Our magazine has written more than once about Krasnodar, Stavropol, Ural tractors, motor plows, milling rippers, electric mowers, created in circles by young designers. These machines are a good help both on the school site, and on the experimental plot, and in the field.
The Amurchonok mini-tractor, which is described on these pages, was built in the Far East. Its author, mechanic V.N.Lukyanenko, chose the most rational way when creating the machine: he used the maximum of serial components and assemblies, assembling them into a sufficiently strong, durable, nimble and very modern design in terms of external forms.
The entire design of the mini-tractor (Fig. 1) was developed for the PD-10A engine complete with a gearbox and an engagement clutch from the decommissioned DT-54A tractor. The use of an additional gearbox from the GAZ-51 car made it possible to obtain eight forward and two reverse speeds. The connection diagram of the power units is shown in Fig. four.
The tractor engine has undergone a slight redesign. The cylinder head has been undercut to increase the compression ratio slightly. The additional shaft made it possible to somewhat lengthen the speed governor shaft, thus providing a drive for the fan, pump and generator. For the convenience of starting, a starter with an electromagnetic switch from a 3il-130 car is installed on the engine.
The gearbox engagement clutch is left unchanged; the engaging lever is turned 180 ° and connected to the control handle rod. The drive to the gearbox is chain.
The cooling system is water. Forced circulation is provided by a pump from the MAZ-200 car. Fan with bracket and base for bearings - homemade. The radiator from the mobile cinematography generator has been redesigned in place.
1 - base of the hydraulic hitch system; 2 - direction indicator and brake light; 3 - gas tank; 4 - clutch control lever; 5 - brake pedal; 6 - gear change lever; 7 - instrument panel; 8 - steering bipod; 9 - fan drive belt; 10 - direction indicator; 11 - tool box; 12 - rear axle; 13 - gearbox; 14 - reducer; 15 - oil pump GAZ-93; 16 - generator DT-54A; 17 - reduction gear; 18 - longitudinal steering rod; 19 - PD-10A engine; 20 - gear change thrust; 21 - reduction gear pedal; 22 - oil pump pedal
1 - hydraulic hitch levers; 2 - power cylinder mounting bracket; 3 - rear axle; 4 - flanges; 5 - oil pump; 6 - driven gearbox sprocket; 7 - gearbox mounting bracket; 8,11,12-gearbox mounting brackets; 9 - frame; 10 - front axle mounting brackets; 13-gearbox; 14-rear axle; 15 - rear axle mounting bracket; 16 - power cylinder of hydraulic hitch; A - engine mounting diagram
1 - front axle beam; 2 - journal bushing; 3 - pivot pin; 4 - axle sleeve; 5 - unit for movable fastening of the front axle; 6 - steering gear; 7 - front wing; 8 - right swing arm; 9 - front axle; 10 - front wheel hub
1 - rear axle; 2 - gearbox and rear axle flanges; 3 - KRR mounting bracket; 4 - gearbox mounting bracket; 5 - starter; 6 - electromagnetic starter switch; 7 - PD-10A engine; 8 - magneto; 9 - fan drive pulley; 10 - clutch lever; 11 - reduction gear; 12 - right gearbox mounting bracket; 13 - lever for engaging a lower gear; 14 - chain; 15 - checkpoint; 16 - oil pump GAZ-93
The frame (see Fig. 2) is made of channel No. 10. Two cross-beams are welded to its middle for attaching the steering column and the engine reducer. The rear axle is rigidly attached to the frame.
Chassis. The rear axle (Fig. 2) —from the GAZ-51 car — is shortened, as shown in the figure. The front axle beam (Fig. 3) is home-made, from a pipe with a diameter of 36 mm.
The brakes are hydraulic. The main brake cylinder and other elements of the brake system from the GAZ-51 car. The rear wheels are from the GAZ-51, the front wheels are from the seeder, their size is 4.5 × 9.
The steering (see fig. 3) consists of serial and homemade parts. So, the column is taken from the GAZ-51, the longitudinal thrust is from the SZA motorized carriage, and the steering wheel and lateral rod are homemade.
The details of the lining of the tractor, as well as the gas tank, are made by ourselves. Other parts were selected from various production vehicles: a battery from a ZIL-130, a generator from a DT-54A, a fuel pump from a Moskva outboard motor, and a muffler from an IZH-56. The Amurchonka even has a hydraulic drive: a hydraulic cylinder from a wheel harvester and a pump from a GAZ-93.
The tractor was designed and assembled in just one year. It has become a reliable assistant when working in small areas where large machines are not rational to use.
Two-stroke, petrol, single-cylinder. Its power is 10 liters. from. at 3500 rpm. Installed on the right side of the diesel engine on the flywheel housing platform. The base of the engine is the crankcase, which consists of front 4 and rear 12 halves (Fig. 85, a). Both halves are pressed against each other by ground planes and form a hermetically sealed crank chamber.
Scheme of the starting motor PD-10
Figure: 85. Starting engine PD-10M - diagram (launcher PD-10).
a) Longitudinal section, 1 — intermediate plate; 2 — crankshaft gear; 3 — intermediate gear; 4 — front half of the crankcase; 5 — ball bearing; 6 and 14 — oil seals; 7 — front roller bearing; 8 - front semi-axis of the crankshaft; 9 — crankshaft cheek; 10 — connecting rod roller bearing; 11 — crankshaft pin (connecting rod journal); 12 — rear half of the crankcase; 13 — rear roller bearing; 15 — felt gland; 16 — flywheel; 17 - rear semi-axis of the crankshaft; 18 — connecting rod; 19 — lubricating channel; 20 — piston; 21 — piston pin retaining ring; 22 — piston pin; 23 — gas outlet pipe; 24 — outlet window; 26 — non-diverting branch pipe; 26 — glow plug; 27 — filler cock; 28 — cylinder head; 29 — head gasket; 30 — cylinder; 31 — blow-out window; 32 — intake port; 33 — carburetor; 34 — draft from the regulator to the carburetor; 35 — magneto,
b) Cross section of the cylinder in the horizontal plane,
c) Gears: 36 — gear wheel of the regulator drive; 37 — regulator drive gear.
For the tightness of the connection, the planes are lubricated with shellac.
PD-10M device
Cylinder 30 in PD-10M is cast in one piece with a water jacket, fastened with four studs and nuts on the crankcase and is centered in it by the lower processed belt. On the rear (in the direction of the tractor) side, the cylinder has two adjacent outlet ports 24. On the opposite side, there are suction ports 32.
In the rocking plane of the connecting rod, blowing ports 31 are located diametrically to each other, which are connected by bypass channels with the cavity of the crank chamber. The tangential arrangement of the purge passages to the circumference of the cylinder (see Fig. 85.6) reduces the leakage of the combustible mixture together with the exhaust gases through the exhaust ports when the cylinder is purged.
Between cylinder head 28 and the cylinder has a gasket 29. The internal recess of the head forms a hemispherical combustion chamber. A spark plug 26 and a filler cock 27 are screwed into the threaded holes of the head.
Piston 20 in an aluminum alloy PD-10 engine has a convex spherical bottom, which provides good cleaning of cylinders from exhaust gases. The piston is equipped with three compression rings with straight locks. To prevent breakage of the piston rings, their locks are fixed with pins pressed into the piston grooves. The correct position of the piston in the cylinder is determined by an arrow stamped on its bottom, which, when assembled, should be directed towards the rear axle shaft 17 of the crankshaft.
Piston pin 22 is made of steel 20X; its outer surface is cemented and hardened. The fastening of the pin is floating, it is held from axial movement by locking spring rings 21.
The PD-10 launcher has Connecting rod 18 made of 12KhNZA steel, with one-piece heads. A bronze bushing is pressed into the upper head. Connecting rod bearing, roller, double row. The rollers are mounted without cages and rings directly in the connecting rod body and on the crankshaft pin 11. Therefore, these surfaces are cemented, hardened and finished to a high degree of cleanliness.
Crankshaft integral, assembled together with the connecting rod and its bearing. The half-shafts 8 and 17 and the crank pin 11 are pressed into the corresponding holes of the cheeks 9. To balance the centrifugal force, the knees of the cheeks have counterweights.
The shaft is supported by two roller bearings 7 and 13. The ends of the axle shafts are sealed with rubber frame oil seals 6 and 14, which ensure the tightness of the chamber. The end of the rear axle shaft is additionally sealed with a felt gland 15.
At the tapered end of the rear axle shaft, a flywheel 16 is fixed with a key and a nut, which has an annular groove for laying the starting cord. A gear 2 and a ball bearing 5 are installed at the end of the front axle shaft, which keeps the shaft from axial movements.
Gears of the starting engine are placed in the cavity of the front half of the crankcase, which is closed in front by an intermediate plate 7. To ensure the correct relative position of the crankshaft and the magneto rotor, the gears are connected according to the marks, as shown in Figure 85, c.
Cooling system of the starting engine PD-10 integrated with the diesel engine cooling system.
Lubrication system of the launcher PD-10 - device. All parts of the crank mechanism are lubricated with diesel oil, which is supplied to the engine with a combustible mixture. Gear wheels of the PD-10 start engine are also lubricated with diesel oil; it is poured into the well of the flywheel housing through the throat in the cavity of the gears of the starting engine to the level of the control plug.
Power supply system of the starting engine PD-10M . Motor gasoline A-66 is used for the starting engine. A mixture of 15 parts of gasoline and 1 part of oil by volume is poured into the tank of the starting engine.
Fuel from the tank, fixed under the upper sheet of the tractor hood, is fed by gravity to the carburetor through a sump. The combustible mixture from the carburetor enters the engine crankcase.
It took a whole year to select the necessary components for homemade mini tractor... Then I lived in an area, in general, non-agricultural. There was no way to get anything from agricultural machines for the implementation of their plan. Therefore, in my MT, most of the components and parts are homemade or from decommissioned cars. In reality, he was able to start creating a mini-tractor only in the spring of 1988. I made it for almost two summers (in winter I had to do other things). But MT turned out to be versatile, strong and reliable. Until now, it does not fail in anything.
Of course to mini tractoran engine from a motorcycle "Ural" or "Dnepr" would do. But I didn't have those. I had to be content with the PD-10U “launcher”, replacing the standard cylinder with a more powerful one (from the IZH-Planeta motorcycle) according to the methodology that the Modelist-Constructor magazine had repeatedly and thoroughly described. I consider it necessary only to add: when upgrading the engine, it is advisable to take the M10 cylinder studs a little longer than usual, instead of the K-28 carburetor, install a high-performance K-62 with a homemade straight pipe that eliminates the leakage of gasoline through the air filter, and improve the cylinder cooling with a D-37 fan by equipping its directional air shroud.
The mini-tractor transmission is made according to the classical sequential scheme with a leading rear axle. The PD-10U engine is directly docked with a standard clutch located at the bottom at the level of the frame, and it, in turn, with a homemade gearbox. Torque is transmitted from the latter to the power take-off unit (conditionally absent in the kinematic diagram) and the gearbox (gearbox) from the GAZ-51. Moreover, this is done in such a way that the bolted housings make up a "monolithic" power unit.
The frame with the hydraulic suspension system is similar to those published in the "Model-Constructor" No. 10 "85 and 5" 94. It is based on a welded rectangle 2170x650 mm. The material - steel channel No. 18 - is taken with a significant margin of safety, so as not to be afraid of distortions during operation. It was also taken into account that in the frame itself there are several cutouts (for the power take-off box and for the stepladders for securing the rear axle) that require reinforcement of the structure. At the beginning of the frame, the front axle brackets and rubber bumpers are attached from the bottom, and in the rear part, on M10 bolts, there is a rack from channel No. 12 for installing a hydraulic cylinder and two plates for connecting a pendulum suspension with a welded hitch.
Hydraulic system device mini tractor also artless. It practically does not differ from the technical solution that was published in the named issues of the journal. The hydraulic cylinder lowers-raises and holds at the required height the suspension frame welded from an isosceles steel angle so that there is a square in the cross-section of each load-bearing element. The front axle is a beam - a thick-walled pipe with pivot bushings welded to its ends from sections of the same pipe. In the middle of the beam, the axle pivot bearing housing is welded, reinforced with steel gussets. The swivel pins of the wheels are cut from channel No. 20.
Oblique washers are welded to the trunnion shelves from the inside for tight contact with the bronze liners of the axle pivot sleeve. The axle shaft of the wheel together with the hub is from the UAZ, is attached to the trunnion (as on a car) with M8 bolts. For this, a welded annular flange is provided, in which six holes are drilled and an M8 thread is cut. The thickness of the annular flange is not uniform. This is done to camber the front wheels. Steering is standard. Swivel bipod homemade.
Welded to the trunnions, they have a bushing with a tapered hole for the thrust pin. Lever for longitudinal thrust - factory. The trunnions are connected to the bridge beam with pins. Steering rods - from UAZ-452: transverse is shortened (by bending method) to a length of 950 mm, and longitudinal - up to 600 mm. The steering gear was also taken from the UAZ-452. But since its body has an asymmetrical fastening, the borrowed unit had to be installed vertically, welded to it a 70x70 mm piece of steel angle and through it attached to the MT frame with M8 bolts.
I redid the steering shaft (from UAZ-452), lengthening it by almost 150 mm due to a welded-in sleeve made of steel 20 and installing a gimbal steering fork from a GAZ-66 at the lower end. To do this, I sawed the hollow steering shaft in two, drove into each of the halves a piece of steel rod with a diameter of 8 mm so that the ends remained free with a length of at least 10 mm, and, inserting them from both sides into the bushing, clamped in a vice, welded together. I did differently with the steering column: instead of the too short "UAZ" one I installed on my mini-tractor a self-made one, cut out of a gas pipe of a suitable size, in which I machined the slots for the steering shaft bearings on a lathe. I was pleased with the results.
Kinematic diagram of transmission (power take-off unit is conventionally not shown): 1 - PD-10U engine (modified) with a clutch; 2 - front wheel (from the car "Volga" GAZ-21); 3 - homemade gearbox; 4 - gearbox (from the GAZ-51 car); 5 - cardan transmission (from the GAZ-66 car, shortened); 6 - main gear (rear axle from the ZIL-157 truck, shortened); 7 - rear wheel (from the ZIL-157 car).
Mini tractor (general view): 1 - headlight (2 pcs.); 2 - the hood; 3 - engine; 4 - fuel tank; 5 - rear-view mirror; 6 - central light switch; 7 - steering wheel; 8 - hydraulic control levers; 9 - driver's seat; 10 - hydraulic hoses; 11-hydraulic cylinder; 12 - hydraulic suspension; 13 - rear wheel; 14 - two-section oil distributor; 15 - oil drain hose; 16 - frame; 17 - steering gear; 18 - front wheel; 19 - front axle beam; 20 - oil tank; 21 - gear shift lever; 22 - clutch lever; 23 - wing; 24 - handrail; 25 - tool box; 26 - mudguard; 27 - headlight cop; 28 - steering rod, longitudinal; 29 - steering rod, transverse.
Power unit (gearbox removed): 1 - PD-10U engine; 2 - driving pulley (single-strand) of the power take-off unit; 3 - clutch; 4 - spring; 5 - fixing loop of the power take-off unit; 6 - gearbox; 7 - beam of the MT frame; 8 - corner spar; 9 - bracket (with two ball bearings and a driven shaft) of the power take-off unit; 10 - tension roller, 11 - A700 belt; 12 - driven pulley (single-strand) of the power take-off unit; 13 - double-strand pulley.
Power take-off unit: 1 - pulley; 2 - driven pulley; 3 - bracket for the driven shaft; 4 - corner spar; 5 - fastening loop.
Generator and fan assembly: 1 - welded bracket (steel corner 40x40); 2 fan D-37 for air cooling of the engine; 3 - belt А630 (2 pcs.); 4 - double-strand pulley; 5 - alternator.
Mini-tractor frame with hydraulic suspension: 1 - base (steel channel No. 18); 2 - cross member (steel corner 50x50, 4 pcs.); 3 - front axle bracket (steel plate 200x170x10, 2 pcs.); 4 - rear axle bracket (steel plate with a section of 180x10, 2 pcs.); 5 - suspension bracket (steel strip with section 150x10.2 pcs.); 6 - reinforcement bracket (steel channel No. 12, L70); 7 - post (steel channel No. 12, L450); 8 - suspension frame (steel angle 40x40); 9 - bushing (steel pipe 60x10, L80, 2 pcs.); 10 - hydraulic cylinder; 11 - hitch (steel plate 120x80x 10 with a hole with a diameter of 40); 12 - gusset plate (steel plate 70x70x10.2 pcs.); 13 - shock absorber-limiter for turning the front axle (2 pcs.).
Front axle: 1 - axle beam (steel pipe 57x8, L975); 2 - axial bearing shell (bronze, 2 pcs.); 3 - axial bearing housing (steel pipe 50x5, L190); 4 - gusset plate (steel plate 100x20x5, 4 pcs.); 5 - turn limiter (steel hexagon, h50, 2 pcs.); 6 - pivot bushing (steel pipe 57x8, L110,2 pcs.); 7 - insert (bronze, 4 pcs.); 8 - oblique washer (St5, 4 pcs.); 9 - kingpin (bolt M20, 2 pcs.); 10 - pivot pivot (steel channel No. 20, L145, 2 pcs.); 11 - annular flange (from the UAZ-452D vehicle, modernized, 2 pcs.); 12 - jib (steel plate 45x45x10, 2 pcs.).
The upgraded parts of the steering mechanism UAZ-452: a - connection of the steering bipod with the left pivot; 1 - steering bipod (2 pcs.); 2 - transverse thrust; 3 - longitudinal thrust.
BEING still a student of the 3rd grade of a secondary school (more than 20 years ago) I persuaded my parents to subscribe to the Modelist-Constructor for a year. Since then I have been its constant reader, I carefully keep all the issues of my favorite publication sent by mail. I got the desire to build my own mini-tractor (MT) when I read a publication about Lukovichonka in No. 12 of the magazine for 1978.
A whole year was spent on the selection of the necessary units. Then I lived in an area, in general, non-agricultural. There was no way to get anything from agricultural machines for the implementation of their plan. Therefore, in my MT, most of the components and parts are homemade or from decommissioned cars.
In reality, he was able to start creating a mini-tractor only in the spring of 1988. I made it for almost two summers (in winter I had to do other things). On the other hand, MT is half-finished versatile, strong and reliable. Until now, it does not fail in anything.
Of course, an engine from a Ural or Dnepr motorcycle would fit the tractor. But I didn't have those. I had to be content with the PD-10U “launcher”, replacing the standard cylinder with a more powerful one (from the IZH-Planeta motorcycle) according to the methodology that the Modelist-Constructor magazine had repeatedly and thoroughly described. I consider it necessary only to add: when upgrading the engine, it is advisable to take the M10 cylinder studs a little longer than usual, instead of the K-28 carburetor, install a high-performance K-62 with a homemade straight pipe that eliminates the leakage of gasoline through the air filter, and improve the cylinder cooling with a D-37 fan by equipping its directional air shroud.
The mini-tractor transmission is made according to the classical sequential scheme with a leading rear axle. The PD-10U engine is directly docked with a standard clutch located at the bottom at the level of the frame, and this, in turn, with a homemade gearbox. Torque is transmitted from the latter to the power take-off unit (conditionally absent in the kinematic diagram) and the gearbox (gearbox) from the GAZ-51. Moreover, this is done in such a way that the bolted housings make up a "monolithic" power unit.
1 - PD-10U engine (modified) with a clutch; 2 - front wheel (from the car "Volga" GAZ-21); 3 - homemade gearbox; 4 - gearbox (from the GAZ-51 car); 5 - cardan transmission (from the GAZ-66 car, shortened); 6 - main gear (rear axle from the ZIL-157 truck, shortened); 7- rear wheel (from the ZIL-157 car).
1 - headlight (2 pcs.); 2 - the hood; 3 - engine; 4 - fuel tank; 5 - rear-view mirror; 6 - central light switch; 7 - steering wheel; 8 - hydraulic control levers; 9 - driver's seat; 10 - hydraulic hoses; 11-hydraulic cylinder; 12 - hydraulic suspension; 13 - rear wheel; 14 - two-section oil distributor; 15 - oil drain hose; 16 - frame; 17 - steering gear; 18 - front wheel; 19 - front axle beam; 20 - oil tank; 21 - gear shift lever; 22 - clutch lever; 23 - wing; 24 - handrail; 25 - tool box; 26 - mudguard; 27 headlights; 28 - steering rod, longitudinal; 29 - steering rod, transverse.
1 - PD-10U engine; 2 - driving pulley (single-strand) of the power take-off unit; 3 - clutch; 4 - spring; 5 - fixing loop of the power take-off unit; 6 - gearbox; 7 - beam of the MT frame; 8 - corner spar; 9 - bracket (with two ball bearings and a driven shaft) of the power take-off unit; 10 - tension roller, 11 - A700 belt; 12 - driven pulley (single-strand) of the power take-off unit; 13 - double-strand pulley.
The frame with the hydraulic suspension system is similar to those published in Modelist-Constructor # 10'85 and 5'94. It is based on a welded rectangle 2170 × 650 mm. The material - steel channel No. 18 - is taken with a significant margin of safety, so as not to be afraid of distortions during operation. It was also taken into account that in the frame itself there are several cutouts (for the power take-off box and for the stepladders for securing the rear axle) that require reinforcement of the structure.
At the beginning of the frame, the front axle brackets and rubber bumpers are attached from the bottom, and in the rear part, on M10 bolts, there is a rack from channel No. 12 for installing a hydraulic cylinder and two plates for connecting a pendulum suspension with a welded hitch.
The hydraulic system of the tractor is also simple-minded. It practically does not differ from the technical solution that was published in the named issues of the journal. The hydraulic cylinder lowers-raises and holds at the required height the suspension frame welded from an isosceles steel angle so that there is a square in the cross-section of each load-bearing element.
The front axle is a beam - a thick-walled pipe with pivot bushings welded to its ends from sections of the same pipe. In the middle of the beam, the axle pivot bearing housing is welded, reinforced with steel gussets.
The pivot pins of the wheels are cut from channel # 20. To the shelves of the holes and the thread M8 is cut.
The thickness of the annular flange is not uniform. This is done to camber the front wheels.
1 - welded bracket (steel corner 40 × 40); 2 fan D-37 for air cooling of the engine; 3 - belt А630 (2 pcs.); 4 - double-strand pulley; 5 - alternator.
1 - double-strand pulley; 2 - driven pulley; 3 - bracket for the driven shaft; 4 - corner spar; 5 - fastening loop.
1 - base (steel channel No. 18); 2 - cross member (steel corner 50 × 50, 4 pcs.); 3 - front axle bracket (steel plate 200x170x10, 2 pcs.); 4 - rear axle bracket (steel plate with a section of 180 × 10, 2 pcs.); 5 - suspension bracket (steel strip with a section of 150 × 10.2 pcs.); 6 - reinforcement bracket (steel channel No. 12, L70); 7 - post (steel channel No. 12, L450); 8 - suspension frame (steel angle 40 × 40); 9 - bushing (steel pipe 60 × 10, L80, 2 pcs.); 10 - hydraulic cylinder; 11 - hitch (steel plate 120x80x 10 with a hole Ø 40); 12 - 'gusset plate (steel plate 70x70x10.2 pcs.); 13 - shock absorber-limiter for turning the front axle (2 pcs.).
1 - bridge beam (steel pipe 57 × 8, L975); 2 - axial bearing shell (bronze, 2 pcs.); 3 - axial bearing housing (steel pipe 50 × 5, L190); 4 - gusset (steel plate 100x20x5, 4 pcs.); 5 - turn limiter (steel hexagon, h50, 2 pcs.); 6 - pivot bushing (steel pipe 57 × 8, L110.2 pcs.); 7 - insert (bronze, 4 pcs.); 8 - oblique washer (St5, 4 pcs.); 9 - kingpin (bolt M20, 2 pcs.); 10 - pivot pin (steel channel No. 20, L145, 2 pcs.); 11 - annular flange (from the UAZ-452D vehicle, modernized, 2 pcs.); 12 - jib (steel plate 45x45x10, 2 pcs.).
a - connection of the steering bipod with the left trunnion;
1 - steering bipod (2 pcs.); 2 - transverse thrust; 3 - longitudinal thrust.
Steering is standard. Swivel bipod homemade. Welded to the trunnions, they have a bushing with a tapered hole for the thrust pin. Lever for longitudinal thrust - factory. The trunnions are connected to the bridge beam with pins.
Steering rods - from UAZ-452: transverse is shortened (by bending method) to a length of 950 mm, and longitudinal - up to 600 mm. The steering gear was also taken from the UAZ-452. But since its body has an asymmetrical fastening, the borrowed unit had to be installed vertically, welded to it a piece of steel angle 70 × 70 mm and through it attached to the MT frame with M8 bolts.
I redid the steering shaft (from UAZ-452), lengthening it by almost 150 mm due to the welded-in sleeve made of steel 20 and installing the gimbal steering fork from GAZ-66 at the lower end. To do this, he sawed the hollow steering shaft in two, drove into each of the halves a piece of steel rod with a diameter of 8 mm so that the ends remained free with a length of at least 10 mm, and, inserting them from both sides into a bushing clamped in a vice, welded together.
I did a different thing with the steering column: instead of the too short "UAZ" one I installed on my mini-tractor a homemade one cut from a gas-supply pipe of a suitable size, in which I machined the seats for the steering shaft bearings on a lathe. I was pleased with the results.
A.KLIMENKO, Primorsky Territory
»Starting engine PD 10 (launcher of the MTZ 82 tractor). Device and repair
Reliable and fast engine starting is the main requirement of the starting system. The main component of this system of the MTZ 82 tractor is the PD 10 starting engine. The D 240 engine is equipped with two types of starting devices: a PD-10UD carburetor gasoline launcher with a capacity of 10 liters. from. (7.35 kW) including a single-stage reducer and an electric starter ST-212A with an electric torch heater. Both types of starting devices are remotely controlled from the tractor driver's cab.
The device of the starting motor PD 10
The main components of the launcher include: a power supply system, a crank mechanism, a gearbox, a skeleton, a regulator, an ignition system, and an individual starting system using an electric starter.
The skeleton of the starting engine is formed by the cylinder head, crankcase and cylinder. The crankcase consists of two halves, centered by pins and bolted together. Crankshaft bearings are installed in special bores of the crankcase, lubrication to which is supplied through channels. In front of the crankcase there are transmission gears protected by a cover. A cylinder is installed in the upper plane of the crankcase. The double walls of the cast cylinder form a jacket, to which water is fed through the pipe. Gas distribution windows open onto the inner surface of the cylinder. The fuel mixture is fed from the carburetor to the crankcase through the intake ports and the intake port. Two purge ports, connected by vertical wells to the crankcase, are required to purge and supply the mixture to the cylinder. The inlet ports are connected to the muffler pipe.
A faucet is screwed into the inclined side hole for filling gasoline into the cylinder before starting the diesel engine, and a CH 200 spark plug is screwed into the central hole of the head.
1 - head; 2 - filler cock; 3 - spark ignition plug; 4 - cylinder; 5 - piston front 10; 6 - piston pin; 7 - connecting rod; 8 - air cleaner; 9 - carburetor K 16a; 10 - regulator thrust; 11 - regulator lever; 12 - regulator; 13 - intermediate gear; 14 - crankcase; 15 - crankshaft; 16 - crank pin; 17 - flywheel casing; 18 - flywheel; 19 - starter; 20 - muffler.
Operating principle
The launcher PD 10 of the MTZ 82 tractor, according to its principle of operation, is a two-stroke single-cylinder carburetor gasoline engine. The working process of this unit is similar to most of these engines and is as follows.
The piston, moving from bottom dead center to top, first closes the purge port, and then the inlet port and begins to squeeze the previously supplied combustible mixture into the cylinder. At the same time, a vacuum is created in the crank chamber, and when the piston skirt opens the inlet window, a combustible mixture is sucked into the crank chamber from the carburetor through it. When the piston is closer to top dead center, the compressed combustible mixture is ignited by a spark plug.
The crank mechanism of the starting engine consists of a split crankshaft, piston, connecting rod and piston pin. The crankshaft consists of two cheeks, two axle shafts and a crank pin. All parts are completed according to size groups. The engine connecting rod heads are one-piece. The connecting rod is connected to the crank pin during crankshaft assembly. As a connecting rod bearing, two rows of rollers are used, located between the inner surface of the lower connecting rod head with a radial clearance of 0.008-0.020 millimeters and a crank pin. To lubricate the bearings, oil is used, which flows through the slots and holes in the lower and upper ends of the connecting rod. The piston of the launcher is made of aluminum alloy and has two compression rings.
The power supply system consists of a carburetor, a fuel tank with a filter, an air pipe, a fuel line and an air cleaner.
A combustible mixture consisting of gasoline and engine oil in a ratio of 15 to 1 is used as fuel. The oil added to the working mixture simultaneously serves to lubricate the parts of the starting engine.
Specifications
Carburetor of the starting engine PD 10
On the launcher of the MTZ 82 tractor, a single-chamber horizontal floatless carburetor K 16 or similar is used. The fuel supply to the jet in this carburetor is controlled by a diaphragm. In the inner part of the body there are throttle and air dampers, as well as a diffuser - the main component of the body. The air damper is manually operated from the tractor cab. The throttle valve is controlled automatically by pull from a centrifugal regulator or manually from the cab. The main dispensing system includes a spray nozzle, valve seat, and plate valve.
The idle system consists of an idle fuel jet, an idle valve, an adjusting screw, two holes in the mixing chamber wall and an air duct. The launcher carburetor is equipped with an additional device that facilitates starting the starting engine - a mechanism for forced opening of the fuel valve, consisting of a spring-loaded button.
Carburetor maintenance consists of keeping it clean, flushing and cleaning in time. Every 960 hours of operation, unscrew the fuel supply connection without disassembling it, and flush it out of dirt with a stream of kerosene or gasoline. In case of heavy contamination, remove the mesh from the fitting and rinse it. Blow the fitting itself with compressed air. For seasonal maintenance, it is recommended to remove the carburetor and thoroughly rinse it out of accumulated dirt.
Carburetor diagram: 1 - air damper; 2 - diffuser; 3 - throttle valve; 4 - fuel supply union; 5 - fuel valve spring; 6 - spray nozzle; 7 - valve; 8 - valve seat; 9 - housing cover; 10 - diaphragm; 11 - balancing hole; 12 - drowner button; 13 - idle valve; 14 - idle hole; 15 - idle fuel jet; 16 - idle speed adjusting screw; 17 - idle air channel; 18 - fuel channel; 19 - fuel channel saddle; 20 - fuel filter.
Adjusting the carburetor K 16
Adjustment is necessary if the dosing systems malfunction. The composition of the working mixture, prepared in the carburetor, when the launcher is idling at minimum speed, is adjusted using the adjusting screw. When the screw is unscrewed, the mixture is enriched, when tightened, it is depleted. The minimum sustained idle speed is adjusted by changing the throttle closing rate with the throttle lever stop screw. Screw in the screw as far as it will go and unscrew it 2.5 turns. Then start the launcher and use the throttle valve stop screw to set the minimum stable crankshaft speed. Next, by unscrewing or tightening the screw, adjust the maximum idle speed. At full load, the crankshaft speed of the starting engine should be 3200 rpm and 4200 rpm at idle. The minimum stable speed should not be less than 1300 rpm.
Adjusting the crankshaft speed of the starting engine
1. Remove the starter and flywheel shroud in order to measure the rpm using the tachometer on the rear axle shaft.
2. Check that the linkage is properly connected to the throttle and governor. The ball pins of the lever heads must not come into contact with the walls of the coupling. There should be a small gap between them. Tightening the spring tightly and incorrectly positioned ball pins will reduce the sensitivity of the regulator. The rod length is adjusted so that the throttle valve can be fully closed and opened. In the worst case, the starting motor will be at high idle or insufficient at maximum load.
3. Warm up the launcher at idle speed and adjust the minimum stable idle speed.
Regulator PD 10
On the launcher of the MTZ 82 tractor, a single-mode centrifugal-type regulator is used, which serves to control the crankshaft rotation speed.
The crankshaft gear of the starting engine by means of the intermediate gear drives the drive gear of the regulator. Three steel balls are installed in the grooves of the drive disk, wound on the roller, which are pressed against the plane of the support disk by the conical surface of the movable disk. Rotating simultaneously with the driving disc, the balls are able to move under the influence of centrifugal forces in the radial direction. The movable disk is freely mounted on the regulator shaft and is pressed against the spring balls by means of a lever. With an increase in the number of revolutions of the crankshaft of the starting engine, the balls diverge under the influence of centrifugal forces, as a result of which the movable disk moves, moving the external lever of the regulator, which, with the help of a thrust, covers the throttle valve of the carburetor K 16. In this case, the number of revolutions of the crankshaft decreases and the movable disk moves to reverse direction. When the carburetor throttle valve is opened, the crankshaft speed increases. In this way, the revolutions of the crankshaft are controlled in a certain range.
Reducer of the starting motor PD 10
The gearbox is used to transfer rotation from the starting engine crankshaft to the engine crankshaft at the time of its starting. The gear ratio between the D 240 engine crankshaft and the launcher's crankshaft is 16.8, hence, at the rated speed of the starting engine shaft (3500 rpm), the engine speed is 210 rpm.
The gearbox consists of a shaft rotating in two ball bearings; friction clutch; engagement mechanism and freewheel clutch. The clutch gear, which is in constant mesh with the launcher's idler gear, rotates freely on the shaft. The clutch drive drum is riveted to the gear, equipped with four protrusions that enter the grooves of the clutch drive discs. The ledges of the driven discs are inserted into the grooves of the special cage of the freewheel clutch. As a result, when the driven disks rotate, the clutch yoke rotates simultaneously. There are four shaped grooves on the inner surface of the cage, each of which contains a cylindrical roller. The grooves in the cage are designed in such a way that when the clutch is engaged, at the moment when the sleeve starts to rotate, the rollers move along the profile groove and block the cage on the gearbox shaft. In this way, the rotation is transmitted from the launcher to the gearbox shaft and at the same time to the engagement gear, which engages with the diesel flywheel crown and, accordingly, transfers the rotation to the engine crankshaft. To enter the gear into engagement with the flywheel, a lever is used, connected by means of a linkage system to the engagement clutch lever. The clutch is engaged with a lever.
Gearbox diagram: 1 - lever; 2 - lever roller; 3 - inclusion roller; 4 - shaft; 5 - gear cover; 6 - gear wheel of the clutch; 7 - body; 8 - gear wheel; 9 - cargo; 10 - cargo holder; 11 - driving drum; 12 - leading disk; 13 - driven disk; 14 - roller; 15 - pressure plate; 16 - emphasis; 17 - hub.
Installation of magneto and ignition on PD 10
The ignition on the launcher is set at the factory and does not need to be adjusted during operation. In the event that the magneto was removed from the starting motor, the following steps must be followed to install it correctly:
1. disconnect the wire from the candle and unscrew it;
2. Insert a clean rod through the spark plug hole and, turning the launcher crankshaft clockwise, set the piston to top dead center;
3. install the piston 5-6 mm below the top dead center by turning the crankshaft in the opposite direction;
4. Remove the breaker cover and set the roller in the position where the breaker contacts start breaking. In this position, insert the protrusion of the magneto coupling half into the grooves of the drive gear and fix the magneto;
5. Replace the magneto cover and spark plug and reconnect the wire to the spark plug. After every 960 hours of engine operation, it is recommended to clean the spark plug from carbon deposits and check the gap between the electrodes. The gap between electrodes in the spark plug should be 0.60-0.75 mm.
Adjustment and repair of the PD-10 launcher
Maintenance of the starting motor and gearbox consists of the following steps. A fuel mixture based on gasoline and engine oil in a ratio of 15 to 1 is poured into the fuel tank. Gasoline and oil are mixed in a clean container and then poured into the tank using a funnel equipped with a filter. It is not allowed to use pure gasoline or gasoline with a low oil content, as this will lead to a violation of the lubrication of the rubbing mechanisms of the starting engine. Flush the fuel tank sump from time to time. Flush the launcher air cleaner filter after every 480 hours of operation. For this it is necessary to remove the air cleaner cap and the restrictor; dismantle and wash the filter element in diesel fuel and moisten it with oil.
Maintenance of the gearbox consists of checking and changing the oil, as well as making the necessary adjustments to the remote control mechanism. Check the oil level in the gearbox housing every 480 hours of operation and change the oil after 960 hours. Check the gearbox clutch adjustment every 960 hours. The time of continuous operation of the starting motor under load should not exceed ten minutes.
