Everyone who has ever studied chemistry (from school to graduate school) has at least once come across such a concept as "hydrochloride". The formula of such a substance, too, at least once, but met. It is rare that not only does anyone not know what kind of substance it is, but they also do not remember that they once met such a concept in chemistry classes. What is "hydrochloride"? The chemical formula and properties of the substance will be discussed in this article.
Hydrochloric acid
You need to understand what hydrochloric acid is before you know what the acid salt of hydrochloric acid (hydrochloride) is. The formula is shown below.
This acid has several names: hydrochloric (acids consisting of a hydrogen atom and an atom of another element are called hydrogen: hydrogen sulfide, hydrofluoric, etc.), hydrogen chloride, saltwort (this is rather a slang name), hydrochloric acid. Salts of hydrogen chloride are called "chloride", and acidic salts are called "hydrochloride".
The formula for chlorides is quite simple: [element] - Cl. It is necessary to take into account the degree of the element. For example, for aluminum it is +3, aluminum chloride AlCl3. So, with acid and its salts, everything is clear. Now we need to talk about hydrochlorides.
Acid salts of hydrochloric acid
It should be clarified that hydrochlorides are not exactly salts of hydrochloric acid. In this case, the hydrogen cation forms a complex compound with the base molecule. The name "hydrochlorides" is common in organic chemistry, in inorganic it is customary to call it "chlorides". A striking example is ammonium chloride - it never occurs to anyone to call it "ammonia hydrochloride".
The formula (we are talking about hydrochlorides) has the general form: [base] * HCl. Most acid salts of hydrochloric acid are colorless crystals. If such a compound has a color, then this means that the base with which the complex is formed gave the crystals a certain color. Hydrochlorides are very widely used in pharmaceutical production.
Application of hydrochlorides
Many medicines are made on the basis of acidic salts of hydrochloric acid. Examples include hydrochloride substances such as polyhexamethylene guanidine, phenylpropanolamine, glucosamine. However, this is far from a complete list. Preparations based on these substances are used to treat the spine and joints, to destroy microbes, to combat inflammatory processes (in the upper respiratory tract, including chronic diseases). This is not the whole range of applications of medicines, but only a small fraction of them.
Vitamin B6
It's no secret that vitamin B6 is one of the most important vitamins a person needs for normal life. Its lack causes headache, fatigue, various skin diseases, vascular disorders, etc.
One form of vitamin B6 is pyridoxine (the three most common forms are pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine). In medicines, it can be found under the name pyridoxine hydrochloride. The formula of the substance pyridoxine itself is given below.
Vitamin B6 is also used as an antidote for hydrazine poisoning.
Conclusion
So, there are not only inorganic salts of hydrochloric acid, but also organic ones, which are complex compounds. The most common use of hydrochlorides in pharmacology: a great many drugs are made on their basis or with the content of these substances. However, the use of these drugs requires special care not to exceed the dosage prescribed by a specialist. And in no case should you take drugs at the same time as alcohol.
when it comes to medications
10/08/2006 21:59
The hydrochloride of something is most commonly referred to as a compound of a basic
organic matter with hydrogen chloride (hydrochloric acid) HCl.
Most often, in the structure of the same organic matter, there is
nitrogen (N) in some form (completely bonded to carbon atoms in
heterocycles, for example, or as an amino group Nh3). When conducting
reaction, hydrogen (H) from hydrogen chloride "attaches" to nitrogen with
the formation of a positively charged NH+ (in the case of a heterocycle) or
Nh4+ (in the case of an amino group). And Cl “remains” as Cl-.
Thus, the organic compound is “translated” into the form of a salt, which
generally improves its solubility in polar solvents (water) and,
accordingly, increases bioavailability.
www.ljpoisk.ru
sodium p-guanidinosalicylate hydrochloride – RF patent 2237658
The invention relates to the field of medicine and veterinary medicine and concerns a new compound with anti-tuberculosis activity and representing sodium p-guanidinosalicylate of formula 1. The compound has an increased efficiency of action and reduced toxicity in the treatment of tuberculosis. 1 tab.
The invention relates to medicine, namely to drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis, as well as veterinary medicine.
Known anti-tuberculosis drug p-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) and its sodium salt (Encyclopedia of drugs. - 8th ed. ed. Yu.F. Krylov. - M.: "RLS", 2001, p. 76).
The disadvantages of this drug are rather high toxicity and relatively rapid addiction to it by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Also known is the anti-tuberculosis drug streptomycin, a derivative of the base of guanidine (Encyclopedia of Drugs. - 8th ed., edited by Yu.F. Krylov. - M .: “RLS”, 2001, p. 813).
Its disadvantages are relatively low activity (10-fold doses compared to PAS), as well as harmful effects on the body (damage to the auditory nerve).
The technical objective of the invention is to reduce toxicity and increase the effectiveness of the drug in the fight against tuberculosis infection.
To solve the technical problem, a new anti-tuberculosis drug was synthesized, which is sodium p-guanidinosalicylate hydrochloride, having the following structural formula:
The essence of the invention is explained as follows.
The new compound retains the physiologically active structure of p-substituted salicylic acid and, in addition, contains the guanidine group in a more stable and less dangerous hydrochloride form, which is also effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The absence of an aniline-type amino group in the guanidinosalicylate molecule increases its resistance to air oxidation and reduces toxicity. As a result, the new drug is a stable white crystalline substance, which is easily purified by recrystallization from alcohol and washing with acetone.
The molecular weight of the drug is almost twice the molecular weight of the original PAS.
Thus purified sodium p-guanidinosalicylate hydrochloride is a white crystalline powder with a melting point of 130C.
The salt form provides an additional reduction in toxicity and an increase in the stability of the drug.
The synthesis of sodium p-guanidinosalicylate hydrochloride is carried out in the following way.
A portion of PASK is dissolved in an equimolar amount of a strong sodium hydroxide solution. An equimolar amount of ammonium chloride is added to the resulting solution, and the resulting solution is dehydrated to dryness. At the same time, gaseous ammonia is removed
The resulting hydrochloride salt of sodium p-aminosalicylate is crushed and mixed with a semi-molar amount of dicyandiamide. The mixture is heated to a temperature of 150C in an oil bath until complete melting and sodium p-guanidinosalicylate hydrochloride is obtained. The dark-colored reaction product is cooled and dissolved in a small amount of alcohol when heated (50-60C).
The solution is filtered and cooled. In this case, a precipitate of sodium 4-guanidinosalicylate hydrochloride crystallizes from the solution. The crystalline precipitate is filtered off and washed several times with acetone, in which it is insoluble, until the colored admixture of PAS with its oxidation products is completely removed, dried and analyzed. If necessary, the recrystallization process can be repeated. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the drug for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and oral toxicity for rats are determined. The data obtained are shown in the table.
Example of a specific implementation
A portion of 13.9 g (0.1 mol) of p-aminosalicylic acid is dissolved in 10 ml of water together with 4 g of sodium hydroxide, then 5.5 g of ammonium chloride is added to the resulting solution, and the resulting reaction mixture is dried, ground to a powder and mixed with 4.2 g (0.05 mol) of dicyandiamide. The resulting mixture is heated in a glass in an oil bath at a temperature of 120C. In this case, the mixture melts and turns dark red.
After cooling the melt of the reaction mixture, it is crushed and dissolved by heating to a temperature of 50C in 100 ml of alcohol. The filtered alcoholic solution of the reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature. In this case, the formation of a dark-colored precipitate was observed. The precipitate is filtered off and washed 4 times with 20 ml of acetone. As a result, 18 g of light pink sodium p-guanidinosalicylate hydrochloride with a melting point of 130C and elemental analysis of C 8 H 9 N 3 O 3 ClNa were obtained.
Calculated, %: С 38.0; N 16.6; Cl 14.0.
Found, %: С 37.7; N 15.9; Cl 14.1.
Sodium p-guanidinosalicylate hydrochloride was obtained, having the following structural formula:
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Hydroxylamine is obtained by chemical synthesis from hydrogen and nitric oxide NO.
Properties
Crystalline powder with colorless, very hygroscopic crystals. Water-soluble, crystallizes from an aqueous solution in the form of a crystalline hydrate. Miscible with ethyl and methyl alcohol in any ratio. Insoluble in benzene, chloroform, carbon disulfide and ethers. Easily decomposes when heated into water, nitrogen and ammonia; explodes when heated rapidly. In air under normal conditions, it is unstable and gradually decomposes. The melt is a good solvent. It dissolves hydroxide, nitrate, sodium chloride; ammonia; iodine and potassium cyanide; many other salts.
From a chemical point of view, hydroxylamine is a weak base, but in reactions it exhibits both acidic and basic properties. It interacts with strong and weak acids, is oxidized by oxygen, reacts with ketones and aldehydes. Liquid hydroxylamine reacts violently and ignites when interacting with strong oxidizing agents, such as potassium permanganate, barium oxide, chlorine, etc. With bromine, chlorates, silver nitrite, reactions proceed more smoothly. Able to form complex compounds and react with alkalis. With sulfuric, hydrochloric and perchloric acids, it forms salts important for industry: hydroxylamine hydrochloric acid, hydroxylamine sulfate, hydroxylamine perchlorate.
Precautionary measures
The reagent, as well as its derivatives, is toxic. In addition, hydroxylamine is a carcinogen that can cause cellular mutations. May be absorbed into the blood through the skin. Contact with the skin leads to irritation, skin diseases and suppuration. Swallowing and getting into the blood are dangerous for the nervous system and blood composition (it converts hemoglobin into passive methemoglobin and causes the breakdown of red blood cells). It has an inhibitory effect on the nervous system. Poisoning with a large dose can lead to convulsions, paralysis, respiratory arrest and, as a result, to death.
The victim of poisoning should be allowed to drink 2-3 glasses of water with table salt dissolved in it (1 tablespoon per glass of water) to induce vomiting. At the first sign of suffocation, give oxygen and methylene blue as an antidote.
If the reagent comes into contact with the skin or eyes, rinse thoroughly with water.
Hydroxylamine is flammable and explosive, melts at t +32 °C, can spontaneously ignite and explode during prolonged storage, an increase in air temperature, and contact with air. Therefore, it is stored in sealed packaging in warehouses with temperature control, away from heat sources and strong oxidizing agents. The room should be cool and well ventilated.
In production, workers must use overalls: respirators (such as Petal and Astra-2), goggles, rubber gloves. The workplace and the whole room must be equipped with exhaust ventilation. If possible, reagent handling should be carried out automatically, without the presence of people. The air in the work area must be continuously monitored for hydroxylamine concentration.
For greater safety, it is often not pure hydroxylamine that is transported and used in production, but its salts.
Application 
- In organic synthesis to produce important compounds such as hydroxylamine sulfate, chloride and perchlorate. in the production of caprolactam.
- Derivatives of ketones and aldehydes (oximes), hydroxamic acids are used in the manufacture of a large class of compounds used in pharmaceuticals and perfumery, as well as in the production of dyes.
- When conducting analyzes of inorganic substances; in titrometry of carbonyl compounds.
- In the quantitative analysis of glucose, camphor, furfural, formaldehyde.
- In photography, they are added to developers for color films and photographs.
- In the electronic industry - as a wash in the manufacture of photoresists by lithography.
- Hydroxylamine nitrate and perchlorate are used in rocket fuel.
