Motor transport gases remain in the surface atmosphere, which makes it difficult to dispel. Narrow streets and high buildings also contribute to the delaying toxic compounds. exhaust gases In the respiratory zone of pedestrians. More than 200 components are part of the exhaust gases of vehicles, while only few (smoke, carbon and nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons) are normalized. [...]
The composition of exhaust gases depends on a number of factors: type of engine (carburetor, diesel), mode of its operation and load, technical condition and fuel quality (Table 10.4, 10.5). [...]
Exhaust gases in addition to hydrocarbons included in the fuel, contain its incomplete combustion products, such as acetylene, olefins and carbonyl compounds. The amount of LOS in the exhaust gases depends on the operating conditions of the engine. A particularly large number of harmful impurities enters the surrounding air when the engine works on the "idle" go - with short-term stops and at intersections. [...]
The composition of exhaust gases includes such toxic substances as damp gas, nitrogen oxides, sulfur gas, lead compounds and various carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [...]
The composition of the exhaust gases of carburetor and diesel engines includes about 200 chemical compounds, of which carbon oxides, nitrogen, hydrocarbons, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Benz (a) of Pyrene, etc.). When burning 1 liter of gasoline, 200-400 mg of lead, which is part of the antide-toned additive, comes into the air. Transport is also a source of dust arising from the destruction of road surface and abrasion of tires. [...]
Since the composition of exhaust gases depends on a mixture of fuel and air and the moment of ignition, it will also depend on the nature of driving. To achieve the highest power, mixtures with 10-15% enrichment are required, while the most economical is the speed with a slightly smaller fuel enrichment. For most engines at idle, enriched mixes are required, and combustion products are incompletely emitted from the cylinder. When the movement is accelerated, the pressure in the fuel system is reduced and the fuel is condensed on the heads of the collector. To prevent depletion fuel mixes The carburetor is served, providing a larger amount of fuel while accelerating the movement. When the speed decreases with the help of a closed throttle, the vacuum in the collector increases, the air seats decreases and the saturation of the mixture is increasing. With such oscillations, emissions are largely dependent on the requirements for the engine (Table [...]
The issue of exhaust gases and aerosols secreted in air by car engines requires a significantly more intensive study. In this direction, some data on the composition of the exhaust gases are obtained, from which it follows that their composition is changed under the influence of numerous factors, which include engine design, operation mode and engine care, as well as used fuel (Faith, 1954; Fitton, 1954) . At present, it is planned to intensive study of the effect of all components of exhaust gases in a chronic experiment, on animals. [...]
| 18 |
Colorless gas, odorless and taste. Density with respect to air 0,967. Boiling point - 190 ° C. The coefficient of solubility in water 0.2489 (20 °), 0.02218 (30 °), 0.02081 (38 °), 0.02035 (40 °). Weight of 1 l of gas at 0 ° C and 760 mm Hg. Art. 1.25 G. It is part of various gas mixtures, coke, shale, water, wood, domain gases, exhaust vehicles of vehicles, etc. [...]
Exhaust gases of cars and other engines internal combustion are the main source of pollution of the atmosphere of cities (up to 40% of all pollution in the United States). Many experts tend to consider the problem of the pollution of the atmosphere as a problem of pollution with its spent gases different engines (Cars, motorboats and vessels, jet engines of aircraft, etc.). The composition of these gases is very complicated, since, in addition to hydrocarbons of various classes, they contain toxic inorganic substances (nitrogen oxides, carbon, sulfur compounds, halogen), and metals and metallorganic connections. Analysis of such compositions containing inorganic and organic compounds with a wide boiling temperature interval (C1-C12 hydrocarbons) meets significant difficulties, and for its implementation, as a rule, several analytical methods are used. In particular, carbon monoxide and dioxide are determined by IR spectroscopy, nitrogen oxides using chemiluminescence, and gas chromatography is used to detect hydrocarbons. With it, it is possible to analyze the inorganic components of exhaust gases, and the sensitivity of the determination is about 10-4% for CO, 10-2% for N0, 3-10-4% for C02 and 2-10 "5% for hydrocarbons, but analysis Complicated and time consuming. [...]
At the concentration of exhaust gases in the tunnel influence: 1) the intensity, composition and speed of the transport stream; 2) length, configuration and degree of degree of tunnel; 3) Direction and speed of dominant winds in relation to the axis of the tunnel. [...]
In tab. 12.1 shows the composition of the main impurities in the exhaust gases of gasoline and diesel engines of internal combustion (DVS). [...]
It was mentioned above that the composition of the exhaust gases changes significantly with a change in the mode of operation of the engine, so the reactor should be calculated taking into account changes in concentrations. In addition, elevated temperatures are required for the reaction, so the reactor must provide a rapid rise of temperature, as water will be condensed in a cold reactor. The necessary condition is added to the technical difficulties so that the reactor system functions for a long time without technical care. Unlike other devices in the car in this case, the motorist will not pay attention to the reactor system that does not give it practical return, and may not receive real signals that the system has failed. In addition, control the effectiveness of the sewage system by regular checks and technical inspections is much more difficult than achieving a certain average level of reliability of the structure. [...]
| 10 |
The quantitative and qualitative composition of exhaust gases depends on the type and quality of fuel, the type of engine, its characteristics, technical condition, the qualifications of mechanics, ensuring the automotive equipment of the diagnostic equipment, etc. [...]
To determine nitrogen dioxide in exhaust gases of internal combustion engines and in exhaust gases, silver regeneration baths, a continuing electrochemical cell is proposed, which has a long-term resource of operation - 120 days. The operating electrode serves platinum or graphite, and the auxiliary - the coal of the brand B. The absorption solution has a composition of 3% by KVG and 1% by H2304. Lower limit for the analyzed concentration of nitrogen dioxide by this non-peccable cell 0.001 mg / l. [...]
In tab. 3 shows the approximate composition of the exhaust gases of carburetor and diesel engines (I. L. Warsaw, 1969). [...]
Significant atmospheric pollution occurs exhaust! Automobile transport gases. They include large gamps: toxic substances, the main of which are: co, nox-carv and carcinogenic substances. Contaminants of the aircraft from road transport also include rubber dust, resulting from the abrasion of the auto strokes. [...]
Engine technical condition. A large influence on the composition of exhaust gases has the technical condition of the engine and primarily the carburetor. Studies conducted by Joss Manusadzhan (1971) showed that after installing on cars that had previously increased content of carbon monoxide in exhaust gases (5-6%), new, properly adjusted carburetors, the concentration of this gas decreased to 1.5% . Faulty carburetors after repair and adjustment also provided a decrease in the content of carbon monoxide in exhaust gases to 1.5-2%. [...]
Simple measure adjustment can reduce exhaust gas toxicity several times. Therefore, in cities, control and measuring points are created to diagnose engine engines. In the autoship on special running drums that replace the canvas of the road, the car passes the test, during which the chemical composition of the engine gases is measured at different modes of operation. The machine with a large emission of exhaust gases should not be issued. According to data available in the literature, one measure may reduce the contamination of atmospheric air in 1980 by 3.2 times, and by 2000 - 4 times. [...]
In the scheme under consideration, part of the thermal energy of exhaust gases in the heating period is used for the heat of the COP adjacent settlements, greenhouse and livestock farms. Comprehensive energy technological installation on the COP includes many aggregates, nodes and equipment presented in Scheme Fig.1, which showed high efficiency and successfully operated for a long time in various industries. [...]
In the conditions of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, where the main pollutants are exhaust gases of vehicles and waste of CHP, special work on the effects of them for individual objects of the plant world are not conducted. During the work on the definition of the microelementary composition of a number of plants, including meadow and weed herds, some observations were carried out for the content of toxic microelements in the above ground mass of plants within the city and beyond, as well as on the recited spent maps of the ash recovery of the South Sakhalin CHP . The chemical composition depends on both the type and external conditions of existence, therefore, for the determination of lead, samples of the following plant species were taken: Dactylis Glomerata L.), clover Czczuchny (Trifolium Repens L.), Vainik Langsdorfi (Calamagrostis Langsdorffii (Link) TRIN.), Matlika meadow (Roa Pratensis L.), pharmacy dandelion (Taraxacum officinale web.) - within the city, on roadside roads and for control - in places removed from anthropogenic effect. [...]
It has already been mentioned that the sun rays can change the chemical composition of atmospheric air pollutants. This is especially noticeable in the case of oxidative contaminants, when the sun's rays can lead to the formation of an irritant gas from a non-exclusive (Haagen-Smit a. Fox, 1954). Photochemical transformations of this type occur with the reaction between hydrocarbons contained in the air and nitrogen oxides, and the main source of both those and others are the exhaust gases of cars. These photochemical reactions are so important (for example, in Los Angelica), which is enormous efforts to resolve this particular problem with automotive exhaust gases. It is suitable for resolving this problem from three different sides: a) by changing the fuel for engines; b) by changing the engine design; c) Changing the chemical composition of exhaust gases after their formation in the engine. [...]
You may seem strange that carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide) is not mentioned here, which, as everyone knows everything, is part of the car exhaust gases. Every year there are a lot of people who have a habit of testing the engine in a closed garage or raise yase glass from the car, in the exhaust system of which there is a leakage. In large concentrations, carbon monoxide is definitely mortal: connecting with hemoglobin blood, it prevents the transfer of oxygen from the lungs to all body bodies. But in the open air in the overwhelming majority of cases, the concentration of carbon monoxide is so small that does not represent danger to human health. [...]
Note that a significant amount of carbon oxide enters atmospheric air with exhaust gases of cars and others. vehicleSupported by carburetor internal combustion engines, in the exhaust of which is contained from from 2 to 10% (large values \u200b\u200bcorrespond to the modes of small revolutions). In this regard, particular attention is paid to the development of carburetors produced under the conventional name "Ozone" for Light cars "Zhiguli". Thanks to a number of technical innovations, this carburetor allows you to significantly reduce the emission of substances harmful to the body to the atmosphere with exhaust gases. On the recommendation of the Central Research Automobile and Automotive Institute, the Cascade was used on the carburetor, which optimizes the composition of the fuel and air mixture, thereby giving the possibility not only to reduce emissions toxicity, but also reduce the specific consumption of gasoline. [...]
Carbon oxide is formed with incomplete combustion of carbon containing substances. It is part of the gases that allocate in the process of smelting and processing ferrous and non-ferrous metals, exhaust gases of internal combustion engines, gases "formed under explosive work, etc. [...]
Modern methods of analysis are allowed along with the age of individual layers of ice to determine the composition of air during their formation, follow the increase in air pollution. Thus, in 1968 it was found that the level of lead oxide enters the air mainly with car exhaust gases is already about 200 mg per 1 ton of ice. The authors of the book "Bepited eternal ice"From which these figures are taken, they comment on this:" Ice, this silent witness of the Earth's climate evolution, signals a huge danger. Does it make him humanity? " . [...]
Such studies also create prerequisites for the development of special prognostic models that bind the composition of the fuel and its properties with emissions of exhaust gases for car family, starting from the earliest vehicles that are not equipped with catalytic neutralizers, to cars of the latest models produced using the latest technologies. This relationship between properties, composition and emissions is extremely complex, therefore such models allow fuels to find certain limits of fuel composition compositions in which changes in fuel characteristics can have a measurable, quantitative evaluation effect on emissions of exhaust gases. These limits of compositions, of course, will depend on both the type of cars available in a particular market and fuel production capabilities. Thus, in this case, to understand the whole process, it is necessary to have a clear picture characterizing both of these factor. [...]
Phenols are used for disinfection, as well as the manufacture of adhesives and phenol formaldehyde plastics. In addition, they are part of the exhaust gases of gasoline and diesel engines, are formed during combustion and coke of wood and coal. [...]
Under the influence of emissions carried out by industrial enterprises, chemically active garbage and residues from the main production, the composition of atmospheric air in cities substantially changes. It significantly increases the percentage of dust content, in addition, "traces" of substances not characteristic of the environment in a natural state appear. The increasing increase in road exhaust gases contributes to the development of severe respiratory diseases. Emissions harmful substances From motor vehicles and industrial enterprises cause increased air pollution with sulfur oxides, sulfate, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, acetone, formaldehyde, etc. The irritant effect of atmospheric contamination is manifested by a non-specific reaction of the body. In acute cases of high air pollution, irritation, conjunctivations, cough, elevated salivation, voice gap spasm and some other symptoms are noted. In chronic air pollution, there is a well-known variability of listed symptoms and their less pronounced. Pollution of atmospheric air of cities is the reason that increases the resistance to air current in respiratory tract. [...]
The control over the state of the air in the Federal Republic of Germany is carried out by a network of posts and 9 permanent stations (Munich), following the content in the atmosphere of harmful gases and dust 15. The most dangerous to the environment are substances included in the exhaust gases of cars. Measurement data goes to the processing center equipped with a computer to compile the necessary characteristics of air pollution and their classification. [...]
Automobile transport does not apply to the number of leading sources of arrival of sulfur anhydride into the atmosphere. In the book I. L. Warsaw, R. V. Malova "How to neutralize the spent gases of the car" (1968) The question of the sulfur anhydride as an emission of an automatic engine is not considered at all. This position is consistent with the results of the research in 1974-1975 by air on the highways of a lively car movement in Leningrad, where there were single cases of minor exceeding the permissible concentrations of sulfur anhydride (G. V. Novikov et al., 1975). However, according to the United States (V.N. Reshelakov, 1969), the annual emission of sulfur oxides cars in this country reaches 1 million tons, that is, commensurate with the release of solid particles. In England for 1954, according to Rshop (1956), the emission of sulfur anhydride engines of cars amounted to 20 thousand tons of cars (1973), leading the composition of the exhaust gases of European-made cars, reports that the sulfuric anhydride averages 0.006% of the exhaust of gasoline engines and 0.02% of dwells. These materials are convinced of the feasibility of controlling the concentrations of anhydride on the tracks of the intensive movement of motor vehicles. [...]
In addition, these knowledge and this approach can be applied to newly developed engine technologies. As shown in Fig. 1 It is expected that the future direction of work on minimizing emissions of exhaust gases of traditional engines will be shifted towards creating fully optimized systems, covering the car, engine and fuel. The main factor in this process will be knowledge of how to properly select the composition of special fuels so that they become suitable for such systems. [...]
As examples of the practical application of promising laser diodes on pp, BP, the two projects developed by the American firm "Texas tool" (Dallas) can be brought. In the first of them, a compact device is being developed (weighing no more than 4.5 kg) at a rebuilt laser diode for controlling industrial emissions from pipes for content 302, N02 N of other gases. The second draft pursues the purpose of creating a convenient device to control the exhaust gases of cars for the content of CO, C02, the residues of unburned hydrocarbons and sericultural gases. The constructed layouts are matrices from a number of laser dopers, configured each to certain gas and related optical similar matrices of photodetectors. The device should be placed directly into the exhaust jet. Difficulties are associated with the development of a convenient cooler required to ensure the continuous radiation mode of the laser. This prebel is created as a mass control tool due to the project of the US State Standard for the permissible composition of exhaust gases. Both devices are built on the absorption method. [...]
Although the regulation of the sulfur content in fuel and the choice of alternative fuel and have the potential for ensuring an indirect reduction in harmful car exhausts, from the point of view of the oil company's prospects for the main factor taken into account in the development of fuel with a low level of harmful emissions, is the possibility of direct influence on exhaust emissions of such properties. Fuel, like a hydrocarbon composition, volatility, density, cetane number etc., as well as those included in the fuel of oxygen-containing compounds (oxidants) or biofuels. In this section, we consider the first question. The last topic is discussed in more detail in the accompanying article published in the same journal. [...]
Nitrogen and sulfur cymp are increasingly affected by industrial air pollution. Nitrogen oxides (N0 and N02) and sulfur (50g) appear during these cycles, but only as intermediate stages and are present in most hostedness in very low concentrations. The burning of fossil fuels has greatly increased the content of volatile oxides in the air, especially in cities; In such a concentration, they are already hazardous for biotic components of ecosystems. In 1966, these oxides were about a third of the total number of (125 million tons) industrial emissions in the United States, the main source of God - thermal power plants operating on the corner, and the main source N02 - automobile motors. L), and nitrogen oxides are harmful, falling into the respiratory paths of higher animals and man. As a result of chemical reactions of these gases with other pollutants, the harmful effects of those and others are aggravated (a kind of synergism is observed). The development of new types of internal combustion engines, cleaning fuel from sulfur and the transition from thermal power plants to atomic will eliminate these serious disorders in nitrogen and sulfur circulation. We note in brackets that such changes in the methods of energy production by man nominated other problems that need to think in advance (see ch. 16). [...]
This circumstance predetermines the following argument in favor of domestic hydrogen energy. It consists in the need for a global approach to solving such problems. The trend towards the universal integration of the trade and eco-nomic system is such that requires the analysis of the global market for the overwhelming nomenclature of goods and services. Under these conditions, Russia can no longer be escaped from global industrial and trade and economic ties. It is impossible not to be considered, without carrying major material and moral losses, with increasingly stringent environmental requirements enshrined by national and international legislation. The Clean Air Act, adopted by the US Congress, already mentioned above tightening the chemical composition of the exhaust gas of air and land transport in Western Europe and other regions of the planet, as well as a number of other legislative measures are essentially the basis for the Global Environment Code. There is a need to create a national concept of using hydrogen in the country's fuel base as an environmentally friendly fuel for air and ground transport. Such a concept and the relevant national program can be developed as part of the conversion of defense industries. [...]
In the study of environmental pollution by emissions of a non-industrial enterprise, only those chemicals that on the basis of technological process They can be considered priority over gross emission into atmospheric air or wastewater. Meanwhile, a significant part of the initial and final productions has a sufficiently high reactivity. Therefore, there is reason to assume that these compounds interact not only at the stage of the process. It is impossible to exclude the possibility of such interaction in the air of industrial premises, from where the newly educated products, as unorganized emissions, fall into atmospheric air. New chemicals can be obtained as a result of chemical and photochemical reactions in contaminated atmospheric air, as well as in water and soil. An example is the formation of new chemicals from the products of incomplete combustion of the fuel that is part of the exhaust gases of cars. Currently, the paths of photochemical oxidation of these products are fully studied. The possibility of pollution of atmospheric air with qualitatively new chemicals, not specified in the technological regulations of the studied enterprises.
City residents often talk about ecology, and basically they scold her. In principle, there are a lot of reasons for that, but especially often talk about exhaust gases. So, what exactly breathes the city and what hides in itself the smell of exhaust gases?
Often the exhaust gases call all emissions to the city atmosphere, including boiler houses, factories and other industrial enterprises. In fact, this term correctly call only transport emissions that appear as a result of fuel recycling. They are also called outgoing gases. Exhaust gases are the product of the engine of internal combustion engines, and, given the rapid increase in the number of transport over the past 50 years and, in particular, the increase in personal vehicles in cities, exhaust gases in the air of the cities settled seriously and for a long time, and the amount of them only grows.
Now it is precipitating gases that are the main cause of air pollution in the city and constantly affect human health. So, with terminology figured out, let's find out that it is regularly supplying cars to our atmosphere than it is dangerous and how to protect yourself if you feel the smell of exhaust gases in the apartment.
All cars are ejected to carcinogens and toxic substances. The composition of the car exhaust gases varies depending on the type of engine, gasoline or diesel, but the main set remains the same.
So, the automotive exhaust gases include:
| Component | Volumetric share B. gasoline engine,% |
Volumetric share B. diesel engine,% |
Toxicity |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nitrogen | 74–77 | 76–78 | non-toxic |
| Oxygen | 0,3–8 | 2–18 | non-toxic |
| Water par | 3–5,5 | 0,5–4 | non-toxic |
| Carbon dioxide | 5–12 | 1–10 | non-toxic |
| Carbon oxide | 0,1–10 | 0,01–5 | toxic |
| Hydrocarbons | 0,2–3 | 0,009–0,5 | toxic |
| Aldehydes | 0–2 | 0,001–0,009 | toxic |
| sulphur dioxide | 0–0,002 | 0–0,03 | toxic |
| Soot, g / m3 | 0–0,04 | 0,1–1,1 | toxic |
| Benzapiren, g / m3 | 0,01–0,02 | 0–0,01 | toxic |
As can be seen, the composition of exhaust gases is rather diverse, and most of the components are toxic. Now let's figure out what exhaust gases per person affect the effect.
Effect of exhaust gases on the human body
Car exhaust gases can harm health, and serious enough. First of all, carbon oxide or carbon monoxide, which we already have no taste and smell, but at high concentration causes dizziness, headache, nausea, can lead to fainting.
Sulfur gasoline and sulfur oxide created by him is one of the reasons for the strong smell of exhaust gases. The fact is that sulfur dioxide molecules are very significantly affected by olfactory receptors, so this smell is felt even at low concentration, and a more concentrated "aroma" overlaps all other odors for a person's nose, which can confirm anyone who lied in the house of matches. Ethyl gasolines enrich the air lead. The number of such exhaust gases and harm to the health that they are applied, made lead one of the most famous poisoning components in the atmosphere. Currently, such gasoline as fuel for cars is no longer used, but for quite a long time his couples filled all major cities. The hydrocarbons in the emissions of cars are oxidized when the sun rays come under the action and form toxic compounds with a sharp odor, which are particularly strongly affected at the operation of the upper respiratory tract and lead to exacerbations of chronic respiratory diseases.
The harm from the car's exhaust gases is largely explained by carcinogens - soot and benzopyrins, which contribute to the development of tumors, especially malignant.
Considering the exhaust gases and the harm that they bring, you need to add about the influence of this chemical cocktail entirely: long-term contact with exhaust gases leads to death, in particular, from poisoning specifically carbon black gas. The greatest danger of these emissions consists in their quantity, prevalence and small particle size, which allows the exhaust to pass through the natural barriers of the body and fall into the lungs. With the constant effects of exhaust gases on the body, immunodeficiency may develop, bronchitis, suffer from brain vessels, nervous system and other organs. In addition, most of the toxic substances included in the exhaust gases can interact with each other and with other components of the atmosphere, which contributes to the formation of smog.
All those who passed the Botany school, know - the plants are breathing too. And, like any breathing organism, feel pollution by exhaust gases on yourself. The smallest particles of harmful compounds fall into the body of the plant and poison it, so very often in the urban feature big roads Or parking laws and trees look sluggishly, quickly yellow or die.
Air pollution by exhaust gases has significantly affected the composition of atmospheric precipitation. It is thanks to the activities of the transport that acid rains appear, colored fogs or snow fifty shades of black. Naturally, the air is somewhat cleaned due to precipitation, but all the assembled dirt falls into the soil, causing overall pollution of the exhaust gas. The same compounds and heavy metals through the soil are further applied, falling into animal feed and grown agricultural crops, and therefore polluting not only nature, but also re-man. Of course, to panic about this will be superfluous, however, with this contamination of the atmosphere by exhaust gases, it is worth taking care of their health.
How to protect yourself from exhaust gases
We get the greatest harm of exhaust gases while being in traffic jams, where it simply has nowhere to run away from automotive emissions. In such a situation, if there is no respirator or gas mask at hand, inhaling exhausts still have, however, you can close the nose and mouth with a handkerchief or scarf. Fully, it will not protect you from exhaust, but at least somewhat smoothes the situation. With constant exposure of exhausts, it is worth diversifying their menu by antioxidants, which are contained in berries, fruits, green vegetables and green tea, as well as in seeds, and drink more water, as it contributes to detoxification. Such "dope" helps the body to cope with the effects of inhalation of a chemical cocktail and supports health.
Exhaust gases in the apartment are clearly unwanted guests, but they often penetrate our homes if there are roads or parking spaces under them or near them. If there is no possibility or desire to move to the Lono of Nature away from roads, you can create safe zones in the house. To understand how to protect against exhaust gases in the apartment, you need to determine the source of their appearance. In the absolute majority of exhaust cases penetrate through windows. In this case, the best solution will be sealed glass windows, and ventilating with high-quality
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The effect on the atmosphere of exhaust gases is an urgent environmental problem. Many people use cars and do not even guess how much air is poisoned. To assess the damage, it is worth examining the composition of exhaust gases and the consequences of their environmental impact.
What exhaust gases consist of
Car exhaust gases are formed during the engine operation, as well as with incomplete or complete combustion of the fuel used. In total, more than two hundred different components are found in them: some exist for just a few minutes, others decompose and twist in the air for a long time.
Classification
All exhausts by properties, components and the degree of environmental impacts and the human body are divided into several groups:
- The first group combines all substances that do not have toxic properties. This includes water vapors, as well as natural and inalienable components of atmospheric air, inevitably penetrating car engines. This category includes CO2-carbon dioxide emissions, which is also non-toxic, but reduces oxygen concentration in the air.
- The second group of components of automotive exhaust exhaust gases includes carbon oxide, that is, carbon monoxide. It is a product of incomplete combustion of fuel and has pronounced poisoning and toxic properties. This substance, falling into the human body when inhalation, penetrates blood and react with hemoglobin. As a result, the concentration of oxygen is strongly reduced, hypoxia occurs, and in severe cases and death.
- The third group covers nitrogen oxides that have a brown tint, an unpleasant caustic smell. Such substances are dangerous for a person, as they can irritate the mucous membranes and hit the shell of internal organs, especially the lungs.
- The fourth group of the components of the exhaust gases is the most numerous and includes hydrocarbons that appear due to the incomplete combustion of the fuel used in the car engines. And it is precisely such substances form a bluish or light white smoke.
- The fifth group of exhaust components is represented by aldehydes. The highest concentrations of these substances are observed with minimal loads or with the so-called idle course, when the temperature of combustion in the engine is distinguished by low indicators.
- The sixth group of components of exhaust automotive gases is various dispersed particles, including soot. They are considered to wear the wear of engine parts, and may also include particles of oils, aerosols, nagar. The soot itself is not dangerous, but it can settle in the respiratory tract and worsen visibility with exhaust.
- The seventh group of substances included in the exhaust gases are various sulfur compounds formed during combustion in fuels of fuels containing sulfur (they are primarily a diesel). Such components have a sharp characteristic odor, and they are able to provide irritating effect on mucous membranes, as well as violate metabolic processes and oxidative reactions.
- The eighth group is different lead connections. They appear during the operation of carburetor engines, subject to the use of ethyl gasoline with additives, contributing to the increase in octane number.
The effects of exposure of exhaust gases
The effect of exhaust gases on human health, ecology and atmosphere is extremely destructive. First of all, harmful emissions formed during the combustion of fuel in car engines are strongly contaminated by air, forming. Some small and light particles are able to rise and reach atmospheric layers, changing their composition and sealing structure.
Exhaust gases are one of the reasons for the greenhouse effect, which is developing a rapid pace and represents a real threat to ecology and all mankind. It causes weather anomalies, warming, melting glaciers, an increase in the world's ocean.
Another direction of the negative effect of exhaust gases is to promote acid rain. Recently, they began to go more and more and badly harm the ecosystem. The drop-down precipitations with high acidity change the composition of the soil, which can make it unsuitable for growing plants and growing crops.
Flora suffers greatly: it rains literally corrupt foliage and fruit. Also, acid precipitates are harmful and dangerous for a person: they have an annoying and toxic effects on the skin, the scalp.
Extremely dangerous exposure to car exhausts and for the human body. Gas components almost immediately fall into the respiratory system, the mucous membranes of lungs and bronchi irritate, disturb and oppress the respiratory functions, and also cause a number of chronic diseases, including asthma and bronchitis. But the substances from the respiratory tract are absorbed into the blood and change its composition, for example, significantly reduce oxygen concentration. Also, the compounds penetrate all tissues and organs, and some are able to cause rebirth and mutation of cells in the future, their destruction.
How to avoid the serious consequences of the influence of exhaust
To minimize the dangerous and serious consequences of the negative impact of automotive exhaust gases, a number of measures should be taken:
- Competent, rational and moderate operation of automotive vehicles. Do not allow long work At idle, avoid driving at high speeds, if possible, refuse the car in favor of use public transport, namely trolleybuses and trams.
- The most effective way is the refusal of oil-containing fuels and the transition to alternative energy sources. In the past few years, scientists have begun to develop cars operating on electricity and even solar panels.
- Constantly monitor the serviceability of the car, and especially behind the state of the engine and all its parts, as well as at the work of the exhaust system.
- Available modern meanswhich reduces the concentration of harmful substances in car exhausts. These include the so-called catalytic neutralizers Exhaust gases. If applying them constantly, then emissions will be less dangerous for the atmosphere and humanity.
Using the car, each owner must take care not only about its health, but also about the influence of transport and exhaust on health and the environment. Only in this case will be able to avoid sad consequences.
The main sources of car emissions are the internal combustion engine, evaporation of fuel through the ventilation system fuel tank, as well as chassis: as a result of rubbing tires about road coveringWear brake shoes And corrosion of metal parts, regardless of the emissions of the engine, particles of fine dust are formed. In the erosion of the catalyst, platinum, palladium and rhodium are highlighted, and the clutch linings are also released toxic substances, such as lead, copper and antimony. For these secondary car emissions, limit values \u200b\u200bmust also be installed.
Harmful substances
Fig. The composition of exhaust gases
The composition of the exhaust (exhaust) gases of the car includes many substances or groups of substances. The predominant part of the OG components are non-union, contained in the usual air gases. As shown in the figure, only a small part of the OG is harmful to the environment and human health. Despite this, it is necessary to further reduce the concentration of toxic components of og. Although modern cars today give a very pure exhaust (in Euro-5 cars, it even in some aspects even the cleaner of the air), a huge number of operated cars, which only in Germany there are about 56 million units, ejects a significant amount of substances poisonous and harmful to health. Reassemble the situation is designed by new technologies and the introduction of more stringent requirements for ecology.
Carbon Oxide (CO)
Carbon oxide (carbon monoxide) CO - gas without color and smell. This is a poison for the respiratory system, disturbing the function of central nervous and cardiovascular systems. In the human body, he binds red blood tales and causes oxygen starvation, which in a short time leads to death from choking. Already at concentration in the air, 0.3% by volume, the carbon monoxide is killed in a very short time. The action depends on the concentration of CO in the air, from the duration and depth of inhalation. Only in a medium with zero concentration CO, it can be removed from the body through the lungs.
Carbon oxide always occurs with a lack of oxygen and in case of incomplete combustion.
Hydrocarbons (CH)
Hydrocarbons are thrown into the atmosphere in the form of unburned fuel. They have an irritant effect on the mucous membranes and human respiration organs. Further optimization of the engine's workflow is possible only by improving production technologies and deepening knowledge of combustion processes.
Hydrocarbon compounds occur in the form of paraffins, olefins, flavors, aldehydes (especially formaldehydes) and polycyclic compounds. Experimentally proved carcinogenic and mutagenic properties of more than 20 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which due to their small size are capable of penetrating to the pulmonary bubbles. The most dangerous hydrocarbon compounds are benzene (C6H6), toluene (methylbenzene) and xylene (dimethylbenzene, the general formula C6H4 (CH3) 2). For example, benzene can cause human picture picture changes and lead to blood cancer (leukemia).
The reason for the emission of hydrocarbons into the atmosphere is always incomplete combustion of fuel, lack of oxygen, and with a very depleted mixture - too slow combustion of fuel.
Nitrogen oxides (NO)
At high combustion temperature (more than 1100 ° C), the reactive inert nitrogen contained in the air is activated and reacts with free oxygen in the combustion chamber, forming oxides. They are very harmful to the environment: become the causes of the formation of smog, the death of forests, falling out acidic rains; Also nitrogen oxides are transitional substances for ozone formation. They are poison for blood, cause cancer. In the process of combustion, various nitrogen oxides arise - NO, NO2, N2O, N2O5- having a general designation NOX. When connecting them with water, nitrogen (HNO3) and nitrogen (HNO2) acid occur (HNO2). Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) - red-brown poisonous gas with a caustic smell, irritating respiratory organs and forming compounds with hemoglobin blood.
This is the most problematic of all nitrogen oxides and in the future there will be separate norms for permissible concentration. The share of NO2 in the total emissions of nitrogen oxides in the future should be less than 20%. In 1999/30 / EG Directive, since 2010, the maximum permissible concentration of N02 is set at 40 μg / m. Compliance with this limit concentration is making special requirements for protection against harmful emissions.
The most favorable conditions for the formation of nitrogen oxides are the high combustion temperature of the depleted fuel and air mixture. OG recirculation systems make it possible to reduce the share of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust of cars.
Sulfur oxides (SOX)
Sulfur oxides are formed from sulfur-contained in the fuel. In the process of combustion, sulfur reacts with oxygen and water, forming sulfur oxides, sulfur (H2SO4) and sulfur (H2SO3) acid. Sulfur oxide is the main component of acid rain and the cause of the death of forests. It is a water-soluble food gas, the impact of which on the human body is manifested in redness, swelling and strengthening the secretion of wet mucous membranes of the eyes and the upper respiratory tract. Sulfur dioxide affects mucous nasopharynx, bronchi and eyes. Most often, the place of "attacks" of sulfur dioxide are bronchi. The strong irritant effect on the respiratory tract is due to the formation of sulfuric acid in a humid environment. Ducts of the respiratory tract fall in fine dust sulfur dioxide SO2 and sulfuric acid aerosol. The most sensitive react to the growing concentration of sulfur dioxide in the air of asthmatics and small children. High sulfur content in fuel reduces the service life of gasoline engine catalysts.
The decrease in sulfur dioxide emissions is realized by limiting the sulfur content in the fuel. The goal is a fuel that does not contain sulfur.
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
The consequences of the impact of this gas on organic life are not entirely clear to science, but it is known that a person is able to cause severe poisoning. In severe cases, the threat of choking, loss of consciousness and paralysis of the central nervous system arises. In chronic poisoning, irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract is observed. The smell of hydrogen sulfide is per capita in the concentration of it in the air in the amount of 0.025 ml / m3.
Hydrogen sulfide in exhaust gases occurs under certain conditions, and, despite the presence of a catalyst, and depends on the sulfur content in the fuel.
Ammonia (NH3)
Inhalation of ammonia leads to an irritation of respiratory tract, coughing, shortness of breath and suffocation. Also ammonia causes inflammatory redness on the skin. The direct poisoning of the ammonia rarely happens, since even its large quantities turn into urea. With direct inhalation of a large amount of ammonia, the functions of the lungs are often violated for many years. This is especially dangerous to this eye gas. With the strong impact of ammonia, the cornea and blindness may occur to the eyes.
Under certain conditions, ammonia may even form in the catalyst. At the same time, ammonia turns out to be useful as a reducing agent for SCR catalysts.
Sale and particles
Soot - It is pure carbon and an undesirable product of the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. The reason for the formation of soot is the lack of oxygen during combustion or premature cooling of the combined gases. Say particles are often associated with unburned fuel residues and motor oil, as well as water, wear products of engine parts, sulfates and ashes. Particles are very different from each other in shape and size.
Table. Classification of particles
The table shows the classification and dimensions of the particles. Most often, particles with a diameter of about 100 nanometers (0.0000001 m or 0.1 μm) are formed. Such particles are capable of falling into light people. With agglutination (gluing), the particles of soot with each other and other components mass, the number and distribution of particles in the air can change significantly. The main components of the particles are presented in the figure.
Fig. Basic components of particles
Thanks to its spongy structure, the soot particles can capture both organic and inorganic substances formed when combustion of fuel in the engine cylinders. As a result, the mass of soot particles may increase three times. These will not be separate carbon particles, but the correct shape of the agglomerates resulting from molecular attraction. The size of such agglomerates can reach 1 microns. Sale emissions and other particles occur particularly actively when combustion of diesel fuel. These emissions are considered carcinogenic. Dangerous nanoparticles are quantitatively a large proportion of particles, but by mass make up only a small percentage. For this reason, it is proposed to limit the content of particles in the exhaust mass, but by quantity and distribution. In the future, differentiation is provided between the particle size and their distribution.
Fig. Composition of particles
Emissions of particles during the operation of gasoline engines for two to three orders of magnitude lower than when working diesel engines. However, these particles are detected even in the exhaust of gasoline engines with direct injection Fuel. Therefore, there are proposals to limit the limit content of particles in the exhaust gases of cars. Sublimation is a direct transition of a substance from a solid state into a gaseous, and vice versa. Sublemate is called a solid gas precipitate when cooling it.
Small dust
When operating internal combustion engines, especially small particles are also formed - dust. It consists mainly of particles of polycyclic hydrocarbons, heavy metals and sulfur compounds. A piece of dust fractions can penetrate into the lungs, other fractions in the lungs do not penetrate. The fraction is less than 7 microns with a size of more than 7 microns, as they are filtered out by their own filtration system of the human body.
Different percentage of smaller fractions (less than 7 microns) penetrate bronchi and pulmonary bubbles (alveoli), causing local irritation. In the field of pulmonary bubbles, soluble components fall into the blood. The organism's own filtering system copes not with all fractions of small dust. Atmospheric dust pollution is also called aerosols. They can be in a solid or liquid state and, depending on the size, may have a different period of existence. When moving, the smallest particles can be connected to larger with a relatively stable period of existence in the atmosphere. Such properties mainly have particles with a diameter of 0.1 μm to 1 μm.
When evaluating the formation of shallow dust as a result of work car Engine It should be distinguished this dust from dust that is generated naturally: pollen plants, road dust, sand and many other substances. It is impossible to underestimate such sources of small dust in cities as brake pad wear and tires. So the exhaust of diesel engines is not the only "source" of dust in the atmosphere.
Blue and white smoke
Blue smoke It occurs during the operation of the diesel engine at temperatures below 180 ° C due to the smallest condensed oil droplets. At temperatures above 180 ° C, these droplets evaporate. Unburned hydrocarbon components of fuel are involved in the formation of blue smoke and at temperatures from 70 ° C to 100 ° C. A large amount of blue smoke indicates a large wear of the cylindroport group, rods and guide valve sleeves. Too late the exhibited start of supplying fuel can also cause the formation of blue smoke.
White smoke consists of a water vapor arising during fuel combustion and becoming noticeable at temperatures below 70 ° C. Especially characteristic of the appearance white smoke Forkamer and dramatic diesel engines after cold start. The cause of white smoke is also unburned hydrocarbon components and condensates.
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Carbon dioxide - It is a colorless, non-combustible, sour taste gas. Sometimes it is mistakenly called coal acid. The density of CO2 is approximately 1.5 times higher than air density. Carbon dioxide is an integral part of an air exhaled air (3-4%) when inhaled air containing 4-6% CO2, a person has headaches, noise in ears and heartbeats, and at higher concentrations of CO2 (8-10%) The attacks of suffocation, loss of consciousness and stop breathing. At a concentration of more than 12%, death comes from oxygen starvation. For example, the burning candle is drunk at a CO2 concentration of 8-10% by volume. Although carbon dioxide and refers to suffocating substances, but as an engine exhaust component is not considered to be poisonous. The problem is that carbon dioxide, as shown in the figure, significantly contributes to the global greenhouse effect.
Fig. Gas share in greenhouse effect
Together with it, the development of the greenhouse effect contributes to methane, nitrogen rushing (funny gas, diazot oxide), fluorocarditances and sulfur hexafluoride. Carbon dioxide, water vapor and microgase affect the radiation balance of the Earth. Gaza passes visible light, but absorb heat reflected from the earth's surface. Without this heat deploying capacity, the average temperature on the ground surface would be about -15 ° C.
This is called a natural greenhouse effect. With an increase in the concentration of microgas in the atmosphere, the proportion of the absorbed heat radiation is growing and an additional greenhouse effect occurs. According to experts, by 2050, the average temperature on Earth will grow by + 4 ° C. This can lead to an increase in sea level by more than 30 cm, as a result of which mountain glaciers and polar ice "caps" will begin to melt, the direction of marine currents will change (including Golf Stream), air flows will change, and the sea will flood huge sushi spaces. This is what the greenhouse gases formed during the activities of people can lead to.
The total anthropogenic emissions of CO2 are 27.5 billion tons per year. At the same time, Germany belongs to the largest sources of CO2 in the world. Energy-conditioned CO2 emissions are on average about a billion tons per year. It is about 5% of the entire CO2 produced in the world. The middle family of 3 people in Germany produces 32.1 tons of CO2 per year. CO2 emissions can only be reduced by reducing energy and fuel consumption. While the energy is mined by burning fossil carriers The problem of the formation of an excessive amount of carbon dioxide will persist. Therefore, urgently need to search for alternative energy sources. The automotive industry is intensively working on solving this problem. However, it is possible to deal with the greenhouse effect on a global scale. Even if, within the EU, great progress will be achieved in reducing carbon dioxide emissions, in other countries in the coming years can, on the contrary, there is a significant increase in the number of emissions. The United States with a large margin is leading in the production of greenhouse gases, both in absolute terms and in terms of per capita. Having a stake in the population of the Earth is only 4.6%, they produce 24% of world carbon dioxide emissions. It is about twice as much as in China, whose share in the population of the Earth is 20.6%. 130 million cars in the United States (this is less than 20% of the total number of cars on the planet) produce as much carbon dioxide as the entire industry of Japan is the fourth country in the world of CO2 emissions.
Without additional measures to protect the climate, global CO2 emissions will increase by 2020 by 39% (relative to 2004) and will be 32.4 billion tons per year. In the next 15 years, carbon dioxide emissions will increase by 13% and exceed 6 billion tons. China should expect an increase in CO2 emissions by 58% to 5.99 billion tons, and 107% in India, up to 2.29 billion t. In the EU countries, on the contrary, the increase will be only about one percent.
As a result of the engine internal combustion engine, which is equipped with each modern car, the bicarbonate fuel is combustion, and a huge amount of various chemical compounds is thrown into the atmosphere. Starting from the mid-60s of the last century, the emission of exhaust gases began to worry many people. From this point on, the struggle of mankind begins for the maximum possible reduction in these emissions.
The problem associated with the greenhouse effect
Climatic changes at the global level are one of the important features of the XXI century. In many ways, these changes are due to the activities of humanity, in particular, in recent decades, greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere have significantly increased. The main source of emissions are car exhaust gases, 30% of which are greenhouse.
Greenhouse gases exist in vivo and are designed to regulate the temperature of our blue planet, but even a minor increase in their amount in the atmosphere can lead to serious global consequences.
The most dangerous greenhouse gas is CO2, or carbon dioxide. It comes about 80% of all emissions, most of which are associated with fuel burning in car engines. Carbon dioxide remains for a long time in an atmosphere in an active condition, which increases its danger.
Car - the main air pollutant
One of the main sources of carbon dioxide are car exhaust. In addition to CO2, they are thrown into the atmosphere of carbon monoxide CO, the remains of hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, sulfur and lead compounds, as well as solid particles. All these compounds in huge quantities fall into the air, lead to a global increase in temperature and the emergence of serious diseases in people living in large cities.
Moreover, different cars The exhaust gases of different composition are ejected, it all depends on the type of fuel used, for example gasoline or diesel fuel. Thus, when combustion of gasoline, a whole bouquet of chemical compounds occurs, which consist mainly of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and lead connections. The exhaust of diesel engines contain soot, which leads to the formation of smog, unburned hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and sulfuric anhydride.
Thus, the harm to the exhaust gases is undoubted. Currently, work is underway to reduce the amount of emissions by each car, as well as replacing the use of gasoline alternative and more environmentally friendly energy sources, such as solar or wind energy. Much attention is paid to hydrogen fuel, the result of combustion of which is the usual water vapor.
Effect of human health emissions
The harm that the exhaust gases of human health can be very serious.
First of all, the carbon monoxide is dangerous, which causes loss of consciousness and even death if its concentration in the atmosphere is raised. In addition to it is harmful sulfur oxides and lead connections that fly out in a large number of exhaust pipe Auto. Sulfur and lead are known for their strong poisoning effect and can remain in the body for a long time.
Hydrocarbons and particles of soot, which also fall into the atmosphere as a result of partial combustion of fuel in the engine, are able to cause severe diseases of the respiratory system, including the development of malignant tumors.
The constant and prolonged effect of exhaust gases on the body leads to the weakening of human immunity, bronchitis. The harm is applied with blood vessels and nervous system.
Car exhaust gases
Currently, in all countries of the world, cars undergo a mandatory verification for compliance with established environmental standards. In most cases, the following exhaust gases are called, the harm of ecology on which is maximum:
- carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide;
- different hydrocarbon residues.
However, modern standards of developed countries of the world also provide requirements for the level of nitrogen oxides emitted into the atmosphere and to the system of controlling the process of fuel fuel from the fuel tank.
Carbon dioxide (CO)
Of all environmental pollutants, carbon dioxide is the most dangerous, since it does not have a color or smell. Harm for the health of the exhaust gas of cars is significant, so, its concentration in the air is only 0.5% able to cause a person with a loss of consciousness and subsequent death for 10-15 minutes, and such a concentration, as 0.04%, leads to the occurrence of headaches .
This product of the internal combustion engine is formed in large quantities when the gasoline mixture is rich in hydrocarbons and poor oxygen. In this case, there is incomplete combustion of fuel and CO is formed. The problem can be solved by correctly setting the carburetor, replacing or cleaning the dirty air filter, adjustment of the valves, injected the combustible mixture, and some other measure.
A large amount of CO in exhaust gases is distinguished during the car warming up, since its engine is cold and incinerates partially gasoline mix. Therefore, the heating of the car should be carried out in a well-ventilated room or outdoors.
Hydrocarbons and organic oils
Hydrocarbons that do not go in the engine, as well as evaporating organic oils are substances that determine the main harm of car exhaust gases for the environment. By themselves, these chemical compounds are not dangerous, however, falling into the atmosphere, they react with other substances under the influence of sunlight, and the compounds obtained cause a thread in their eyes, breathing difficult. In addition, hydrocarbons are the main cause of smog in large cities.
A decrease in the amount of hydrocarbons in exhaust gases is achieved by setting the carburetor so that it prepares and not a poor, and not rich mixture, as well as the constant control of the reliability of the compression rings in the engine cylinders and the adjustment of the spark plugs. Complete combustion of hydrocarbons leads to the formation of carbon dioxide and water vapor, which are harmless substances for both ecology and a person.
Azoto oxides
About 78% of atmospheric air consists of nitrogen. It is quite an inert gas, but at a fuel combustion temperatures above 1300 ° C, nitrogen is split into separate atoms and react with oxygen, forming various types of oxides.
The harm of exhaust gases for human health is also associated with these oxides. In particular, the respiratory system suffers the strongest. At high concentrations and long-term action of nitrogen oxide, headaches and acute bronchitis can cause. Harmful oxides for the environment. Finding into the atmosphere, they form could and destroy the ozone layer.
To reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides, a special system of gas emissions recycling, the principle of operation of which lies in maintaining the engine temperature below the formation of these oxides.
Evaporation of fuel
A simple evaporation of fuel from the tank can become one of the serious sources of environmental pollution. In this regard, the last few decades are manufactured by special tanks, the design of which is designed to solve this problem.
The fuel tank should also "breathe". For this purpose, a special system is invented, which lies in the fact that the cavity itself is connected by hoses with a tank, which is filled with activated carbon. This coal is able to absorb the emerging pairs of fuel when the car does not work. As soon as the engine starts, the appropriate hole opens and the pair absorbed by coal is entered into the engine.
Behind the performance of the entire system from the tank and hoses must be constantly monitored, since there may be a fuel vapor leakage that will pollute the environment.
Solving the problem of emissions in major cities
Tens of thousands of factories are concentrated in large modern cities, millions of people live and hundreds of thousands of cars go through the streets. All this greatly pollutes the atmosphere, which became the main problem of the XXI century. To solve it, the city authorities introduce a number of administrative and measures.
So, in 2003, a protocol against pollution was adopted in London by car Environment. According to this protocol from drivers who go through the central areas of the city, an additional fee of 10 pounds of sterling is charged. In 2008, London authorities approved new lawwhich has become more effectively regulating the movement of trucks, buses and personal cars through the central part of the city by setting the upper high speed threshold for them. These measures led to a reduction in the content of harmful gases in the atmosphere over London by 12%.
Since the 2000s, such measures have been adopted in many millionic cities. Among them are the following:
- Tokyo;
- Berlin;
- Athens;
- Madrid;
- Paris;
- Stockholm;
- Brussels and others.
The opposite effect of the law against pollution
The fight against car exhaust gases is not a simple task, which brightly demonstrates an example of the two most dirtiest cities on the planet: Mexico City and Beijing.
Since 1989, the law has been operating in the capital of Mexico, according to which it is forbidden to use personal car For certain days of the week. At first, this law began to bring positive results and gas emissions decreased, but after a while, residents began to acquire the second used cars, thanks to which they began to ride every day on personal transport, replacing one car to others during the week. This situation worsened even stronger the state of the urban atmosphere.
Such a situation is observed in the capital of China. According to 2015, about 80% of Beijing residents have several cars that allow them to move every day on them. In addition, this metropolis is recorded a huge number of violations of the law against pollution.
