known, but one can go further ... One can imagine the ideal of the device being developed - the ideal device - ideal end result (IFR).

RBI - a beacon to strive for when solving a problem.

RBI - a solution that we would like to see in our dreams, performed by fantastic creatures or means (magic wand). For example, a road exists only where the wheels of a vehicle are in contact with it.

Ideal technical system is a system that does not exist, but its functions are performed, i.e. goals are achieved without means.

FIR of a vehicle - when it is not there, and the cargo is transported (the cargo itself moves in the right direction at the required speed). There are quite a few technical systems with the word in their name CAM... For example, a dump truck (the original type of a dump truck, which allows the body to overturn almost independently, is shown in Fig. 13).

SAM - means without direct human participation... Previously, this was facilitated by mechanization, Now automation and cybernation, in particular, computerization... Washing machine SAMA (according to the program) does the necessary work. The CAM computer translates text, makes cartoons or designs certain objects.

About ideal apparatus explorers of the ocean depths also dream:

Example 1.

The ideal life-saving equipment on the water is an unsinkable boat in all weather conditions.

"... shipbuilding companies in a number of countries have developed the design of an" unsinkable "rescue boat, completely sealed and accommodating 35 people in the cockpit, who attach themselves to the seats with life straps. The boat is made of durable lightweight material and can eject from height 25 m. Even after going under the water, it again floats to the surface, assuming a normal position.

One of the main features of the "ideal device" ("ideal system") is that it must appear only at the moment when it is necessary to perform useful work, and at this time the system bears 100% of the design load. For the rest of the time, this system should not exist or it should do other useful work. This property has long been familiar to us from fairy tales - "Self-assembled tablecloth", etc.

Many examples can be cited from life; all retractable, foldable and inflatable items. For example, folding and attached furniture (table, chair, sofa, bed, etc.), inflatable objects (boats, life jackets, mattresses, watercress, pontoons, etc.)

Example 2.

To rescue people in the event of an emergency landing on the water, British engineers have developed a rescue device, which is a pontoon that is automatically inflated with compressed air. ("Unsinkable boat". Panorama, Science and Technology, 1979, No. 6, p. 34).

Second feature perfect car or ideal device , what he is not at all, and jobwhich they must fulfill, produced by itself (with a magic wand).

The perfect truck - this is bodymoving cargo. All other parts of the truck are superfluous, they are only needed to achieve this goal.

Vehicle IFR - when he is not, and the cargo is transported(the load "itself" moves in the desired direction at the required speed).

Let us give examples of the ideality property.

Example 3.

" Car seat belts need to be changed periodically. This is due to concerns about material weakening. They invented a tape, which by its very appearance will show when to change it. "(Inventor and Rationalizator, 1977, No. 8, MI 0801).

Example 4.

"A layer of colored paint is applied to the tread pattern and the mileage traveled by the car before the wear of the applied layer is recorded. This method of assessing tire wear is simple, suitable for studies of the durability of new types and structures." This method can be used when inspecting tires for replacement. (Inventor and Rationalizer, 1974, No. 9, MI 0946).

Example 5.

Window panes must be washed. It is rather difficult and laborious to carry out this operation in workshops with high and large windows. If the workshops are "glazed" with lavsan film, then when a light breeze blows, the film itself throws off the dust. This film is transparent, light, and is not afraid of hydrofluoric acid vapors. Lightweight frames can be used for "glazing" windows with such a film.

Example 6.

The contact of rubbing surfaces made of steel leads to their wear, therefore the interaction area is lubricated.

Polish experts claim that any steel will become self-lubricating (IFR) without losing its best mechanical properties if 0.3% lead is added to it. Can improve cutting speed, extend tool life. (Inventor and Rationalizer, 1975, No. 2, MI 0203).

Example 7.

In bolted joints, so that the nut itself does not turn away during operation, a second (counter) nut is screwed onto the bolt.

The ideal in this case would be "the nut fixes itself (counter)". There are already many different designs of self-locking nuts. One of them.

The nut is held securely in place by sharp-edged teeth that are tangential to the threaded hole and slope 7-10 °. This solution allows the self-locking nuts to be used multiple times. At the same time, the terms of assembly and disassembly are reduced by 30%, the reliability of connections is increased and the range of fasteners is reduced. Such a nut is especially necessary for those joints that experience loads of different nature. (Socialist Industry, No. 170 (3062), 07/26/1979. P.4 "Self-locking nut").

In the case of bolted connections without a nut, it must be CAM bolt "... on the end surface of the head (in this case, the bolt, but there may be a nut) facing the part to be connected, concentric pointed annular protrusions are made (Fig. 16)". (AS No. 297812, BI, 1971, No. 10. p. 124).

Striving for the ideal is a general trend in the development of technical systems.

In vehicles, this trend manifests itself, in particular, in a steady increase in the proportion of their use of useful weight. This explains the increase in the displacement of ships, especially tankers. (Logachev S.I. Sea tankers. - L .: Shipbuilding, 1970, p. 28).

Example 8.

A tanker with a displacement of 3,000 tons uses 57% of its displacement efficiently, and a tanker with a displacement of more than 200,000 tons uses 86% (Fig. 17). (Logachev S.I. Sea tankers. 1970, p. 42-43), thus, approaching the ideal.

Example 9.

"The processing of parts with abrasive wheels is accompanied by an increase in temperature in the contact zone, which negatively affects the surface layer of the part and increases the wear of the wheel itself. "

IQR in this case - the circle itself protects the part and itself from overheating.

It is interesting to note that the striving for the ideal is inherent not only in the technical system as a whole, but also in its individual parts and the processes taking place in them.

Ideal substance

Ideal substance - substances not, and functions of its (strength, impermeability, etc.) remain... That is why in modern courts the tendency to use all lighter and more durable materials , that is, materials with increasing specific strength and rigidity.

A task. Powerful transistors

Let us determine the ideal end result in the problem of power transistors. IRR radiator (heat sink) - missing radiator providing complete heat removal from the transistor.

There should not be a radiator, and the heat should be removed by the transistor itself, or the radiator should appear only when the transistor starts to overheat, or the radiator should be moved outside the limits of the radioelectronic equipment (CEA), or some other element should play the role of the radiator. Thus, the directions of the solution are set.

In the first direction, you should follow the path of creation lossless transistorso that the problem of heat removal does not arise. This direction is the most difficult and, as a rule, is not suitable for the development of electronic equipment.

Quite acceptable second direction, because you can create a heat conductor with titanium nickelide (nitinol) petals - material possessing shape memory effect ... (AS No. 958 837). At normal temperature, the petals are pressed against the transistor, and when the temperature rises beyond the permissible range, they bend back, increasing the heat sink area.

The removal of the heat sink outside the CEA - the third direction - is implemented quite simply by placing a radiator together with a transistor on the outer wall of the unit, as is done in measuring instruments: digital voltmeters and frequency meters. Alternatively, a heat pipe can be used to remove the locally generated heat a considerable distance from its source.

The use of the elements available in the block for heat removal (the fourth direction) is a solution similar to a radio-electronic module containing, in addition to heat-loaded semiconductor devices, elements with heat-conducting bodies, for example, an electromagnetic relay, which perform their functions. (Certificate No. 847 537). To reduce the dimensions of the module, the relays are arranged in two rows, and heat-loaded elements are placed between the rows with the possibility of thermal contact with the heat-conducting relay cases.

Example 10.

The ideal body of an underwater vehicle should have a minimum relative mass, which is primarily ensured by the qualities of the material: its low density, high specific strength and stiffness, representing, respectively, the ratio of the yield point and elastic modulus to the density of the material. (Dmitriev A.N.Design of underwater vehicles. - L: Sudostroenie, 1978, p. 72).

Therefore, the hulls of modern underwater vehicles are made of titanium. It has high mechanical properties, corrosion resistance in seawater and non-magnetic properties. (Dmitriev A.N.Design of underwater vehicles. P. 75).

Perfect shape

In some cases, we can talk about perfect shape.

Perfect shape- Provides maximum beneficial effect, such as strength, with a minimum of material used.

Example 11.

For an underwater vehicle, the ideal shape of a robust hull is a sphere. It "has high stability and low density. The spherical body has a minimum surface area to volume ratio ...". (Dmitriev A.N. Design of underwater vehicles. P.69).

Perfect process

Perfect process - getting results no process, i.e instantly... Shortening the manufacturing process is the goal of any advanced technology.

So, the sectional method of assembling ships has been replaced by a more progressive one - block. In the sectional method, the ship's hull was first assembled on the slipway from separate sections (deck, side, bottom, etc.), and then equipment was installed. The block method of assembly consists in the fact that blocks are fed to the slipway, which are large volumetric parts of the vessel with built-in equipment. Blocks are assembled in an assembly shop from separate sections. The necessary equipment is immediately installed. Thus, on the slipway, it remains only to dock the individual blocks.

The constant struggle to increase the speed of cargo transportation also characterizes the tendency to strive for an ideal process. An increase in the speed of cargo transportation is achieved by a steady increase in the speed of vehicles and a reduction in the time for loading and unloading operations.

Example 12.

The average speed of container ships from 1960 to 1975 increased from 15 to 25 knots. (Logachev SI Transport ships of the future. Ways of development. - L .: Sudostroenie, 1976, p. 99). Reducing the time of loading and unloading operations in the marine fleet is provided by means approaching the ideal. These are vessels with a horizontal way of unloading of the "ro-ro" type (trailer truck), on them the cargo "itself" enters and leaves the ship on wheels; on lighter carriers (barge ships) the cargo "itself" floats to the ship and from it to the destination (a kind of "wagons). (Logachev S.I. Transport ships of the future. p. 42-67).

More ideally, when not only the tool is eliminated, but also the work (process) itself, and even the function becomes unnecessary.

Consider as an example dishwashing process.

Example 13.

Previously, dishes were washed by hand. Particularly dirty places had to be wiped off with a brush for a long time. In this case, the polished dishes were scratched. Then the development of this process was carried out in several directions. For example, various detergentsspeeding up and improving the washing process. After applying such products, you only need to wash off the dirt. Have appeared dishwashers... Appeared and disposable tableware.

In the latter case no washing process needed , nor the function itself - cleaning dishes. Thus, the washing process is perfect – he ceased to exist .

Consider another manifestation of ideality characteristic of high-tech technical systems.

Example 14.

Oscilloscope- a device showing the signal and its change in time. There should not be an ideal oscilloscope, but its function (showing the type of signal) should be. Those. show signal without instrument. The oscilloscope function was transferred to the computer. The program must perform all functions: analog-to-digital conversion, displaying the type of signal and recording it. In the future, a similar solution was used in the modem. The modem was originally a complex device; now it is a program.

This is the tendency of replacing the device with a program or the transition from real objects to virtual.

The ideal solution is, of course, almost impossible to obtain. .

RBI - this is referenceto strive for. The proximity of the obtained solution to the IFR and defines solution quality .

Comparing the real solution with the IFR, we define contradiction.

Thus, IFR is a tool needed to identify contradictions and to assess the quality of a solution.

Consequently, the IQR serves as a kind of "guiding star" in solving technical problems.

The end result of the activities of millions of people. The lack of financial resources at the state level and at the enterprise level indicates an economic crisis in society. To overcome this crisis, it is necessary to financially improve the state's economy. At the same time, finances have become the main lever of state regulation of the economy in order to get the country out of the crisis.

As a result of the final selection, one investment proposal or several will be determined, which will then be approved. The only exception is the case when the selected combination consists of already existing projects, then none of the proposals considered will be accepted.

Using inaccurate and mutually exclusive assessments, representatives of the republics, including Russia, began to argue that it is these republics that play an outstanding (but not recognized) role in the system of inter-republican exchange of generated national income and are explicitly exploited in it. But what science says The certain redistribution of national income between the union republics that took place in the USSR was an objective condition for achieving the maximum overall result (final) functioning of the unified economic system .58 Model calculations carried out by the Institute of Economic Forecasting of the Russian Academy of Sciences showed that to maximize the total final product of all the republics that are part of the USSR, the scale of the positive balance of inter-republican exchange, which was characteristic of Russia, was objectively necessary. Moreover, the effectiveness of the positive balance of inter-republican exchange of Russia from the standpoint of its own interests has been established.59 So the long-standing statements to the LDPR leader that he will overnight provide all Russians with skullcaps are just bluff and political speculation. The amount of debt on loans that we presented to our partners in the Commonwealth for 1991-1995 amounted to $ 5.8 billion.58 That is, over 5 years, one Russian accounts for $ 39, at $ 7.8 per year, or 3250 rub. in me-

It is difficult to assess the relative advantages of NV in the early phase of their diffusion, especially when it comes to radical innovations. In such a situation, the choice of followers plays a significant role in the future technological development. The fact is that each choice makes it possible to increase the competitiveness of the corresponding technology and increases its chance of adoption by subsequent economic entities, which will take into account the previously made elections. After accumulating sufficient experience, when many economic entities have already mastered alternative technologies and their relative advantages are known with high reliability, subsequent recipients make decisions based on the expected profitability of alternative technologies. As a result, the ultimate division of the market by new alternative technologies is determined by the strategies of the imitators.

The need for an economic approach to solving various problems, including the development and implementation of new technology, was pointed out in the Report of the Central Committee of the XXV Congress of the CPSU.Management and, above all, planning activities should be aimed at the final national economic results. This approach becomes especially relevant as the economy grows and becomes more complex, when these final results are increasingly dependent on a multitude of intermediate links, on a complex system of intra-industry and inter-industry ties. In such conditions, in pursuit of intermediate results, which by themselves do not yet solve the problem, it is easy to miss the main thing - the final results. And, conversely, without paying due attention to some intermediate links, you can undermine the final, total effect of large efforts and investments 1.

Form must follow function, strategy must follow tactics. That is, the achievement of tactical results is the ultimate and only goal of the strategy. If this strategy does not bring tactical results, it is wrong, no matter how brilliant its appearance may be, and no matter how eloquently it is defended. The strategy should be developed from the bottom up, not from the top down. Only a general with a deep, detailed knowledge of what is happening on the battlefield can develop an effective strategy.

Another example came to my mind right now. I had a prejudice against men who tied their hair in a ponytail, I always considered them fatal and felt that something was wrong with them very fundamentally. This belief firmly stuck in my head, And so I grew soy hair for 9 months. Shocked that I still decided on this, I finally stuck out this skinny ponytail for everyone to see, I was terribly embarrassed. And what was the result. Of course no one noticed anything.

MK - the amount of borrowed money capital. The interest rate in macroeconomics acts as a basis for comparing a variety of economic alternatives when the task is to allocate resources in the most favorable way in the system of circulation. In order to be convinced of the correctness of the economic choice made, it is necessary to compare the results with something. Of course, an individual participant in one or another market can pay attention to the income of his business counterparty, finding at the same time that he himself has earned much more. But is this enough not to get yourself into a difficult situation? No, because the conditions for the profitability of the allocation of capital experience the interaction of macroeconomic factors. The general state of the economy can affect, for example, the conditions for granting loans, the timing of their repayment, change priorities between spheres of economic life. Finally, the inflation rate could be well above the expected income level. All this forces us to use such indicators of the average yield, which are influenced by the whole complex of macroeconomic conditions. The level of the macroeconomic interest rate possesses this very quality.

QD \u003d - 5P + 50,000. The result, of course, is the same.

The managers of the economic planning services of factories, as a rule, carry out general, scientific, methodological and other main functions for the management of all current and future activities. The personnel of the planning service together with the top management take part in the development of the plant's strategy, the selection and justification of economic goals, the creation of the necessary regulatory framework, the analysis and assessment of the planned and actual results of the final activity. Together with the managers, the planners participate

Results orientation. The ultimate goal of control is not information gathering, standards or problem identification, but the solution to the organization's challenges. Information about control results is important only when it comes to those

The director of a pasta factory from Saratov, in the midst of the financial crisis in the fall of 1998, said that despite the dramatic reduction in imports of Italian pasta (up to 60% of the market in the Saratov region was freed up), the local buyer is not eager to buy his products. At best, 20% of these 60% of the vacated market share will be able to "recapture" the Italians by our manufacturers. Cause Wrong quality (flour, manufacturing technology and, as a result, the final product). Many consumers will put up their strength and will continue to buy imported goods, the quality of which they have got used to. The way out is rather to launch imported technology, reorient to raw materials that meet international standards, and learn integrated quality management. And what is quality How is it expressed and how to measure it AND

Results orientation. The ultimate goal of control is to gather information, set standards, and detect deviations. They are only means to achieve the main goal and should not overshadow it. In particular, it is useless to have extensive and accurate information about deviations from the intended targets if it is not used for the necessary

Foreseeing the results of the final activity Ensuring the implementation of the motive of labor activity Creating conditions for labor activity

All value elements (SOPs) have specific reproductive forms. The value of the means of production consumed takes the form of a compensation fund (FV). The newly created value ultimately appears in the form of a consumption fund (FF) and an accumulation fund (FN). Based on the results of the final use of the value of the gross social product, one can write SOP \u003d FV + FP + FN (100 \u003d 56.3 + 32.8 + 10.9).

One of the main generalizing indicators of the efficiency of the economy is its final financial result. The final financial result of the economic activity of the association of public catering enterprises - profit or loss - is reflected in the corresponding line of the balance sheet. Profit is indicated in section I of the liability, loss - in section I of the balance sheet asset.

If we bear in mind the application of Theorem 4, then we should not forget that, in the general case, the function R (g) is determined by some algorithms for approximately finding the minimum of the function% g F ((u). Since we assumed all F to be sufficiently smooth, then in the general case R (g) can be determined, for example, by the gradient descent algorithm.There are two special cases when the calculation of R (g) may not be very difficult and is carried out, in principle, exactly as a result of a finite number of operations. These are the cases of linear and quadratic dependences Ff ( i) and not very complicated regions U, determined, for example, by conditions of the form

The main direction in the new concept of restructuring the economic mechanism, developed by the June (1987) Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, is the revitalization of the work of labor collectives on the basis of the principles of full cost accounting, the orientation of enterprises to achieve high final results. The end results are dual in nature, due to certain contradictions between the economic interests of different levels of management and production. Without considering the problem of duality throughout the entire hierarchy of production management, we restrict ourselves to stating that for the main link of production, self-supporting and national economic end results can be distinguished. For example, for industrial enterprises (associations), the national economic aspect is expressed primarily in the fulfillment of contractual obligations for the supply of products, since this is a necessary condition for the balanced development of society. The self-supporting results of the enterprise (association), first of all, are reflected in the profit, because it is this indicator in the conditions of full cost accounting

Testing of the theoretical developments of these institutes in Gorky to create a methodology for constructing an algorithm for designing technological processes, which consists in determining the sequence of design work and formulating them in the form of certain mathematical and logical dependencies, was carried out in the computer center of Moscow State University on the Strela computer and gave positive results. The final results of these first developments were formatted in the form of digital tabulagrams and therefore could not be used for practical work in the factory. thirty

The final national economic result is the final total effect obtained as a result of the coordinated activities of socialist enterprises.

It is also known that in order to improve the planning of the national economy, to enhance the impact of the economic mechanism on increasing the efficiency of production and the quality of work, a resolution of the Central Committee. The CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR in a number of industries to assess the results of their final activities, an indicator of normative net production was introduced (see Chapter 15). As experience accumulates, the level of management work increases, the scope of its application will expand, which will increase the possibilities of using this indicator at the national economic level. Today, the above-mentioned method of calculating net production in industries is used to determine the volume of the country's national income. In this case, the national income received by the production method is equal to the sum of the estimated net production of all branches of material production.

The second possibility of bridging the gap between the necessary and acceptable time in the preparation of decision-making is to limit the requirements for the quality of preparatory work and research, that is, in the presentation of only reasonable requirements for information and other aspects of the problem. As a result, the time required to prepare a solution is reduced to the minimum allowable. As a result, of course, the quality of the decision is reduced. But possible losses should be compensated by the additional effect of earlier implementation of the prepared solutions. Only a deep and comprehensive scientific analysis can provide a reasonable compromise between the above opposing requirements.

Solving an inventive problem, a TRIZ specialist is looking for a solution with high ideality, that is, one that allows achieving the desired result with minimal costs. To search for such solutions, Altshuller developed a special tool - the IFR operator (ideal end result), which tunes the inventor to obtain the desired effect by using the available resources.

The RBI can be formulated in different ways. But the most common, classic formulation is:

Perfect end result: X-element itself performs the required action (instead of some specialized vehicle), continuing to perform the function for which it was originally created.

Moreover, under the name " X -element "either the problem vehicle itself or some of its subsystems can be hidden.

There are buoys in the sea not far from the shore. They mark the line that ships must not cross. The buoys glow in the dark - they have lamps and batteries installed. From time to time, the batteries have to be changed and recharged - a special service works for this. In windy weather, when the sea is rough, changing batteries becomes a problem. The customer asks to solve this problem. Which way to solve it should be chosen?

The ideal recharging system is when there is no system at all, and its function is performed. Let's formulate the IQR: the buoy charges the battery itself, continuing to function as the boundary of the zone allowed for swimming.

Is it possible to implement IFR in this particular case? To do this, you need to find a resource - free energy that can be converted into electrical energy. It is easy to guess that there is such a resource - this is the energy of the waves. There are simple ready-made devices with which the buoy swinging on the waves will be charged by itself. And a system for replacing batteries with the use of risky human labor will not be needed.

An inventive situation is given: it is necessary to improve the ideality of a room air purifier. What could be an X-element?

IKR-1: the air itself separates dust from itself.

IKR-2: the filter element itself (without fan and housing) purifies the air.

IKR-3: the wall of the apartment itself cleans the air from dust.

Exercise 8

1. Washing windows is a tedious job that you have to do constantly, otherwise the dust settling on the glass will very soon make the window opaque. In high-rise buildings, washing windows is also simply dangerous. Figure out how to improve the perfection of this operation.

2. The duration of the moments when a person experiences a thrill is very short. You need to take a lot of pictures to "catch" the right moment and get a photograph of a person in this state. How, without taking a lot of pictures, to photograph a human face at the right moment, for example, when riding extreme rides? Formulate the IFR.

3. In the spring, when a river floods, it may be necessary to quickly build a dam. To import for this purpose special building materials (concrete, stone, metal sheets) is long and expensive. And the materials at hand (sand, soil), unfortunately, are very quickly washed away by water flows. How to increase the speed and efficiency of the construction of such a temporary dam?

Resources

Resources for solving problems

To get a highly ideal solution, that is, to ensure the execution of a function with minimal cost, it is necessary to find the appropriate resources in the problematic system itself or in its environment.

In the previous chapter, the problem of removing piles driven into the bottom of a river was considered. What resources could be found to remove the piles?

It was possible to pull piles from the bank using people or horse teams. This requires workers, horses, long strong ropes, boats to fasten the ropes to the piles, etc. It was possible to connect several rafts around a pile, swing it from these rafts and then pull it out of the ground with a lever. The rafts are needed large and strong so that when pulling the piles they do not go under the water, do not fall apart. And people are needed - strong and in sufficient numbers. Exotic solutions were also proposed: to lower people with saws to the bottom in a bell, or to place a pile in a pipe and dissolve it with acid.

In fact, an ideal resource was used, the most powerful source of energy - the river itself. The strength of its flow exceeds the strength of all workers put together, besides, this resource is completely free and practically inexhaustible. The river can be used to remove piles in a variety of ways. For example, to flood several barrels around the pile, tying bags with stones to them, and then, attaching the barrels with ropes to the pile, cut off the “anchors”. Pop-up barrels, if large enough, will pull the pile out. In this case, the lifting force of the water will perform the work. You can also use the kinetic energy of water flow - to make a "water sail". To do this, you have to lower the cloth into the water, tying it to the piles, and let the river flow, which fills this "sail", turn the piles out of the bottom. Or, as it was done, you can fix the logs to the piles and, after waiting for the ice drift, watch from the shore how the moving ice will tear out and carry away the piles.

So, the solution to any problem, as in the example above, largely depends on the finding and wise use of resources.

A resource is space, time, matter, energy, information that can be used to solve a problem.

Highly ideal solutions are obtained using the resources that are already in the system. If the required resource is not available, it can often be obtained by changing the existing ones. For example, if you need to use a liquid to solve a problem, and there are only solids available, the liquid can be obtained by melting. Finding, "calculating" and using resources is one of the important parts of a solver's skill.

Resource types

It is useful to know the classification of resources in order to search for them not randomly, but systematically. Distinguish between energy and material, spatial and temporal, information resources.

Energetic resources. In almost every vehicle there are sources of energy and power - both explicit and latent. Even in such a simple vehicle as a pile, one can find the longitudinal and transverse elastic forces of the material that resist pressure, the weight of the pile, and the energy of wood burning. In the “river” supersystem there is the kinetic energy of water movement, the weight of water, the force of Archimedes ... In the interaction of different systems, certain forces can also be generated: the pressure of the flow on the pile, the friction force and heating of the contacting bodies.

All substances that are in the system or its supersystems can be material resources. In the problem of removing piles, a material resource can be considered water in the river, ropes, draft horses, stones and sand on the bank and the bottom.

Spatial resources are space that can be used to solve a problem. "Void", features of the shape of objects that can be used to change the original system or to improve the efficiency of its operation. An example of the use of spatial resources is the proposal to drive piles into the bottom completely. The resource here is the space under the bottom, which is usually not taken into account when deciding.

Time resources are periods of time that can be used to improve the functioning of the system, to perform additional operations. A classic example of this kind of resource is combining the execution time of two different operations, say, processing an object while it is being transported.

Separately, it should be said about information resources. All of the above resources can be considered informational if they carry important information for a person. So, the information resource for an experienced sailor is the swirl of water over an object submerged in water.

In real situations, there is not always exactly what is needed to solve the problem. Changing, modifying the source resource in order to bring it to the desired form is an important part of the solver's work. Modified resources of this kind are called derivatives. For example, the cellulose that is part of the piles cannot be used as a resource, but after the cellulose is impregnated with certain chemicals, a composition is formed that can burn under water. With such a derivative resource, the piles can simply be burnt.