Traditional medicine not only does not exclude the need for the use of medicines used in traditional medicine, but also should be an addition and, in the aggregate, represent a single system, thanks to which a person should be alive and well. But, in a person's life anything can happen, and diseases, ailments, injuries can overtake a person in the most inappropriate place and at the most inopportune time.
Thus, a number of communities around the world face these critical situations... However, about half of these dramas could have been avoided if there had been a person at the crash site who was capable of delivering rescue signals correctly and in a timely manner before the arrival of a professional. medical care.
At the moment the course is 10 hours long and has practical content with the following topics. Protection; signaling; Emergency releases; Psychological support; A state of evil; Chest pain; Bloating choking; Strangulation of children; The unconscious; Cardio-respiratory arrest for adults; Cardio-respiratory arrest in a child; Cardio-respiratory arrest for a child; Plague; Serious complaints; Limb injury; Back, neck, or head injury; bleeding; Simple burns; Serious burns. This certificate is also recognized by the European Center for First Aid, and the courses conducted by the Red Cross in Moldova comply with European standards in this area.
Such a place and time can be various hikes or travels at a fairly remote location from civilization, which has pharmacies and various medical institutionswhere you can buy medicines and where you can provide qualified medical care.
When going on a hike, you need to take care of medications and supplies that can be useful in restoring human health in emergency cases... Consider 3 compositions of medical kitsthat you need to have on the hike.
To register for first aid, contact your local Red Cross branch. Significant improvements can be achieved if more people gain knowledge of first aid. It is necessary not only to develop the means of intervention and the effectiveness of care services, but also to develop the ability of each person to preserve and protect life, including his own, for the benefit of his family and society.
Everyone can protect and save lives. First aid is a state of mind, an action-oriented attitude, and a set of actions and practices that focus on preventing, preparing for, and responding to emergencies. These situations can include illness, epidemics, heart attacks, traffic accidents, internal injuries, etc.
1. Individual first aid kit, which must be available to every participant in the hike and contain the simplest means for first aid.
2., which includes medications in cases of emergency medical care.
3. Basic first aid kit, which is necessary for extensive medical care, during long hikes, from several weeks to several months.
IN emergency situations the goal of an immediate response is to reduce the health effects of these conditions in order to stabilize and treat the victim while professional help will not become available or necessary. The ultimate goal of first aid programs should be the adoption of healthier and safer lifestyles by the vast majority of people and communities.
First aid is information, training and action. “Please watch out for street crossings” is a first aid message as well as an emergency alert. Hand washing is just as important as caring for an unconscious victim. but important information and actions are not the only components; There is also an inner psychological dimension and an undeniable ethical foundation. The first helper brings human warmth that helps to promote a more tolerant society.
Now let's take a closer look at the contents of each of the first aid kits.
Individual first aid kit
- Individual dressing bag or sterile bandage - 1 pc.
- Non-sterile bandage - 1pc.
- Iodine - 1 bottle
- Bactericidal plaster - 2-3 pcs.
- Analgin or citramone - 10 tab.
Here is the minimum that must be mandatory. But, individual first aid kit can be replenished by each of the participants, depending on what problems he has in this or that period of his life.
First aid recipients offer a model of society that crosses borders, where the rule is mutual help, where men and women who are suffering receive help regardless of nationality, religion or ethnicity, simply because human dignity must be respected. A warm smile, a pleasant touch, and an attentive gaze can make all the difference.
First Aid fosters a sense of solidarity, generosity and altruism that exists in each of us and gives a new dimension to the spirit of the community. We are all interested because we are all vulnerable, and yet we can all protect and save lives. General principles first aid.
We will display the rest of the first aid kits in the tables, as they require more detailed consideration.
First aid kit
| P / p No. | Medicines | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sterile and non-sterile bandages | Dressings for various injuries: sterile - for cleaning wounds, non-sterile - for dressing. |
| 2 | Elastic bandage | It is used for sprains. |
| 3 | Harness | It is used to stop bleeding. |
| 4 | Bactericidal plaster in a roll | It has an antiseptic effect on abrasions, scratches, small cuts in the skin. |
| 5 | Hydrogen peroxide | It is used as a disinfectant, decolorizing and oxidizing agent. |
| 6 | Iodine or brilliant green | Disinfectants for treating wounds. |
| 7 | Analgin, baralgin | Analgesics are medicinal substances of natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic origin, designed to relieve pain. |
| 8 | No-shpa and bellalgin | Antispasmodics are medicinal substances that relieve spasms of the smooth muscles of internal organs, blood vessels that disrupt various functions of human organs. |
| 9 | Activated carbon | It has an enterosorbent, detoxifying and antidiarrheal effect. |
| 10 | Potassium permanganate | Antiseptic |
| 11 | Validol | It is used as a sedative and mild vasodilator. |
| 12 | Ammonia | An aqueous solution of ammonia - when inhaled, it reflexively has an exciting effect on the respiratory center, acting through the receptors of the upper respiratory tract. |
| 13 | Panthenol | Used for burns |
| 14 | Fenkarol / Suprastin / Tavegil | Antihistamines - drugs for allergies |
More detailed information you can read about the above drugs in the following table, which is called:
These principles apply to any situation where the first officer intervenes. Before any participation in an action, the first person must assess the emergency, first of all, the issues of danger that threaten or affect her, the victim or bystanders.
Protection from danger and possible re-emergence should be the first and foremost concern for the first officer. If there is a danger to the first officer, protection and rescue must be performed by specialized forces. The actions of the first helper should not aggravate the victim's condition and should provide a stabilizing or beneficial effect on the situation of the victim and bystanders, preventing or limiting the development of complications.
Basic first aid kit for extended medical care
| P / p No. | Medicines | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Dressing materials | ||
| 1 | Sterile bandage | 4 packages. It is used for interactive wound therapy in a humid environment, for continuous wound cleaning. |
| 2 | Non-sterile bandage | 4 packages. It is used as a ready-made surgical dressing for dressing. |
| 3 | Elastic bandage | 1-2 packages. It is used for applying compression bandages for varicose veins, fixing joints, treating chronic thrombophlebitis, traumatic edema, sprains. |
| 4 | Sterile wipes | 2 packs. They are used for use as ready-made surgical dressings, for dressing, draining wounds, during dressings and operations, for tamponade to stop bleeding and drainage, fix the dressing, pressure on any part of the body (mainly to stop bleeding ), preventing tissue edema or retention of a limb or other part of the body in stationary, as well as to protect a wound or altered skin surface from the effects of the external environment - they are fixed with a bandage or a medical plaster. |
| 5 | Bactericidal plaster | 7 packs. An antiseptic agent, depending on the concentration used, exhibits bacteriostatic or bactericidal action against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. |
| 6 | Non-sterile cotton wool | 2 packs. It is used as a dressing material. Vata is intended for all kinds of medical procedures related to the treatment of wounds. |
| 7 | Sterile cotton wool | 1 package. It is used where there is no possibility of sterilization, but the cotton wool will come into contact with the damaged skin surface or with an open wound. |
| External antiseptics | ||
| 8 | Hydrogen peroxide | 40 ml. A drug from the group of antiseptic agents that has a disinfecting and deodorizing effect. A 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide is used for rinsing and rinsing for stomatitis, gynecological diseases, and sometimes for stopping nosebleeds. |
| 9 | Ethanol | 100 ml. Due to its ability to coagulate proteins, it is used as a disinfectant, as well as for disinfecting wounds and wiping injection sites. |
| 10 | Iodine or brilliant green | 50 ml. Disinfecting and wound-healing solutions. Iodine (5% alcohol solution of iodine) - for treating the edges of the wound. Zelenka is a brilliant green solution for treating the skin around the wound. |
| 11 | Furacilin | 30 tablets. Part of antiseptic preparations. A drug from the group of nitrofurans, has an antimicrobial effect against staphylococci, streptococci, dysentery bacillus, etc. Applied externally in solutions and ointments for the treatment and prevention of purulent-inflammatory processes, irrigation of wounds, washing cavities, for the treatment of bacterial dysentery used internally in tablets. |
| 12 | Potassium permanganate | 1 package of powder. Potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate) is a strong oxidizing agent, used as an antiseptic. A dry powder is used to prepare: a pale pink solution - for rinsing the mouth and washing the stomach, pink - for washing purulent wounds, dark cherry - for treating the edges of wounds. |
| 13 | Panthenol | 1 bottle. It is used to treat wounds, cracks, burns, herpes, dermatitis, itchy and allergic dermatoses. |
| Antibiotics | ||
| 14 | Ciprolet (ciprofloxacin, cifran), | Tablets, 20 pcs. Prevention and treatment in patients with reduced immunity. |
| 15 | Sumamed | Tablets, 20 pcs. It is used for infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract, infections of the skin and soft tissues, diseases of the stomach and duodenum. |
| 16 | Ceftriaxone | Antibiotic version in ampoules. A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic for parenteral administration (i.e., the introduction of substances into the body, bypassing the digestive tract, for example, intravenously). The bactericidal activity is due to the suppression of the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. Introduced intramuscularly 1 time per day. |
| Ampoule styling | ||
| 17 | Ketanov (ketorolac) | 10 ampoules of 1 ml. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with a pronounced analgesic effect. |
| 18 | Bupivacaine, 0.5% | 1 bottle, lasts up to 7 hours. It is one of the most active and long-acting local anesthetics. It is used for local infiltration anesthesia, blockade of peripheral nerves. |
| 19 | Dicinon | 5 ampoules of 2 ml. It is used for internal traumatic bleeding, capillary bleeding intravenously or intramuscularly. |
| 20 | Adrenaline, 0.1% | 5 ampoules of 1 ml. It is injected intravenously into an artery or heart during cardiopulmonary resuscitation, anaphylactic shock. |
| 21 | Baralgin | 5 ampoules of 5 ml. It has a pronounced antispasmodic (relieves spasms) and analgesic effect. |
| 22 | No-shpa | 5 ampoules of 2 ml. It is used as an auxiliary therapy for spasms of smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract (peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, gastritis, spasms of the cardia and pylorus, enteritis, colitis). |
| 23 | Suprastin | 5 ampoules of 1 ml. It is used in the prevention and treatment of allergic and pseudo-allergic reactions to the intake of medicines and diagnostic preparations, with anaphylactic shock and angioedema, various skin diseases, with itching and insect bites. |
| Medicines used for diseases of the stomach and intestines | ||
| 24 | Festal | Dragee, 30 pcs. It is used in case of insufficiency of exocrine pancreatic function, in chronic pancreatitis, in various pathological conditions, clinically manifested by impaired digestion of food, flatulence or a tendency to constipation. |
| 25 | Bellalgin | Tablets, 10 pcs. Indications: diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, accompanied by hyperacidity of gastric juice, spasms of smooth muscles and pain. |
| 26 | Loperamide | Tablets, 20 pcs. Symptomatic treatment of acute and chronic diarrhea caused by a change in diet and the quality of food, metabolic and absorption disorders (in order to reduce the frequency and volume of stools, as well as to give the density of its consistency). |
| 27 | Levomycetin | Tablets, 20 pcs. Application: typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, salmonellosis (generalized forms), brucellosis, rickettsioses (including: typhus, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Q fever), dysentery, brain abscess, meningococcal infection, trachoma, chlamydia, urinary tract infections wound infection, purulent peritonitis, biliary tract infections. |
| 28 | Regidron | Powder (4-5 packs). Indications: restoration of water-electrolyte balance, correction of acidosis in acute diarrhea (including cholera), with thermal lesions associated with disorders of water-electrolyte metabolism (increased sweating). |
| 29 | Activated carbon | Tablets, 50 pcs. Used for flatulence, decay, fermentation, poisoning with chemical compounds and drugs. It has an enterosorbent, detoxifying and antidiarrheal effect. Possesses great surface activity, adsorbs poisons and toxins from the gastrointestinal tract. Does not irritate mucous membranes. It contains a huge number of pores and therefore has a very large specific surface area per unit mass, as a result of which it has high adsorption. 1 gram of activated carbon, depending on the manufacturing technology, has a specific surface area of \u200b\u200b500 to 1500 m². Relief measures must be appropriate to the situation and must begin safely, quickly and efficiently, with priority given to life-threatening issues. The first specialist should. Promote without prejudice or prejudice in an effort to alleviate human suffering, guided only by humanitarian assistance that meets the needs of the victim and respects the victim and reality. Always work safely and comfortably, be able to easily carry out rescue and rescue activities and keep an eye on the victim and the situation. Seek appropriate help from community resources whenever and wherever possible. Observe the cooperation of the victim by imagining and defining his role of assistance. |
| Medicines used for respiratory diseases | ||
| 30 | Pinosol | Drops, 1 bottle. Herbal decongestant. It has anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties. |
| 31 | Galazolin | Drops, 1 bottle. Indications: acute allergic rhinitis, hay fever, sinusitis, otitis media (to reduce swelling of the nasopharyngeal mucosa). |
| 32 | Cameton | Aerosol, 1 bottle. It is used for external use in diseases of the upper respiratory tract. |
| 33 | Faringosept | Tablets. 20 pcs. It is intended for the treatment of acute infectious and inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity and larynx: tonsillitis, gingivitis, stomatitis, pharyngitis. |
| 34 | Libexin | Tablets. 20 pcs. Synthetic antitussive drug. Antitussive activity is approximately equal to codeine. Does not depress breathing, does not cause addiction. Possesses local anesthetic and antispasmodic activity. In chronic bronchitis, anti-inflammatory effect is noted. |
| 35 | Bromhexine | Tablets. 20 pcs. A medicinal drug that has a mucolytic, expectorant and weak antitussive effect. |
| Pain relievers and antipyretics | ||
| 36 | Analgin | Tablets. 20 pcs. A medicinal product with analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects. Apply for headache, neuralgia, rheumatism, fever, etc. |
| 37 | Baralgin | Tablets. 20 pcs. It is used to reduce elevated body temperature for colds and infectious and inflammatory diseases. |
| 38 | Nise | Tablets. 10 pieces. It has a local anesthetic and anti-inflammatory effect. Indications: inflammatory and degenerative diseases of the musculoskeletal system (articular syndrome in rheumatism and exacerbation of gout, rheumatoid arthritis, osteochondrosis with radicular syndrome, sciatica, inflammation of the ligaments, tendons), muscle pain of rheumatic and non-rheumatic origin, post-traumatic inflammation locomotor apparatus |
| 39 | No-shpa | Tablets. 20 pcs. A drug with an antispasmodic, myotropic, vasodilating, hypotensive effect. Indications: spasm of smooth muscles of internal organs, chronic gastroduodenitis, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer, cholelithiasis (hepatic colic), chronic cholecystitis, postcholecystectomy syndrome, hypermotor dyskinesia of the biliary tract, spastic dyskinesia of intestinal retention, intestinal colic. Collect all possible information about the situation and the status of the victim to guide their actions. Give the victim urgent care as soon as possible if the service is available and needed. He provides psychological support to the victim through his attitude, words and actions, bearing in mind that he cares for "the injured, not just the wound." Reinsurance must also be provided by passers-by. Be prepared and able to provide emergency assistance to assist victims, including providing information on victims and emergencies. The priority of action is determined by the condition of the victim and the severity of the problem, taking into account both physical and psychological needs. Protect the first mate. |
| Anti-infectious agents | ||
| 40 | Biseptol 480 | Tablets. 20 pcs. The drug is used to treat infections: respiratory tract (bronchitis, pneumonia, lung abscess, otitis media, sinusitis), meningitis, brain abscess, genitourinary system (urethritis, prostatitis), gastrointestinal (dysentery, cholera, typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, diarrhea) , skin and soft tissues. |
| Drugs used for eye and ear damage | ||
| 41 | Albucid | Drops, 2 tubes. Indications: purulent ulcers of the cornea (transparent membrane of the eye), conjunctivitis (inflammation of the outer membrane of the eye), blepharitis (inflammation of the edges of the eyelids), gonorrheal eye diseases, infected wounds, infections caused by E. coli. |
| 42 | Sofradex | Drops, 1 pack. Indications: superficial bacterial eye infections, accompanied by a pronounced inflammatory or allergic component; blepharitis, infected eyelid eczema, barley, allergic conjunctivitis, acute and chronic otitis externa. |
| Cardiovascular drugs | ||
| 43 | Valocordin | Drops, 1 bottle. A drug with a sedative and vasodilating effect (expansion of the lumen of blood vessels and a drop in blood pressure, leading to an increase in the total volume of the circulatory system with a constant volume of blood. The opposite process of vasodilation is vasoconstriction), and also has a mild hypnotic effect. Helps reduce the excitement of the central nervous system and facilitates the onset of natural sleep. Indications - angina pectoris, tachycardia, vasomotor disorders, cardiogastric symptoms, intestinal spasms. The first helper, victim and others must be protected from immediate danger and possible repetition must be prevented. However, there may be situations where the first helper is unable to protect the victim from danger, requiring rescue from specialized forces such as police, special rescue teams, or firefighters. In first aid situations, many people are concerned about disease transmission. Equipment Precautions. Gloves, goggles, and safety goggles should be worn if emergency interventions are available. If gloves are not available, any other protective barrier can be used. Hands should be thoroughly cleaned after removing these protective materials and, if possible, before using them. |
| 44 | Nitroglycerine | Tablets. 10 pieces. A drug that lowers blood pressure and relaxes the smooth muscles of the blood vessels, bronchi, biliary and urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract. It is mainly used for angina pectoris, mainly for the relief of acute attacks of spasms of the coronary vessels. |
| Antiallergic drugs | ||
| 45 | Suprastin | Tablets. 20 pcs. Applied for allergic dermatoses (urticaria, eczema, itching, dermatitis), allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis, hay fever, Quincke's edema, drug allergies, in the initial stage of bronchial asthma. The drug has a sedative effect. |
| 46 | Fenkarol | Tablets. 20 pcs. A drug that has antiallergic, antihistamine effect. Weakens the effect of histamine (reduces its bronchospastic effect and spasmogenic effect on intestinal smooth muscles, hypotensive effect, effect on vascular permeability). |
| Tools | ||
| 47 | Scissors | Scissors are designed for cutting bandages, adhesive plasters, neat opening of bags with medicines. |
| 48 | Tweezers | Tweezers are essential for dressing open wounds and for removing splinters. |
| 49 | Needle | It is used to remove splinters. |
| 50 | Eye dropper | Required when instilling eye drops. |
| 51 | Water, soap | Necessary for washing hands before performing any operation with the victim. |
| 52 | Latex gloves | 10 pairs. Disposable gloves are necessary to ensure the safety of the treating person and the victim. They provide sterility when treating wounds, limiting the exposure of the victim to infectious substances. Gloves also serve to protect the healer from disease in case of contact with body fluids. |
| 53 | Medical thermometer | 1 per pack. Temperature measuring device. Must be stored in solid packaging. |
| 54 | Tonometer | A device used to measure blood pressure in arteries, intraocular pressure and tonic muscle tension. |
| 55 | Phonendoscope | A medical device used to listen to heart sounds, breathing sounds, and other sounds in the body. |
As you can see from the list of medicines, a good half of the pharmacy is collected here. It should be understood that the indicated amount of a particular drug is given here as the ratio of the required amount to other drugs. In addition, there is a choice between drugs of similar action.
Of course, if we assume the worst case, in which the entire group on the hike suddenly fell ill with the same disease, then even with the indicated amounts of drugs, not a single drug would be enough to treat the entire group. Therefore, depending on the situation and the degree of complexity of the circumstances, the group should make an informed decision on the subsequent actions, the flesh before returning from the campaign.
If a mask and glasses are not available, contact with body fluids should be avoided. In case of contact, the area should be washed as quickly as possible. When using cardiorespiratory resuscitation techniques, a pocket mask should be worn during artificial respiration. A handkerchief can be used without a suitable mask.
Store disposable materials in disposable containers and clean other materials before storing them in a clean and protected area. Guidelines for the conservation of the Red Cross in Moldova “Gestures that save”, available in Romanian and Russian, or contact the Red Cross branch for training courses in First Aid. First aid kit. Which drug is right for you if you are away from hospitals, security rooms, or pharmacies. In addition to the mini-pharmacy taking up half of the luggage, most of the drugs purchased expired without being unloaded.
This table can help not only those who are going on a hike, but also as a small informational guide for completing any other first aid kit, for example, such as:
- Universal first aid kit
- First aid kit for equipment vehicle (car first aid kit)
- First aid kit for mother and child
- Home first aid kit
Of course, some of the above-mentioned first-aid kits require adjustment in addition, but 90% can be completed from the list given in the table.
Get the most useful parental controls right in your inbox. So, on the next holiday, together with the pediatrician, we did much more compact first aid kitbut it turned out to be effective. The first first aid kit should contain medicines for fever, cold, allergic reactions, diarrhea or constipation.
First Aid Kit - What it contains
We also did not take into account the medicines needed for the existing conditions. For fever, a first-aid kit must necessarily contain anti-fever drugs - paracetamol and ibuprofen. Plus a thermometer to monitor the child's condition. According to the World Health Organization, parents should intervene when the body temperature exceeds 38 degrees intrarectally or 37.5 degrees measured in the armpit. However, the most accurate is the measured intrarectal temperature, therefore it is recommended to use this option.
For those who have no experience in the use of certain drugs and drugs, we present a small memo on their use.
Memo on the use of drugs
Antibiotics
Remember! Antibiotics do not affect viruses and therefore are useless in treating diseases caused by viruses (for example, influenza, hepatitis A, B, C, chickenpox, herpes, rubella, measles). Do not forget to read the instructions carefully (keep in mind that with prolonged use, the antibiotic is used with an antifungal drug, nystatin).
Antimicrobials for children usually come in syrup form, but it is good to take a few paracetamol suppositories with you if the fever is accompanied by vomiting and the child is unable to swallow anything. Even if you don't have paracetamol or ibuprofen, don't give your child any form of aspirin. The administration of aspirin to children under 18 years of age has been associated with the occurrence of a relatively rare but very serious illness.
For viral infections and the accompanying unpleasant symptoms, a first aid kit should contain. Physiological solutions of salts or sea salt, nasal drops, a pump or aspirator for nasal discharge - the latter can also work with the mouth without a household vacuum cleaner.
Antibiotics are used to prevent and treat inflammatory processes caused by bacterial microflora. The huge variety of antibiotics and the types of their effects on the human body was the reason for the division of antibiotics into groups.
By the nature of the effect on bacterial cells, antibiotics are divided into 3 groups:
Topical antiseptic and analgesic for neck pain. The first aid kit should also contain antidiarrheal as well as oral and probiotic rehydration salts. If the problem cannot be resolved from diet, pediatric laxatives or microclimates are helpful.
Other things to put in the medicine cabinet
You can also supply a medical kit and some special sterile tissue for eye hygiene. It is also good to have an antihistamine, which can be especially helpful if you are driving to a cottage where it may be dusty or moldy and your child is allergic.
1. bactericidal antibiotics (bacteria die, but physically continue to be present in the environment)
2. bacteriostatic antibiotics (bacteria are alive but unable to reproduce)
3. bacteriolytic antibiotics (bacteria die and bacterial cell walls are destroyed)
According to their chemical structure, antibiotics are divided into the following groups:
In the case of the New Years or Christmas holidays, since many of them are heated with terracotta stoves, the first aid kit should also contain a cream or burn spray. If swelling develops on your skin, you should see your doctor urgently. Even if it's winter, don't forget to use the cream at home.
Otherwise, the first aid kit must contain gauze, patch, scissors, disinfectant solutions, sterile compresses and elastic bandages different sizes for minor injuries. However, we must stick to them. Let's take a look at what's important to both patients and doctors in emergency medicine.
1. Beta-lactam antibiotics, which in turn are divided into 2 subgroups:
- Penicillins - produced by colonies of the mold Penicillinum
- Cephalosporins - have a similar structure to penicillins. Used against penicillin-resistant bacteria.
2. Macrolides (bacteriostatic action, i.e. the death of microorganisms does not occur, but only the cessation of their growth and reproduction is observed) - antibiotics with a complex cyclic structure.
3. Tetracyclines (bacteriostatic action) - used to treat infections of the respiratory and urinary tract, treatment of severe infections such as anthrax, tularemia, brucellosis.
4. Aminoglycosides (bactericidal effect - characterized by the death of microorganisms under the influence of an antibiotic. Achieving a bactericidal effect is especially important in the treatment of debilitated patients) - they are highly toxic. Used to treat severe infections such as blood poisoning or peritonitis.
5. Levomycetin (bactericidal effect) - use is limited due to the increased risk of serious complications - damage to the bone marrow, which produces blood cells.
6. Glycopeptides - disrupt the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. They have a bactericidal effect, however, against enterococci, some streptococci and staphylococci, they act bacteriostatically.
7. Lincosamides - have a bacteriostatic effect, which is due to the inhibition of protein synthesis by ribosomes. In high concentrations, against highly sensitive microorganisms, they can exhibit a bactericidal effect.
8. Antifungal antibiotics (lytic effect - destructive effect on cell membranes) - destroy the membrane of fungal cells and cause their death. Antifungal antibiotics are being gradually replaced by highly effective synthetic antifungal drugs.
Anti-shock and anti-inflammatory drugs
The most common remedy in this series is analgin, but it should be borne in mind that it has a rather weak and short-lived effect. It is better to use ketonal (ketoprofen), which is comparable in strength to analgin, but is more harmless (in an ampoule 1-2 times, maximum 3 times a day).
Even stronger in terms of the action of ketans (ketorolac), it is administered up to 3 ampoules per day, but not more than 5 days, due to the danger of gastrointestinal bleeding.
Local anesthetics
The use of these drugs is the best option for pain relief of serious injuries. Anesthetics such as lidocaine and bupivacaine last the longest (novocaine can be omitted, since it is a weaker drug in terms of duration of action).
Remember! Some people may be allergic to local anesthetics. If a person was treated by a dentist and no problems arose during treatment, then allergies most likely should not be.
If a person has spent a long enough time in the cold, then, as a rule, agents that stimulate respiration and heart contractions are used to warm him up - caffeine, cordiamine, sulfocamphokaine and others. Nevertheless, if possible, it is better to limit or even exclude their use, since they bring too much harm to the body.
Ampoule preparations
They are used as pain relievers in the form of injections for very severe pain, for example, in cases of serious injuries (with craniocerebral trauma, severe hip fractures, etc.). The use of tablets in difficult situations will be too slow and ineffective, therefore, in these cases, intravenous or intramuscular administration of drugs is used.
If you are going on a long hike, then you need to take a sufficient number of disposable syringes (5 ml volume - for intramuscular injections, 2 ml volume - for subcutaneous injections) and a bottle of ammonia (to give a sniff in case of fainting and loss of consciousness).
To defuse the atmosphere of the scrupulous selection of medicines for the trip, watch a video from a humorous program with the participation of a famous showman:
At the same time, see what you need to put in a first-aid kit for a hike from the video from "Male Company" - "Composition of a first-aid kit on a hike":
Komarovsky E.O. A Handbook of Sane Parents. Urgent care.
12. FIRST AID KIT
12.3. MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
12.3.1. IODINE
As an external agent, a 5% alcohol solution of iodine is used. Available in orange glass vials, as well as pencils with a porous core.
Purpose:
Treatment of wound edges 3.2.1. →;
Disinfection of non-sterile instruments that come into contact with the wound (needles, tweezers, etc.) or with which foreign bodies are removed;
Treatment of the skin around the embedded foreign bodies 3.7. →;
Treatment of the nail plate with a bruised nail 3.8.3. →;
Disinfection of small wounds - for example, after removing splinters 3.7.1. → or ticks 9.3.1 →.
12.3.2. DISINFECTING SOLUTION FOR WOUND TREATMENT
Disinfectant solutions are used to prevent bacterial infection of wounds. They treat the wound itself and its edges, the hands of those who provide assistance, tools in contact with the wound.
The solution can be poured directly onto the wound, the solution can be moistened with a napkin and the edges of the wound can be treated; You can cover the wound with a sterile gauze pad soaked in the solution.
It is optimal that the disinfectant solution included in the first-aid kit is in an aerosol package.
There are hundreds of chemicals that have disinfectant properties, but few meet the requirements of a children's emergency room. What are these requirements? Disinfectant:
Available as a solution;
Can be used in childhood;
It can be used both to treat intact skin and to treat the wound itself.
Taking into account the requirements formulated, the choice is small: solutions of miramistin, chlorhexidine, decamethoxin, sodium hypochlorite, octenidine, as well as their combinations both with each other and with other drugs, can be used as a disinfectant.
The pharmacy network has a huge selection of disinfectant solutions based on the above-mentioned products.
| Baktosin | Desmistin | Miramistin | Unisept |
| Gorosten | Dekasan | Octenisept |
12.3.3. ANTIBACTERIAL OINTMENT
Antibacterial ointment is used to prevent bacterial infection of wounds with burns 5.1.1., 5.2. →, and animal bites 9.1. →. Contains an antibiotic.
For the first aid kit, one of the following drugs can be used:
| Bactroban | Levosin |
| Baneocin | Synthomycin ointment, liniment |
| Gentamicin ointment 0.1% | Fusiderm |
| Levomekol |
12.3.4. BURN AID
Preparations for treating burns 5.1.1., 5.1.1.5., 5.2. → include agents with a protective, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, analgesic, wound healing effect.
For a first-aid kit, medical aerosols with protective and analgesic effects are most appropriate.
One of the following drugs can be used:
| Amprovisol | Livian |
| Vinisol | Naxol |
| Hyposol | Panthenol |
| Dioxisol | Cimesol |
12.3.5. ORAL HYDRATION MEANS
Oral rehydration - replenishment of fluid losses through drinking.
Oral rehydration products are medicines (usually powders) that contain sodium, potassium, chlorine and other substances necessary for the body in specially selected proportions and concentrations.
Before use, the powder is diluted in a certain amount of water - a solution is obtained that the child drinks (which the child is given to drink).
Oral rehydration is necessary for:
Bleeding injury 3.1. →;
Prolonged compression of tissues 3.13. →;
Burns 5.1.1., 5.2. →;
Heat and sunstroke 5.1.2. →;
Frostbite 5.1.3. →;
General hypothermia 5.1.5. →;
Poisoning 7. →;
Allergic reactions 8. →;
Snake bites 9.2. →, arachnids 9.3. → and insects 9.4. →;
Increased body temperature 11.1. →;
Vomiting 11.8. →;
Diarrhea 11.9. →;
General vaccination reactions 11.10.2. →.
For the first aid kit, one of the following drugs can be used:
| Tour | Rehydrare |
| Hydrovit | Regidron |
| Glucosolan | Reosolan |
| Marathonic | Humana Electrolyte |
| Orasan | Citraglucosolan |
In the absence of ready-made (pharmacy) powders, the oral rehydration solution can be made independently. To do this, dissolve in 1 liter of clean (boiled) water:
2 tablespoons of sugar;
1 teaspoon table salt
12.3.6. ACTIVATED CARBON
Activated carbon has the ability to absorb (adsorb) and thus neutralize many poisons (toxins) and drugs that have entered the gastrointestinal tract.
Used when:
Poisoning 7. →;
Allergic reactions 8. →.
Activated carbon is produced in the form:
Tablets;
Granules, pastes and powders for suspension preparation.
ATTENTION!
In acute poisoning, a single dose of activated carbon is 1 g / kg of the child's weight.
This means that a child weighing 10 kg must swallow 10 g of coal, i.e. 20 or 40 tablets (0.5 or 0.25 g in 1 tablet).
Remember! Activated carbon is almost impossible to overdose.
There won't be many!
Give as much as you can swallow.
If you ate and vomited - let's go again.
Pay attention to the dosage again!
For a child of the first 7 years of life, the effective dose of activated carbon is 10-30 g. Over 7 years old - from 30 to 100 g!
For a first aid kit, it is advisable to purchase activated carbon in the form of granules, pastes and powders intended for the preparation of a suspension.
Activated carbon can be sold under the following commercial names:
| Belosorb P | Corbopect |
| Carbactin | Microsorb-P |
| Carbolong | Ultra-adsorb |
| Carbo Medicinalis | Enterosorbent carbon |
| Carbomix |
12.3.7. Antipyretic and pain relievers
Currently there are two medicines that have antipyretic and analgesic effects that best meet the requirements for efficacy and safety: PARACETAMOL and IBUPROFEN.
Indications for use:
Pain of any origin - with injuries 3. →, burns 5.1.1., 5.1.1.5., 5.2. →, frostbite 5.1.3. →, ingress of foreign bodies 6. →, bites 9. →, local vaccination reactions 11.10.1 . →, reactions to teething 11.11. → etc. 10. →;
An increase in body temperature of any origin - heat and sunstroke 5.1.2. →, general vaccination reactions 11.10.2. → etc. 11.1. →.
For emergency care, it is optimal to use liquid dosage forms (syrups, drops, solutions, soluble powders), and before giving the child, heat the drug to body temperature - this will create conditions for the fastest possible absorption of the drug from the stomach into the blood.
The drugs used in suppositories (rectal suppositories) show their effect more slowly compared to those taken orally. But this effect is more lasting. Candles are preferred in two situations:
Difficulty taking the drug inside - painful or difficult to swallow, nausea or vomiting is present;
A long-term analgesic effect is required.
ATTENTION!
It is advisable to have both drugs (paracetamol and ibuprofen) in the first aid kit, but in different dosage forms. Optimally - liquid ibuprofen (syrup, drops, solution) and suppositories with paracetamol.
Dosing of paracetamol
Doses for children depend on the weight of the child. The optimal single dose is 15 mg / kg. That is, a child who weighs 10 kg can be given 150 mg of paracetamol at a time. You can repeat taking the drug no earlier than after 4 hours, the number of such repetitions should not exceed 4-5 times per day, but in any case the daily dose of paracetamol should not exceed 60 mg / kg.
The absorption of paracetamol in the rectum is not as active and complete as in the stomach, therefore, when using suppositories, a single dose is, as a rule, not 15, but 25 mg / kg.
Ibuprofen dosing
The optimal single dose is 5-10 mg / kg. You can repeat taking the drug no earlier than after 6 hours, the number of such repetitions should not exceed 4 times per day, but in any case the daily dose of ibuprofen should not exceed 25-30 mg / kg.
ATTENTION!
In a state of stress, not all parents are able to correctly calculate the dose. Remember that paracetamol and ibuprofen infant formulations contain detailed instructions, in which they indicate not complex mg and kg, but understandable age and number of spoons of medicine.
Save instructions!
Paracetamol may be sold under the following commercial names:
| Adol | Dolo | Paracet |
| Akamol | Dolomol | Perfalgan |
| Aminadol | Ifimol | Pyranol |
| Acetaminophen | Calpol | Passageway |
| Acetophen | Medipirin | Sanidol |
| Bindard | Mexalen | Sofinol |
| Volpan | Napa | Strimol |
| Daynafed | Opradol | Tylenol |
| Daleron | Pamol | Flutabs |
| Dafalgap | Panadol | Tsefekon D |
| Deminophen | Pacimol | Efferalgan |
Ibuprofen can be sold under the following trade names:
| Advil | Dolgit | Ibufen | Profen |
| No pain | Ibalgin | Ypren | Profinal |
| Bonifen | Ibuprone | Macrofen | Solpaflex |
| Bren | Ibuprof | Motrin | Faspik |
| Brufen | Ibutop | Nurofen |
12.3.8. ANTI-ALLERGIC LOCAL DRUGS
As an antiallergic agent, topical antihistamines and hormonal drugs can be used.
For a first-aid kit, hormonal preparations with a pronounced antiallergic and anti-inflammatory effect, which can quickly reduce itching and swelling of the skin, are advisable.
Indications for use:
local allergic reactions 8. →;
Insect bites 9.4. →;
Itching 11.14 →.
The optimal drug for the first aid kit - 1% hydrocortisone ointment.
The hormone hydrocortisone is the main active ingredient not only of hydrocortisone ointment, but also of a number of other drugs that are available in the form of ointments and creams.
Hydrocortisone ointment may be sold under the following commercial names:
| Acortin | Laticort |
| Hydrocort | Locoid |
| Hydrocortisone ointment 1% | Monocort |
| Courtade |
12.3.9. ANTI-ALLERGIC MEANS OF GENERAL ACTION
One of the many antihistamines is used as a general antiallergic agent.
Indications for use:
Allergic reactions 8. →;
Skin lesions by poisonous plants 7.8. →;
Arachnid bites 9.3. → and insects 9.4. →;
Itching 11.14. →.
The most appropriate are the so-called second-generation antihistamines, characterized by:
Availability of children's dosage forms;
The rapid onset of the therapeutic effect;
Long-term action (at least 12 hours after a single dose);
A minimum of side effects.
Optimal presence in the first aid kit loratadine in syrup or cetirizine in drops.
Loratadine dosing (once a day):
Children aged 1 to 2 years - 2.5 mg (2.5 ml of syrup or 1/4 tablet);
From 2 to 12 years old - 5 mg (5 ml of syrup or 1/2 tablet);
From 12 years old and adults - 10 mg (10 ml of syrup or 1 tablet).
Dosing of cetirizine:
Children aged 1 to 2 years - 2.5 mg (5 drops of syrup or 1/4 tablet) twice a day;
From 2 to 6 years - 5 mg (10 drops or 1/2 tablet) once a day;
Over 6 years old and adults - 10 mg (20 drops or 1 tablet) once a day.
Loratadine may be sold under the following commercial fired stumps:
| Clavoristin | Lorahexal |
| Claridol | Lorano |
| Clarinase | Lorid |
| Claritin | Tyrlor |
| Clarfast | Erolyn |
Cetirizine may be sold under the following commercial names:
| Alerza | Zyrtec |
| Allertek | Zodak |
| Anallergin | Letizen |
| Zetrinal | Parlazin |
| Zincet | Cetrin |
12.3.10. VASCUS DROPS IN THE NOSE
The vasoconstrictor drugs injected into the nasal passages dramatically reduce both the edema of the mucous membrane and the amount of mucus produced. As a result, nasal breathing is restored, the edema of the auditory tube decreases.
Vasoconstrictors are available in the form of gels, sprays, and drops. Drops are optimal for the first aid kit.
Indications for use:
Foreign body in the nose 6.2. →;
Allergic reactions 8. →;
Insect bites 9.4. →;
Ear pain 10.2. →;
Increased body temperature 11.1. →;
Difficulty breathing 11.3. →;
Non-stop cough 11.4. →.
For a first-aid kit, an optimal vasoconstrictor of medium duration is optimal - xylometazoline.
ATTENTION!
The vasoconstrictor drug xylometazoline is available in the form of 0.1% and 0.05% solutions. In a children's first aid kit, there should be drops of a 0.05% solution.
Dosing of xylometazoline:
Children under 2 years old - 1-2 drops of 0.05% solution in each nasal passage 1 - maximum 2 times a day;
For children from 2 to 6 years old - by 2 drops of 0.05% solution in each nasal passage 2 - maximum 3 times a day;
For adults and children over 6 years old - 4-6 drops of a 0.05% solution no more than 4 times a day,
Drops of 0.05% xylometazoline solution may be sold under the following commercial names:
| Brizolin | Xylometazoline hydrochloride |
| Galazolin | Xymelin |
| Grippostad Reno | Nazenspry |
| Fornose | Olint |
| Dr. Theiss Nazolin | Otrivin |
| Influrin | Rinonorm |
| Xilen | Rinostop |
| Xylobene | Tizin Xylo |
| Xylomethozoline | Pharmazoline |
12.3.11. GLYCERINE CANDLES
Suppositories with glycerin soften stool and make bowel movements easier.
Indications for use:
Coccyx injury 3.18. →;
