Regardless of what happens next, Roger Sheer can be proud of. You can not know whether his revolutionary EM Drive engine is incarnated, but his idea no longer looks such absurd, as it was in the past. Despite the decades of skepticism and denial, Schoyra technology is finally starting to be perceived by scientists. The question is only in where the researchers will come with her.
The increasing popularity of EM Drive was caused by NASA reports, which confirm that the engine can produce a certain amount of reliable thrust. But at the same time, the space agency is distancing from the results. In the more recent report, it is said that the tests were carried out in a vacuum chamber, responding to critics, which noted the insolvency of the engine tests in the atmosphere.
The main feature of EM Drive is that this engine reactive traction Allegedly does not require fuel. This means that a set of several EM Drive can be powered by solar batteries And produce a small endless acceleration, thereby solving many of the most complex problems of distant space flights. EagleWorks Harold White researcher predicts that the piloted spacecraft can reach Mars in just 70 days, using only 0.4 Newton / kW, which is approximately 10 times the energy efficiency of the modern ion engine.
But his best-demanding nature is contrary to the law of preserving the impulse, as it will produce frontal force without equal to it opposite in the direction of force. Thus, EM Drive is a kind of eternal engine.
It is unlikely that Shawer built the world's first engine, refuting the fundamental laws of physics, but it is quite possible that EM Drive retains the impulse with a process unknown to us. The most frequently mentioned is the process of vacuum polarization, in which the creation of short-lived particles in a cosmic vacuo, which EM Drive turns into a plasma and ejects in a certain direction. If this idea is true, the engine still uses a certain version of fuel, thus remaining within the framework of the physical laws of the Universe.
It is also possible that the EM Drive is a kind of prototype of the engine of the WarP engine from the old track - its electric field compresses the space in the front of the drive and expands the back. NASA EagleWorks experienced it with laser pulses, and revealed that the engine causes a laser distortion. It could be due to the distortion of space and time, but these studies were carried out in the atmosphere, and not in vacuum. Further, researchers may begin experiments with an interferometer in vacuo to eliminate the possibility that air causes observed laser diffraction.
At the moment before practical application EM Drive is still very far away, although such experiments show that its principle works. The engine is still the subject of scientific controversy, but the fact that serious scientists from the higher instances are involved in testing the accelerator, proves that EM Drive is not so hopeless as many claim.
. Used in Ne.magnetron Generates microwave , the energy of their oscillations accumulates inresonator. High quality , and, according to the author's statements, radiation is transformed into craving. At first glance, this is an ordinary photon engine. Since there is an etherromagnetic radiation. We look at the picture with the translation.
It is known that the electromagnetic wave is also the flow of the corpus of photons, of various energy. Worst of all absorbed and photons of the X-ray spectrum are reflected. Immediately, not photons of the X-ray spectrum are clearly involved, so the reflection and reversion of the photons of the invisible spectrum is present here. But as approved by the resulting thrust does not fit into the framework of the "photon theory". It is significantly higher than the calculated one. At the same time, part of the researchers do generally deny the "photon theory". It would be eating a "uncompensated force". And we are dealing with a violation of the law of preserving the impulse. The proposed article will present a special opinion regarding the nature of this additional force.
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Nonishness
(inertia ) (from Lat. Iners, born. The case of Inertis is lackless) in the mechanics - the property of material bodies, manifested in the fact that the body retains the state of its movement or rest in relation to the fact that.inertial system reference when external. There are no effects on the body (strength) or mutually evolving. If the body is unreasonable on the body. system of forces, then property I. affects that changestate rest or body movement, i.e., changing the velocities of its points, is awarded, and not instantly; whereintraffic It changes the slower than the more I. body. Measure I.Tel is hisweight . Here is a mass and is in the formula for calculating acceleration through the force by the denominator (A \u003d F / M) - from pure physics, The essence of the idea. Perhaps it is the mass of the body. That is, in fact, we are dealing with "zero weight technology" or more precisely mass. To understand the essence of this technology, let's breathe in the proposed formula .. before turning on EMG, the engine has a mass for example 100 grams. And as soon as he turned on the mass became different. And in the formula to fade up this change forgot. Since theoretically "zero weight or mass technology" exist only on pages of fantastic books .. Naturally, to believe in such an effect as an unstable mass is very difficult. What to believe in what is violated by the "Law of Pulse Conservation".
That is, on the fact of physics, they faced not with the "uncompensated force", but with a change in the mass of the engine.
For example, for the purity of the experiment, to prove that the mass of the EMG of the engine really decreases it must be tested not just in vacuo, but also hiding on very sensitive scales.
In all the same experiments, no one weighs this device during his work did not think. A simple diagram drawn up by the results of experience would have helped.
The Great Newton taught that if we see some autonomous movement, then the reason is reactive. If we see the strength, we observe some autonomous accelerating force, this is the force reactive. And only reactive. See the so-called law of reactive movement: A \u003d F / M A - acceleration of the material point; F is the equal to all forces attached to the material point; M - Mass material point. If the mass is stable, then the detected force is really uncompensated.
Experiments with mass. So, there are experiments that show that mass with certain Conditions turn out to be non-permanent. 1. Experiments Miroshnichenko. I refer to the experiments of the doctor of technical sciences Mstislav Miroshnov. "Restless Mass of Peace." (TM. 1988.1). The same Miroshnikov showed that the weight of the wounded flasks with distilled water inside in the temperature range from 20 - 100 s is different. Weight measurements were carried out to avoid side effects in a vacuum chamber. It was he who confirmed the existence of a weight reduction effect under the influence of thermal ripples or the Brownian movement. Miroshnikov also describes the effect of changing weight and pressure in vibrating mechanical systems. 2. Generator zero-weight A.P. Schegolev So, there is a known experience with the heating of the steel ball, carried out by A.P. Schegole. The central region of the steel ball (R \u003d 50 mm) installed on the exact scales was heated by the laser beam through the hole, drilled to the ball center. During the laser, heated the steel ball, the weight of the ball has become smaller than the initial 200 mg. When cooled a bowl, its weight was restored. In the test experience with the same ball heated in the electric furnace and transferred to the weights for cooling, the weight change was recorded. Explains the change in the weight of the steel ball by the appearance of a stream of energy directed from the center to the surface of the ball: the flow of thermal energy reduced the gravitational flow to the centershara. As a result of the imposition of opposing energy streams, the weight of the steel ball decreased. " Of course this experience should be carried out in vacuo. Since hot air flows around the ball on the likeness of how the fire "streams" the head of a closed match and this ascending flow can easily facilitate the weight of the ball fascinating Its up due to the interaction of the lower and side surfaces of a bowl with rising flows of warm air. But Miroshnichenko just conducted experiments with flasks in Vacuum. 3. Experiments of Kunyavsky -Shetnikov. So it turns out the effect of reduction of weight is also observed during electrical ripples. The work of the engineer from Moscow Yuri Kunyansky. According to the author, in experiments, the conductors under the influence of a permanent electromagnetic field "were diskmed" in vacuum 0.3 - 0.4%, which, in terms of "craving" of the projected "anti-gravity engine", was 4 g. "Traction", just say, Not big, but inspired by the first success of Kunyansky believed that if you still approve with the power of current, then this figure could be raised to the plank at 3 - 5% of the total weight of the "gravatile". Also, the phenomenon of lowering the weight of the conductor in the gravitational field of the Earth when the direct electric current is passed through it proportional to the strength of the current is also detected by V.Schabetnikov. . What common? Let's analyze that unites all these experiments, including EM Driver? Let's start with experiments with flasks in vacuum. Yes, all the bodies in vacuum begin to raise intensively, IR-Wares, or photons of the thermal spectrum. It is known that heat transfer by radiation in vacuo is proportional to the surface area and, according to the law of Stephen - Boltzmann, the fourth degree of its temperature. The ball radiates IR waves. The flasks radiate IR waves. And in the number and wires in experiments with electric shock IK-waves emit too much. And when the current increases, the heating and the radiation intensity only increase. And EMG engine is also heated. That's the whole reason, all these devices begin to radiate IR waves. And the bodies of radiating IR waves have an unstable mass. So you and the technology of "zero mass." The more um - the engine will warm and radiate IR wavesless than its mass, and therefore according to the formula (a \u003d f / m) We will have an abnormally high thrust that will not fit into the calculations if we do not take into account the reduction of the mass of the EM engine. With the emission of the IR waves. Epilogue. That is, you can summarize that there is no "uncompensated force" by the engine does not give. Scientists simply faced the "effect of mass reset". Caused by intense radiation of IR waves We are dealing with the incarnations of "zero mass technologies", and the law of preserving the impulse remains invariably indispensable. In the 1950s, even the direction was such - the microwave power meter instruments on the basis of the panderotoric - "curtain" from quartz, which "deviated" by the flow Microwave It is now adopted by calorimetric (on load loading) method of measuring power, and then - even instruments such with curtains were created. All new well forgotten old. Let's say so it is necessary to cover the microwave radiation in which the microwave radiation is covered with quartz and the thrust will become more tangible. Literature 1. QUANTUM VACUUM FLUCTUATIONS HARNESED IN A PROPELLANT-LESS ENGINE TESTED by NASA http://peswiki.com/index.php/directory:mdrive_%28ElectRomagnetic_Space_Drive%29 2..ShtmlSatellite of Cannae from six units Cubesat. Render: Cannae Inc.
Experts and enthusiasts from 2003 arise about the possibility of the existence of a hypothetical "magical" electromagnetic engine Emdrive. The principle of its work is very simple: Magnetron generates microwaves, the energy of their oscillations accumulates in a high-quality resonator, and the fact of the presence of a standing wave of electromagnetic oscillations in a closed resonator of a special form is a source of thrust. So it creates a thrust in a closed loop, that is, in the system, fully isolated from the external environment, without exhaust.
On the one hand, this engine seems to violate the law of preserving the impulse, which many physicists indicate. On the other hand, the British inventor Roger Schawyer (Roger Shawyer) sacred believes to the performance of its EmDrive - and (see several hundred pages of discussion on the NasaspaceFlight forum). Conducted tests on Earth (test results 22) as if confirmed by EmDrive performance.
It's time to put an end to disputes.
The final point in the disputes intends to put Guido Petta (Guido Fetta) - like-minded Sheer and the designer of another hypothetical engine CANNAE DRIVE, which works on the same principle: the generation of microwaves and the creation of thrust in the closed circuit without exhaust.
On August 17, 2016, Guido Petta announced that she intends to launch the experimental sample of Cannae Drive into orbit - and test it in action. Guido Petta is the executive director of CANNAE Inc. Now CANNAE INC. licensed the technology of an electromagnetic engine of Theseus Space Inc., which will bring Cubesat satellite into low near-earth orbit.
Among the founders of Theseus Space - Cannae Inc. itself, as well as Lai International, Az and Spacequest.
The launch date has not yet been declared. Perhaps enthusiasts will be able to collect money and build an experimental apparatus in 2017.
The only task of this satellite is the test engine CANNAE DRIVE for six months. The satellite will try to move through with the electromagnetic thrust Cannae Drive.
CANNAE DRIVE developers state that their engine is able to generate cravings up to several Newtones and "higher levels", which is best suited for use in small satellites. The engine does not need fuel, it does not have an exhaust.
The engine volume on the Cubesat satellite is not more than 1.5 units, that is, 10 × 10 × 15 cm. The power supply is less than 10 W. The satellite itself will consist of six units.
Satellite of Cannae. Render: Cannae Inc.
Immediately after a successful demonstration in orbit, Theseus Space intends to offer new engine third-party manufacturers for use on other satellites.
Enthusiasts are confident: if EmDrive works, then in the future it will be possible creation Not only effective space engines, but also flying cars, as well as ships, airplanes - any vehicle on an electromagnetic pull.
Cannae is not the only one who wants to test the operation of an electromagnetic engine in space. The German engineer Paul Kocyla constructed a small pocket emdrive, and now collects money within the crowdfunding campaign. To launch a prototype into space on PocketQube mini-satellite, 24,200 euros are required. For three months we managed to collect 585 euros.
The prototype of the emdrive of the German german german engineer
Recently, Scocheer's scientific works were published in open access. "Worldwide, people measured cravings. Some built engines in their garages, others in large organizations. They all give out cravings, there is no great secrecy. Someone thinks that there is some black magic, but it is not. Any normal physicist should understand how it works. If anyone does not understand, he is time to change the work, "- categorically the British engineer.
Traveling at the speed of light can be possible thanks to a random discovery, but researchers warn: while you should not be happy to travel to the Alpha Centaur star in one week. The technology of a new engine that previously seemed impossible, testing was successfully tested for the third time.
Amateur physicists and professionals discussed the results of the experiment online, although not yet given official comments.
The use of such an engine will not be limited to travel at speeds exceeding the speed of light. The technology will remove the need to use rocket fuel on, which is now needed for periodic acceleration, which preserves the trajectory of the MCS movement in orbit. Replacing the traditional rocket fuel system on a conventional geostationary satellite with a reducing mass of the object that is launched into space, from 3 to 1.3 tons and thus will significantly reduce the financial costs.
The experiments conducted are still very far from real use on spacecraft, but one day the next Star Route technology can become an integral part of our lives.
In the scientific journal of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Cosmonautics, an article was issued on a strange and controversial device - the Emdrive engine. According to a number of physicists, this design in principle cannot work. This would disturb the fundamental law of nature, the preservation of the impulse. Others are trying to find a reasonable explanation of why Emdrive still works, or at least reliable evidence of its performance. They are attracted by spinning, but the grand target is the engine capable of turning electricity in craving without fuel or jet jet. Or - the final closure of a long-term dispute.
Scientific publication can be an important step in the history of the "impossible" engine. Despite the presence of dozens of experimental checks, their results were not published in peer-reviewed magazines. This is hampered by the absence of the theoretical foundations explaining the work of EmDrive. In addition, many experiments can not be called "clean" - there are many factors that can create the visibility of engine operation. We still talk about them, but let's start with other issues.
What it is?
This is a hypothetical engine proposed by the British inventor Roger Sheer. Feeding with electricity, he (according to Shader's approval and its not too numerous supporters) creates a weak craving without the use of the working fluid. This strange fact indicates some other experiments. However, the blatant violation of the law of preserving the impulse forces with special care to approach such applications - and many experts point to errors in the formulation of experiments that could create an illusion of a weak, but existing thrust.
A miracle engine is simple, any enthusiast, causing a soldering iron control can be assembled. It consists of two main details: magnetron and resonator. Magnetron is a vacuum tube used to generate radiation in a conventional microwave. It consists of a hollow cylinder-anode and a central hair-cathode. Under the action of voltage from the cathode, electrons fly out and begin to move along complex trajectories inside the cylinder, the emitting microwave. According to the waveguide, they are transmitted from magnetron to a resonator, similar to a copper bucket closed with a lid. According to the inventor of the engine Roger Schoyher, then the most interesting thing begins.
According to Shoira, the EmDrive's main chip is the form of the resonator. The inventor suggests that due to the difference in the diameter of the front and rear walls (like the bottom of the bucket and its covers), they act different in the magnitude of the force caused by the standing electromagnetic wave in the resonator. Their auto-effect and pushes the engine forward, creating a craving that is directed toward the "bottom". Subsequently, after several messages arguing with this idea, Sheer clarified that the actual mechanism is somewhat more complicated and may be associated with the effects of the special theory of relativity (ST).
What's wrong with him?
In fact, if you look at the first explanation of the engine operation mechanism, it turns out that it reminds the history of Baron Munchhausen, who pulled himself and the horse from the marsh hair. Emdrive is a closed system that does not throw anything into the surrounding space. This object cannot increase its impulse without external influences, as well as Munchhausen could not increase his, no matter how much he pulls. Supporters of the engine are parried these arguments in that it is possible to allow repulsion of the resonator from the vacuum state or to attract a service station to explanation. However, physicists have repeatedly noted the rudeness of such estimates or the absence of physical meaning in them.
But still, the essence of the statements of Shawer consisted not so much in theoretical descriptions, but in the fact that it allegedly fixed the real traction from the engine. On his website, the researcher indicates the magnitude of the thrust in about 200-230 MN / kW - more than that ion enginesThose pushing spacecraft ejecting the charged particles accelerated in the electric field.
Deciding that it was a matter of theorists to explain this crave, several groups of experimenters checked EmDrive in their laboratories. Such work was done by researchers from the Chinese North-West Polytechnic University and Technical University of Dresden. Recently, they also joined the authors of the article in Journal of Propulsion and Power, researchers from the NASA EagleWorks division, which traditionally do the most controversial and "futuristic" projects of the Agency.
There is, but small?
The first tests were given seemingly encouraging results: some force acted on the device turned on. However, its significance turned out to be much smaller than the amount predicted by Sheyer, and the more accurately experiment was put, the smaller the thrust was registered. But the matter is in principle: how can she come from? If you do not consider confused explanations of the shader, then several side processes can be distinguished, which theoretically can provide traction. These may be air flows associated with the heating of the engine, or the thermal expansion of the experimental installation itself. Weak force can be repeated from charges, "settling" on the walls of the test chamber, or the interaction of EmDrive with magnetic wires of wires, or the radiation pressure leaving the resonator.
With air flows, it is easy to fight the easiest - it is enough to conduct tests in vacuo. Such tests were done by scientists from Dresden, which were found at the level of only 0.02-0.03 MN / kW - at the limit of measurement errors. In addition, physics noted that the resonator was used (the very copper "bucket") with low quality. Radiation quickly left him, increasing the chances of the contribution of other side processes. Employees of NASA EagleWorks received a bit of big numbers - 1.2 ± 0.1 MN / kW. At the same time, they argue that everyone traveled possible sources side processes.
Is it a lot or a little?
Strictly speaking, milligution (MN) is less than the weight of one sugar grain. But if we talk about the reactive flight in space, then even the thrust of 1 MN, continuously acting for several years, allows you to overclock the 100-kilogram apparatus to decent velocities.
It can be calculated that for ten years, such a probe will turn away 3 km / s and (taking into account the starting second space speed) overcome about 3.5 billion km. But if we estimate the craving at the level that Sheer promises (200 MN / kW), we will receive acceleration to 600 km / s and a distance of 660 astronomical units - distances from the sun to the Earth.
So - weakly, but for a very long time and economically spending the working fluid - ion and photonic engines operate. The first "shoot" into the space charged ions disinteited to tens of kilometers per second. Their thrust can reach 60 MN / kW, however, they require the use of the working fluid - usually the supply of inert gas. For example, the DAWN apparatus, which recently completed the main mission on the research of Ceres, was forced to take on board 425 kg of xenon.
Photon engines have an incomparably smaller burden, about several microns on a kilowatt of laser radiation power. The source of thrust in them is the pulse of photons departing into outer space. But photon engines do not require taking a fuel or a working body with them.
At the very end of 2016, the Chinese Academy of Space Technology (CAST) reported that for several years already conducts its own research of the potential EmDrive capabilities and its use. According to one of the leaders of Cast Chen Yue, the organization conducted its own, "perennial and repeated" experiments confirmed by EmDrive traction. The prototype used in China created only a few milligutes, but in the near future new designs, calculated on 100 mn and more. Perhaps they will be tested already in orbit.
We must not forget about passive engines that do not require electricity or fuel for their work - about solar sails. The thrust they develop is determined by the sail area and the distance to the Sun. Near the Earth 1 m² of reflective material will develop cravings in 0.1 mn. The total thrust of the Japanese experimental apparatus of Ikaros with a sail in 200 m² reached just 2 points. To understand the scale, we add that the load of the super heavy rocket engines Saturn V, which sent astronauts to the moon was 34,000,000 N.
Maybe they are mistaken?
Publication of work in a reviewed scientific journal means that the article has been verified by several independent experts in the relevant area. This procedure supports a fairly high level of articles, but even it does not avoid errors.
It can be remembered as in 2014 the International Collaboration of Bicep published the results of their many years of research in one of the most prestigious Physical Review Letters scientific journals. Scientists argued that traces of gravitational waves discovered when studying relic radiation. However, this interpretation was incorrect, and sensational results were influenced by galactic dust.
The magazine in which the EagleWorks team published its work, boasts seven times a smaller citation index than Physical Review Letters. Therefore, there is even an opinion that the review procedure is not so stronger and could miss the work, despite the flaws. It is worth noting that the NASA EagleWorks itself is a very small laboratory with financing at $ 50,000 per year. This can hardly be enough for the fulfillment of high-precision research and purchase of the necessary equipment.
Works - and okay?
If there is one hundred percent evidence of EmDrive performance existed, they would require serious work of theorists. But as long as the absence of an explanation is an unshakable rock, which is about which all the arguments of too large enthusiasts of the "impossible engine" are broken. It even became an argument to refuse to publish early articles in serious scientific journals.
People easier love to notice that "works and okay, it is not necessary to know how." However, this approach can lead to unexpected problems in long-term space missions. For example, if the engine operation is associated with a magnetic field, then it can unpredictable to behave among the magnetic fields of the open space. No one needs to lose his device the only source of Throws somewhere halfway to Mars or distant objects of the bed belt. So, to the classic requirement to present reliable evidence to be made and the requirement to explain everything that happens in the engine - but so far the creators of EmDrive cannot show neither one or the other.
It is interesting to trace why professional scientists work with such dubious projects. On the one hand, the opening of real thrust in Emdrive may indicate fundamentally new effects and long-awaited "new physics" beyond the boundaries of existing models. On the other hand, "closing" the impossible engine, scientists will finally be able to solve the dispute for a long time. And along the way - to create new ultra-precise methods for studying ultra-low forces.
