(July 30, 1863, near Detroit, Michigan, USA - April 7, 1947, Dirborn, Michigan, United States)
ru.wikipedia.org.
Henry Ford is also known by the fact that for the first time began to use the industrial conveyor. Contrary to popular misconception, the conveyor was introduced before, but Henry Ford created the first commercially successful line. Ford's book "My life, my achievements" is a classic work on the scientific organization of labor.
A family
Parents
* Father - William Ford (1826-1905)
* Mother - Marie Litogot (O'HERN) Ford (~ 1839-1876)
Brothers
* John Ford (~ 1865-1927)
* William Ford (1871-1917)
* Robert Ford (1873-1934)
Sisters
* Margaret Ford (1867-1868)
* Jane Ford (~ 1868-1945)
Wife and kids
* Wife - Clara Jane Ford (in Major Bryant), (1866-1950).
* The only son - Edcel Bryant Ford, President Ford Motor Company from 1919 to 1943.
Descendants
* The grandson of the businessman also had the name Henry Ford. For the difference with his grandfather, Henry Ford II is called.
* Currently, the Chairman of the Board of Directors of Ford Motor Company is Henry Ford - William Clay Ford Jr. (William Clay "Bill" Ford Jr.) (1957)
Biography
Born in the family of emigrants from Ireland, who lived on the farm in the vicinity of Detroit. When he was 16 years old, he went to work in Detroit. In 1888-1899 He served as a mechanical engineer, and later the chief engineer at the EDISON ILLUMINATING COMPANY). In 1893, in his free time, the time constructed his first car. From 1899 to 1902, there was a co-owner of the "Detroit automotive company", but due to disagreements with the rest of the company owners left it and in 1903 founded Ford Motor Company (Ford Motor Company), which initially produced cars under the Ford A. brand. The greatest success Came to the firm after the start of the Ford T model in 1908. In 1913, Henry Ford introduced the conveyor assembly method on his enterprise, which raised the productivity of labor 1.5 times and allowing significantly raising staff salary. He remained the head by the company until the 1930s, when, because of disagreements with trade unions and companions, he conveyed to his son Edzel, but after his death in 1943 he returned to the post of head of the company. In 1945, Henry Ford finally transferred the management of his grandfather Henry Ford II. Died on April 7, 1947 at the age of 83.
Anti-Semitism and Nazis support
Later, Henry Ford provided serious financial support for NSDAP, his portrait hung in the Munich Hitler's residence.
Since 1940, Ford plant, located in Puissy, on the territory of France occupied by the Germans, began to produce aviation engines, cargo and passenger cars entering the Wehrmacht. At the interrogation in 1946, the Nazi Worker of Charch, who worked during the war in the leader of the branch of one of the Ford enterprises in Germany, said that due to the fact that Ford collaborated with the Nazi regime "his enterprises were not confiscated"
A large group of prominent Americans including 3 presidents, 9 seconds, 1 Cardinal and others. Published an open letter with the condemnation of Ford's anti-Semitism.
Cooperation with the USSR
The first serial Soviet tractor - Fordson-Putovovets (1923) - a Fordson Fordson Tractor "Fordson" was processed for production and operation in the USSR; Construction of the Gorky Automobile Plant (1929 - 1932), the reconstruction of the Moscow zila during the first five-year plan, training personnel for both factories - were carried out at the decisive versatile Aid of the Ford and Ford Motors specialists.
Interesting Facts
* Ford approach was criticized for "dewincing"; In parody, it is described in the novel of O. Huxley "On a wicked new world", where society is organized on the conveyor principle of Ford (people are divided into five categories: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Epsilon) and the summer is conducted from the year of production of the car model Ford T. " Instead of "her God", the expression "her-Ford" was adopted. It is customary to be baptized with the letter "T" in honor of the car model "T".
* Biography of Henry Ford is described in the story of Epton Sinclair "Car King".
* Henry Ford was a convinced supporter of reincarnation. In particular, he believed that in his last incarnation he died as a soldier in the battle of hettisberg. Ford describes its beliefs in the next quotation from the magazine "San Francisco Examiner" on August 26, 1928: I accepted the theory of reincarnation when I was twenty-six years old. Religion did not give me an explanation of this phenomenon, and the work did not bring complete satisfaction. Work does not make any sense if the experience gained in one life, we cannot use in another. When I discovered a reincarnation, it was like the discovery of the Universal Plan, - I realized that I now existed a real chance to implement my ideas. I am no longer limited to time, I stopped being his slave. Genius is an experience. Some seem to believe that this is a gift or talent, in fact it is the fruit of experience accumulated for many lives. Some souls older than others and respectively know more. The discovery of the concept of reincarnation calmed my mind. If you record this conversation, write that it helps soothe mind. I would really like to share with all the peace, which brings such a vision of life.
* At one time, Ford decided to switch to the release of a new engine, now known under the brand V-8. He wanted to get a monolithic engine block with eight cylinders. He gave his designers the appropriate order. Those, all as one, were confident that the gasoline engine with eight cylinders in one block could not be made.
For this Ford replied:
- Make anyway.
- But it's just impossible - they objected him.
- Getting started and until you finish, do not go off, no matter how much time it took.
And the designers took up work. Nothing remained anything else, otherwise they would simply fired them. Six months passed, but they did not work. Six more months - the result is the same. The longer the designers worked, the more they were convinced that it was impossible to perform the task. At the end of the year, Ford came to look at the work of the designers. They again began to explain to him that they would not see solutions to the task. "Continue to work," Ford answered them - I need such an engine, and I will get it.
The Ford V-8 engine was created, a new magnificent car came out on the roads of America, and Henry Ford's company broke away far ahead of his competitors who needed many years to catch up with her.
Notes
* 1 Ford
* 2 Highm Ch. "On the process over Hitler in 1924, Erhard Auer from Landtag Bavaria testified that Ford provided Hitler financial support"
* 3 Basin Ya. "Hitler was proud of friendship with the city of Ford, familiarly called him Heinrich and repeatedly said that he had financial support for his movement"
* 4 Heim Ch. Trade with the enemy. M., 1985. P. 129.
* 5 Basin, Yakov Zinovievich. Jewish question and the emigration policy of Germany and the United States in 1933-38. // Notes on Jewish history: Journal. - October 2009. - V. 16 (119).
Literature
* Belyaev N. Z. Henry Ford - 1935. - 264 p. (Life of wonderful people)
Chronology of the activities of Ford in Russia. Major milestones.
Today, few people know that Ford entered the Russian market back in 1907. The first representative office of Ford Motor Company was located on the Petrovsky lines in the house of the hotel "Russia". Init words, the model "N" was proposed, and then the model "T".
Then, according to customs statistics, 563 cars were imported to Russia.
* 1907 - Four years after the appearance of Ford Motor in St. Petersburg, the first Russian Ford dealership opens in St. Petersburg.
* March 1996 - After six years of commercial activities, Ford opens a sales office in Moscow.
* July 2002 - Ford begins to produce under St. Petersburg cars Ford Focus; Initial investments amounted to $ 150 million.
* April 2005 - Ford opens outside Moscow National Distribution Center for Spare Parts for Service car Ford., Land Rover and Volvo.
* June 2005 - Ford reports plans to increase the plant's capacity from January 2006 near St. Petersburg to 60 thousand cars per year. It demanded an increase in Ford investment to a value exceeding 230 million dollars.
* April 2006 - Plant under St. Petersburg produces a hundred thousandth Ford Focus car.
* December 2006 - The Ford dealer network includes 124 companies in 81 Russian city.
* January 2007 - Data on sales of cars indicate that Ford has become a Russian leader in sales among foreign brands in 2006.
* April 2007 - New Direction of Business Ford in Russia successfully started - Ford Heavy Trucks division. The Ford Heavy Trucks network includes 6 dealer centers in Moscow, St. Petersburg and Krasnoyarsk.
* July 2007 - Announced Plans for Ford Mondeo at the factory in Vsevolozhsk in 2009.
* January 2008 - Russia entered the top five largest Ford markets in Europe with results in 175,793 vehicles sold in 2007. Focus remains the most-selling foreign car fifth year in a row.
* January 2008 - Ford in Russia ranked first in the volume of flit sales in the Russian market. The volume of corporate sales amounted to 34,992 cars, significantly exceeding last year's flux sales level, which was 23,357 cars.
* March 2008 - Ford Dealer Network includes 133 sales and service centers in 88 cities of Russia.
Biography
The steam locomotive was calam even by the standards of the last century - high red wheels, the bell, which called the driver to swallowed the fascinated cows on the rails, a bunch of coal in the tender and drips of dirt on the sides. The locomotive dragged the platform loaded with non-bundled logs, puffs and was terribly smoked - and Henry looked at him and fished.
Time will come, and Henry Ford will become a nation's idol - he will create a century car, thanks to him the Americans fall in love with the car. But in 1876 it was far from this.
Forest family - an ideal find for moral life speakers! - lived a labor life, enjoying the modest, severely given enough. Having arrived in America, William Ford worked as a subsidiary, a carpenter, and then he fed money, bought the land (Acre forest cost ten shillings - exactly so much he received the day of work) and soon became a prosperous farmer, a world judge and church older. Henry Ford had six brothers and sisters: they all worked around the house, chopped firewood, grazy pigs, swallowed, milked, pololi, and Henry, besides something all the time switched and developed.
When someone from the children gave a crown toy, young Fords were singing in six votes: "Just do not let Henry!" They knew that he would disaster her to the screw, and after the assembly, half of the details would be superfluous. The legend of the Wunderkind, who reinforced the entire district of the coffee grinding, threshing and Swiss clock, put the hand of Henry Ford, most of all in the world loved to give interviews. So the Light of God appeared in love with the technique, incomprehensible to the family, the boy, dark nights secretly sinking in the domestic workshop. This light image rises from the memories of Ford himself: In one hand, young Henry kept a rounded alarm clock, to another - a screwdriver, and a small flashlight, the only source of light, squeezed his knees ... According to the testimony of the sister's future millionaire, Margaret Ford, all this was the cleanest Water in fiction: Henry got carried away with mechanisms thanks to the Father.
Henry Ford has never studied at the university, and the school in Diaboren was such that he wrote to the end of life with spelling errors. All the classes of the parish school - from the first on the eighth - they were engaged together, in the same room, in the summer, when the teacher was harrowing, his wife occupied the place at the board. Large knowledge from here was imposed, but it is that it is good and what is bad, young Puritans disassembled perfectly. From year to year, they re-read the books in which they acted good and bad children: bad ended their life on the gallows, they became good by the presidents of the United States. Henry Ford came up with himself an unhappy youth, turned his complacent and respectable father to Tirana, but he himself was an exemplary boy: he built his fate on the recipes of moral books, which shuffle in schools of all American states.
Childhood, conducted in a folded slabs of his father's house (in 1876, Ford's farm was recognized as the best in all diabores and entered the illustrated Atlas of Detroit), turned out to be a prologue - the first act of the moral and spectacular play, in which he turned his biography of Henry Ford, began to care from home. In 1879 he was sixteen years old, and on one day he, without saying any word, folded the knot and went to Detroit. Haschawing nine miles, Henry took the room there and settled up with an apprentice in a mechanical workshop. He paid two dollars a week, and the hostess of the room took three and a half dollar from him for her bed and table, so Henry had to get a night work. After the change, he hurried to the watchmaker and cleaned the clock until the morning and revenge the clock - for the night he was paid fifty cents. But after four years, this life is tired of him, and the young Ford returned to his native farm. There he will spend the following ten years - the skills acquired in a mechanical workshop will be very useful to him.
The first time fate took the case of a locomotive, for the second time God appeared to him in the image of a steam agricultural machine. In any case, it explained Henry I myself: many years later, the head of Ford Motor gave an order to find the cherished throat - and her, rusty and abandoned, finding it on the number I remember forever 345. The car was dismantled through the screw, cleaned, smeared And delivered to the Ford Mansion. Henry I climbed into her and went to molt - so Multimillionar celebrated his sixtieth birthday.
In the meantime, it was far - the throat was stood at the barn, and the afraid of her neighbor was fusing around her to death. Henry volunteered to help him - in the evening he knew the thumb like his five fingers, the next morning brought her to a neighbor's field, and a week later he worked for everyone who could pay him three dollars. Soon the young Ford challenged throughout the state with a suitcase of instruments, which is something like the world's first service. He began to earn decent money, got an expensive costume, in every village there was a crowd of boys. In addition, Henry Ford was a prominent guy - the fact that he would not be able to stay in bachelor, it was clear how God's day.
Clara Jane Brent got used to compliments. Farmers dancing with her on rural holidays often praised her beautiful black eyes and wondrous hair. Henry Ford told her all evening about her clock: he did them himself, and they are an unprecedented business in Michigan! - showed usual, and leisure time. Clara Jane Brown was a serious girl, she knew that marriage was not a holiday, but a test. From a person who had the patience to collect hours should get out a good husband. Clara smiled, singing his eyes (they were in fact very good), the village orchestra played something gentle and pulled ... Neither, nor she suspected that in a few decades the place of their first meeting will show excursors.
Letters for Valentine's Day, walks in Sanya, which Henry Ford for the sake of forest romance painted into a green color ... They got married and settled on the farm, which they allocated Ford-senior (80 hectares of Pashny and a cozy house - Henry built him from the first to the last log). Surely the windows appeared for the windows, the cozy plush furniture, Mr. Bank account, and Mrs. Henry Ford began to be rounded - but here in their life, silent Otto, and the farm idyll came to an end.
Silent Otto became the third embodiment of fate: he worked on a nearby packaging plant, he was not in motion not by steam, but by gasoline and flew Henry to the state of the sacred, bordering the ecstasy of delight - such a compact and lightweight mechanism has not yet been seen. In the mind of Henry immediately equipped with his wheels and the steering wheel - if it's a little bit of put over this thing, it will take and go! As a result, the closed, cozy life was scattered by smaring: Henry Ford went to Detroit to study the properties of electricity and got a job at the Illuminating company Edison. Clara went with him - she knew that marriage was not a holiday, but a test.
Henry Ford has never regretted what made the clare offer. She was an excellent wife: when he brought his first engine home, Clara, leaving a seven-month-old son and a festive pie, began to adapt the eighty-talogram monster to the kitchen rosette (earning, the motor spread into pieces and stove, and sink). When he gathered his first car and she could not go outside through a too narrow doorway, Clara grabbed the pick-up and knocked out the door frame: bricks and sins fell into the courtyard, the slaughtered neighbors saw how some delicate, puffing, ringing from the barn The bicycle chains of the monster, topped with a polished Mr. Ford.
In 1908, he created "Ford T" - the car of all times and peoples, with minor changes produced up to 1928. Easy, compact, cheap, simple: Farmers traveled in it for shopping, couples made love, bootleggers transported smuggled whiskey, Gangsters were rushed from the police - and they all could not be praised "Ford T".
By fifty years, Ford turned into multimillionaire, and his car became one of America's national symbols. After that, he was forever refused invention: "Ford T" was supposed to remain his masterpiece. Henry Ford bought the railways and airfields, introduced the conveyor system at its plants, was the book of aphorisms and fought with Catholicism, saved the singers of birds and tried to stop the first world War. Henry I behaved as if he was God's god, and the surrounding helped him in this. Simple people belonged to the creator of the "Ford T" as a wizard - on the street, the crowd immediately surrounded, the most boldly tried to touch him, and the most arrogant immediately asked Mr. Ford money.
He was an extremely active person, new ideas arose from him every day, and it seemed from the outside that he was slightly stuck.
The new home cost Ford to a million dollars (today it would cost forty) - the most luxurious room of the mansion was a sparkling marble and centered power plant, where the owner was closed for daily meditations. In the park surrounding the house, a worker lived, which Ford took for a long beard and ruddy cheeks: in winter he portrayed Santa Claus, and in the summer he worked as an elf and harvested gifts to Christmas. It was not the most strange (in the end, Ford had grandchildren). Ford's assistants hit the fact that Henry, always saving workers on the salary, with the beginning of the Great Depression increased the salary twice - the other oligarchs took advantage of the moment and cut it three times. And at home Henry I had their own reasons for concern: how he applied to his only son Edceel, did not give in any explanations.
Henry and Edsels were a gentle pair: his father and son went fishing together, swaying for several days, wrote each other long letters, never quarreled and consulted with each other in everything. Edsel has always been a good boy: he received only excellent marks, he listened to Pope, was respectful to his staff and very much wanted to head the "Ford Motor" - the word, did what he was laid. Henry did not want to let go of the Son on the first world - and Edsel appeared on a draft point and demanded to give him a reservation as a military production organizer; Henry with suspicion was suspicious of higher education - and an excellent student of Edcel immediately after school came to Ford Corporation, at 21 he received a place in the board of directors. He wore the same costumes as the dad, gray, slightly fitted, always flawlessly ironed, the same lacquered shoes and silk ties. Edcel on the fly I caught my father's instructions on the fly and the clock disappeared in the Design Bureau: the Father made the most reliable car in the world, he dreamed of making the most beautiful. Henry could not appeal his son, but one day all this bouquet of dignity rose him across his throat.
Henry I canceled the order of Edcela, praised him as a boy, dismissed his employees - the son took everything as proper, thanked his father for concern and tried to find her people as good places. It even more started Henry Ford - he ordained his son, having arranged him Caverza, and the more Edsels succumbed, the stronger his father pressed him. The case ended in the fact that Edcel stopped taking any decision at all.
At the end of the thirties, Edsel began to complain about abdominal pain. He was prescribed a barium diet and enema, but he considered himself a sophisticated man and did not want to be treated with such a humiliating way. When doctors diagnosed the gastric cancer, to do something later. Ford-youngee was cut out half the stomach and asked home to prepare for the worst, but Henry I decided that the physicians according to the nonsense. He was quite sure that her son could cope with his problems: His secretary passed Edcele a lengthy memorandum in which Henry outlined all his claims.
The father told him to work more, prescribed to break the relationship with the salisers from the rich families of Detroit, offered to make friends with good, reliable, proven people, the list of which Henry I attached to his letter. It ended in a pathoral appeal: "Restore health, cooperating with Henry Ford!" - On this phrase, Edsel burst, wrote a resignation statement and left home.
Henry I never believed that his son at death; During the funeral, the senior Ford looked not so much broken as confused. Walking behind the coffin, he told: "You can not do anything, you need to work more." But Harry Bennet, the new right hand Henry I, the executive director of Ford Motor, assured that his chief was constantly spoken about his son. Ford is so tired of Bennett with questions about whether he was too cruel with the late, that one day he blurted out: "Yes, you were unfair to him. In his place, I would be afraid of you angry!" Hearing it, Henry Ford focused: "This is what I waited for it! I so wanted it to at least once I sent me!" To judge whether it is, it's hard to judge: Bennet did not differ in truthfulness.
He began the sailor, then became a professional boxer, and then got to the Ford to the bodyguards, I liked him and managed to get out of the top. Tight, muscular Harry Bennet led to the sacred horror of Ford Households: his face was covered with scars, he came to his office under the protection of two former criminals, a huge colt served to him. The manager of Bennet was none: Together with the finally survived Henry I, they brought the company to the handle: under the onslaught of competitors for the sale of Ford Motor fell every year. At the same time, Bennette intended to displace the sons of Edcela's sons: all key posts in the company he put his friends, former boxers and baseball players. In the corridors "Ford Motor", bullish bumps and broken noses - Harry were close to Mafia and at the request of their friends took to work by the few criminals. Relationships with the trade unions His people were settled with the help of tights and cropping of metal pipes. Henry I no longer interfered. After his death, the heirs opened the room where he did not let anyone, and found heaps of leaves, written by his favorite aphorisms, letters to his wife, accounts for meat and fish of thirty years ago, piles of old screws and bolts, wreckage of garden benches - all this was the old man More than his company's business. Henry I lived his age in silence and marasche, but his senior grandson Henry II had his views on the future of the corporation.
In Henry II School, Pork Salom was teased - the eternal dummy, a crash that has frequently transfered from the class in class, was lasts and scattered. (In Yale University, Henry could not write a graduation writing, the text he ordered a tutoring agency ready and, passing it to the commission, forgot between the pages of the payment check.) He loved the sweet, felt like at home at the Ritz Hotel and from the young nails. Accustomed to the fact that everything is avenged in front of him - and servants, and teachers, and classmates. Henry II grew up, feeling a little prince, and Harry Benneta had every reason not to treat him seriously. He did, especially since Henry Jr. was a cheerful, friendly and good guy.
Henry I fought for the salvation of patriot birds, and his grandson was worried about the position of women who had a fee for entry into French restrooms, it seemed to him that they had to feel awkward. Once he stayed in the Paris toilet, the concerned friends decided to go and find out what's the matter: Henry Ford settled on the steps and sang Serenad Cassireche, who squeezed "Dom Perignon" - the champagne grandson of the oligarch pulled. In addition, Junior Henry married Catholicke and switched to Catholicism himself. Harry Bennet was the Protestant; A person who has changed the faith of ancestors because of the women, in his eyes was not worth nothing. He was confident that Henry's neck will turn with two fingers - but as a result, his own feeding was injured.
Henry I actively survived from the mind - Recently, the old man often responded to the side of the unfamiliar people and shared with them intimate: "You know, I am sure that Edsel did not die!" He became increasingly manageable, and the power in the family passed to women: aged Clara Ford and the widow of Edcela Eleonore, hated and father, and Harry Benneta, who had retained his entire energy. The mother-in-law and daughter-in-law entered into a temporary union: Henry II was appointed vice-president of Ford Motor and began to dismiss the people of Bennet. He came into rage and demanded an explanation, and Milo smiling Henry answered the same thing: "I just don't like how it looks."
Soon the turn came to the very executive director: the old Ford decided to make the grandson by the president, and he demanded the head of Bennet. Harry flew out of the "Ford Motor" the next day: Before cleaning the director of the office, he dropped everything on the floor that stood on the shelves, and smitherens spread their desktop. Survived in the receiving secretary listened in horror Didnone because of the closed door Ryk "Sukin Son, a boy! It is a pity that I didn't turn to him her neck! .." Henry I who finally burned out from the worldly concerns, informed the favorite assistant to the philosophical centance: "Everything comes back to the circles His own - Harry returned to the fact that began. "
The old man became more strange. He began to collect Titian - someone told him that the artist created masterpieces at 99 years old, and Henry I was inspired by this example: he really wanted to celebrate the centenary anniversary, but fate did not want to provide the Ford-senior of the last grace. He died in 1947 at the age of 84, when the title "Henry Ford" already belonged to Henry II.
This cheerful, sociable and friendly person with amazing ease became the personification of the company. With it, the "Ford Motor" case again went to the way. Henry had a stunning flair on akin and new ideas. By the mid-fifties, the corporation left competitors far beyond the feed, and Fords - at Henry I did not have this and in risen - turned into a cohesive and friendly clan. Henry Ford and his wife Anna, nee McDonnel, were considered exemplary billionaires - they conscientiously increased the wealth of them, they knew how to enjoy them and did not forget about the disadvantaged. Anna Ford ate on the table, belonging to Mary Antoinette, walked in the carpets of Louis XIV, champagne was served on silver Catherine Great. Anna Ford categorically prohibited his daughters to lay the beds themselves: they were not necessary to burden themselves with the work that the maid could do.
Little Fords had problems with her mother, but they adored their father. Henry was an ideal family man: when Anna did an operation, he passed through the room for three hours - such was one of the points of the contract, which Ford worried about his wife concluded with the Lord. When Cavalers came to his girls, he descended into the living room in Pajamas and offered guys to drink beer - the ladies of Ford Krasnel, lowered her eyes and sided into two voices: "Daddy, go to sleep." Henry adored guests, fry his corporate steak for them and delivered home after parties; The hiking cook grumbled due to the fact that he and his daughters, waking up, threw each other with pieces of cream cakes. The famous and arrogant Anna Ford was happy with her husband. When she once looked at him before bedtime (it was the day before the holiday in honor of the majority of their youngest daughter) and heard Henry desperately shouts into the handset: "Yes, yes, I get married to you!", I didn't believe my ears.
Henry Ford was not a happy man, he inherited his own problems from the family - all Fords, except Henry I, could relax only after several glasses of alcohol. Henry II mother saw, his younger brother died of alcoholism. He himself could kut all night in his youth - at the meeting of the Board of Directors, Ford often came right from parties - with red from alcohol and insomnia.
By the end of the dinners, the head "Ford Motor" turned into a caricature on himself. One day, Fords were invited to Paris, to a party that one of their relatives arranged in honor of the princess of the Monactian Grace, "Anna had to free her husband from the arms of the long-legged Italian, which splashed on it during a slow dance. Anna silently pulled him from a partner and took it to the hotel - she did not suspect that Henry managed to deal with the phone.
Life continued: Henry was engaged in the company, he sat down at the solemn evenings, and the novel developed his man - he decided to marry the thirty-one Christine Wittor Austin, he decided after she made an offer to the owner of the Revlon cosmetic company.
Henry left his wife and children - and their life went under Sun. Anna, always proud of his moral stood, fell in love with a professional gambler. Charlotte's daughter, who never allowed the guys to spread his hands, reasoned about the benefits of the presenchool sex and was going to marry the Stavros of Niarhos, a fifty-year-old Greek millionaire (in a year and a half, young divorced). The second daughter chose himself into the husbands of the thirty-year-old Italian, a close friend of the mother of the boyfriend, who also took care of the chairs (they diverged in a few years).
Anna Vila's rope from him, Christina followed her an example: Henry sat on a diet, began to run in the morning and drank only two bottles a day. He never managed to graduate with Yel, and Christina knocked him the honorary diploma of the doctor of law. Soon, the Italian joined the taste and began to roll endless techniques, to represent the charitable lunches and give vouchers to young talents. From the side they seemed perfect pair - until the Droat police officer stopped the car, in which the drunken Henry Ford was sitting. Next to him, the fair-haired fashion model Kathleen Robert Dubers. Henry Ford was handcuffed and taken to the police station - the judge gave him two years conditionally. Houses at Henry collapsed the scandal, which he rolled up angry Christina, and he stood it standing.
Everything went as a guy, but Henry Ford began to drink again and stopped doing the company's affairs. All his strength took a double life: Ford divorced six years ago, the second divorce would be a blow to the good name of the corporation, and he lied his wife for five years - all these years was Kathleen. The fracture came after Henry fell right on the street: doctors diagnosed angina, and he realized that it was time to end with her old life. At Christmas, he gently congratulated his wife - and at night Kristina looked out in the hall and saw her husband with a tiptoe handbag sneaks to the exit.
Then there was a long and refineral divorce: Christina called Henry Alcoholic, he assured the public that she was a lesbian - they say, it was not by chance that his ex-wife preferred to her husband of the Society of Pustoral Girlfriends! She sudes sixteen million dollars from him, and soon after the divorce Henry married Katie Diusos. The daughters of Henry, who did not have the slightest desire to communicate with a new stepmother (in addition Kathleen was their peer), the event boycotted. A day after the wedding, drunk Henry called his favorite Anna and Ogu had her last words. Since then, they have not communicated. Little-inlets Henry Ford broke the relationship with all his relatives.
In the late eighties, he left the company and since then lives a hermit. He became interested in astrology, began to study the stars and calculate the magic dates. He is increasingly reminding his grandfather: they say that he also expects to live to a hundred years.
Ford Motor still belongs to the heirs of the founder. But Fords no longer manage the company - the hired managers are preferring. Edsel, son Henry II, did not change him in the presidential chair; He is engaged in marketing and advertising and is very pleased with his destiny. Grandson Henry II at the insistence of relatives called Henry III, but parents prefer the baby's affectionate nickname. He still can not read and does not know that his surname is written in tens of millions of cars. return
Source of information http://www.people.com/undertake/auto/ford/
For more information about the Ford's business http://www.mukhin.ru/ford.html
Biography
American engineer, industrialist, inventor. One of the founders of the United States automotive industry, the founder of the Ford Motor Company (Ford Motor Company), the organizer of the conveyor production. Henry Ford was born on July 30, 1863, on a farm located near Dirborn, Michigan (USA). "There is a legend that my parents were very poor and they had a tight. They were, however, not well, but they could not have any speech about the real poverty. For Michigan farmers, they were even wealthy. My home and now is still intact and together with the farm is part of my possessions. The most important event of my children's years was my meeting with a locomotive, miles in eight from Detroit, when we once drove into the city. I was then twelve years old.
The second most importantly an event that falls on the same year was the watches presented to me.] This locomotor was failing that I was immersed in the automotive equipment. When I went to the city, my pockets were always packed with all sorts of trash: nuts and chips of iron. Often, I managed to get broken clock, and I tried to repair them. Thirteen years old I managed to repair the clock for the first time so that they went correctly. From fifteen years I could repair almost all hours, although my tools were very primitive. I could never particularly interested in farm work. I wanted to deal with the machines. My father did not very much sympathize with my passion to mechanics. He wished me to become a farmer. When I graduated from school seventeen and entered the student in the mechanical workshop of the driver, I was considered almost dead. " (Henry Ford, "My Life, My Achievements", 1922)
In 1879 (at the age of 16), the student of the driver in Detroit received a place. Having finished learning, was engaged in the installation and repair of steam engines on steam locomotives, for several years worked as a mechanic in various companies. At the same years, he worked on the repair of hours (then it turned into his hobby for life) and independently studied the mechanics and engineering. "On May 31, 1921, the Ford Car Society released a car number 5,000,000. Now he is in my museum, next to a small gasoline cart, with which I began my experiments and which for the first time I went to the spring of 1893 to my great pleasure. That small old trolley, despite his two cylinders, ran twenty miles per hour and kept, with its reservoir only 12 liters, full of sixty miles. " (Henry Ford, "My Life, My Achievements", 1922) From 1893 - Chief Engineer "Edison Ilyuminetting Company" (Electric company of Thomas Edison, the creator of the electric light bulb). In 1892 - 1893, he created his first car with a 4-stroke engine of internal combustion (brand "Ford"). In 1899, he quit the chief engineer to completely devote himself to creating his own automotive company in Detroit. In 1899 - 1902 - Chief Engineer "Detroit dismissed the company." The company went bankrupt, and Ford decided to conquer a reputation for its cars to participate in auto racing: he managed to become a very popular car drivers.
Henry Ford is the best businessman of the 20th century.
Most Americans believe that Henry Ford has invented a car. All are confident that Henry Ford invented the conveyor, although for 6 years to Ford, a moving trolley, and tape transporters have already used on grain elevators, and meat processing plants in Chicago. The merit of Ford is that he created a stream production. He invented car business. When enterprises have become economically organized, demand appeared in the manager. XX century became a century of control. But to come to this, the creators should appear at the beginning of the century. So the creator was Henry Ford. And for this he is recognized by Fortune magazine with the best businessman of the XX century.
Henry Ford built the largest industrial production of the beginning of the 20th century and earned $ 1 billion on it (36 billion in today's dollars), its principles had a huge impact on US public life. He sold 15 and a half million Ford-T cars, the conveyor became the usual and necessary. Ford began to pay the workers twice as much and created by this class of "blue collar". His workers copied money to buy "their" car - "Ford-T". Ford did not create demand for cars, he created the conditions for demand. American management was born in the fight with the principles of Ford. The founders of the management theory formulated their principles in absentee dispute with Ford, and one of the first American practitioners - Alfred Sloan from General Motors - broke Henry Ford and in full-time fighting.
The incredible success of Ford-Entrepreneurs ended in 1927 by the collapse of Ford Manager. By this time, Ford could no longer change. He really believed in his success and his right thing that did not notice the change of time when the process of organizing a successful production was transferred to the control stage. Ford somehow said: "Gymnastics - full nonsense. It is not needed healthy, but patients are contraindicated. ". The same was his attitude to the management. Only the product is important. If he is good - he will bring profit, if the bad, then no financial injections, no rationaic leadership will do it successful. The art of the management of Ford despised. In the office he spent less than in the workshop. Financial papers annoyed it. He hated bankers and recognized only cash. He called the financiers, thieves, pests and even robbers, shareholders - TUneev.
"How many people are confident that the most important device of the factory, sales, financial resources, business leadership, was surprised by Ford. - the most important thing is the most product, and all the forcing products before the product is improved, means spending forces. " The mass production of Ford launched when he achieved a universal, that is, the perfect, from his point of view, the product. Further, the established production cycle creates a car, managers take into account only the overall developing, Ford itself monitors that the departments work is consistently, and the profit flows by itself. In his company, Ford solely accepted all important decisions. The market strategy was to use the "penetration prices". Annual increase in production, permanent reduction in costs, a regular decline in car prices created stable demand and profit growth. Profit returned to production. Shareholders Ford did not pay anything. Becoming a successful individualist entrepreneur, Ford considered commercial success with the best confirmation of his theory. He was not tired of repeating: "Only work is able to build values."
American dream in pure form
Henry Ford was born in a poor family, rich and famous. Americans can forget the name of their president, but they will always remember the name of their car. Henry Ford's life was subordinate to one idea. He suffered defeat, demolished ridicule, fought with intrigues. But he achieved everything that dreamed of. Henry Ford created a universal car and became a billionaire. He lived all his life with his wife Clara, who believed in him and always supported. When he was asked, he would like to live life again, Ford replied: "Only if you can marry Clar". By his biography, you can shoot a Hollywood film.
He was born on July 30, 1863 in the family of an American farmer near Dirborn in Michigan. The family was not good, the father worked for whole days in the field. Somehow, twelve-year-old Henry with his parents went to Detroit and first saw the carriage with a motor - locomobile. The cart without a horse produced a strong impression on a cleaned boy. The boiler was treated with coal, the locomotive barely dragged along the rural road and stopped to skip the carts of Fords. While the father rule the father tried to drive, Henry spoke with the driver. He was terribly proud of his unit, so he began to show how the chain was removed from the moving wheel and how the drive belt was put on.
From this day, Henry tried to construct a moving mechanism for all day. His tools were tools, his pockets were naked with nuts, and after parents gave Henry watches, he disassembled them and collected again. When you scold your children for decided to see what inside the tape recorder, remember about Henry Ford. At the age of 15, Henry revenge the broken clock to the neighbors and from all the rubble collected the simplest mechanisms. He did not finish school. "From the books you can not learn anything practical - the machine for the technique is the same as books for the writer, and this technician would have to be actually known how everything is manufactured. Hence, he will face the idea, and since he has a head on his shoulders, he will try to apply them, "he will later write Henry Ford.
Henry Ford's father wanted the Son to work with him on the farm - continued the case. But the future founder of the automotive empire broke away from the roots and entered the student into a mechanical workshop. At night, he worked at the jeweler - repairing the clock. Holidays at work he did not know, gaining at times 300 hours for repair. Soon, however, the clock stopped interested in Ford. He decided that the clock was not the subject of necessity, and that not all people would strive to buy them. He was drawn to self-deviating crews. At the age of 16, he learned to manage Lokomobile and settled in the company "Westinguz" as an expert on assembling and repairing locomotics. These cars drove at a speed of 12 miles per hour and were used as a force. The weight of the locomotive was in a few tons, they were so expensive that only a rich farmer could acquire them. Ford decided to build a light steam trolley that could replace the horse in the stuff. It was necessary to invent and build a steam machine, easy enough to drag an ordinary telega or plow. "To shift the hard, harsh work of a farmer from human shoulders to steel and iron - has always been the main subject of my ambition," thought Ford.
But it was not a mass product. People showed more interest in the car, on which they could ride on the roads than to the field of field work. And Henry collected a cart with steam engine. But not very nice was to sit on a high pressure boiler. For two years, Ford continued experiences with various boilers and was convinced that a light slaughtered crew with a steam engine could not be built. And then he first heard about gas engines. Like any new idea, she was perceived with curiosity, but without enthusiasm. Ford recalled that then there was not a single person who believed that the internal combustion engine could have further distribution: "All smart people irrefutably proved that such a motor cannot compete with a steam engine. They did not have the slightest idea that someday he would win the action field. " From this point on, he disseminally belonged to the advice of "smart people."
In 1887, Henry Ford constructed the model of the engine. To do this, he had (as in childhood) to disassemble the real engine to him into his workshop and figure out what's there. To continue its experiments, Ford returned to the farm - but do not plow, but to arrange a workshop in a barn. Father offered Henry 40 acres of the forest, if he quit picking in the cars. Henry Schitril: He agreed, arranged the sawmill, married. But he spent all his free time in the workshop. He read a bunch of books on the mechanics, designed engines, tried to adapt the motor to the bike. But one on the farm further was impossible to advance, and then Ford was offered the place of engineer and mechanics in a Detroit electrical company with a salary of $ 45 per month.
New colleagues laughed at him and tried to push the future for electricity. At that time, Ford met the first time with Thomas Edison, told him about his work and shared doubts. Edison became interested: "Any lightweight engine that is capable of developing a greater number of horsepower and does not need any special source of force, has a future. We do not know what you can achieve with the help of electricity, but I suppose it is not omnipotently. Continue work on your machine. If you reach the goal that myself was put, then I predict a big future to you. " Now no one could convince him. It is necessary to continue to work. After all, in addition to the devotee, Thomas Edison himself believed in him.
In 1893, Ford collected his first car - "Quadricycle". To leave the barn, I had to break the wall. When Henry Ford rode for Detroit on his "quadrician", the horses were shake from him, and passersby surrendered an unusual cart, which not only herself, but also caraightels on the entire district. As soon as Ford left the Quadricycle for a minute without supervision, some curious cheeky lord, who tried to ride, immediately climbed into it. It accounted for during each parking to rush with a circuit with a lamppost. Although there were no road rules yet, Henry received permission to the police and became the first officially approved driver of America. In 1896, he sold a car for $ 200. It was his first sale. The money was immediately put on the creation of a new car, lighter. He believed that heavy cars were for units. The locomotive, tank or tractor cannot use massive demand. However, if now Henry Ford saw Ford Expedition, he may have revised his views. But Ford believed that the mass product should be easy and affordable: "Overweight is equally meaningless in any subject, as an icon on a Kucher hat, is perhaps even meaningless. The icon may eventually serve for identification, while overweight means only excessive waste. "
Although by this time it was already raised to the first engineer with a monthly salary of $ 125, experiments with the car met from the director no more sympathy than before his attraction to the mechanics from the Father. "I still have his words in my ears:" Electricity - yes, he owns the future. But gas?! No! ", - I will remember the Ford. The company suggested Ford a high post provided that he would quit through the nonsense and devote himself to finally the present case. Ford chose a car. On August 15, 1899, he refused the service to devote himself to the automotive cause.
Himself. Only Sam
Immediately there were rapid companions, who offered Ford to create a Detroit Automobile Company (Detroit Automobile Company) for production racing machines - They did not see another application for cars. Ford tried to defend the ideas of mass production, but remained alone. "Everyone had one thought: to dial orders and sell as expensive as possible. The main thing was - to give money. Since I did not have any influence in my post engineer, I would soon realize that the new company was not a suitable means for the implementation of my ideas, but exclusively only a cash enterprise that brought, besides, little money. " In March 1902, he left his post and firmly decided never to occupy a dependent position.
Ford never considered the speed of the main advantage of the car, but since the attention could be attracted, only to win the race ("a more unreliable sample is hard to imagine," he smiled) He had to build two cars calculated exclusively at the speed. "The descent from the Niagara Falls in comparison with this should seem a pleasant walk," he recalled about the first trip. For the races, Ford recommended the Cyclist Oldfield, who never went to the car and searched for new sensations. He learned to manage for a week, and, sitting before the race in the car, having fun said: "I know that in this cart me, maybe a death is waiting for, but at least everyone will say that I rushed like the devil." Oldfrid never turned back, did not slow down on turns. He fell out of place and did not reduce the speed to the finish. His victory attracted the interest of investors to Ford - it's easy to get money when you have the most fast car. After a week, Ford Motor was issued.
Ford organized his company already as he wanted. He chose the slogan: "If someone refuses my car, I know that I am to blame for him." Priority - product, simple, reliable, light, cheap, mass. From the very beginning, Ford created not a car for the rich, and the car for everyone. He avoided a luxurious finish, little cared for the prestige of the brand. Financial principles were three. Ford did not attract other people's capital to the company, bought only cash, put all the profits again into production. Ford believed that only those who participated in the creation of the product were eligible for dividends in the work. All the efforts of this work were aimed at developing a universal car model.
Each of his first cars has its own story. Model-A, built in 1904 at number 420, was purchased by Colonel Kollee from California. Having traveled for several years, he sold it and bought a new Ford. Model-A №420 passed from hand to hand until she became the property of a resident of Mountains Edmund Jacobs. He used the car for several years for the hardest work, bought a new Ford, and the old sold. In 1915, the car fell to the possession of some Kantello, who took out the engine and adapted it to the water pump, and fell to the chassis, so the engine began to pump water in good faith, and the chassis in which the mule was imputed, replaced the peasant cart. Moral history is clear: the Ford car can be disassembled into parts, but it is impossible to destroy.
The beautiful names of Ford did not come up with their cars. He used a consecutive letter of the English alphabet. Previous models Although sold well, they remained experimental. Universal became the model-t. Its characteristic feature was simplicity. Advertising read: "Each child can control the" Ford ".
Creating an ideal
And in one beautiful morning of 1909, Ford announced that in the future only one model will produce - "T", and that all the cars will have the same chassis. Ford said: "Each buyer can get" Ford-T "of any color, provided that this color will be black." In his statement, Ford tried to change the idea of \u200b\u200bthe car as an entertainment crew. "The car is not a luxury, but a means of transportation," the Ostap Bender was subsequently sprocked the principle of Henry Ford. But the main thing, Ford believed in the possibility of a massive sale of cars at the time when the purchase of the car was treated as they now belong to the purchase of the aircraft. "I intend to build a car for widespread use. It will be great enough to fit the whole family, but is also small enough for one person to manage it. It will be made of the best material, built by first-class workers and is designed by the simplest methods that are possible in modern technique. Despite this, the price will be so low that every person who receives decent content will be able to acquire a car to enjoy with his family with rest on the free, clean air, "said Ford's statement.
Ideal is easily believed until it is unavailable. The ideal tangible causes suspicion. Everyone believed that it was impossible to do something well, but to sell cheaply that a good car cannot be made at all for a low price - and in general whether it is advisable to build cheap cars when they bought only rich? They said: "If Ford will do as she said, after six months he has a cover." Over Ford laughed, called his enterprise "the greatest factory of canned cans", the model-t in the people of Laskovo dubbed the "tin lizzy". Spare parts for "Lizzy" cost so cheap, which was more profitable to buy new, than to repair the old ones. To sell a lot, it was necessary not only to reduce the prices of the car, but also convince the buyer as a car. At the dawn of the automotive industry for the sale of the car looked at the favorable operation. Received money from the buyer, the commissioner earned his interest and immediately forgot about the eccentric who bought his dear toy. Each car owner was considered a rich man who was worth up. "We could not afford that our sales shy with stupid thugs," Ford announced. His infilt when "on a dissatisfied buyer was not looking at a person who was confidenced by which they were abused, but as a very annoying person, or on the object of operation, from which the money can be squeezed again, leading to the work of the work that it would be possible from the very beginning Make as it should. For example, quite a little interested in the fate of the car after the sale: how much gasoline he spent, what was his real power. If he was not suitable and it was necessary to replace individual parts, the worse it was for the owner. They considered themselves to sell individual parts as expensive as possible, based on the theory that this person, having bought a whole car, should have parts by anything, and therefore it is ready to pay well for them. "
Ford's policies focused on mass sales was another: "Who purchased our car, had the right to continuous use in my eyes. Therefore, if there happened a breakdown, our duty was to take care that the crew as soon as possible was again suitable for use. " This principle of service was decisive for the success of Ford.
His struggle
Competitors wanted. In 1908, the Detroit Association of Automobile Producers, frightened by the noisy statements of Ford on the creation of a cheap car, tried to drag Ford to him to control prices and production sizes. They proceeded from the assumption that the market for the sale of cars is limited, so it is necessary to monopolize the case. On September 15, 1909, Ford loses the court on the formal basis: a kind of Zelden in 1879 patented a "moving cart", which did not have anything in common with Ford cars. However, the syndicate of automakers, leaning on that patent, tried to undermine the production of all American cars. After the trial, Ford's opponents spread rumors that the purchase of Ford cars is a criminal offense, and each buyer is at risk being arrested.
Ford's response has demonstrated confidence in the victory. He printed in all influential newspapers Announcement: "We bring to the attention of those buyers who under the influence of the agitation undertaken by our opponents arise any doubts that we are ready to issue a bond to each individual buyer guaranteed by a special foundation at $ 12 million, so every buyer Provided from any accidents prepared by those who seek to take possession of our production and monopolize it. The specified bond you can get on the first requirement. Therefore, do not agree to buy products more low quality At insanely high prices on the basis of those rumors that extends to the employee company of our enemies. " The best advertising was impossible to come up with. Nothing contributed to the greatest fame of Ford than the process. During the year, Ford sold more than eighteen thousand cars, and only 50 buyers demanded bonds. The court was played against the Association of automakers, but won the trust of buyers. In 1911, the new court revised the decision in favor of Ford. "The time that is spent on combating competitors is crumbling in vain; It would be better to consume it to work, "Ford said. He reduced the cost of "tin" every year and in 1927 he solemnly left the Ford-T fifteen millionth million car, which changed little in 19 years. How did not change the principles of Henry Ford.
Personnel policy
With the set of new Ford employees, it was categorically against the reception of "competent persons." For that of it, he was accused of uneducation all the time. Somehow Henry Ford was offended by the Chicago newspaper for the word "ignorant" and sued. The lawyer of the newspaper decided to demonstrate the court of ignorance Ford and asked him the question: "How many soldiers were sent to Britain to America to suppress the uprising of 1776?" Ford was not confused: "I don't know how much the soldier was sent, but I am sure that home returned significantly less." Then he showed his finger on a lawyer and said: "If I really needed to answer your stupid questions, then I only have to click on the desired button In my office, as at my disposal will be specialists who can answer any question. Why should I score your head with nonsense to prove that I can answer any question? "
Although he declared himself, he would never take a specialist to work. "If I wanted to kill competitors with dishonest means, I would give them the hordes of specialists. Having received a lot of good advice, my competitors could not start work, "Ford stated and strangally stated and fired all who could have imagined himself with an" expert. " Only something made with her own hands could be worthy of respect for Ford. He believed that everyone should start from the bottom stage of the working ladder. Old experience and past new employees were not taken into account. "We never ask about the past of a person looking for a job with us - we accept it's not the past, but a person. If he was sitting in prison, then there is no reason to assume that he will fall into it again. I think, on the contrary, that, if only to give him an opportunity, he will especially try not to get into it again. Our bureau of employees, therefore, therefore does not refuse to find out his former lifestyle - whether he leaves Harvard or from Sing Sing prison, we don't care; We do not even ask about it. He should have only one thing: the desire to work. If this is not, then, in all likelihood, he will not seek the place with us, for it is generally quite well known that Ford is doing business. "
Ford believed that in his factory every eventually falls there, where he deserves. That the wave will make a capable person in place belonging to him rightly. "The fact that there is no" free "posts for him is not an obstacle, since we, in fact, there are no" posts "," wrote Ford. - Our best workers themselves create a place. The appointment is not associated with any formalities; This person is immediately provided with a new business and receives a new remuneration. " The head of the factory began with the driver. The director of a large enterprise in River Ruget was adopted by the manufacturer of samples. The head of one of the important departments began the garbage cleaner.
His achievements
In search of a decrease in the cost of manufacturing Ford, drew attention to the fact that the working time spent more time to search and deliver material and tools than to work. Walking workers on the workshop did not want to pay. "If twelve thousand employees save each daily ten steps, it will be saving space and strength at fifty miles," Ford calculated and realized that it was necessary to deliver work to the workers, and not vice versa. He formulated two principles: to force the worker did not do more than one step and never allow him to be touched forward when working. From April 1, 1913, Ford launched a conveyor. A worker who robbed a bolt without screwed the nut simultaneously; Who put the nut, did not screw her fix it. None of the workers raised anything and did not drag.
On January 12, 1914, Ford establishes the size of the minimum wage $ 5 per day (twice as much as the average in the industry!) And reduces the working day to eight hours. "The ambition of each employer would have to be to pay higher bets than all its competitors, and the desire of workers, in order to practically facilitate the implementation of this ambition," the Ford substantiated his decision. At the same time, he pursues a policy of working with disabled people, which pays as much as healthy workers. The benefit was included in the other: to the monotony of conveyor work disabled were better prepared, because there was no qualifications to be qualified. So, the blind was attached to the warehouse to count the screws and nuts designed to be sent to branches. Two healthy people were busy with the same work. Two days later, the head of the workshop asked to be appointed both healthy other work, since the blind was able to fulfill the duties and two others with his work.
"The employer will never win anything if he produces a review with his employees and will give himself a question:" As far as I can reduce their fee? " Such little use working when he threatens to the entrepreneur with a fist and asks: "How much can I squeeze you?" In the last account, both sides should hold the enterprise and ask yourself a question: "How can one help this industry achieve fruitful and secured existence so that it gives us all the secured and comfortable existence?" - Ford insisted that the industrialists are not the holders of the shares, but the creators of the product. From January 1914, he oversleered workers about the plan of their participation in profit.
Ford believed that the profit belongs to three groups: first - the enterprise to maintain it in a state of sustainability, development and health; secondly - workers, with which the profit is created; Third, to a certain extent, the same and society. The flowering company delivers the profit to all three participants - the organizer, manufacturers and the buyer. According to Ford, the responsibility of the manager is to care that the personnel subordinate to him had the opportunity to create a decent existence. In other words, be able to buy Ford cars. It was the first step towards the formation of the class of blue collar.
"Restrain to worsen the product, take care of lowering wages and relieve the audience. More brain in your working method - brain and once again brain! Work better than before, only this way can assist and service for all countries. This can always be achieved, "the Ford called. His statements were incredulous, but they were not just an advertising trick. In one year, the profit has so exceeded the expectations that Ford voluntarily returned to every $ 50 bought a car: "We felt that they involuntarily took from our buyer more expensive for this amount."
Finance
The consequence of this Ford policy was a conflict with shareholders. "If I were forced to choose between a salary reduction and the destruction of dividends, I, without hesitation, would destroy the dividends" - such a centance could not find a response from companions. All Ford earned invested in production. Enterprise richly, and shareholders led by Dodge brothers hoped for dividends. They did not imagine that production can be limited to one-sole model. Ford contemptively compared them with the "creators of the ladies": "Amazingly, the conviction that a wonderful thing was deeply intended, the permanent sales of goods depend not on the forever to conquer the buyer's confidence, and on the first to make it spend money on buying Item, and then convince that he should buy a new one instead of this. "
The principle of Ford was different: each part of the car should be replaceable to, if necessary, it could be replaced more modern. A benign machine must also be durable as good hours. Let the Ford car had a single one, but reliable. Shareholders rebelled. Henry Ford to sleep their vigilance, resigned and transferred to his son Edselu. Meanwhile, he himself began to buy stocks and very soon to the remaining 49% added at his disposal. Shareholders as such remained. Dividends had no one. Finance to the Ford put the Finance, and he himself continued to alone to lead the production. Politics remained unchanged: it is better to sell a large number of cars with a small profit than a small amount with a big one.
How did Ford succeed to buy shares in the amount of almost $ 60 million? He opened a new way to spend less money in the enterprise - by accelerating the turnover. On January 1, he had $ 20 million in cash at his disposal (remember that Ford recognized only cash?!), And April 1 - already $ 87 million, by 27 million more than it was necessary to pay off debt for stocks. He sold all the property that did not have a relationship to production, "received $ 24,700,000, another 3 million rescued for foreign production. I bought the railway to lose less on the transport, the winnings amounted to 28 million. Sale of military loans and by-products brought 11,600,000. As a result - 87,300,000.
"If we were accepted by the loan," wrote Ford, "our desire to reduce the cost of production methods would not be carried out. If we received money under 6%, and, including commission money, and so on, it would have to pay more, then some percentages at the annual production of 500,000 cars would be added in 4 dollars per car. In a word, we would have acquired only heavy debt instead of better production. Our cars would cost approximately $ 100 more expensive than now, our production at the same time would decline, because after all, the circle of buyers would declined too. "
Management - by Ford
In 1920, all that was not related to the automotive industry, Ford conducted a reconstruction in the factory. "Lucky" from the management building transferred to the workshop. "A large building for control, maybe sometimes necessary, but at the sight of him a suspicion is wakeful that there is an excess of administration," he said. All employees who do not agree to return to the machine were dismissed. Internal phones between departments are disabled. Ford came up with the motto: "Smallest administrative spirit in business life and more business spirit in the administration." This meant that the work of the lower managers was reduced to the accounting, at the enterprise there were no organizational schemes and horizontal bonds between the departments, production meetings were eliminated, no "unnecessary documentation" was carried out, outfit magazines were canceled. Gondo stating that the statistics will not build a car, Ford has abolished statistics.
Pure utilitarian approach to the management was called "Fordism". In order not to be unfounded, we quote the very founder: "The greatest difficulty and evil, with which you have to deal with the joint work of a large number of people, is to be excessive organization and coming out from here. In my opinion, there is no more dangerous vocation than the so-called organizational genius. He likes to create monstrous schemes, which, like a genealogical tree, represent the branching of power to its latest elements. The whole trunk of Tree is spinning with beautiful round berries that wear individual names or positions. Each has its own title and well-known functions, strictly limited by the scope of its berries. If the head of the workers team wishes to turn to his director, then his path goes through the younger supervisor of the workshop, the senior superior of the workshop, head of the department and through all the assistants of the director. While he will give to whom it follows what he wanted to say, it is likely to have already moved into history. Six weeks pass, while the paper serving from the bottom left berry in the corner of the Great Administrative Tree comes to the Chairman or President of the Supervisory Board. When she happily pushed back to this all-powerful face, her volume increased like avalanche, to the whole mountain of critical reviews, offers and comments. It rarely happens that it comes to approval before the time has already expired for its implementation. The papers are in hand in hand, and everyone tries to blame responsibility to another, guided by the convenient principle that "the mind is good, and two better," the Ford wrote in his book "My life, my achievements."
He saw an enterprise as "working communication of people whose task is to work, and not exchange letters." One department is at all no need to know what is happening in the other. In his company, he left only low-level managers who reported to products produced by their departments. No meetings and meetings were conducted: the Horde considered them completely unnecessary. The too difficult organizational structure, according to Ford, led to what was incomprehensible who responsible for what. Everyone had to be responsible for entrusted to him a small section of work - that is, in the Office, he used the organizational conveyor. He hung small leaders, carefully watched them to blame the blame on each other. Not encouraged both friendly relations at work, fearing the fact that people will start covering the Comrade mistakes.
"When we work, we must refer seriously; When you are having fun, it's all over. It is pointless to mix one with another. Everyone must put a goal - to perform work well and get good reward for it. When the work is over, you can have fun. That is why Fordovskih factory and enterprises do not know any organization, no posts with special duties, no developed administrative system, very few titles and no conferences. We have exactly so many employees in our bureau, as definitely necessary, any documents are not at all, and therefore there are no red tapes. We impose on everyone entirely responsibility. Any worker has its own job. The head of the brigade is responsible for the workers subordinates, the head of the workshop - for his workshop, the head of the department - for his office, director - for his factory. Everyone is obliged to know what is happening around him. The factory has been subordinate for many years to one single leader. Since we do not have neither titles, no official authority, then there is no red tape and no exceeds. Each employee has access to everyone; This system has become a habit that the head of the workshop does not even feel offended if any of his workers drawn through his head directly to the head of the factory. True, the working rarely has a reason for complaints, as the heads of workshops know perfectly, as their own name, that any injustice will be very soon revealed, and then they will cease to be heads of workshops. If a person has twisted a head from a high post, it is detected, and then it is retained, or returned to the machine. Work, exclusively one work is our teacher and the manager. Titles have an amazing effect. Too often they serve as a sign for liberation from work. Often, the title is equal to the sign of the difference with the motto: "This owner is not obliged to engage in anything other than the assessment of its high meaning and the insignificance of the rest of the people."
Always wish more
Ford was chopped by aphorism ("Failure - only the opportunity to start more reasonably", "more people surrendered than the losers"), was a tough owner, but truly loved his workers and cared for them. He opened school, hospital, started the tradition of collective picnics and dinners. He was a strict, but a fair father, knocking old-fashioned truths in his heads of his chalopais. If it were in his power, "Hord-T" would always be released. When I had to replace it in 1927, he closed production for six months. But it was too late: General Motors became the leader of the American automotive industry, realized to reorient for the release of different brands, offering the buyer a range of cars "for any purpose and any wallet."
The wreck of its principles of Ford was extremely difficult. Hate to financiers splashed by the anti-Semitic bile (however, Ford was repent), the company rolled down: not only GM, but Chrysler Corp. We studied demand, sold on credit (and not only for cash), successfully developed, and Ford all rested into their own, once surprisingly successful, principles. If he were general, he would refer his headquarters to the forefront, put the heroic senios on them. The Ford's soldiers would have dressed, shods, well fed, the thickness of armor tanks would be checked personally, the officer ranks would be canceled. Before the fight, he would go to the "Ford-T" before the army and led her to the attack.
What remains: conveyor, blue collar, dealer system and buyers' guarantees? Not only: any mass product from Big Poppy to one-time handle has a common parent - Ford-T car. His grandson Henry Ford II after the death of the grandfather took a rescue team of educated managers led by the future US defense minister Robert McNamara. The principles of Henry Ford were corrected. The model "Ford-T" is named car century. The new "Ford Focus" was recognized as the best car of 1999. Slogan advertising campaign "Ford Focus": "Always desire more." True, the company's founder himself was meant something else. But was it simple was this Henry Ford, whom was called a grumpy cough and a crazy dictator? And did he laid the foundations of today's prosperity of Ford's empire?
His book "My Life, My Achievements" is catechism of Romance Mechanics. His ideas and methods of the organization of the production described in this book were introduced into the activities of thousands of enterprises. Withstanding about 100 editions in dozens of the world, the autobiographical book "Father" of the US automotive industry was bright, figuratively, vigorously and inspired. It contains the richest material, which is in many ways of historical interest, but in a number of relations, preserving relevance for economists, engineers, designers, psychologists, sociologists, managers and organizers of production.
Henry Ford is often called the "father" of the automotive industry, because he created a whole network of automotive plants. Ford received 161 patent, so the greatest inventor is deserved. The industrialist dedicated the life to the production of cheap cars and sought to provide the machine of each wishing. Henry Ford first applied a conveyor for streaming machines. The brainchild of the businessman, the company "Ford Motor", functions today under the guidance of its descendants.
Childhood and youth
The future industrialist was born on July 30, 1863 at the father's farm near the town of Dirborn (Michigan). William Ford Parents and Marie Litogat emigrated to America from Ireland. The boy brought up with three brothers and two sisters.
Father and mother worked hard on the farm and were considered wealthy people. But Henry was confident that in the conduct of the economy of work, much more than the fruit of labor, so she did not seek to continue the case of parents.
The boy was educated only in church school and did not learn even write without mistakes. When Ford became the head of the company, he could not competently draw up a contract. Once in the newspaper, the industrialist was called "ignorant", because of what Ford filed to the publication. But the inventor was sure that the most important thing for a person was not literacy, but the ability to think.
In 12, Henry lost his mother, and this event shook the boy. At the same age, the future entrepreneur first saw a locomobile. Ford was delighted with the crew, moving under the action of a motor, and decided in the future to assemble a moving mechanism in the future. But the father wanted Henry to become a farmer, so the child's interest in mechanics critically perceived the interest of the child.
At the 16th age, Ford went to Detroit and became a student in a mechanical workshop. Four years later, Henry returned to the farm, where she worked at the farm, and at night she was engaged in inventions. To facilitate the father of everyday work, Ford created the throat, which operated on gasoline. Given the relevance of such equipment, the buyer soon found. Henry sold a patent for the invention, and then got a job in the company of this famous entrepreneur.
Business
In 1891, Ford went to Detroit again to become a mechanical engineer at Thomas Edison. Henry held this position until 1899, but in his free time, it continued to work on creating a car. Ford did not just engaged in his favorite thing, but lived the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating an affordable car. In 1893, Henry managed to achieve the result - designed his first car.
Edison's management did not support employee hobbies and recommended to abandon incredible clauses. Instead, in 1899, the future industrialist went from work and became one of the owners of the Detroit Automotive Company. But here the guy did not stay for a long time and three years later left the firm due to discrepancies in views with other co-owners.
At this time, the invention of a young entrepreneur was not in great demand. To attract the attention of customers, Ford drove around the city on his car. At the same time, Henry often ridiculed and called "obsessed" from the street. But the guy was not afraid of failures and despised the fear of losses. In 1902, Ford participated in the car racing and managed to get ahead of the existing US champion. The task of the inventor was a car advertising and a demonstration of his dignity, and the guy reached the desired result.
In 1903, a novice businessman created the company "Ford Motor" and began the production of cars "Ford A". The inventor wanted to provide buyers a versatile sample machine that would be distinguished by reliability and economy. Gradually, Ford made the design of the machine much easier, standardized various mechanisms and details. The inventor first used the conveyor for the production of cars, which was a real innovation. A talented businessman has achieved a breakthrough in the automotive industry and took the leading position in this industry.
Henry Ford was not afraid of difficulties and fought even with the strongest opponent. When Ford Motor faced a syndicate of automakers, a young entrepreneur had resistance. Back in 1879, George Selden received a patent for the car project, but did not realize it. When other companies engaged in the production of cars, the inventor began to go to court. After the first won business, a number of firms have bought licenses from him and created the Association of Car Manufacturers.
Judicial proceedings against Ford began in 1903 and lasted until 1911. The industrialist refused to buy a license and promised to protect his customers. In 1909, Ford lost the case, but after his revision, the court ruled that all the automakers acted under the law and did not violate the patent rights of the Selden, as the engine was used. As a result, the association of the automotive industry broke out, and Ford won the fighter fossa for the interests of buyers.
Success came to a talented inventor in 1908 with the beginning of the release of Ford-T. Ford's brainchild was distinguished by simple finish, democratic price and practicality. Even chose this car, converted under the sanitary machine.
Car Henry Ford Model "Ford-T" Sales of Ford Motor increased quickly, because Ford cars were high-quality, but inexpensive. At the same time, the cost of "Ford-T" over the years fell: if in 1909 the price of a car was $ 850, then in 1913 fell to 550.
For 1910, Henry Ford of the Highland Park plant has been building. Three years later, the assembly conveyor was used here. At first, the generator was collected, and then the engine. Several dozen workers were engaged in assembling each engine, which performed separate operations and reduced the production time. A moving platform was also used, with the result that the chassis was twice as fast. Such experiments affected many parties to the production process, increasing its productivity and efficiency.
Gradually, the industrialist purchased mines, coal mines and opened new plants. So Ford achieved a complete production cycle: from the extraction of ore to the release of finished cars. As a result, the businessman created a whole empire that did not depend on other companies and foreign trade. For 1914, Ford released 10 million cars or 10% of all cars in the world.
Henry Ford sought to improve working conditions at the factories. Since 1914, the salary workers have increased to $ 5 per day. But to receive such money, the staff necessarily spend their reasonably. If the earnings were spent on drinking, then the employee was dismissed.
At the enterprises, the mode of operation in three shifts of 8 hours was installed, instead of two to 9 hours. Also, the entrepreneur introduced one day off and paid vacation. Although the workers needed to comply with tough discipline, thousands of people attracted good conditions, and Ford did not lack the personnel. Nevertheless, until 1941, the plants of the American Industrialist acted a ban on trade unions.
At the beginning of the 20s, Ford sold more cars than all competitors in aggregate. Of the ten cars implemented in the US, seven manufactured by Ford. During this period, the industrialist began to call the "car king."
Since 1917, the United States participated in the war as part of the Entente. Then the plants of Henry Ford took up the fulfillment of military orders and produced helmets, gas masks, submarines and tanks. But the entrepreneur emphasized that he did not want to make money on bloodshed and promised to return the result of the profit. The patriotic gust of Ford was welcomed by compatriots, which raised the authority of the industrialist.
After the war, the talented inventor faced a new problem - the Ford-T sales drop. The assortment "Ford Motor" was limited, and the buyer wanted a variety. Ford's statement that he can offer a car of any color, if such a color is black, corresponded to reality, but no longer answered the needs of the market. The entrepreneur did a bid on accessibility, implementing a car on credit, but the company-competitor "General Motors" suggested a variety of models and escaped forward.
Sales fell rapidly, and for 1927, Ford threatened bankruptcy. Then the inventor stopped the production process and engaged in creating a new car. Ford also helped the Son who participated in the design of the car design. In the same year, the industrialist presented the Ford-A model, which was characterized by a spectacular appearance and improved technical characteristics. These innovations returned Ford leadership positions in the automotive market.
Car Henry Ford Models "Ford-A" 1927 Back in 1925, the entrepreneur decided to create an airline, which was called "Ford Airways". The Ford then purchased William Stound and began to produce airliners. Subsequently, Ford Trimmimor was particularly popular. This passenger plane was in serial production during 1927-1933. 199 copies were produced, which were operated until 1989.
In the 20s, Henry Ford supported economic relations from the USSR. The first Soviet mass production tractor "Fordson-Putilovets", presented in 1923, was created on the basis of the Tractor "Fordon". During the 1929-1932, Ford Motor employees contributed to the construction and reconstruction of factories in Moscow and Gorky.
Henry Ford "Ford Trimmimor" In the early years of the Great Depression, Ford confidently kept afloat, but in 1931 the crisis touched "Ford Motor". A drop in sales and increasing competition forced Ford again to close part of the factories and reduce the salary to the remaining employees. A perturbed crowd began to break through to the plant "Rouge", the police dispersed people only with the help of weapons.
Once again, Ford has found a way out of a difficult situation due to the new invention. The industrialist presented "Ford V 8" - a sports sample car, the speed of which reached 130 km / h. New Product allowed to resume the full work of the company and increase sales volumes.
Political views and anti-Semitism
In the biography of Henry Ford there are several pages that caused condemnation from contemporaries. So, in 1918, the inventor bought the Edition "The Dearborn Independent" and two years later began to distribute anti-Semitic ideas. In 1920, a number of publications of this subject were combined in one book - "International Jewry". Subsequently, the ideas and publications of Ford were actively used by the Nazis to influence the younger generation.
In 1921, 119 outstanding US citizens were made with the condemnation of the inventors' views, including three presidents. In 1927, Ford recognized the mistakes admitted and published an emotion letter in the media.
The entrepreneur supported the connection with the NSDAP and even provided the Nazis financial support. Admired Ford and kept the portrait of the inventor in the Munich Residence. In the book "My struggle", only one American is mentioned - Henry Ford. In the occupied Nazi city of Poussi (France) since 1940, Henry Ford, who produced cars and aircraft engines acted.
Personal life
In 1887, Henry Ford married Clara Bryant - a simple farmer's daughter. The "car king" lived with Clara together and happily. The wife became reliable support for a talented inventor. Bryant believed in her husband when the townspeople laughed at him and criticized colleagues. One day, in an interview, Ford said that he would like to live another life only if he could marry Clara again.
Only one son of Edsel (1893-1943) was born from the spouses (1893-1943), who later became the main assistant of the Father. There was often disputes between Henry Ford and Edceel, but it did not interfere with their friendly relations and joint work. The father was a sober, loved rustic dancing and watching the flight of birds, and her son preferred modern art, jazz, noisy parties and cocktails.
Death
The "Car King" was ruled by "Ford Motor" until the 30s, after which he handed over to the management of Edselu. The reason for the care of a businessman from the leadership of the company was conflicts with partners and trade union organizations. Ford's son since 1919 performed the presidential duties, so completely coped with new powers. After the death of the son in 1943, the old industrialist headed the automotive empire again from the stomach cancer.
But the old years did not allow Ford to manage the company at the proper level, and therefore two years later he gave way to the Brazda's grandchildren - Henry Ford II. The outstanding inventor died on April 7, 1947 from hemorrhage to the brain. At that time, Ford was 83 years old.
The "car king" managed to realize a children's dream, leaving after himself one of the largest automotive companies in the world. At the same time, the main task of the industrialist was not earnings, but an improvement in the lives of people with the help of beloved classes - inventions and production of cars.
After himself, Henry Ford left the autobiography "My life, my achievements", which described the methods of organizing labor in the enterprise. The ideas presented in this book adopted many companies, and the quotes from the statements of the inventor remain relevant today.
Back in 1928, a businessman received the Elliot Creson medal for achievements in the automotive industry. Many books and films are dedicated to the history of life and achievements of Ford. So, in 1987, the film was released by the film Allan Eastmans "Ford: a man-machine", telling about the inventor as one of the symbols of America.
Quotes
- "If you have enthusiasm, you can do whatever. Enthusiasm is the basis of any progress "
- "When it seems that the whole world is configured against you, remember that the plane takes off against the wind!"
- "My secret is successful in the ability to understand the point of view of another person and look at things and with him and from his point of view."
- "Quality is to do something right, even when no one looks at
- "If you demand from someone to give my time and energy for business, then take care so that he does not experience financial difficulties"
- "Only two incentives forcing people to work: thirst for wages and fear of habit."
Henry Ford (Henry Ford). Born on July 30, 1863 - died on April 7, 1947. American industrialist, owner of vehicles for car production worldwide, inventor, author 161 US patent.
Ford slogan - "Car for All". His plant produced the cheapest cars at the beginning of the automotive era. The company "Ford Motor Company" exists to this day.
Henry Ford is also known for the fact that for the first time began to use the industrial conveyor for the flow of car production. Contrary to common misconception, the conveyor used and before that, including for mass production. However, Henry Ford first "put on the conveyor" technically complicated, that is, in need of technical support throughout the service life, the products are a car. Ford's book "My life, my achievements" is a classic work on the scientific organization of labor.
In 1924, the book "My Life, my achievements" was published in the USSR. This book has become a source of such a complicated political economic phenomenon as Fordism.
Born in the family of emigrants from Ireland, who lived on the farm in the vicinity of Detroit. When he was 16 years old, he ran away from home and left to work in Detroit.
In 1891-1899, he performed the duties of the mechanic engineer, and later the chief engineer at the EDISON ILLUMINATING COMPANY). In 1893, in his free time, the time constructed his first car.
From 1899 to 1902, there was a co-owner of the "Detroit automotive company", but because of disagreements with the rest of the owners of the company left it and in 1903 founded Ford Motor company, which initially produced cars under the Ford A. brand
Ford Motor Company has faced the competition of the Syndicate of automakers, who claimed a monopoly in this area.
In 1879, J. B. Selden patented a car project that was not built; It contained only a description of the basic principles. The very first lawsuit won about the violation of patent law prompted the owners of a number of automotive companies to acquire relevant licenses and create an "Association of Legal Manufacturers".
The trial against the "Ford Motor Company", initiated by Selden, lasted from 1903 to 1911. "Legal manufacturers" threatened by challenging Ford cars to court. But he acted courageously, publicly promising his buyers "help and protection", although the financial capabilities of "legitimate manufacturers" much exceeded his own. In 1909, Ford lost to the process, but after the revision of the case, the court decided that none of the automakers had violated the right of Selden, as they used the engine of another design. The monopoly association immediately broke out, and Henry acquired a fighter reputation for the interests of consumers.
The greatest success came to the firm after the start of the Ford T model in 1908.
In 1910, Ford built and launched the most modern factory In the automotive industry - well lit and well ventilated "Highland Park". In April 1913, the first experiment began using the assembly conveyor. The first assembly unit assembled on the conveyor was the generator. Principles tested when assembling the generator applied to the entire engine as a whole. One worker made an engine for 9 hours 54 minutes. When the assembly was divided into 84 operations produced by 84 workers, the engine assembly time was reduced more than 40 minutes. With an old method of production, when the car, was going in one place, the chassis assembly left 12 hours 28 minutes of working time. A moving platform was installed and various parts of the chassis came or with hooks suspended on chains, or on small motor trolleys. The timing of the chassis has decreased more than twice.
A year later (in 1914), the company raised the height of the assembly line to the belt. After that, two conveyors did not slow down to appear - one for high and one for low growth. Experiments spread to the entire production process as a whole. After a few months of operation of the assembly conveyor, the time required for the release of the model T decreased from 12 hours to two or less.
In order to carry out hard control, Ford created a full cycle of production: from the extraction of ore and metal smelting to the release of the finished car. In 1914, he introduced the highest minimum wage in the US - $ 5 per day, allowed workers to participate in the company's profits, built an exemplary worker, but until 1941 did not allow to create trade unions at his factories.
In 1914, the Corporation's factories began to work around the clock in three shifts of 8 hours, instead of two shifts of 9 hours, which made it possible to provide work in addition to several thousand people. "Increased salary" at 5 dollars was not guaranteed to everyone: the worker had to spend his salary wisely, on the content of the family, if he dug money, he was fired. These rules persisted in the corporation until the period of the Great Depression.
At the beginning of World War II, Ford with a group of pacifists on their own initiative sailed to Europe on the Oscar-2 ship as a messenger of the world, convincing everyone to stop the war as soon as possible. He was cruelly ridiculous by European newspapers and returned to the United States.
However, in the spring of 1917, when America joined the war on the side of the Antena, Ford changed his views. Ford plants began to perform military orders. In addition to the cars, the production of gas masks, caskens, cylinders for Aviamotors "Liberty", and at the very end of the war - light tanks and even submarines are launched. At the same time, Ford stated that it was not going to sell on military orders and return the state to their profit. And although there is no confirmation that this promise was Ford fulfilled, it was approved by American society.
In 1925, Ford created his own airline, later called Ford Airways. In addition, Ford began to subsidize William Stound, and in August 1925 bought it and he himself engaged in the production of airliners. The first product of his company was the three-dimensive Ford 3-AT Air Pullman. The most successful was the Ford Trimotor model (Ford Triamimor) on the nicknamed "Tin Goose" (English Tin Goose), a passenger plane, a all-metal trothing monooplan, which produced serially in 1927-1933 by Henry Ford Ford Airplane Company. In total, 199 copies were released. Ford Trimotor was in operation until 1989.
In 1928, Ford was awarded the Medal of Elliott Chanson Institute of Benjamin Franklin for revolutionary achievements in the automotive industry and industrial leadership.
He remained the head of the company until the 1930s, when, due to disagreements with trade unions and companions, he handed his son to his son Edselu, but after his death in 1943 he returned to the post of head of the company.
In 1945, Henry Ford finally transferred the management of his grandfather Henry Ford II.
Henry Ford Family:
Father - William Ford (1826-1905)
Mother - Marie Litogot (O'HERN) Ford (~ 1839-1876)
John Ford (~ 1865-1927)
William Ford (1871-1917)
Robert Ford (1873-1934)
Margaret Ford (1867-1868)
Jane Ford (~ 1868-1945)
Wife - Clara Jane Ford (in Major Bryant), (1866-1950).
The only son is Edsel Bryant Ford, President Ford Motor Company from 1919 to 1943.
The grandson also had the name Henry Ford. For the difference with his grandfather, Henry Ford II is called.
Currently, the Chairman of the Board of Directors of Ford Motor Company is the great-grandfather of Henry Ford - William Clay Ford Jr. (William Clay "Bill" Ford Jr.) (1957)
Anti-Semitism Henry Ford and Nazis support:
In 1918, Ford acquired the Dirborn Independent newspaper (The Dearborn Independent), in which the anti-Semitic articles were published since May 22, 1920, as well as in parts the full text of the Protocols of the Sion Wise men. In November 1920, a selection of articles from Dirborn Independent was published by a separate book called "International Jewry", which Nazi propaganda later used to actively used.
On January 16, 1921, 119 of prominent Americans, including 3 presidents, 9 seconds, 1 Cardinal and many other US state officials and public figures published an open letter with the condemnation of Ford's anti-Semitism.
In 1927, Ford sent a letter to the American press with the recognition of his mistakes.
Henry Ford provided serious financial support for NSDAP, his portrait hung in the Munich Hitler's residence. Ford was the only American that Hitler with admiration mentioned in his book "My struggle." Annetta Enton from Detroit Newz took the interview in 1931 and noted the portrait of Henry Ford he had over the desktop. "Henry Ford I consider my inspiration," Hitler responded about the American car magnate.
Since 1940, Ford plant, located in Puissy, on the territory of France occupied by the Germans, began to produce aviation engines, cargo and passenger cars entering the Wehrmacht. At the interrogation in 1946, the Nazi Worker of Karl Krach, who worked during the war in the leadership of the branch of one of the Ford enterprises in Germany, said that due to the fact that Ford collaborated with the Nazi regime, "his enterprises were not confiscated."
The topic of the influence of Ford and his books on the German National Socialists was investigated by Neil Baldinine in the book "Henry Ford and Jews: Hate Conveyor". Baldwin indicates that Ford's publications were an essential source of influence on young Nazis in Germany. A similar opinion is held by the author of the book "Henry Ford and Jews" Albert Lee.
Cooperation of Ford from the USSR:
The first serial Soviet tractor - Fordson-Putilovets (1923) - a Fordson Brand Tractor "Fordson" (Fordson), processed for production on Putilovskaya factory and operation in the USSR; Construction of the Gorky Automobile Plant (1929-1932), the reconstruction of the Moscow EMO plant during the first five-year plan, the training of personnel for both factories was carried out with the support of Ford Motors specialists on the basis of an agreement between the Government of the USSR and Ford.
Henry Ford
(1863-1947)
Brilliant billionaire
Engineer and businessman, this self-taught one of the few who managed to make a state on their own inventions.
When, on January 5, 1914, Henry Ford announced that henceforth would pay his working five dollars only for an eight-hour working day, he caused a staggering reaction throughout the United States, in which genuine delight and some irritation.
Hearing this amazing news, Ford's competitors at first alarmed, deciding that now they will also have to follow his example, increase labor costs. However, after some reflections, they calmed down and even happily rubbed their hands. In general opinion, the genius inventor of the car Henry Ford, having established a suitable fee, soon does not premone the neck. At the "Cadillac", "PakcCard" and "Oldsmo Bile" workers at that time paid about two and a half dollars, and for the nine-hour working day, and then economists in one voice, they were authoritatively stated that no industrial enterprise would be able to remain profitable if Will pay the work above this bet. According to the owners of large automotive firms, Ford simply ordered himself at the collapse. Well, a pleasant surprise ...
"Red Plant"
So in Detroit they call a giant production complex, which hosts assembly conveyors of the company.
The workers opposed the promise of Ford with undisguised joy and crowds rushed to the new promised land, which were already famous plants in Highland Park in Detroit for them. A few days later, the hiring office was deposited by the huge crowds of the unemployed, the vagrants, who were on the melons of the seekers of adventures and unfortunate zo-lotto designers, moving with hope to earn money. The poor people were not suspected that they were destined to take part in one of the greatest industrial revolutions of the new time - in the technological revolution, which will glorify and enrich its inventor, will turn them into animated mechanisms. This novelty was called work on the conveyor. 
Henry Ford - Billionaire of the new Time
The proposal of Henry Ford did not have anything to do with the Bsity of Charlatan. It was part of a well-thought-out and calculated plan, inspired by a prophetic vision of the change, to which an industrial society moves.
To produce cars faster and with less cost, Ford has come up with a moving assembly horse to it, thanks to which the machine does not need to go from place when assembling the machine. Now the cars one after the other will be able to stop in front of them exactly at that time, which is needed to produce a harsh one operation, making simple, accurate, and most importantly, mortally monotonous movements - screw the bolt, to weld the item, that is During the day, do the same thing. This method has given such a decrease in time and money costs, which soon the entire automotive industry of the United States adopted a new Ford.
The new production technique was perceived as the greatest progress, but mainly those who did not work on the conveyor. And only a few decelerations (remember Charlie Chaplin with his film "New Times") tried to show the inelen nature of the new way of production and predict those negative consequences to which such a person's subordination can lead to a car.
To society consumption
The announcement of Ford was, in fact, the granting of the grand economic program, which he gradually ranked, so work on the conveyor and wage policy turned out to be inscribed in a much wider economic project. This project, in which Henry Ford without relevantly believed, but for the successful implementation of which, at that time, no one would put a cue, it was as follows: to turn a car, a former advantage of the subject of luxury, in the product of widespread consumption, affordable to the buyer with a wallet of any Thickness.
In order for it to be implemented, it was necessary to reduce the prices of cars as much as possible as much as possible and no less significantly increase the workers' earnings.
In other words, it was necessary to pay for work as much as possible, selling the product as cheaper as possible and at the same time make profits. In a word, the task that is not inferior to the complexity of the problem of the square of the Circle. Conduct "conveyor production"
The idea of \u200b\u200bassembly on the conveyor, in which standard, interchangeable details are used, are not nov. At the end of the XVIII century. This method also applied L AI Whitney for the production of ten thousand guns that the United States government ordered him.
Henry Ford: "Improve the salary, I create a buyer"
This plan, which was successful, was so successful, it was based on the essence of a very simple consideration. "If I pay so much by my workers," said Henry Ford, "that's just that they bought cars that I force them to produce." That is, that they return to me the money, which I cry, at the same time increasing production in my plants; The increase in production allows me to reduce the cost, and consequently, and the sales price, and become more competitive. Thus, it turns out that the more I pay salary and the cheaper I sell, the more money I earn, much more than my competitors. "
In this small speech (transmitted here in very brief), Henry Ford summed up his views on the economy. It was a conclusion made, based on a simple common sense, but nevertheless, conflict with all the ideas of that time. Whether he gave himself a report that the idea of \u200b\u200ba deficit remains in the economy, the idea of \u200b\u200ba deficit, the foundation of a new order, based on consumption, order, the emergence of which did not manage to anticipate any revolutionary theoretics and which will definite social relations and, and which will change their social relations in the economy. Converting the capitalist system, will save it from the collapse?
TIN LIZZIE
The success of this risky experience was to provide a car. And he looked like an ugly monster: covered with a thick layer of black shiny paint, why brightened on the scarab, he stood on four clumsy clumsy wheels, which gave him the similarity of Eshe and with a grasshopper. But if "Tin Lizzie" - under the same name, this car soon became known all over the world, and there was no completely nothing that it could inspire connoisseurs of beautiful car forms, she so less had one advantage that gave her an insane charm and forced her Forget about all other things: thanks to the method of production, it was to a funny cheap, and the price of her all the time declined, which even more increased her attraction.
So, the Americans eventually got sick with the ugly species of this monster, exactly as the groom gradually bother with the ugly appearance of the rich herenation. A few years later, "TSH TSHE" - became an integral part of the American landscape. Gradually came to the conclusion that she is "not so terrible", but it ended in that it became a real favorite of the new world.
The success of this car can be called unprecedented. Since 1908, "when its production was launched, until 1927, when conveyors were stopped at its assembly, at least fifteen million copies of cars of this model were made.
Patent for an internal combustion engine
Provided by the success of Ford, was illegally declared in 1895 by lawyer George Selder. As a result of the trial, spent eight years, Henry Ford made him abandon his claims and thus released the payments of the Patentodeterly-Liu American automotive industry, which brutally suffered from such lawlessness.
A Self-Made Man ... of Course *
However, when Henry Ford smasted, nothing foreshadowed that he would become a prophet and the foregoing of the capitalist system. He did not receive a brilliant economic education, and his intuition completely referred to the pragmatically tuned mind, which, being completely free from the usual thinking schemes, which were driven into universities, was able to judge in accordance with common sense and boldly make decisions.
The man who pierced his way ... Naturally (eng.).
On the first years of his life, there is almost nothing to say, before that they are similar to the child who overwhelming most of his contemporaries: the son of a beggar Irish, crossed on a steamer Atlantic Ocean in the hope of finding the opportunity to feed, small Henry Ford led on the parent farm in Springwells in Michigan state Pastoral-bucolic life. In the society of five brothers and sisters, he spent the time to pass cows and goats and ran through the fields, and this, you need to admit, not best view Preparations to become a major specialist in the economy. And, probably, he would have lived with no remarkable life, like most of his compatriots, if there were not for one passion that woke up his mind and helped to become a person, on his own, in the best American traditions that made their way.
Watchmaker
This passion, who pushed Ford to the path where luck noted, is connected with only a clock. Another little Henry was entertained by the fact that he disassembled and cleaned all sorts of hours, and, despite the young age, he managed to create a small clientele from the surrounding inhabitants who trusted him without hesitation as a watchmaker. After hours, he became interested in steaming machines, which worked on sawmills in the neighborhood, and then agricultural; He clocks with unrelentful interest could watch them gear.
Detroit
In 1879, at the age of six, Henry, without the permission of his father, left the native house to Detroit to learn there on the mechanics. With his gift to understand the work of the mechanisms, he mastered this specialty in the record time, having mounted all that could be comprehended in it. After trying to return to the native village, he again arrives in Detroit, the city, which in a certain sense of his capital, where a large firm for the production of agricultural machines invited him the position of engineer.
Henry Ford - handyman
The duties that employers laid on him could none in any way could satisfy his all-consuming love for mechanisms, and therefore Henry all loose hours, grabping sometimes and nights, if this young wife was not very opposed, he spent in the barn near the house where he I gave yourself a workshop. There, in the most advanced secret, he built his first car with a rather hip four-cylinder engine, equipped with a very cunning water cooling system, and four cycling wheels; True, by the strange constructor's deficiency, reverse The car was not provided, and she could only go ahead.
However, this laughter did not prevent the Ford to produce a sensation: in Olno, the wonderful May morning of 1896, he broke the wall of the garage in the heart to bring his precious "car * (again, he forgot to measure the width of the doors - they were too narrow).
Under the applause and joyful shouts of ZEVAK, the car dried through the entire city, deafening the third engine and leaving the black loop of stinking smoke. On the way there was a small breakdown of the springs, which Ford repaired in front of the audience, but, despite the PA, "Little Rack" had a grand success, and this success was the beginning of the fame of the young engineer. Thanks to him, Ford managed to interest several residents of the city and to establish "Detroit car company" with them.
Ford - the head of the enterprise
This small company provided Ford a small capital necessary for the improvement of the design of cars, but did not allow him to carry out all the ideas that they overwhelmed his head. The companions, overly, in his opinion, timid, prevented most of his undertakings and unanimously opposed the implementation of purely, as they were convinced, the chimeric idea, which he discovered them all ears - creating a small national The car, which would be for the pocket to everyone.
For a young man who, like his first car, could move only forward, such a position was simply unbearable. And so, so as not to depend on anyone and realize your great plan, has already been fully incoming and thoughtful, he decided to switch Rubik one day. On June 16, 1903, he founded in Dirborn Ford Motor Company, Joint-Stock Company with capital per hundred thousand dollars and dozen shareholders, and after three years, having received a controlling stake in it, he becomes his president.
And a few more years, this tiny enterprise will turn into the largest car construction company new light and will capture almost fifty percent of the American market.
Did you say "Patennalism"?
After the discovery for its working consumer cooperative, the hospital and the program of pro-professional preparation Ford suggested to create a new plant in Mexico ... so that workers, patients with tuberculosis, could improve health there.
Henry Ford - Tirant philanthropic
Thanks to the serial production and the price of severe struggle, Ford It becomes the most powerful automotive company in the United States, her ingenious founder was able to prove that he had the qualities of the viting leader and they were not inferior to its quality engineer and the organizer of production.
Slept, you can have a timeless, with attentive blue eyes, he was a tireless, rapidly bypassing the huge shops of his plant. He watched everything, he saw everything, was aware of everything from the work of the conveyors to the personal life of his employees. The generosity, which he demonstrated in the wage of workers, was combined with the most sincere, most rampant and at the same time extremely painful patronism. Yes, Henry Ford was generous and full of love for people, but acted with such Puritan adarity, with such a rectilinear idea of \u200b\u200bgood and evil, without conducting any measures and restraint that the great inquisitors were involuntarily accounted for. Everything that could be given by the workers, he gave from a pure heart and without any rear thought: schools for illiterate, scholarships gifted children, consumer cooperatives, hospitals, pretractors, holiday homes ... In short, there is something to envy trade union committees in our modern enterprises.
In gratitude for this, workers were to endure the autocratic power of the ubiquitous owner, which was followed by how they work at the factory, and for their personal life in all its manifestations; He could throw out from the factory who changed his wife drinks, does not keep a Sunday day or worse, gave the slightest reason to suspect himself that he simply thought about the possibility of organizing at the plant of the real trade union. Henry Ford wanted the workers to be happy, full, dressed, shods, are urged, but in order not to dare to file the voice, were virtuous and modest, which did not coincide with the ideas about the life of the workers themselves.
Pigeon of the world and dealer cannons
Demonstrately creating blessings, for which in France would accuse him in Patennalism, Henry Ford, in fact, followed the Great Miph, who was most important to the American civilization-utopia. Goredely exhibiting the appearance of his puritanism and giving his plants the appearance of the phalanters, he was absolutely convinced that this most conquered his fellow citizens, childishly sentimental and preserved the naive optimism of pioneers in the depths of the soul.
The demonstrative manifestations of the social charity, Gerney Ford added another non-covered, crying pacifism, to a considerable degree contributing to the strengthening of Hisanist's reputation.
When the First World War began in 1914, the position of Ford in the American industry was quite weighty, so it was forced to listen to his voice. It is very noisily abandoning the production of any military products that can sign an armed conflict, he tried to put pressure on the United States government, and his theses were as follows: Let Europeans destroy each other, how many they want, Uncle Sam should not do nonsense and send their guys Die unknown for that in the trenches on Marne and Somme. But since America did not listen to his advice and still supported the allies, he immediately began a real crusade for her way out of war.
The main idea was the creation of a standing commission from representatives of neutral countries, which would be on a ship that runs outside the territorial waters of warring countries, which would prevent her from pressure, which these countries could have it. Using the support of many celebrities of that time, including Thomas Edison, more famous for its inventions, rather than political foresight, Ford achieved a meeting with President Wilson, who listened to him with a benevolent smile, assured in his most sincere and hot friendship and politely spread.
Shocked full absence Understanding from such a senior statesman, Ford decided to leave a diplomatic field and began the genuine military campaign for peace, "All our soldiers must meet Christmas at home"-, "he said in 1915 and like the blue world with an olive branch in the beak, plunged on Oscar II, a large ship, where, besides him, the darkness of the darkness of people known for their high moral principles, as well as no one famous writers. Ford took the course to Europe, in order to express their ideas to representatives of warring countries, which will undoubtedly show them more understanding than the president of his native country. On December 18, the ship's ship led anchor in Oslo, and Ford came ashore to speak to the official linden of the military countries, which he appointed a meeting and for which he prepared felt speech. But, to the greatest amazement of the dove of the world, only enthusiastic and naive girls from some female organizations came to listen to his speech. Scary annoyed, Ford returned to America, where he decided to produce guns, helmets and tanks, in which the motherland needed so much and on which, and it was perhaps the most important thing, the competitors were enriched, which was very disturbed. Business obliges ...
Henry Ford - co-author
New Direction: Independence
From 1919 to to death, coming in 1947, Henry Ford invariably introduced all sorts of innovations, and in various fields. One of the main worries was to achieve independence, so as not to say autarchy, that is, the complete isolation and self-sufficiency of the enterprise belonging to it. Although he did not tolerate and did not allow interference from the state, nor from the trade union, nevertheless could not not recognize that the freedom of its actions is limited to all sorts of economic factors. Skuping gradually most of the shares of his company, Ford systematically providing self-financing policies, which allowed him not to contact banks. Moreover, not to depend on suppliers of raw materials and components, which often slowed down the work of the conveyors, it constantly acquired plants, which in one way or another participated in the production of cargo. His empire was extremely variety of and included everything: GEVE plantations, coal mines and even glass plants. This empire soon began to suffer from giantism and forced its owner to invest capital in the field that had no relation to her: put into operation railways and aircraft industry.
Ford: Company Henry Ford in World Troika
The company "Ford is one of the top three worldwide car manufacturers (after" General Motors "and in front of Volkswagen. 1973 became an apogee of the company: more than six million cars were sold, and almost one hundred and fifty thousand people worked at its factories.
It is impossible to make an immense
The Ford Imperius began to suffer without any measure of the Empire. And the stronger that the circumstances forced its owner, even often contrary to desire, expand the scope of their factories. And although he was a decisive opponent of the joining United States to the second world war, he had to humble himself, to make the production of bombers and jeeps in which the American army needed.
This spruct concrete monster, in which the company has become simply necessary was the self-liberal owner. And, older, Ford was increasingly likened to suspicious and cruel king, who did not allow and thought to divide power with anyone, even with his own son Edsel. Declarative humanism did not prevent the Ford to be extremely intolerable to the employees who, in his opinion, did not show enough submission, over the years this trend intensified, and everyone in the firm knew that any of them could receive a letter in one day, where without any The explanation reported his dismissal, and to be on the street.
Such methods led to the despair of many employees of Henry Ford, including Edsel, who died in 1943 from the hopelessness of his position, leaving his elderly father independently managed with too scoring empire. Little, the firm began to lose dynamism, lose the position of the leader and endure losses.
The death of giant - Henry Ford
The seventh of August 1947 hemorrhage to the brain interrupted the life of Henry Ford. After him, an inheritance remained, which includes forty-eight plants in twenty-three countries around the world, at least one hundred and fifty thousand people worked. The Empire of the Car Magnate has already clone to decay, and after this family-owned enterprise was given to the management of the former world champion in Boxing Henry Bennetu, which manifested himself with a completely niquetic manager, it turned out to be on the verge of collapse.
And the collapse would be inevitable, but, fortunately, the reins of the reign in their own hands grandson Henry Forda, also the name of Henry. Thanks to him, Ford company has become the second manufacturer of cars in the world.
Ask a question: who invented the car? Many will answer: Henry Ford. This widespread delusion is a reward to a person who made a car affordable for millions of people.
Although it is believed that the car was invented and born in Europe, at the end of the XIX century almost simultaneously with European experimenters over this idea worked and American inventors. The indisputable merit of Henry Ford is that he created a car that could afford to buy millions of people. He was guided by the following philosophy: I will build a car for the majority ... it will be so inexpensive that anyone ... can buy it.
Thanks to the enthusiasm of Henry Ford, "Ford Motor Company" was born. Three giants: steel, oil and transport created the conditions necessary for Henry Ford to base its company. In 1864 - a year after the birth of Ford, the Moscow process was opened and the modern era of steel began. Next year, the oil industry paved the first kilometers of the extensive network of pipelines, which will soon give the fuel of 75 million cars. In 1869, the American continent was already all covered with railways.
Ford Motor Company began its work on June 16, 1903. Confessing a small factory in the building, before the carriage. The company's assets constituted tools, equipment, machine tools, plans, instructions, drawings, patents, several models and $ 28,000 in cash provided by 12 investors.
Together with Henry Ford, the first shareholders of the newborn corporation were a coal trader, his accountant, a banker who trusted the coal merchant, two brothers who had a workshop for making engines, a carpenter, two lawyers, one clerk, a haberdashery store owner and a man who released windmaster Engines and pneumatic rifles.
The first car exhibited for sale was described as "the most perfect car on the market, which is able to led even a 15-year-old boy." The first car was sold to Dr. E. Pfenning from Chicago, who bought a car month later, registration of a company, to the great joy of concerned shareholders who nervously observed for a decrease in bank balance to $ 223.
Over the next five years, the young Henry Ford, first as the chief engineer, and later, as president of the company, led the general development and production program, which in 1905 moved from rented premises on Mac Avenue to a more spacious building located on the streets of Pikette and Boben in Detroit. In total, during the first 15 months of work, 1,700 cars of the early "model A" were released on the old regime factory.
In the period from 1903 to 1908. Henry Ford and its engineers went over 19 alphabet letters - from "Model A" to "Model S". Some of these cars were experimental models that never reached the buyer. Some had two cylinders, some - four, and one had six of them; Some had a chain drive, and other drive shaft; In two models, the engine was under the driver's seat. Perhaps the greatest success of buyers had a "model N" - a small, lightly four-cylinder car sold on the market at a price of $ 500. And "Model K" - six-cylinder limousine worth $ 2,500 - sold weakly.
The failure of the "model k" and persistent confidence of Ford is that the future of the company for the production of inexpensive cars for a wide market has increased already existing frictions between the city of Ford and Alexander Malkomson, the coal trader, whose contribution played an important role in the accumulation of initial capital in 28,000 US dollars. As a result, Malcomon left the company, and Henry Ford acquired the required amount of its shares, increasing its share to 58.5 percent. He became president in 1906, replacing John S. Graya, Detroit banker, after his death.
But all disagreements among shareholders did not threaten the future of the young company so seriously, as a man named George Selden. Selden had a patent for road locomotives, driven by internal combustion engines. To protect your patent, he formed an influential syndicate, which licensed elected manufacturers and took the fee for the right to use a patent with any wagon moving without a horse made or sold in America. As soon as the door of the factory on Mac Avenue opened, as Sindicate Selden filed a lawsuit on Ford Motor Company, which boldly began its activities without a Selden license.
Other, larger, car companies preferred to pay for the right to use the patent than to deal with Sindicat Selden. But Henry Ford was convinced that George Selden's patent for all road vehicles with internal combustion engines is not legal and he needs to resist. So he and his partners decided to fight.
After eight years, in 1911, after an expensive and incredibly complex trial, Ford Motor Company won litigation, thereby freeing himself and all the rapidly growing automotive industry from the threat to its further development.
Meanwhile, despite the troubles associated with both the lawsuit, a small company flourished. At that time, the car was a toy for rich people. But Henry Ford had a dream to create a simple strong car at a price accessible to most. Such a machine was the "model T", the most famous car in the history of the autoinadundry. And, although it was sold at a price of just $ 260 for the basic model, all preferred additional equipment, and the average price was about 400 dollars.
Model T entered the history of October 1, 1908. Henry Ford called her universal machine. She became a symbol of an inexpensive reliable vehicle that could pass where other cars were stuck in road dirt. "Model T" has won the recognition of millions of Americans who are affectionately called her "Lizzy". In the first year of production of this model, 10,660 cars were sold, which broke all records in the automotive industry.
By the end of 1913, "Ford Motor Company" produced half of all cars in the United States. In order to keep ahead of demand, Ford introduced mass production at its factory. Mr. Ford rightly believed that if each worker remains in one place and perform its one specific operation, then the car will be harvested faster, and the endless hours of human labor will be reduced.
To test this theory, in the summer of 1913 at the factory in Hyland Park (Michigan), the chassis was physically pulled for the rope. Modern mass production was born! Finally, the "T" model went from the conveyor every ten seconds during the working day.
Henry Ford surprised the world on January 5, 1914, announcing that the minimum salary on Ford Motor Company will be $ 5 per day, thereby increasing the existing minimum salary of more than twice. He felt that with an existing opportunity to produce inexpensive cars in a large volume, they would be sold even better if the workers were able to buy them. Ford found an increase in the board up to $ 5 for an eight-hour working day the best course to reduce the costs he ever did. "I will find production methods that will increase wages," he said. - If you reduce salary, then the number of your customers is reduced. "
"Model T" began a rural revolution, 5 dollars a day and philosophy, which was behind this, raised the social revolution. Moving conveyor began the industrial revolution.
For 19 years of production "Models T" only in the United States sold 15 007 033 cars. Ford Motor Company has become a gigantic industrial complex that covers the whole world. Over the years of its rapid expansion, the company:
- built a larger plant in Hyland Park, Michigan (1910);
- i founded my first branch on assembling cars in Kansas City, Missouri (1911);
- opened new plants in Philadelphia, Minneapolis, Long Ayland City and Buffalo to meet the demand for cars (1913);
- the production of trucks and tractors (1917);
- the construction of a giant complex "Rouge" in Dirborn, Michigan (1917);
- the mass production of submarines "Nell", famous "sea hunters" of the First World War (1918);
- the property of Henry Ford and his son Edzel, who then changed his father as president (1919);
- bought Lincoln Motor Company (1922);
- built the first of its 196 aircraft, which were used by the first American commercial airlines (1925).
By 1927, "model T" is outdated. Improved, but mainly the remaining former for many years, it began to lose more stylish and powerful cars proposed by Ford's competitors. On May 31, Ford plants across the country closed for six months to re-equipments for the production of a new "model A".
"Model A" was reflected by the car improved in all aspects. More than 4,500,000 of these machines with several types of bodies and a large selection of colors left for the countries of the country from the end of 1927 to 1931.
But "Models A", in the end, also had to be sighted, since the consumer demanded even more luxury and power. Ford Motor Company has been ready with its claims: its first V-shaped eight-cylinder engine was represented by the public on April 1, 1932. Ford became the first company, which was able to release a monolithic eight-cylinder unit. For many years, the competitors of Ford will be held for many years while reliable V-8 engines can be launched. Meanwhile, the car "Ford" and his reliable engine became favorites of practical Americans.
The production of civilian cars stopped sharply in 1942, when the company had the need to direct all their efforts to military needs. The giant military time program, started by Edzel Ford, produced 8,600 four-engine bombers "B-24 Liberator", 57,000 engines for aircraft and more than a quarter of a million tanks, anti-tank plants and other military equipment in less than three years. Edzel Ford died in 1943, just at the time when his program achieved maximum efficiency. The saddened Elderly Henry Ford resumed his presidency until the end of World War II, when he left his position for the second time. His senior grandson - Henry Ford II - became president of the company on September 24, 1945. Later, he will be the chairman of the Board from July 13, 1960 to March 13, 1980 His departure was the first case in the history of the company when "driving" is not There was an heir to Ford. He remained the chairman of the Finance Committee to his death in 1987
While the first post-war machine came from the conveyor under the leadership of Henry Ford II, he planned to reorganize and decentralize the company. Losing several million dollars a month, Ford Motor Company was in a critical situation and could not restore its pre-war position of the leading automotive manufacturer in a complex competing auto industry. Just like his grandfather solved the problems of the company at her very beginning, the young Henry Ford II took up the work of the automotive company rearrangement.
Passing, finally, the company's affairs to his grandson, Mr. Ford quietly lived with his wife, Clara, in his estate "FEA Lane", in Dirborno to his death on April 7, 1947, aged 83 years. Shortly after his death, two of his younger grandson - Benson and William Clay - took over more responsibility in the company's affairs.
In 1948, all major automotive companies presented the public radical changes in their latest models. After three years of release, a slightly advanced machinery of 1942, the prosperous post-war America was ready for the design revolution in the automotive industry. On June 8, 1948, the Ford model 1949 was solemnly represented at the exhibition in New York. Model 1949, with smooth side panels, had an independent front suspension and opening rear side windows. The integration of the body and wings was a novelty that set the standard for the future of automotive design. The 1949 car gave the "Ford Motor Company" impetus to the conquest of the second place on the competing American arena car manufacturers. In 1949, Ford sold approximately 807,000 cars, increasing its profits from 94 million (over the previous year) to 177 million dollars, reaching the highest sales of the period from 1929.
The post-war reorganization program Henry Ford II quickly restored the company's health and led to an expansion, the result of which was the construction of 44 manufacturing factories, 18 assembly plants, 32 warehouse of spare parts, two huge test polygons and 13 engineering research laboratories in the United States. In addition to increasing the number of production facilities "Ford", this program has established a company diversification. New activities included: Financial business ("Ford Motor Credit Company"), insurance ("American Road Insurance Company"), automatic replacement of spare parts ("Ford Patts And Service Division"), Electronics, Computers, Space Technologies, etc.
Financial services "Ford" began to provide in October 1987, in order to obtain a permanent source of income to balance the automotive business of the company. Ford Credit, a branch fully belonging to the "Ford Motor Company" - the largest company in the world engaged in automotive financing. She has more than 8 million customers in 36 countries and about 16,000 different employees. It also serves the financial needs of more than 11,000 dealers in wholesale trade, capital loans and loans on bail. "Ford Credit", the leader in loyalty to the client, received more awards from "J. D. POWER AND ASSOCIATES »For good customer service and dealers than any other company of this kind of activity. Ford Motor Company turned only one year when she began its expansion program in other countries, officially opening a modest plant in Volkerville, Ontario, called "Ford Motor Canada Ltd.."
Today, Ford has its own manufacturing, assembly and shopping centers in 30 countries of the world. Ford annually produces millions passenger cars, trucks and tractors and is the leader automotive sales Outside North America.
Ford Motor Company has become an open joint-stock company in January 1956. Currently, the company has about 700,000 shareholders.
The center of attention is 60s. Fixed young people. Young President Kennedy rules is economically healthy. Ford Motor Company revealed a strong market demand for inexpensive new sports cars designed to the young buyer. Lee Jakokka, then the General Manager "Ford Divinzhin", personally sold the striking new concept Henry Ford II and the skeptical financial department. The cost of mastering the new production was as much as 75 million US dollars, due to investment in the improvement of the "Falkon" engine, in which two aggregates were combined - transmission and a leading bridge. But the profit promised to be phenomenal.
The representation of "Mustang" to the public in 1964 attracted crowds of people to exhibition halls throughout the country. Such acute interest was not observed since the presentation of the "model A". An attractive quadruple "Mustang" of 1965 became a favorite of America. In the first of the same 100 days, 100,000 "Mustangs" was sold. General sales for the year amounted to 418,812 cars, which significantly exceeded the expected 100,000. After the failure of the Edzel model, the design of Ford 50s, the record first year of Mustang sales and 1 billion profit dollars were precisely what you need .
Another success story "Ford Motor Company" followed shortly after the recession of the early 1980s. The fabulous gas prices and a decrease in sales prompted "Ford" to create a car efficient in fuel economy and distinctive in terms of design. The goal was to create a world-class leader in the middle and representative average market segment. As a result, "Ford Taurus" and "Mercury Sabel" appeared. These cars have prepared a base for future design directions in the automotive industry and embodied the new level of product quality of Ford.
While the "Ford" losses were terrified, the rate of 3.5 billion dollars to the success of Taurus was a risky decision. No one was confident in how a bold new aerodynamic design will perceive. Ford risked. A team working on the creation of "Taurus" has set itself the goal to achieve perfection in every detail. With the support of senior management, team members were uncompromising in their obligations. All were involved in the development of Taurus - from the top management of the company to the workers on the conveyor. Feedback was welcomed, and good suggestions were introduced. Ford Motor Company worked together at all levels to make the "Taurus" winner.
The presentation of Taurus had to be postponed on December 26, 1985, when the team found that the quality does not fully comply with their harsh standards. Efforts brought good fruits. Even holidays and cold weather did not interfere with his late appearance. Taurus was named by the 1986 car, and in 1987 he became a bestseller in America.
The following novelties "Ford" became "Mondeo", the European car of 1993, the first world family car "Ford", as well as the modified "Mustang". Presented as a model of 1994, Mustang quickly became a favorite among buyers. For 1994, "Ford Espay" and the Windows "Windstar" minibus were also new. Ford Contour cars and Mercury Mystic, the North American versions of the world car were sold in 1995 by 88,000 cars more than his nearest Japanese competitor. Then North America I saw advanced "Ford Taurus" and "Mercury Tracer" - the favorite models of Americans who demonstrated the first large changes in the design of cars, which appeared on the market in the late 80s. These changes were very important for Ford, and many journalists of automotive publications gave advanced models positive feedback. In Europe, the modified Picap "F-series", the new "Fiesta" and the minivans "Galaxy" were also presented. By the end of the decade, Ford was ready to increase the production of new models by 50%, one third to reduce their development time and reduce billions of US dollars.
The results of a large globalization program, which caused the most dramatic corporate changes in the history of "Ford", were world cars. The driving force of a complex restructuring of the company was a simple goal - to constantly improve their products, while reducing the cost of its production.
"Ford" - the world's largest producer of trucks and the second on account of the manufacturer of passenger and trucks According to the total indicator. We sell more than 70 different models Machines worldwide, produced under the brands "Ford", "Lincoln", "Mercury", "Jaguar" and "Aston Martin". Ford also has a share of shares at Mazda Motor Corporation (33.4%) and Kia Motors Corporation (9.4%).
Currently, Ford's plans for further expansion both in the United States and in other countries, as well as wide diversification of the company mean additional jobs throughout the world.
While Ford is approaching the celebration of its century in 2003, and the second century begins for the automotive industry, I want to emphasize the importance of the achievements of Henry Ford. Through the years of prosperity and needs, through war and peace, Ford Motor Company began from one person, a small garage and a four-wheeled bicycle, grew into the powerful strength of America, contributing to international economic stability. Meanwhile, the country has become an industrial giant of immeasurable power and viability.
In a sense, the story of "Ford" is a modern history of America. And as Henry Ford's life showed, the future is always a challenge.
