The most popular alloy discs. Rating of manufacturers of cast discs from Russia


Most of the car owners sooner or later comes to install alloy wheels on their car. But together with this desire, the question appears - how to choose the best alloy wheels?

Proposals in stores Mass, for every taste and wallet, and managers will gladly break the advantages of each model. Not wonderful and confused.

From this article you will learn:

Brands, countries, quality and positioning

Molded disks of various brands on store shelves in Russia are not just a lot, but a lot. Love Russian motorists look beautiful.

Among them are generally accepted European brands with a big history, many Russian manufacturers, as well as a great many Asian companies. For example:

Alutec. - One of the most famous and loved ones in Russia by German producers of cast discs, produces very high-quality and expensive products.

Dotz. - Very high-quality German discs with a large assortment and relatively low cost.

Borbet. - A very famous brand with a big story, produces very beautiful and high-quality products.

Aez. - Also excellent high-quality German discs produced using the most recent technological advances.

Dezent. - German brand, producing very high-quality discs covering them specially developed coatings, resistant to external influences.

Oz Racing. - The Italian company, which produces very beautiful and durable discs is hotly beloved by Russian car owners.

POPPY - Also beloved in Russia, an Italian brand, producing beautiful and reliable discs.

K & K. - Russian manufacturer, producing enough high-quality discs, distinguished by moderate cost.

Skad - The main competitor of K & K, as well as high-quality discs for sane money.

Techline - Russian disk manufacturer with a large assortment offering its products for a relatively low price.

REPLICA (REPLAY) - The most famous manufacturer of disks, producing accurate copies of factory models practically to any car. Quality is different, depending on the plant.

Kosei. - Japanese manufacturer specializing in the production of spare parts for aviation, produces high-quality discs for sane money.

Iwheels. - famous brand in Russia, production is located in China, Singapore and Taiwan.

LS Wheels. - Also beloved in Russia brand, production is in Taiwan.

Alcasta. - Chinese discs are quite popular in Russia due to low cost

Legeartis. - Also Chinese discs with a large range at low prices

Crossstreet. - Another representative of China, offering its products inexpensively

Disc strength

The well-known car publication, the autores in 2015 conducted a test of cast discs 12 different brands, popular in Russia.

According to the results of this test, some models of cast discs could not pass this test in strength, but others passed it with a margin. The results look as follows:

  • ALUTEC (test passed)
  • Borbet (Test passed)
  • MAK (test passed)
  • SCAD (test passed)
  • K & K (test passed)
  • Replica (Replay) (Test passed)
  • Techline (test not passed)
  • Lijitsu (test not passed)
  • Crossstreet (Test not passed)
  • Legeartis (Test not passed)
  • Alcasta (test not passed)

General observations to the test: all European brands that have a greater story and a fairly high price tag - pass the test for durability with a margin. Russian brands are not all, but also pass. Chinese and Taiwanese brands are rare.

That is, with regard to strength: Disks of European brands out of competition, Russian is also recommended for use, but with reservations. Chinese is better not to take at all, or to study closely.

Regarding the beauty, it can be said that this parameter is quite subjective, so in our ranking we will replace it with popularity from buyers and will apply it only if there are disks, absolutely the same in strength and cost.

For a correct comparison in terms of cost - select the disks of the same size, for example, with a diameter of 15 "with five mounting holes of 114.3 circles.

Top 7 litol disks

Thus, the top 7 of the best cast discs will look like this:

  1. Dezent (Germany, from about 2600r)
  2. MAK (Italy, from about 3000r)
  3. ALUTEC (Germany, from about 4200r)
  4. Dotz (Germany, from about 4300r)
  5. K & K (Russia, about 2500r)
  6. Skad (Russia, from about 2800r)
  7. Replica (from about 3000r) (outside the total rating)

It is worth saying that the German discs Dezent is cheaper than 3000 ps still have to search, but in general the cost is lower than similar discs from Germany and Italy. As for REPlica discs, they go out of the overall rating because it is the only firm that produces models of discs - copies of those on which the machine has descended from the conveyor. Therefore, the Replica models are always selected according to the model, and not at cost.

Cast or stamped

Sometimes when choosing discs from a car owner, a question arises - what is better, alloy wheels or stamped? Meaning to buy cast, if not worse.

Any disc shop manager in response to this question will immediately lead from a dozen arguments in favor of cast discs. Among them will be a beautiful appearance, and less weight, and corrosion resistance, and even fuel economy.

However, the most important reason for which most car owners put themselves with alloy wheels is a beautiful appearance. On alloy discs, the car looks much more winning than on the stamped.

At the same time, stamped discs have their advantages over quality. In addition to low, they are still much more durable and maintainable. That is, they are great for riding in bad and very bad roads, which in Russia there are many. Alloy wheels can withstand much smaller loads and are not at all repaired.

At the same time, in winter, alloy wheels can give odds to stamped due to better painting quality, which reduces the probability of corrosion.

That is - for the car, alloy wheels are better suitable for the car, and for a car riding in the suburbs with bad roads, stamped discs are better suited.

About fakes

Of course, there will always be fakes on any popular goods, and alloy wheels are no exception. In order not to get to the counterfeit, it is better to follow several simple rules:

First, the original discs need to be purchased in the manufacturer's stores. If there are no such - you need to find commodity networks that are official dealers. If there are no such - it is worth looking for them on the Internet with delivery.

Secondly, the appearance of cast discs should not cause any suspicion, as well as their packaging. On the fakes, it is often possible to see traces of half-pedago production, not to mention their packages.

Thirdly, on the disk itself must be the original marking, the broken name of the brand or barcode. Today, many manufacturers have the originality of the goods in the marking or barcode on the official website.

Great idea! After all, how to get the Italians to attract happiness, you need to get rid of old things. Of course, this is just a sign, but the upgrade will surely please you and not only visually. Fact - alloy wheels contribute to improving the stroke of the machine, reduce the load on the suspension and increase the service life of the parts of your car. Therefore, buying casting is primarily profitable, and then beautifully. But how to make the right choice? After all, there are a lot of proposals. And collect information on the forums, reading reviews, is a sufficient time of time.

That is why the online store Diskiplus.ru prepared a rating list of well-known domestic and foreign brands of cast discs, which are particularly popular with car owners.

Top 12 liter disks

  1. Alloy wheels of Italian production OZ Racing is an exclusive solution for cars. These discs have already chosen the famous Ferrari, Lamborghini and Maserati. More than 180 models made of durable aluminum lightweight. Exquisite design, unique style, bold colors and the latest disk protection technologies from mechanical damage and chemical influences. The average life is 5 years. Oz Racing alloy wheels are a quality guarantee, proven over the years (firm on the market for 46 years). By the way, many sports cars on Formula 1 and other racing competitions received a victory, including thanks to OZ disks.
  2. Enkei alloy wheels have long been in great demand. And this is understandable, because the Japanese casting harmoniously combines modern fulfillment technique and the classical design traditions. Enkei discs are made in accordance with world quality standards (JGTC, VIA) on innovative casting technology M.A.T. The Most Advanced Technology) on the micro level. That is why they are distinguished by ultralight (weight of 15% less than that of the analogues) and high metal strength. Hollow spokes are fastened to the rod of the disk, which significantly increases the car's reaction to turns and protects the wheels from curvature. And due to the additional heat treatment, the alloy wheels Enkei are more wear-resistant and able to withstand a large load.
  3. BBS wheels are suitable for both budget cars and elite machine brands. They combined German quality and reliability. Disks consist of three parts, which are connected by durable titanium bolts. Big plus - strain resistance increased by 60%. At the edges of the rim there are hollow compartments, formed by casting on the new AIR INSIDE technology, which reduces the weight of the wheel by 5 kg. Such know-how makes the BBS discs more convenient and safer than the models of other brands in this price position. Another difference between these wheels is a special shine, which is achieved by grinding a million steel balls from bearings.
  4. Alutec is another German company whose alloy wheels are well bought out both in Russia and in Europe, USA and Canada. They are absolutely not afraid of low temperatures and chemical reagents, so they can be boldly to "shove" on the car even in winter. In addition, Alutec casting is characterized by high wear resistance and durability. In the online store Diskiplus.ru you can view the entire range of altext cast drives with a German warranty of the quality of different diameters and design.
  5. But I can safely write about the cast discs of the Japanese company Kosei that they are for real samurai. On average, their service life is 4-5 years with a minimum amount of trips to repair. Wheels on casting from Kosei withstand sufficiently strong blows without sad consequences. Another advantage is aesthetics. Disks look perfectly on any car. By the way, Kosei has long supplied wheels for Toyota.
  6. Another worthy option that deserves attention is German aluminum disks Dezent. Although the company is relatively young, but has already managed to conquer authority in the automotive market of the world. Dezent casting is supplied in 30 countries, including in the CIS countries. During the manufacture of these discs, manufacturers take into account all the nuances during the movement of the car. In addition, they develop special models of disks for individual car brands. So, special winter alloy wheels were released for Mercedes.
  7. AEZ alloy wheels are also a favorable quality and cost ratio. Elegant models with a thin rim, due to the homogeneous structure of the alloy, are very resistant to damage and falls into the pit. In the line, all sizes are represented - from 13 to 20 inches, so every motorist can choose the most suitable kit for itself.
  8. Russian wheeled slots confidently conquer the car market, pushing foreign brands to the background. What is the secret of success? The answer is simple. Alloy wheels acdas are strong and reliable, without hidden defects and marriage. They have high corrosion resistance and influence of chemical reagents. In addition, the casting of the Russian manufacturer has already chosen Ford and Volkswagen.
  9. Molded aluminum discs K & K are the only discs with a long-term warranty from the factory on the material and the design of the wheel. Made fully in Russia. The manufacturer's collection has more than 120 variations of discs and about 500 variations with dimensions. Today, every fourth driver chooses for his car exactly from K & K, because in spite of enough low cost, they are high-quality and durable.
  10. LS Wheels wheels from the Taiwanese company YHI are stylish, fashionable and prestigious, but for calm driving. Lovers of extreme roads with a lot of chosen, these disks are probably not suitable. Although car owners who have been satisfied with a lot of buying. LS WHEELS disks on average serve 5-6 years. They are resistant to rapid weather changes, very lungs and beautiful.
  11. Copies of the Regica regular alloy discs are also very popular among buyers. But making the choice in favor of such casting, you need to be careful because it is done without official permission. Therefore, there is no quality guarantees and can not be. Buy a replica means get a lottery ticket that is not always winning. Because of this, the alloy wheels replica deservedly remain on the penultimate position of the rating. However, good copies are really reliable, durable, and will serve not one year.
  12. And finally, Chinese alloy wheels IWheelz. The main advantage of Chinese cast is a nicely low price and a rich color palette. They are light and aesthetic. But there are fakes, the quality of which is pretty lame. Therefore, choosing alloy wheels of this firm should be carefully.

To protect yourself and buy high-quality alloy wheels not overpaying, we advise you to look into the online store Diskiplus.ru, where the rating collections of domestic and foreign brands are collected. You will be pleased with a rich assortment of models with fashionable design and high-quality execution. To obtain detailed information, you can use the free consultation of the manager and choose discs individually.


Most cars from the factory conveyors leave on stamped steel discs. As a rule, there are few aesthetics in them, they are severe and not as durable, like other types of products of this type - the rim obtained by the cold-rolled method are interconnected by spot welding. Oxidation processes and permanent loads lead to the loss of the initial shape (the discs have to roll), the metal becomes softer and more sensitive to shock loads.

Despite this, stamped discs are the most optimal solution for most cars. They are inexpensive, and the appearance is easy to compensate for the overhead caps. A strong blow can lead to a deformation of a metal, but in this way protects against the destruction of the suspension. In addition, with minor damage they are easily restored. Our review presents the best manufacturers of stamped discs. In accordance with the characteristics of the manufactured products, as well as on the basis of the estimated reviews on the nature of the operation of this or that brand, the places of our rating were distributed.

The best manufacturers of stamped discs of Russia and the CIS

Among the manufacturers of this category there are real professionals of their case, with many years of history and their admirers among car owners. Along with them, new firms are also presented, which are just starting their way to success, but already at this stage the products produced by them demonstrate the characteristics worthy of respect.

5 EURODISK.

Upscale import equipment. Quality control of raw materials
Country Russia
Rating (2019): 4.4


Despite the fact that it is a domestic manufacturer, stamped discs from him - one of the best in the budget segment of the market. The secret of the firm is laid in the equipment of the plant. The line for the production of the rim from the Netherlands, the press Repkon from Turkey. Even the painting line was discharged from Germany. Modern capacities and excellent "Severstali" raw materials have become a reliable basis in creating a quality product with more than competitive cost. In addition, the enterprise built a quality control system for all stages of assembly, which made it possible to exclude the possibility of marriage in the hands of the end user. The high characteristics of the products of EURODISK says the availability of demand in international markets.

The plant produces the most demanded dimension line of discs, including the most popular on the market - R 16 and R 14. Owners note the good quality of steel tubeless discs of this brand. In addition to available cost, they have sufficient strength for normal operation at any time of the year. Positive reviews note the high quality of the lacquer coating to protect against corrosion and the solid design of the disk - the deformation of the rim is possible only with a sufficiently strong impact.

4st East

New market. European quality product
Country Russia
Rating (2019): 4.4


The steel disk production plant was launched last year in Yaroslavl. Modern equipment was brought from the USA and Italy. The manufactured products have typical dimensions suitable for all car brands with radius R 17, R 16, R 15, R 14 and R 13. The contracts for the supply of stamped discs for the primary configuration of cars manufactured in Russia are concluded.

It does not arise as a product of doubt - at all stages of production, its control is conducted, and the obtained products were highly appreciated not only by the independent expert bureau Qualilab (Italy), but also directly by European consumers who are considered the most demanding in the world. There are few ratings from domestic buyers, but it can be assumed that the feedback will be definitely a positive character.

3 Asterro.

Better combination of strength, wear resistance and welding quality
The country: Uzbekistan (produced in China)
Rating (2019): 4.5


The ASTERRO brand is the leader in the manufacture of stamped discs in the domestic market. The company is a large plant with modern equipment. Main facilities are located in China, which makes it possible to significantly reduce the cost of production.

In addition to competitive prices, ASterro stamped discs demonstrate good mechanical strength, high-quality welding and paintwork. In his reviews, those of the owners who have made a choice in favor of this brand, noted the absence of any reasons to doubt the correctness of their decision - discs are reliable and in normal exploitation of unpretentious.

2 TZSK

The most popular Russian manufacturer of "stamping"
The country: Tolyatti, Russia
Rating (2019): 4.6


The brand is the most popular manufacturer of stamped discs in Russia. The Togliatti plant has its own scientific centers, railway tracks and communications systems, which allows you to make a product of European quality. A wide range allows you to choose a model for almost any popular brand of domestic car.

Advantages include:

  • a light weight;
  • high quality performance;
  • high safety standards;
  • large selection of models;
  • affordable price.

Users allocate the following disadvantages:

  • dISTRIBUTY OF PICTURE COATING;
  • risk of buying a Chinese fake;
  • the inability to select the model of the original design.

As opposed to minuses, it is worth saying that the stamped discs TZK do not speculate in service. After several seasons, even an inexperienced motorist will be able to independently open the products with varnish and paint to return the original appearance to the wheels.

1 krkz

Favorable price for durable discs
The country: Kremenchug, Ukraine
Rating (2019): 4.7


CRKZ discs are produced in Ukraine at the Kremenchug Wheel Plant, which operates in the domestic and international market since 1961. Today, brand products are in demand in 10 countries of the world. Under the BRKZ brand, stamped discs are available for the following vehicles:

  • agricultural and special technique;
  • cargo and passenger cars;
  • commercial transport.

The factory can support constantly high quality products due to close cooperation with European organizations. Stamped discs of this manufacturer are in demand among economical motorists, for which reliability and durability is more important than the original appearance.

The main benefits include:

  • affordable price;
  • high strength;
  • wear resistance;
  • long service life.

High strength and stability is achieved by applying unique stamping technologies and special alloys. The optimal level of plasticity of the material allows you to restore the original form of the product even after a strong deformation.

Among the disadvantages allocate:

  • high weight;
  • the lack of the choice of the original design;
  • model execution.

Negative parties are completely compensated by low cost and durability of use.

Top foreign manufacturers of stamped discs

If it is impossible to select stamped discs in the domestic market, you can contact the proposals of foreign manufacturers. In this category, the consumer has the opportunity to choose a model for the price, design and technical characteristics.

5 Trebl.

Best price
The country: China (produced in Russia)
Rating (2019): 4.5


The Asian company is known all over the world due to the unique technology of steel stamping. At each stage of production, the products are held detailed control. One of the distinguishing features of this manufacturer is to check each disk to imbalance and beating - only after this multi-step procedure (throughout the product of the product creation), the stamped disk is packaged and sent to the finished product warehouse.

To have an idea of \u200b\u200bquality, it is enough to know that Trebl has perennial contracts for the supply of discs for the primary configuration of such car brands such as American Ford and General Motors and German Volkswagen. Owners who choose Trebl appreciate these discs not only for an acceptable cost. They work out every ruble embedded in them, demonstrating high reliability and immunity to chemical reagents used in winter.

4 dotz.

The most reliable. Prestigious appearance
Country: Germany
Rating (2019): 4.6


The brand declared itself in the distant 1985, when the first batch of products left the plants conveyor. Since then, huge work has been done, and now this logo is positioned as one of the quality standards in the global steel disc market. To achieve the fame of the manufacturer of the elite product, a little creating a reliable and safe disk - it must have unique external data and be no less attractive than casting.

In his reviews, the owners highly appreciate the design solutions used in Dotz stamped discs. Thanks to unique appearance, steel disks of this company do not have special competition in the world, so all owners are confident that these are the best discs. They are great for expensive sedans and prestigious SUVs. A wide dimension range includes models with radius R 13, R 15, R 16, R 17, and even R 20. Also, many buyers indicate that, quite a high price does not look unreasonable.

3 mefro.

The optimum ratio of price and quality
Country: Germany
Rating (2019): 4.7


Brand plants are located worldwide, which causes high demand and reliable product safety standards. The main distinguishing feature of the stamped discs of this manufacturer is the optimal value for money. The company produces products for tractors, motorcycles, passenger and truck cars, autographs.

The popularity of the brand and the democratic price means the opportunity to buy cheap fake on the domestic market - this is the main reason for discontent in the reviews of some buyers. Original MEFRO discs with their reliability provide not only safety on the road, but also, thanks to the modern method of spraying paintwork, there is a completely attractive appearance.

2 kronprinz.

Best assortment. High strength discs
Country: Germany
Rating (2019): 4.8


The main advantage of the company is extensive experience. The brand has existed more than 110 years and is considered a pioneer in this field of industry. During the long time, the manufacturer managed to achieve excellent success, improve production technology and develop an optimal product promotion system.

Consumers allocate the following advantages of stamped KRONPRINZ discs:

  • wide model range;
  • three-layer primer and painting;
  • availability of certificates that meet international security and quality requirements;
  • durable steel.

From the disadvantages you can allocate:

  • insufficient stability before side blows;
  • middleweight value;
  • standard designs.

The use of complex stamping allows you to achieve the best performance and reliability indicators, as well as significantly extend the service life.

1 kfz.

The lightest. Profitable price
Country: Austria
Rating (2019): 4.9


KFZ brand cooperates with many European companies for sharing experience and innovative technologies. This allows you to always improve the quality of the manufactured products and improve the production cycle.

Brand products occupy a leading position on the market due to the next list of positive characteristics:

  • high reliability;
  • rather small weight (15% lower than that of similar products);
  • three-layer coating wheels;
  • resistance to corrosion processes;
  • variety of model range;
  • democratic prices;
  • product production in the territory of 35 factories.

A wide range allows you to choose a model to almost any modern car brand. The main advantage is a variety of sizes - more than 500 items. Products have quality and compliance certificates, so successfully implemented in the international market. From the disadvantages allocate:

  • exposure to oxidation ends;
  • design imperfection;
  • requirement in service.

Such minuses are fully compensated for long service life, certified quality and incredible wear resistance.

The choice of design of cast and forged discs is so extensive that it is almost impossible to go through all the options. A good store will offer products of 40-50 different firms.

The choice of design of cast and forged discs is so extensive that it is almost impossible to go through all the options. A good store will offer products of 40-50 different firms.

Spring mood

In the spring, when approaching the visit to the tire, I once again thought about purchasing an additional set of wheels. In Moscow, 400 rubles are asked for overpowering of one 15-inch wheels (it is possible and more expensive - not a question). Set - 1600, two releasing per year (summer-winter) - 3200. And this is the price of a good cast disc.

That is, the purchase of the kit will be submitted in four years. It is clear, provided that I will change the wheels assembly yourself with the help of a jack, a balloon key and magical words. Perform such an operation twice a year is lazy, but acceptable. If it is completely short, you can cross the wheels on the same tireboard. The transfer is significantly cheaper than the installation-disassembly of tires on the disks is 100 rubles. Behind the wheel. Will not break.

"Mill" and "forging"

Watch, why exactly alloy discs? And in general, first will understand in definitions. Stamped - the siren steel, in many cases (in mine - too) these are non-zero discs of the first configuration for inexpensive cars. Many are shy of their appearance and cover with plastic caps.

Alloy and forged logically combine into one group called "Disks made of light alloys", mentioning that magnesium alloys in this field is generally preferable to aluminum. But then divided back, since there are various manufacturing technologies (and, accordingly, the price). The cast is poured into the form, then processed on machines. Forged, despite the name, do not kuyu - apply a variety of hot stamping. In this case, the forgeds combine some of the advantages of stamped and cast. They are stronger than cast, allowing them easier. And, like stamped, elastic enough - prone to get fat, and not crack. If you invest in improving the car or simplifying its service, then it is better to be in forged. Although this is the most expensive option.

Flour of choice

None of my personal cars have never had alloy wheels. And problems with the deformation of stamping occurred (quite regularly) only on Tavria in memorable times, but it was generally the Achilles of the fifth of the Ukrainian typewriter. The problems were treated simply and elegant - hammer. What is easy to bend, it is not difficult and dispersed. To the services of qualified mechanics in those days did not appeal in such trifles. Therefore, it is generally incomprehensible to me, at what moment and why did the discs from the light alloys become suddenly fashionable and so in demand? Again marketing divorces?

Of the entire list of advantages of cast discs, we unconditionally accept only high resistance to corrosion and aesthetic appearance. A huge selection of "casting" on the shelves (some believe that the wealth of choice is a certain plus) - rather a lack. Eyes too scatter. Alone firms with world names (Oz Racing, Momo, Enkei, Dotz, Fondmetal and others) dozen three. But world names are always more expensive than local (read budget). How to choose from local? What to compare with? You will not find any full-fledged data. Each manufacturer praises his goods. At best, something recommends the seller. And it will be more likely to write on world names.

Meanwhile, the sellers themselves are warned that in the sphere of alloy discs a full-minded-quality counterfeit issued for the original products. Sometimes it can be revealed at suspiciously low prices. But sometimes the price is as expected. It turns out all this - cats in bags?

Plus for minus

What do the sellers of alloy discs like? In addition to beautiful appearance, the beneficial decrease in the "unscessured mass" will certainly be mentioned. This is a really important structural parameter (especially for racing machines and sports cars). Perhaps you will be informed that light wheels will improve the smoothness of the movement and the dynamics of the movement, the controllability and stability of the car, make it easier for all parts of the suspension and transmission, engine and brakes. And at the same time will reduce the fuel consumption - because the light wheel is easier to twist than heavy.

All this is true there are engineering justifications, but all these improvements are so microscopic on the scale of a serial car that the average driver will not feel the difference in the transition from stamping on "casting" or back. Neither on dynamics, nor on fuel consumption, nor on manageability.

Forged disks usually allocate only two drawbacks: it is very expensive and much less designer diversity than cast. And often forget about the third: the disk is too durable. There is some risk that with a strong blow, it will not absorb a part of the energy, as will do stamped (waking up) or cast (cracked), and all of her lovingly will transmit the suspension, steering mechanism and drive shafts. At least in the theory of this way.

The main disadvantage of cast discs is widely known and understandable: low maintainability. If the circumstance is unsuccessful, the cast disc can be destroyed to death. In the same cases, when repair is possible, its cost may not be discussed from the cost of a new disk. It will not always be released in the store another exactly the same new disk instead of the murdered (the range is very quickly updated), and many generally sell alloy wheels do not pieces, but only kits.

We add that the aesthetic cutouts of alloy discs like a snow porridge or dirt (when driving on thick mud), after which they harden. Experts on the disks make sure that the accurate dirt is difficult to extract and its residues disrupt the wheel balancing. In short, alloy wheels are good only for high-quality roads.

I often go through the classic Russian roads, and I do not like such prospects. And this is what it seems: if you buy another set of disks, then let it be normal steel stamped. They will not be treated for four, but for two seasons. Cute plastic caps I already have. It remains to wait for the nearest spring.