The law of increasing the degree of ideality of the system. The law of increasing the degree of ideality Effective development of large technical systems

Analysis of inventions shows that the development of all systems goes in the direction of idealizations, that is, an element or system decreases or disappears, but its function is preserved.

Bulky and heavy cathode ray computer monitors are being replaced by light and flat LCD monitors. The processor speed is increased hundreds of times, but its size and power consumption are not increased. Cell phones are becoming more sophisticated, but their size is decreasing.

 Think about idealizing money.

ARIZ elements

Let's consider the basic steps of the Algorithm for Inventive Problem Solving (ARIZ).

1. The beginning of the analysis is drawing up structural model TC (as described above).

2. Then the main thing is highlighted technical contradiction (TP).

Technical contradictions (TP) refers to such interactions in the system when a positive action simultaneously causes a negative action; or if the introduction / strengthening of a positive action, or the elimination / weakening of a negative action causes deterioration (in particular, unacceptable complication) of one of the parts of the system or the entire system as a whole.

To increase the speed of a propeller-driven aircraft, the engine power must be increased, but increasing the engine power will decrease the speed.

Often, to identify the main TP, it is required to analyze causal chain(PST) connections and contradictions.

Let's continue the PSC for the contradiction “increasing the engine power will reduce the speed”. To increase engine power, it is necessary to increase the engine volume, for which it is necessary to increase the engine mass, which will lead to additional fuel consumption, which will increase the mass of the aircraft, which will negate the gain in power and reduce the speed.

3. The mental separation of functions(properties) from objects.

In the analysis of any element of the system, we are not interested in him himself, but in his function, that is, the ability to perform or perceive certain influences. There is also a chain of cause and effect for functions.

The main function of the engine is not to turn the propeller, but to push the plane. We do not need the engine itself, but only its ability to push the plane. Likewise, we are not interested in the TV, but in its ability to reproduce an image.

4. Produced intensification of contradiction.

The contradiction should be mentally strengthened, brought to the limit. A lot is everything, a little is nothing.

The engine mass does not increase at all, but the aircraft speed increases.

5. Determined Operational zone (OZ) and Operational time (OV).

It is necessary to highlight the exact moment in time and space in which a contradiction arises.

The contradiction between the masses of the engine and the aircraft arises always and everywhere. The contradiction between people who want to get on the plane arises only at a certain time (on holidays) and at certain points in space (some flights).

6. Formulated perfect solution.

The ideal solution (or the ideal end result) sounds like this: the X-element, without complicating the system at all and without causing harmful phenomena, eliminates the harmful effect during the operational time (OS) and within the operational zone (OZ), while maintaining the beneficial effect.

X-element replaces the gas stove. The function of the stove to heat food at home for several minutes remains, but there is no danger of gas explosion or gas poisoning. X-element is smaller than a gas stove. X-element - microwave

7. Available resources.

To resolve the contradiction, resources are needed, that is, the ability of other already existing elements of the system to perform the function of interest to us (influence).

Resources can be found:

a) inside the system,

b) outside the system, in the external environment,

c) in the supersystem.

To transport passengers on peak days, you can find the following resources:

a) inside the system - to seal the location of the seats in the aircraft,

b) outside the system - add additional aircraft to flights,

c) in the supersystem (for aviation - transport) - to use the railway.

8. Ways are applied separation of contradictions.

You can separate conflicting properties in the following ways:

- in space,

- in time,

- at the levels of the system, subsystem and supersystem,

- integration or division with other systems.

Prevention of collisions between cars and pedestrians. In time - a traffic light, in space - an underground passage.

Summarizing the steps of ARIZ:

Structural model - Search for contradiction - Separation of properties from objects - Strengthening of contradiction - Determination of a point in time and space - Ideal solution - Search for resources - Separation of contradictions

The law of increasing the degree of ideality of the system

The technical system in its development is approaching ideality. Having reached the ideal, the system should disappear, and its function should continue to be performed.

The main ways to approach the ideal:

Increasing the number of functions performed,

· "Folding" into the working body,

· Transition to the supersystem.

When approaching the ideal, the technical system first fights with the forces of nature, then adapts to them and, finally, uses them for its own purposes.

The law of increasing ideality is most effectively applied to the element that is directly located in the conflict zone or itself generates undesirable phenomena. In this case, an increase in the degree of ideality, as a rule, is carried out by using previously unused resources (substances, fields) available in the zone of occurrence of the task. The farther from the conflict zone the resources are taken, the less it will be possible to move towards the ideal.

The law of S-shaped development of technical systems

The evolution of many systems can be depicted as an S-shaped curve showing how the rate of its development changes over time. There are three characteristic stages:

1. "childhood"... It usually takes a long time. At this moment, the design of the system, its refinement, the manufacture of a prototype, and preparation for serial production are underway.

2. "Flowering"... It is rapidly improving, becoming more powerful and productive. The car is mass-produced, its quality is improving and the demand for it is growing.

3. "old age"... At some point, it becomes more difficult to improve the system. Even large increases in appropriations help little. Despite the efforts of the designers, the development of the system does not keep pace with the ever-increasing human needs. It slips, treads on the spot, changes its external shape, but remains as it is, with all its shortcomings. All resources are finally selected. If you try to artificially increase the quantitative indicators of the system at this moment or develop its dimensions, leaving the previous principle, then the system itself comes into conflict with the environment and man. It begins to do more harm than good.

Let's take a steam locomotive as an example. In the beginning, there was a rather long experimental stage with single imperfect specimens, the introduction of which, in addition, was accompanied by public resistance. This was followed by the rapid development of thermodynamics, improvement of steam engines, railways, service - and the steam locomotive receives public recognition and investments in further development. Then, despite active funding, there was a way out of natural limitations: marginal thermal efficiency, conflict with the environment, inability to increase power without increasing mass - and, as a result, technological stagnation began in the region. And, finally, steam locomotives were replaced by more economical and powerful diesel locomotives and electric locomotives. The steam engine reached its ideal - and disappeared. Its functions were taken over by internal combustion engines and electric motors - also at first imperfect, then rapidly developing and, finally, resting in development within their natural limits. Then another new system will appear - and so on forever.

Dynamization law

The reliability, stability and consistency of a system in a dynamic environment depend on its ability to change. The development, and hence the viability of the system, is determined by the main indicator: the degree of dynamization, that is, the ability to be mobile, flexible, adaptable to the external environment, changing not only its geometric shape, but also the form of movement of its parts, primarily the working body. The higher the degree of dynamization, the, in general, the wider the range of conditions under which the system maintains its function. For example, in order to make an aircraft wing work effectively in significantly different flight modes (takeoff, cruise flight, flight at top speed, landing), it is dynamized by adding flaps, slats, spoilers, sweep change systems, etc.

However, for subsystems, the law of dynamization can be violated - sometimes it is more profitable to artificially reduce the degree of dynamization of a subsystem, thereby simplifying it, and compensate for the lower resilience / adaptability by creating a stable artificial environment around it, protected from external factors. But in the end, the aggregate system (over-system) still receives a large degree of dynamization. For example, instead of adapting the transmission to contamination by dynamizing it (self-cleaning, self-lubrication, rebalancing), you can place it in a sealed casing, inside which an environment is created that is most favorable for moving parts (precision bearings, oil mist, heating, etc.)

Other examples:

· The resistance to the movement of the plow decreases by 10-20 times if its share vibrates with a certain frequency depending on the properties of the soil.

· The excavator bucket, turned into a rotor wheel, gave birth to a new highly efficient mining system.

· The car wheel is made of a hard wooden disc with a metal rim, which is flexible, soft and flexible.

The law of completeness of system parts

Any technical system that independently performs any function has four main parts - engine, transmission, working body and control device. If any of these parts is absent in the system, then its function is performed by a person or the environment.

Engine - an element of a technical system, which is a converter of energy required to perform the required function. The energy source can be located either in the system (for example, gasoline in the tank for an internal combustion engine of a car), or in the super-system (electricity from the external network for the electric motor of the machine tool).

Transmission - an element that transfers energy from the engine to the working body with the transformation of its quality characteristics (parameters).

Working body - an element that transfers energy to the processed object and completes the performance of the required function.

Control tool - an element that regulates the flow of energy to parts of a technical system and coordinates their work in time and space.

Analyzing any autonomous system, be it a refrigerator, clock, TV or fountain pen, you can see these four elements everywhere.

· Milling machine. Working body: cutter. Engine: machine electric motor. Anything between the electric motor and the cutter can be considered a transmission. Control means - human operator, handles and buttons, or programmed control (programmable machine). In the latter case, programmed control "pushed" the human operator out of the system.

Question 3. Development laws of technical systems. The law of the through passage of energy. The law of advancing development of the working body. The law of transition "mono - bi - poly". The law of transition from macro to micro level

Analysis of inventions shows that the development of all systems goes in the direction of idealizations, that is, an element or system decreases or disappears, but its function is preserved.

$ Think about idealizing money.

ARIZ elements

Let's consider the basic steps of the Algorithm for Inventive Problem Solving (ARIZ).

1. The beginning of the analysis is drawing up structural model TC (as described above).

2. Then the main thing is highlighted technical contradiction (TP).

To increase the speed of a propeller-driven aircraft, the engine power must be increased, but increasing the engine power will decrease the speed.

Often, to identify the main TP, it is required to analyze causal chain (PST) connections and contradictions.

3. The mental separation of functions(properties) from objects.

4. Produced intensification of contradiction.

The contradiction should be mentally strengthened, brought to the limit. A lot is everything, a little is nothing.

The engine mass does not increase at all, but the aircraft speed increases.

5. Determined Operational zone (OZ) and Operational time (OV).

It is necessary to highlight the exact moment in time and space in which a contradiction arises.

6. Formulated perfect solution.

7. Available resources.

To resolve the contradiction, resources are needed, that is, the ability of other already existing elements of the system to perform the function of interest to us (influence).

Resources can be found:

a) inside the system,

b) outside the system, in the external environment,

c) in the supersystem.

To transport passengers on peak days, you can find the following resources:

a) inside the system - to seal the location of the seats in the aircraft,

b) outside the system - add additional aircraft to flights,

c) in the supersystem (for aviation - transport) - to use the railway.

8. Ways are applied separation of contradictions.

You can separate conflicting properties in the following ways:

- in space,

- in time,

- at the levels of the system, subsystem and supersystem,

- integration or division with other systems.

Prevention of collisions between cars and pedestrians. In time - a traffic light, in space - an underground passage.

Summarizing the steps of ARIZ:

Modeling method "little people"

The method of modeling by "little men" (the MMP method) is designed to remove psychological inertia. The work of the system elements participating in the contradiction is schematically represented in the form of a picture. A large number of "little people" (group, several groups, "crowd") are acting in the picture. Each of the groups performs one of the contradictory actions of the element.

If we imagine the engine of an airplane in the form of two groups of men, then one of them will pull the airplane forward and upward (thrust), and the other - downward (mass).

If we imagine a gas stove according to the MMP, then one group of men will heat the kettle, and the second will burn the oxygen that a person needs.

$ Try to imagine money in the system of a market economy in the form of little people.

Techniques for resolving contradictions

Let's do a little imagination exercise. In the capitalist countries of the 19th century, there were internal class contradictions, the main one of which was between the wealth of some groups of people (classes) and the poverty of others. Deep economic crises and depressions were also a problem. The development of the market system in the 20th century made it possible to overcome or smooth over these contradictions in Western countries.

TRIZ summarizes forty methods for resolving contradictions. Let's see how some of them were applied to the "19th century capitalism" system.

Take Out

Separate the "interfering" part ("interfering" property) from the object, or, conversely, select the only needed part (the desired property).

The interfering property is poverty, the desired property is wealth. Poverty has been moved beyond the borders of the countries of the golden billion, wealth is concentrated within their borders.

Receiving Preliminary Action

Perform the required object change in advance (in whole or at least partially).

The object is the consciousness of the poor and the exploited. If consciousness is processed in advance, then the poor will not consider themselves beggars and exploited.

Advance Pillow Reception

Compensate for the relatively low reliability of the facility with pre-prepared emergency means.

Creation of a system of social insurance and unemployment benefits, that is, emergency funds during crises.

Copy Reception

a) Instead of an inaccessible, complex, expensive, inconvenient or fragile object, use its simplified and cheap copies.

b) Replace an object or a system of objects with their optical copies (images).

Instead of quality goods, you can sell cheap Chinese goods at the same prices. Sell \u200b\u200btelevision and advertising images instead of physical goods.

How To Replace Expensive Durability With Cheap Fragility

Replace an expensive object with a set of cheap objects, while sacrificing some qualities (for example, durability).

According to economic theory, depressions and falling profits are caused by falling demand. Making goods cheap and short-lived can even lower the selling price. At the same time, the profit will remain and the demand will be constantly maintained.

Hero of our time

Finishing the technique and moving on to the next chapter, let's rejoice with the nameless hero our time, the author of the following work, found on the Internet. Compare what odes were dedicated to in previous centuries.

An ode to joy. From money.

I wake up smiling

And falling asleep, I smile

And dressing, I smile

And while undressing, I smile.

I enjoy everything in this life:

The sadness is light, the strain is light,

The wines are wonderful, the dishes are delicious,

Friends are honest, friends are gentle.

Maybe someone will not believe

That they live like this in the white world.

What, do you want to check everything?

So be it, I'll tell you what's the matter.

Discovered a source of inspiration

The caller is strong, unyielding.

Its wonderful name is money,

Sounds fresh and sophisticated.

I love banknotes

Their sight and smell and rustle,

Get them without any fight,

And pay attention to them.

How stupid I've been all these years

Without a cherished goal,

Endured ruin and adversity,

Until the banknote is cherished!

I pray honestly to Mamon,

And I don't see any sin in that,

And I advise everyone reasonably

Forget Sovdep's slurry!

All were born for inspiration

Everyone has the right to live in love

Let us love our brothers, our money.

The money is not ours - also glory!

How clear and clear is the meaning of money,

And it's equivalent to itself

He will be the same on Monday

And the same will be on Sunday.

Now I like to spend money

And turn it into any good

And if suddenly I don't have enough of them -

I will not load under the white flag!

Everything is the same joyful and sonorous

I will call them, I will find them again

With the carefree ease of a child ...

We have mutual love!

Chapter 2. Science and Religion.

He formulated the laws of development of technical systems, knowledge of which helps engineers predict ways for possible further product improvements:

The law of increasing the degree of ideality of the system.
The law of S-shaped development of technical systems.
Dynamization law.
The law of completeness of parts of the system.
The law of energy through passage.
The law of advancing development of the working body.
The law of transition "mono - bi - poly".
The law of transition from macro to micro level.

The most important law considers the ideality of the system - one of the basic concepts in TRIZ.

Description of laws

The law of increasing the degree of ideality of the system

The technical system in its development is approaching ideality. Having reached the ideal, the system should disappear, and its function should continue to be performed.

The main ways to approach the ideal:

increasing the number of functions performed,
"Rolling" into a working body,
transition to the supersystem.

When approaching the ideal, the technical system first fights with the forces of nature, then adapts to them and, finally, uses them for its own purposes.

The law of S-shaped development of technical systems

The evolution of many systems can be depicted as an S-shaped curve showing how the rate of its development changes over time. There are three characteristic stages:

"childhood"... It usually takes a long time. At this moment, the design of the system, its refinement, the manufacture of a prototype, and preparation for serial production are underway.
"Flowering"... It is rapidly improving, becoming more powerful and productive. The car is mass-produced, its quality is improving and the demand for it is growing.
"old age"... At some point, it becomes more difficult to improve the system. Even large increases in appropriations help little. Despite the efforts of the designers, the development of the system does not keep pace with the ever-increasing human needs. It slips, treads on the spot, changes its external shape, but remains as it is, with all its shortcomings. All resources are finally selected. If you try to artificially increase the quantitative indicators of the system at this moment or develop its dimensions, leaving the previous principle, then the system itself comes into conflict with the environment and man. It begins to do more harm than good.

Dynamization law

Other examples:

The resistance to the movement of the plow is reduced by 10-20 times if its share vibrates with a certain frequency depending on the properties of the soil.
The excavator bucket, turned into a rotor wheel, gave birth to a new highly efficient mining system.
A car wheel made of a hard wooden disc with a metal rim has become mobile, soft and elastic.

The law of completeness of system parts

Transmission - an element that transfers energy from the engine to the working body with the transformation of its quality characteristics (parameters).

Working body - an element that transfers energy to the processed object and completes the performance of the required function.

Control tool - an element that regulates the flow of energy to parts of a technical system and coordinates their work in time and space.

Analyzing any autonomous system, be it a refrigerator, clock, TV or fountain pen, you can see these four elements everywhere.

Milling machine. Working body: cutter. Engine: machine electric motor. Anything between the electric motor and the cutter can be considered a transmission. Control means - human operator, handles and buttons, or programmed control (programmable machine). In the latter case, programmed control "pushed" the human operator out of the system.

Energy Through Passage Law

So, any working system consists of four main parts and any of these parts is a consumer and energy converter. But it is not enough to convert, it is still necessary to transfer this energy without losses from the engine to the working body, and from it to the object being processed. This is the law of energy through passage. Violation of this law leads to the emergence of contradictions within the technical system, which in turn gives rise to inventive problems.

The main condition for the efficiency of a technical system in terms of energy conductivity is the equality of the capabilities of the parts of the system to receive and transmit energy.

The impedances of the transmitter, the feeder and the antenna must be matched - in this case, the traveling wave mode is established in the system, which is most efficient for energy transfer. The misalignment leads to the appearance of standing waves and energy dissipation.

The first rule of energy conductivity of the system

useful function, then in order to increase its efficiency in the places of contact there should be substances with close or identical levels of development.

The second rule of energy conductivity of the system

If the elements of the system, when interacting, form an energy-conducting system with harmful function, then for its destruction in the places of contact of elements there must be substances with different or opposite levels of development.

When solidified, the concrete adheres to the formwork, and it is difficult to separate it later. The two parts are in good agreement with each other in terms of the levels of development of matter - both are solid, rough, immobile, etc. A normal energy-conducting system was formed. To prevent its formation, you need the maximum mismatch of substances, for example: solid - liquid, rough - slippery, motionless - mobile. There may be several design solutions - the formation of a layer of water, the application of special slippery coatings, vibration of the formwork, etc.

The third rule of energy conductivity of the system

If the elements interact with each other form an energy-conducting system with harmful and useful function, then in the places of contact of the elements there should be substances, the level of development of which and the physicochemical properties change under the influence of some controlled substance or field.

According to this rule, most devices in technology have been implemented where it is required to connect and disconnect power flows in the system. These are various switching clutches in mechanics, valves in hydraulics, diodes in electronics, and much more.

The law of advanced development of the working body

In a technical system, the main element is a working body. And in order for its function to be performed normally, its ability to absorb and transmit energy must be no less than the engine and transmission. Otherwise, it will either break or become ineffective, converting a significant part of the energy into useless heat. Therefore, it is desirable that the working body is ahead of the rest of the system in its development, that is, it has a greater degree of dynamization in terms of matter, energy or organization.

Often, inventors make the mistake of persistently developing the transmission, control, but not the working element. Such a technique, as a rule, does not give a significant increase in the economic effect and a significant increase in efficiency.

The productivity of the lathe and its technical characteristics remained almost unchanged over the years, although the drive, transmission and controls developed intensively, because the cutter itself as a working body remained the same, that is, a fixed mono-system at the macro level. With the advent of rotating cup cutters, machine productivity has skyrocketed. It increased even more when the microstructure of the material of the cutter was involved: under the action of an electric current, the cutting edge of the cutter began to vibrate up to several times per second. Finally, thanks to gas and laser cutters, which completely changed the face of the machine, the speed of metal processing was achieved unprecedentedly.

The law of transition "mono - bi - poly"

The first step is the transition to bisystems. This increases the reliability of the system. In addition, a new quality appears in the bisystem, which was not inherent in the monosystem. The transition to polysystems marks an evolutionary stage of development in which the acquisition of new qualities occurs only due to quantitative indicators. The expanded organizational capabilities of the arrangement of the same type of elements in space and time make it possible to more fully use their capabilities and environmental resources.

A twin-engine aircraft (bisystem) is more reliable than its single-engine counterpart and has greater maneuverability (new quality).
The design of the combined bicycle key (polysystem) has led to a noticeable reduction in metal consumption and a decrease in dimensions compared to a group of separate keys.
The best inventor - nature - duplicated especially important parts of the human body: a person has two lungs, two kidneys, two eyes, etc.
Plywood is much stronger than planks of the same size.

But at some stage of development, failures begin to appear in the polysystem. A team of more than twelve horses becomes uncontrollable, an airplane with twenty engines requires a manifold increase in the crew and is difficult to control. The system's capabilities have been exhausted. What's next? And then the polysystem again becomes a monosystem ... But at a qualitatively new level. At the same time, a new level arises only under the condition of increasing the dynamization of parts of the system, primarily the working body.

Let's remember the same bicycle key. When its working body was dynamized, that is, the jaws became mobile, an adjustable wrench appeared. It has become a mono system, but at the same time it is able to work with many standard sizes of bolts and nuts.
Numerous wheels of all-terrain vehicles turned into one movable caterpillar.

The law of transition from macro to micro level

The transition from the macro to the micro level is the main trend in the development of all modern technical systems.

To achieve high results, the possibilities of the structure of the substance are used. First, a crystal lattice is used, then associations of molecules, a single molecule, a part of a molecule, an atom, and finally, a part of an atom.

In pursuit of payload at the end of the piston era, aircraft were supplied with six, twelve or more engines. Then the working body - the screw - nevertheless moved to the micro level, becoming a gas jet.

Sources

Laws of systems development Altshuller GS Creativity as an exact science. - M .: "Soviet radio", 1979. - S. 122-127.
"Life lines" of technical systems © Altshuller G.S., 1979 (Creativity as an exact science. - M .: Sov. Radio, 1979. S. 113-119.)
System of laws of technology evolution (foundations of the theory of technical systems evolution) Edition 2 revised and supplemented © Yuri Petrovich Salamatov, 1991-1996

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

See what the "Laws of development of technical systems" is in other dictionaries:

LAWS OF DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNICAL SYSTEMS (according to TRIZ) - - objective laws reflecting essential and recurring features of the development of technical systems. Each of the laws describes a specific development trend and shows how to use it in forecasting development, ... ...

LAWS AND REGULARITIES OF DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY - - laws and patterns that, depending on the historical time of changing models and generations of technical systems, reflect and determine objectively existing, stable, repeating connections for separate similar technical systems and ... ... Philosophy of Science and Technology: Thematic Dictionary

TRIZ is a theory of inventive problem solving, founded by Henrikh Saulovich Altshuller and his colleagues in 1946, and first published in 1956, it is a technology of creativity based on the idea that “inventive creativity…… Wikipedia

- (systems theory) a scientific and methodological concept for the study of objects that are systems. It is closely related to the systems approach and is the concretization of its principles and methods. The first version of general systems theory was ... ... Wikipedia

You must pay for the implementation of useful functions of a technical system.

Reckoning factors include various costs for the creation, operation and disposal of the system, everything that society should pay for obtaining this function, including all harmful functions created by the system. For example, the factors of reckoning for the movement of people and goods by cars include not only the cost of materials and labor costs for manufacturing and operation, but also the harmful effect of the car on the environment, both directly and in the process of its production (for example, metallurgical processes); costs of building garages; a place occupied by garages, factories and repair shops; death of people in accidents, associated psychological shocks, etc.

As noted, technical systems are evolving. In TRIZ, the development of a technical system is understood as a process of increasing the degree of ideality (I), which is defined as the ratio of the sum of useful functions performed by the system (Phn) to the sum of factors of reckoning (Php):

Of course, this formula reflects development trends only in a qualitative way, since it is very difficult to evaluate different functions and factors in the same quantitative units.

An increase in the ideality of technical systems can occur both within the framework of the existing constructive concept, and as a result of a radical change in the design, the principle of operation of the system.

An increase in ideality within the framework of the existing constructive concept is associated with quantitative changes in the system and is implemented both with the help of compromise solutions and by solving inventive problems of lower levels, replacing some subsystems with others, known.

The use of resources of technical systems is one of the important mechanisms for improving ideality, both general and specific.

In many cases, the resources necessary for solving the problem are available in the system in a form suitable for use - ready resources.You just need to guess how to use them. But situations are not uncommon when the available resources can be used only after some preparation: accumulation, modification, etc. Such resources are called derivatives.Often, the physical and chemical properties of existing substances are also used as resources allowing to improve a technical system, to solve an inventive problem - the ability to undergo phase transitions, change their properties, enter into chemical reactions, etc.

Consider the resources most often used to improve technical systems.

Ready substance resources- these are any materials that make up the system and its environment, its products, waste, etc., which, in principle, can be used additionally.

Example 1.At a plant that produces expanded clay, the latter is used as a filter packing for cleaning industrial water.

Example 2.In the north, snow is used as a packing of filters for air purification.

Derivative substance resources- substances obtained as a result of any impacts on finished material resources.

Example.To protect pipes from destruction by sulfur-containing wastes of oil refining, oil is first pumped through the pipes, and then by blowing hot air the oil film remaining on the inner surface is oxidized to a lacquer-like state.

Energy resources ready- any energy that has unrealized reserves in the system or its environment.

Example.The table lamp shade rotates thanks to the convection airflow generated by the heat of the lamp.

Derivative energy resources- energy obtained as a result of converting ready-made energy resources into other types of energy, or changing the direction of their action, intensity and other characteristics.

Example.

The light from the electric arc, reflected by a mirror attached to the welder's mask, illuminates the weld spot.

Information resources ready- information about the system, which can be obtained with the help of scattering fields (sound, thermal, electromagnetic, etc.) in the system or with the help of substances passing through the system or leaving it (products, waste).

Example.A known method for determining the grade of steel and the parameters of its processing by flying sparks during processing.

Derivative information resources -information obtained as a result of converting information unsuitable for perception or processing into useful information, as a rule, using various physical or chemical effects.

Example.When cracks appear and develop in working structures, weak sound vibrations occur. Special acoustic installations pick up sounds in a wide range, process them using a computer and assess with high precision the nature of the defect and its danger to the structure.

Space resources ready -free, unallocated space available in the system or its environment. An effective way to realize this resource is to use void instead of substance.

Example 1.Natural cavities in the ground are used to store gas.

Example 2.To save space in the train carriage, the compartment door slides into the space between the walls.

Space resources derived- additional space resulting from the use of various kinds of geometric effects.

Example.The use of a Mobius strip makes it possible to at least double the effective length of any ring elements: belt pulleys, tape recorders, tape knives, etc.

Time resources ready- time intervals in the technological process, as well as before or after it, between processes, not previously used or partially used.

Example 1.During the transportation of oil through the pipeline, it is dehydrated and desalted.

Example 2.A tanker carrying oil is simultaneously processing it.

Time resources derivatives- time intervals resulting from acceleration, deceleration, interruption or transformation into continuous processes.

Example.Using fast or slow motion for fast or very slow processes.

Ready-made functional resources- the ability of the system and its subsystems to perform concurrently additional functions, both close to the main ones, and new, unexpected (supereffect).

Example.It was found that aspirin thins the blood, and therefore, in some cases, has a harmful effect. This property has been used for the prevention and treatment of heart attacks.

Functional Derivatives Resources- the ability of the system to perform additional functions in combination after some changes.

Example 1.In a mold for molding thermoplastic parts, the gating channels are made in the form of useful products, for example, alphabet letters.

Example 2.The crane, with the help of a simple device, lifts its crane blocks during repairs by itself.

System resources× - new useful properties of the system or new functions that can be obtained by changing the connections between subsystems or by a new way of combining systems.

Example.The technology for manufacturing steel bushings provided for turning them from a bar, drilling an inner hole and surface hardening. At the same time, due to quenching stresses, microcracks often appeared on the inner surface. It was proposed to change the order of operations - first sharpen the outer surface, then surface hardening, and then drill the inner layer of the material. Now the stresses disappear along with the drilled material.

To facilitate the search and use of resources, you can use the resource search algorithm (Fig. 3.3).