Transport - (from Lat. Transporto - I move) is a set of means and means of communication, the activity of which ensures all the activities of people. Communication routes are roads. Technical structures - refueling, communication facilities, workshops. Transport is the most important strategic resource. Distinguish between land, water and air transport. Ground types: railway, road and pipeline; aquatic - sea and river; air - aviation. One tenth of people work on transport.
The transport system is a set of all types of transport, connected technologically, technically, economically and regulatory legal acts.
The main types of transport, their brief description
Railway transport in many industrialized countries, among other modes of transport, occupies one of the leading places. This is due to its versatility - the ability to serve the manufacturing sectors of the economy and meet the needs of the population in transportation regardless of the weather: in all climatic conditions and at any time of the year.
Having modern types of locomotives and wagons, a powerful rail track, using modern means of automation, telemechanics and computer technology, railway transport, along with other branches of industrial production, is included in the economic potential of each country.
During its existence, the length of the world's railways has reached almost 1.3 million km; however, they have no equal in terms of carrying capacity and continuity of operation.
1825 - The first railway in England
Automobile transport provides:
1) relatively high speed of movement;
2) delivery of goods to areas where there are no other types of transport.
It is the most convenient as it allows you to deliver goods directly from the sender to the recipient without reloading; effective for intracity and intercity passenger transportation. At the same time, the prime cost of freight and passenger transportation by road is higher in comparison with other types. There are 31 million km in the world, and in Russia there are 1 million km of roads.
Sea transport provides mass transportation to foreign countries, as well as between ports within the country, located on the coast of the seas. Sea transportation is most effective in areas where sea routes are shorter than land routes, and where there are no other types of mass transport. For Russia, the importance of sea transport is especially great in serving the northern regions of Siberia and the Far East, where there are no railways. The cost of sea freight is lower than other modes of transport, and especially for long-distance transportation.
River transport carries out local and long-distance transportation on routes that coincide with the location of navigable rivers and canals. It has a high carrying capacity, especially when using heavy-duty vessels on deep rivers, as well as on river-sea routes. The cost of river transportation is lower than other modes of transport. However, a significant disadvantage of river transport in Russia is the short duration of navigation during the year and low travel speeds.
Air Transport- the most high-speed mode of transport, through which mainly passenger transportation for short and long distances is carried out. The share of freight traffic is low. The operation of air transport is greatly influenced by weather conditions. The cost of air transport is much higher than other modes of transport.
Pipeline transport It is used to transport mainly oil, oil products and natural gas and is almost independent of weather conditions, is capable of transporting liquid and gaseous products over very long distances, and is a relatively cheap mode of transport. In Russia \u003d 15000 km
Industrial transport carries out the movement of objects and products of labor in the sphere of production.
Trunk public transport includes rail, road, sea, river, air and pipeline.
Urban transport provides transportation within the city and includes the subway, trolleybus, tram, bus, taxi, truck, etc.
Transport (from the Latin "transfer", "move", "translate") is the circulatory system of the world economy. None of the sectors of the economy can exist without transport, since it is he who unites them into a single complex and carries out the transportation of goods and passengers.
We are so used to transport that we do not notice it. But even minor interruptions in its work violate our comfort, and sometimes paralyze all parts of the economy.
It is no coincidence that transport as a whole or its individual types are developed in every country in the world. It connects countries and continents that are thousands of kilometers apart. All vehicles, enterprises and communication routes form the world transport system.
Ground transport includes, first of all, road and rail transport, as well as pipeline transport.
Automobile transport is rightfully called the transport of the XX century. Maneuverability, the ability to deliver passengers and cargo "from door to door", insignificant dependence on weather conditions led to its rapid development.
In the early 90s, the global car park consisted of almost 500 million vehicles. Developed countries accounted for about 80% of this number of vehicles. In terms of the total length of highways, the United States occupies the first place in the world (about 5 million kilometers); Western European countries and Japan stand out in terms of the density of the automobile network.
Road transport is a leader in intracity and suburban transportation. The modernization of vehicles in recent years has pushed vehicles to a leading position in long-distance transportation. Thus, in double-decker buses, tourists feel comfortable even on long transcontinental routes. More and more heavy trucks appear on international routes.
In the "automobile capital" of the world - Los Angeles, 2/3 of the streets and squares are occupied by car parking. On average, there are two cars for every inhabitant. In Germany, the density of the vehicle fleet is 100 units per 1 km2.
In the world, about 4/5 of passengers are transported by road. Unfortunately, more than 200 thousand people die on the world's highways every year.
The car is the main polluter of the environment. It accounts for most of the pollutants that are released into the atmosphere every day.
Railway transport differs from other land modes of transport in a significant volume and variety of transportations, absolute independence from the weather and relative cheapness. Therefore, for quite a long time he was a leader among other types of transport.
The total length of railways in the world is about 1.2 million kilometers. Half of them are in six huge states: the USA, Russia, Canada, India, China, and the Australian Union. In terms of the number of transported goods, Russia occupies the first place in the world (almost half of the world's traffic).
In many developed countries, the rail network is currently shrinking. The main reason for this is tough competition from road transport. In some developing countries, there is no rail network at all.
The current trend in the development of this type of transport is the electrification of railways, the introduction of super-high-speed lines, as well as super-heavy trains.
Pipeline transport carries out long-distance transmission of liquid, gaseous and solid (mainly bulk) cargo. Mainly oil and gas are transported by pipelines. This type of transport stands out among other relatively cheap transportation, and in terms of productivity it is second only to sea. The longest pipelines in the world are in the United States and Russia.
Recently, product pipelines have appeared in the world, with the help of which gasoline, ammonia, coal chips, and cement are transferred.
Conclusions:
Transport is the third important branch of the world economy.
All vehicles, enterprises and communication routes form the world's transport system.
Land transport includes: road, rail, pipeline, as well as animal-drawn and pack types.
Automobile transport is the leader in the transportation of passengers and goods. At the same time, it is the main polluter of the environment.
Read in the section
Question number 1. Transport. Appointment and components.
Transport - a set of means of communication, means of communication and facilities, service devices. Often, the term "transport" means the entire set of infrastructure, management, vehicles and transport enterprises that make up the transport system, or a branch of the economy.
Transport is divided into three categories:
1) public transport,
2) transport for special use and personal or individual transport. Transport for special use - intra-industrial and intra-departmental transport. Finally, personal transport includes cars, bicycles, yachts, and private jets.
3) Personal automatic transport forms a new category, as it combines the features of urban public transport and personal vehicles.
All transport can be divided into a number of groups according to certain criteria.
By the number of wheels : Unicycle, Bicycle, Tricycle, ATV
By type of wheels: Rail transport, Light rail, Tracked transport
By engine type: Self-propelled vehicles, Motor vehicles, Powered by muscle power, Trailers
By moving environment: Water transport, Air transport, Ground and underground
By type of property and the number of passengers: Individual transport, Public transport
By carrying capacity: Cargo, Passenger
Question number 2. Transport system. External, urban, suburban and local (exotic) transport.
Transport system - transport infrastructure, transport enterprises, vehicles and management collectively. The unified transport system ensures the coordinated development and functioning of all modes of transport in order to maximize the satisfaction of transport needs at the lowest cost.
Vehicles are usually cars, bicycles, buses, trains, airplanes.
Governance refers to control over the system, such as traffic signals, arrows on railway tracks, flight control, etc., as well as rules (among others, rules for financing the system: toll roads, fuel tax, etc.). Transport system management is a set of measures aimed at the effective functioning of a given system through coordination, organization, ordering of the elements of this system, both among themselves and with the external environment. Broadly speaking, network design is a task of civil engineering and urban planning, vehicle design is mechanical engineering and specialized branches of applied science, and management is usually specialized within a particular network, or refers to the study of management or systems engineering.
The quantitative indicators of the transport system are:
1) the length of communication routes,
2) the number of employees,
3) freight and passenger traffic.
Transport system levels:
1) External: railway. air. automobile, water (sea and river)
The locality cannot live without transport. The components of external transport depend on the size and geography of the city.
2) Urban: required when increasing walking distance (15 minutes). The components of external transport depend on the size and population of the point. It happens: passenger (mass, local), cargo, special.
3) Suburban: buses. railway, water, auto. Increased intensity during the day and evening (\u003d pendulum)
4) Local (exotic)
Transport corridors - is a set of main transport communications of various types of transport with the necessary facilities, ensuring the transportation of passengers and goods between different countries in the directions of their concentration. The system of international transport corridors also includes export and transit trunk pipelines.
Transport hubis a complex of transport devices at the junction of several modes of transport, jointly performing operations for servicing transit, local and urban transport of goods and passengers. A transport hub as a system is a set of transport processes and means for their implementation at the junctions of two or more mainline modes of transport. In the transport system, the units have the function of control valves. Failure of one such valve can lead to problems for the entire system.
Question number 3. Urban transport. Purpose and main characteristics.
Transport- a set of means of communication, means of communication, structures and maintenance devices
Kinds: passenger, cargo, special (police, ambulance, Ministry of Emergencies, etc.)
1. Transportation of goods (more predictable)
2. transportation of people
Freight transport is divided into
1. Industrial (depends on the size and profile of the customer)
2. Construction (depends on the size of the city)
3. Consumer (from size and trend to development)
4. Cleansing
Passenger
1. Citywide (mass: metro, trolleybuses, buses, trams; individual)
2. Local (movement in a confined space - plant, fuel dispenser)
Carrying capacity is the number of passengers who can be transported along one line, in one direction, per unit of time. 80-90 thousand passengers per hour - metro 15 - 30-35 thousand passengers per hour - tram 10-23 thousand passengers per hour - trolleybus
Depends on capacity, stopping points
The biggest one near the metro, railway, tram, trolleybus, bus
Capacity is the number of passengers to be allowed to transport it according to the norms for 1m 2. During rush hour 8 people per 1 square meter.
SpeedmessagesIs the speed of movement in mass transport, taking into account planned and unplanned stops.
|
Trolleybus |
Individual |
||||
|
Capacity | |||||
4 Public passenger transport
Buses- the most common type of transport. The bus network is usually the longest. Depending on the destination, bus lines are divided into two types:
the main ones, providing direct transport links between individual areas and the passage of the prototype points;
carriages, ensuring the delivery of passengers tostopping points of more powerful types of transport (tram, metro, railway lines).
The main bus lines according to their position in the city plan are divided into:
internal, both terminal points of which are within the city;
outlets linking the city with the suburban area and having one final destination outside of it.
The main internal lines have a length corresponding to the linear dimensions of the city; departure lines reach greater length (50 km and more). The supply lines are usually short.
To create the best operating conditions, bus lines are laid along streets with improved surfaces (cement concrete, asphalt concrete, paving stones and mosaics), which provide high travel speeds with the lowest fuel consumption and minimal wear of chassis and rubber. However, buses can be temporarily operated on highways with transitional types of coverage (cobblestone pavement, gravel highway, etc.).
Compared to other types of mass transport, buses have the greatest maneuverability, but they are inferior to trams in terms of carrying capacity. The disadvantage of buses, as well as of all road transport, is the pollution of the air basin of cities with exhaust gases.
Bus traffic plays an essential role in serving the developing areas of the city, for which the arrangement of more powerful modes of transport in the early stages may not be economically feasible. In addition, the bus is successfully used on urban routes in central areas, especially in old cities with winding and not wide enough streets.
Bus transportation can be subdivided into: urban, suburban, local (with a route length of up to 100 km), short-distance intercity (100-300 km), long-distance intercity (over 300 km), service, etc. The carrying capacity of bus traffic with good organization is 4500-5000 pass / h in one direction. The trend towards increasing the carrying capacity of bus lines is expressed in increasing the capacity of buses due to the use of articulated bodies and double-decker buses.
Buses local communication used for intradistrict and interdistrict passenger transportation. Their distinctive features are reliability and high cross-country ability, allowing the use of buses on uncomfortable roads, as well as the ability to carry light hand luggage.
Intercity buses serve for transporting passengers on highways over long distances. Their increased comfort and design features allow safe driving at high speeds.
Excursion buses differ in the layout of the cabin, the design of the seats, and have good visibility. They are used on urban and suburban lines.
Service buses are intended for business trips of employees of enterprises and institutions, sanatorium services, as well as for urban, local transportation and transportation of tourists. By capacity and size, buses are distinguished: especially small-capacity buses up to 5.5 m long (10-12 seats);
small capacity up to 7.5 m (45-48 seats); average capacity up to 9.5 m long (60-65 seats); large capacity up to 11 m long (70-80 seats); especially large capacity up to 12 m long (100-120 places).
Trolleybusesin terms of basic performance indicators, they differ little from buses, however, their movement requires the installation of traction substations and the equipment of lines with a two-wire contact network. Trolleybuses are used on intra-city (sometimes also on departure) lines with medium-sized passenger traffic.
When designing a trolleybus network, they strive to minimize the number of intersections of lines with each other and with tram lines, since intersections and air switches reduce the speed of the trolleybus, and sometimes cause it to stop due to the slip of the current collector. The trolleybus rolling stock capacity is 74-139 passengers. According to the conditions of reliability of current collection, trolleybus lines are laid only along streets with improved capital coatings. The longitudinal slope of the trolleybus line should not exceed 0.07.
In terms of maneuverability, trolleybuses are inferior to buses, which is especially noticeable in the conditions of old cities with streets of insufficient width. The main advantage of a trolleybus over a tram is that passengers can board and disembark directly from the sidewalk. In addition, the trolleybus, when moving, can deviate in both directions from the axis of the contact wire up to 4.2 m, which allows it to be operated on streets with heavy traffic.
Tram lines have a higher cost of equipment than bus and trolleybus. Therefore, the network of tram lines is characterized by a relatively lower density.
The highest, in comparison with other types of street transport, the carrying capacity of a tram determines the placement of tram lines along routes with large stable passenger flows. Departure tram lines are designed if the bus does not provide transportation in this direction and the need for transportation cannot be met by the existing line of the electric railway, as well as if it is necessary to provide a direct tram connection between the city and the suburbs.
Tram lines are currently designed mainly with two-track with a central (in relation to the axis of the street) or with a lateral arrangement of tracks. On peripheral lines with small passenger flows, sometimes single-track lines are built with sidings every 0.5-2 km.
The concentration of passengers at tram stops located in the middle of the carriageway of the streets makes the trackless transport stop or slow down. In addition, the presence of a tram line reduces the possibility of overtaking. Thus, the overall operational efficiency of road transport decreases. Because of this, a kind of tram movement is taking place from the central districts of old cities to peripheral ones, where the traffic intensity is much lower.
Removing tram tracks from main streets improves traffic conditions in general and increases traffic safety. However, the removal of tram lines should be accompanied either by their transfer to parallel redundant directions, or by the construction of a subway line in directions with powerful passenger flows. Sometimes the liquidation of the tram line can be compensated by the strengthening of the work of trolleybus and bus transport.
ENGINE
GENERAL INFORMATION
1.1. General device of the car
A car is a complex mechanism consisting of various systems and mechanisms. There are many different makes and models of cars available, but any car has three main parts: body, engine and chassis.
Bodyserves to accommodate the transported cargo. In passenger cars and buses, as a rule, there are passengers and a driver in the back. The truck body consists of a load platform and a driver's cab.
Engine- a machine that converts the thermal energy of the fuel into mechanical work.
Chassisconsists of transmission, support system, axles, suspension, wheels and control mechanisms.
In fig. 1.1 shows the device of the KamAZ-5320 vehicle.
The torque generated by the engine is transmitted by the transmission to the drive wheels of the vehicle.
Part transmissionsincludes: clutch, gearbox, cardan gear, main gear, which is installed in the housings of the driving axles, where the differential and axle shafts are located, through which the torque from the main gear is supplied to the driving wheels.
On all-wheel drive vehicles, where all wheels are driven, a transfer case is installed between the gearbox and the main gear.
Carrying systemis the base of the entire car, it includes the frame or body (passenger car).
Figure: 1.1. The device of the KamAZ-5320 car: 1 - engine; 2 - clutch; 3 - Transmission; 4 - cardan transmission; 5 - middle bridge; 6 - frame; 7- rear suspension; 8 - rear driving axle; 9 - platform with folding sides; 10 - rear driving wheels; 11 - cylinders of the brake system; 12 - front steered wheels; 13 - steering control; 14 - cabin
Wheels are mounted on bridges,which through suspensionlinked to the frame. The combination of these elements is called the undercarriage.
Control systemconsists of steering and braking mechanisms.
The interposition of the engine, transmission mechanisms, cab and cargo platform, that is, the layout of the car, can be very diverse.
Classification of road transport
The composition of a car and a trailer or semi-trailer towed by it is called by road train.
Automobile transport is divided into freight, passenger and special.
Trucks include trucks, towing vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers.
Passenger vehicles include cars, buses, passenger trailers and semi-trailers.
Cars with a capacity of up to eight people (including the driver) are classified as passenger cars, over eight people are classified as buses.
Special vehicles include cars, trailers and semi-trailers for non-transport operations, equipped with the appropriate equipment - street cleaning machines, firefighters, truck cranes, etc. The use of trailers can increase the productivity of transport operations and reduce the cost of transportation. Trailed vehicles include trailers, semi-trailers and dismantling trailers.
Single axle trailers (fig. 1.2, and)connected to the vehicle using a drawbar. When storing the trailer, the front and rear supports are used.
From a two-axle trailer (fig. 1.2, b)no vertical loads are transferred to the vehicle.
Dissolving trailers (fig. 1.2, in)used for the transportation of long cargo. They have a swivel equestrian 3, which is a pivoting support beam that ensures the correct placement of the load.
Drawer 2 the release trailer is sliding, which allows you to transport loads of various lengths.
Semi-trailers (fig. 1.2, d)the front part rests on the vehicle's fifth wheel, which is located on the frame instead of the body. These vehicles are called truck tractors. Part of the load from the mass of the semi-trailer and the mass of the cargo transported by it is distributed to the frame of the truck tractor. The semitrailer, disconnected from the tractor, rests on the supporting support 4.
| d) |
Figure: 1.2. Types of towed vehicles: and- single axle trailer; b- two-axle trailer; in- dismantling trailer; r -semitrailer; 1 - stand; 2 - drawbar; 3 - swivel horseman; 4 - rack
The designation of the domestic rolling stock consists of the name of the manufacturer and four-digit numbers, where the first number denotes the class of the car, the second - the type of car, and the last two - the serial number of the car model.
Types of cars and their designations:
1 - cars;
2 - buses;
3 - freight;
4 - tractors;
5 - dump trucks;
6 - tanks;
7 - vans;
8 - reserve;
9 - special.
Passenger cars are divided into five classes, depending on working volumeengine:
Class Engine displacement, l
Extra small ................................... Up to 1,099
Small .............................................. 1,1 -1,799
Average ........................................... 1,8-3,499
Large .......................................... 3.5 and more
Higher ............................................ Not regulated
Buses are divided into five classes depending on the length:
Class Length, m
Extra small ................................... Up to 5
Small .............................................. 6-7 ,five
Average ........................................... 8,5-10
Large .......................................... 11-12
Extra large ............................... 16.5-24
Trucks, trailers and semi-trailers, depending on their gross weight (in tons), are divided into the following classes: less than 1.2; 1.2-2; 2-8; 8-14; 14-20; 20-40; more than 40 tons.
Table 1.1 illustrates the digital classification of domestic vehicles.
The fifth digit in the designation is a modification of the base model. A sixth character is added to the designation of machines of export performance: the number 6 is assigned to the export version, and 7 to the tropical version.
The following classes are provided for trailers, semi-trailers and dismantling: 8 - trailers; 9 - semi-trailers and dismantling. The type is indicated by the second digit, which corresponds to the type of car, for example, 1 - a trailer or semi-trailer for cars, 2 - for buses, etc.
Table 1.1.Vehicle rolling stock indexes depending on the class
| Cars | Buses | Trucks | ||||||||
| Engine displacement, l | Index | Length, m | Index | Full weight, t | with onboard platform | truck tractors | dump trucks | cisterns | vans | special |
| Up to 1,099 | Up to 5 | Up to 1.2 | ||||||||
| 1,1-1,799 | 6-7,5 | 1,2-2 | ||||||||
| 1,8-3,499 | 8-10 | 2-8 | ||||||||
| Over 3.5 | 11-12 | 8-14 | ||||||||
| 16,5-24 | 14-20 | |||||||||
| 20-40 | ||||||||||
| Over 40 |
The third and fourth digits of the designation of trailers and semi-trailers determine the model depending on their total weight and represent a number of numbers (Table 1.2).
Table 1.2.Numerical designation of trailers, semi-trailers, dismantling, depending on their total weight
Examples of car designations:
KamAZ-5320 - a truck manufactured by the Kama Automobile Plant, GVW 15,305 kg, model 20;
KamAZ-5511 - dump truck, gross weight 19,000 kg, model 11;
VAZ-21036 - a passenger car, engine displacement 1.3 liters, produced by the Volga Automobile Plant, with the right-hand controls;
OdAZ-99871 - semi-trailer van of the Odessa car assembly plant with an all-metal body, gross weight 29.2 tons.
The concept of land transport, its types
Transport plays an important role in the development of the economy of the Russian Federation. It ensures the development of industry, agriculture, capital construction and other spheres of state activity. Transport activity is one of the guarantees for the implementation of the principles of freedom of movement of goods and services, free movement of citizens, enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
In the theory of law, it is customary to divide transport into five types - road, rail, air, sea and inland water transport. In some works, one can find a statement that the so-called "pipeline transport" belongs to the modes of transport. One cannot agree with this opinion. As indicated in the draft Agreement on information interaction of the states-participants of the Commonwealth of Independent States in the field of transport security, vehicles are devices intended for the transportation of individuals, cargo, luggage, hand luggage, personal belongings, animals or equipment. Next, a list of types of vehicles will be given, among which the pipeline does not appear as one of the vehicles. Oil pumping, gas supply, etc. through main pipelines are not subject to the norms of Chapter 40 "Transportation" of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, as well as any transport law.
It should be noted that the allocation of these five types of transport does not fully meet the established regulatory provisions on their system. So, in the Federal Law "On Transport Safety", along with five types of transport, electric urban land passenger transport is also indicated (and. 11, Art. 1). To it the Charter of road transport and urban land electric transport (and. 2 p. 1) and the Federal Law "On the organization of regular transportation of passengers and luggage by road and urban land electric transport in the Russian Federation and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation" (pn 13 and I st. 3) include tram and trolleybus
In addition, the Federal Law "On Compulsory Insurance of Civil Liability of a Carrier for Harm to Life, Health, Property of Passengers and on the Procedure for Compensating for Such Damage Caused in the Carriage of Passengers by the Metro" identifies off-street transport for the carriage of passengers (passenger transport), to which the metro belongs, light metro, off-street tram and monorail transport (station 3).
Thus, based on the provisions of the laws, there is reason to single out the following types of transport:
- -automotive;
- -railway;
- -air;
- -nautical;
- -internal water;
- -city ground electric transport for passenger transportation;
- - off-street transport for the carriage of passengers.
Each of them has its own characteristics, advantages and disadvantages. As for road, rail, urban land and electric transport, as well as off-street transport for the carriage of passengers, taking into account the scope of their use, they are united by a common name - land transport.
The last two types of transport included in its composition, taking into account the use of electric traction for haulage, as well as restrictions on its use only in urban conditions, can be united under the general name "urban electric transport".
In contrast to air and sea transport, land transport is characterized by the use of transport arteries created for it - roads and railways, tramways, subway tracks, monorail transport tracks (running beams of monorail transport systems). They must meet the established requirements, be properly equipped, and ensure the safety of transportation. These transport arteries must be constantly maintained in good condition. For their operation, special rules have been adopted, which are subject to strict observance.
Road and rail transport, united by common features, have significant differences. Let's consider the main ones.
Road transport has high mobility and maneuverability, optimal speed characteristics of transportation. It does not require significant infrastructure costs, as is the case with railway transport.
The advantage of road transport, compared to railway transport, also lies in the fact that only during road transport, as a rule, transport is supplied with iodine for loading to the consignor's warehouse, and for unloading - to the consignee's warehouse. On other modes of transport, including rail, the shipper delivers the goods to the vehicle, and the consignee takes it out of the carrier's unloading area, which requires significant additional costs from them.
These features make it possible to actively use road transport along with other types in the transportation process.
As for rail transport, the scale of its participation in domestic and international transport is determined by a number of its advantages over other modes of transport, including road transport. This applies to the possibilities of railway transport, the features of operation, the availability of infrastructure, etc.
So, it is distinguished by the ability to transport significant amounts of cargo over long distances. And although the high-speed mode of transportation by rail is significantly inferior to some types of transport (for example, air, as well as road transport), this is offset by its advantages such as high transport capacity, versatility of use, regularity of transportation, and almost invulnerability from weather conditions. The listed possibilities of railway transport dictate the policy of organizing domestic and international railway transportation along routes characterized by large flows of various cargoes, measured in billions of tons per year, and mass passenger traffic. Rail transport is one of the most environmentally friendly types of transport.
The growth in the scale of transportation requires the optimization of the activities of railway transport, the improvement of its legal base. This is also due to the ongoing railway transport reform in the Russian Federation. Its corporatization made adjustments to the priorities of the development of railway legislation, consolidation of the emerging legal relations in connection with the use of the infrastructure of railway transport, improvement of the norms establishing the functioning of public and non-public railways, as well as determining the contractual relations of the parties in connection with transportation, their responsibility for violation of obligations.
In the context of the growing trend of harmonization of internal legal systems and the international source base, it is very important to analyze the norms governing the organization and implementation of domestic and international rail transport, to identify directions and ways of unifying these norms.
The fundamental difference between urban electric transport and road and rail transport is, firstly, that it only carries passengers and, secondly, that the territory of its operation, as the name suggests, is limited to the city limits. In this regard, its main tasks are to ensure the safety of transportation and create comfortable conditions for passengers. Since urban electric transport is partially regulated by the Charter of Road Transport and Urban Land Electric Transport (UATGNET), its activities are discussed in section 2 "Legal regulation of road transport" of the monograph.
- See: Civil law: textbook in 3 volumes. Vol. 2 / ed. A.P. Sergeeva. - M .: RG-Press, 2009.S. 512; Egiazarov V.A. Transport law: textbook. M: Justice-forms. 2004. S. 8.; Transport law: textbook / OV Sivakov, A.B. Novoseltsev, V.G. Ermolaev, Y.B. Makovsky. - M .: Bylina. 2000.S. 9;
- ‘See: S.Yu. Morozov Transport law: textbook. M .: Voltere Kluver. 2010. P. 15.
- Federal Law dated 09.02.2007 No. 16-FZ.
- Federal Law of June 14, 2012 No. 67-FZ.
