People are increasingly interested in the question, how much does gas actually cost? Now, during the crisis, the number of questions on this topic has increased several times. How much does it actually cost to produce one liter of fuel? How laborious is this process, and where does such a huge cost of gasoline at filling stations come from? Today, we will consider these issues and, based on the data studied, we will try to understand how the manufacture and markup of gasoline actually occurs.
Where is the most affordable gasoline in the world for residents?
Here's a simple example, as you can imagine. Today the world consumes 84 million barrels a day, which is about 13 billion. Oh my god, how much is 13 billion worth. This is how much oil we use every day. Day after day, year after year, and even more so. And every year it gets a little bigger. When you think about volume exhaust gases, each person can imagine that this affects each of us here. It is just oil alone, if you think about coal and gas, everyone can imagine that this should affect the earth.
Oil recovery procedures and costs
Cost of oil production
Retail expenses
Total profit from gasoline sales
Business taxes related to the sale of gasoline
Calculation of the cost of 1 liter of gasoline
Quality difference: fuel prices in Russia and the USA
Gasoline, as everyone knows, is made from oil. There are only two ways to extract it: the first is oil distillation, the second is the cracking method (two types of purification). There are difficulties for the production of any product, therefore, it was not without them. First, in order to start producing oil, it is necessary to find its field, conduct geological surveys and, accordingly, build a drilling station for its production. Secondly, after receiving oil, the next task is to transport it to oil refining an enterprise whose task is to produce gasoline from oil and, subsequently, send it to gas station... This is where loyalty comes into play. filling stations- in what conditions they store gasoline and at what price they will sell you a liter of fuel. But do not forget that the cost of gasoline for filling stations is calculated based on the excise tax and tax that were deducted to the state budget.
Regardless of and in best case it can only be a stop to use these resources for depletion! We are smart and far enough away to make a difference today, make the world sustainable today, rely today on technologies that we can use and develop over the next 300 years. Will we introduce history books as a form of society that exploits this planet to the last drop? Or do we want a glimpse into history, as a generation that has shown courage over the centuries has created a resilient and resilient economy and technological base?
If we consider the entire production system and markups as a whole, then in the form of a diagram it will look something like this:
Cost + Transportation + Refining + Selling costs + Profit tax + Excise + VAT + MET + Total profit (income) = Cost of 1 liter of fuel
From the outside, it seems that this is a huge and complex system. But the most difficult thing in this system is the production of oil itself. Everything else is an established process over the years.
Isn't it true that over the past few years in the Western world, we have lost sight of what became the starting point of all our human work? We wanted to create improvements for people. We wanted to move forward, to make the world a better place. It started with fire. Why do we cling to what we know will cause us massive problems? In the meantime, we began to create a burden for future generations.
Only with progress, courage for innovation and education can we solve this problem. Any of us can change the electricity supplier, can manage economical fuel or, if possible, without a car, could insulate his house, install a solar system, invest his money in stocks of vapors for renewable energy, etc. are you in a leadership position? Reassure your employees and leaders that everyone should join. The fact that we can only solve this problem together and by joint efforts, and we will even have a long-term economic advantage.
Let's try to delve deeper into each of the stages and find out how they are interconnected in percentage terms. I will clarify right away that the initial data that we will use for our little investigation only concern the period from 2012 to 2015, since the unexpected drop in oil prices in 2016 did not provide for an increase in the price of gasoline. All information is taken from state and major mass media sites!
Last but not least, it is important to think about all the money that flows from our economic cycles or domestic markets to other regions of the world. Much could have stayed here. All in all, there is more than one argument in favor of being active here. All for yourself, all together.
Current gas prices
Add this price graphic to your page? The most important thing is summed up. Gas prices can range from a gas station to a gas station, so it's worth comparing! If you compare gas prices regularly, you can save a lot of money in the long run! The largest share of gasoline prices is oil and VAT! ... The motorists themselves have the right to stimulate competition in the gasoline market and thereby reduce prices. To always be able to determine the currently best fuel price, you can now easily request it online.
Exploration and production cost
As previously revealed, exploration and production is one of the most complex and time-consuming processes. Huge reserves of oil deposits are located in the northern part Russian Federation, which speaks of a bad climate, poor infrastructure, difficult working conditions, etc. In addition, there are old oil fields located in the Caucasus and in the middle of our country. We will not go deep into geography and geology, it is better to get down to business right away. After geological exploration, drilling rigs are set up and oil is pumped from pipes into tanks, and then transported by trains, trucks and tankers. As a small conclusion, we can say that the entire set of these processes is only 10% of the cost of fuel!
How are things going in Russia?
Whether you are driving in front of you or using your smartphone - when comparing fuel prices, you can quickly and easily determine the current price of gasoline at petrol stations in the area. Just select the right fuel, enter the zip code and search radius and you will find the lowest prices! If you would like to receive the latest information on the cheapest gas prices in the area by email, you can subscribe to the gasoline subscription at the fastest possible speed.
Composition of gasoline prices
The fuel price initially consists of two different components: the purchase price of gasoline or diesel fuel and taxes. If you subtract these two factors from the liter price the customer has to pay for the pump, you get the cover price, which contains the profit. Current fuel prices provide a margin of input of about 10 cents. However, the profit for the seller is again significantly lower as this also has to be deducted for the cost of transportation and storage. The largest share of the gasoline price is currently taxed.
Transportation
We will not describe the transportation process in detail. After oil is extracted, it is shipped to refineries, but this process can take place in different ways.
Previously, the most common mode of transportation was by water, tanker or train. Now there is a more progressive method - pipe systems that pump oil with pumps, all the way to the storage facility of an oil refinery.
Tax on mineral oil currently stands at over 65 cents per liter of gasoline. Added to this VAT is 19 percent. As a result, motorists pay more than 45 euros in taxes at an estimated fuel price of 1.60 euros per liter for filling their tank 50 liters.
Fuel price developments: Germany and the tax burden
Gas prices today could hardly have been imagined a few years ago. In contrast, fuel prices are now regularly between 1, 40 and 1, 50 euros per liter. A similar price has been increasing since the price of diesel was billed.
Current gasoline prices are regulated by a market mechanism
The final fuel price that consumers have to pay at a gas station is still subject to competition. But gasoline prices in Germany also vary considerably regionally.
The transportation process is the least expensive of all: it accounts for only 1.2% of the fuel cost.
Oil refining at refineries
Refineries are directly involved in the transformation of oil into a final product.
There are numerous regional or local fuel markets within the Federal Republic, which are characterized by different competitive conditions and thus provide very different gasoline prices. Differences up to 10 cents per liter are possible. Responsibility for this is mostly free gas stations. Even a separate independent gas station can sometimes significantly influence the price of fuel in the area. Offering low prices relative to competitors will help fuel the market and may lower the price level.
Refineries produce:
Diesel fuel;
Kerosene fuel;
Gasoline of all types (from 80-A to 100-A);
Chemical objects.
Under chemical facilities, there are raw materials for light and medium-sized industries, such as factories for the creation of artificial fabrics and plastics.
The process of processing raw materials into fuel takes only 6% of the total cost of a liter of gasoline.
Comparison of gas stations in your city
Diesel is always the cheapest option among conventional fuels. The price of diesel fuel is usually 15 to 20 cents lower than the price of gasoline, which means a lot of savings when visiting a gas station. Both the range in km per liter of fuel and the performance vehicle are the largest with these types of gasoline. It doesn't matter if you are looking for cheap gas stations in the city or in the countryside, the gasoline price comparison is worth it. When choosing a gas station, you should not only pay attention to the price.
Retail expenses
What is retail spending? Trade Spending is the process of creating and securing gas stations that are part of the syndicate's network. Entrepreneurs are currently building new stations to enter the franchise. The construction of a gas station is a huge cost, because you need to find appropriate place, conduct monitoring, build roads, hire personnel and, of course, provide the station with everything you need.
For example, the distance from the gas station in km is of decisive importance. Because if you have to go too far to keep the price of gasoline per kilogram a liter, it's cheaper on the way there. In addition, you should pay attention to the opening hours of the gas stations, because not all are open around the clock.
In big cities like Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Essen, Dresden or Hanover, you will always find an open petrol station with low fuel prices. The refurbishment takes effect at zero hour on Tuesday, earlier the state announced incorrect adjustments for these fuels. The average price of gasoline sold in Goias was the second highest in Brazil last week, according to a weekly price survey conducted by the National Petroleum Agency across the country. Goyano paid only for a liter of fuel, less than the amount paid in Acre.
All this takes 11% of the final cost of a liter of fuel.
Profit calculation
Perhaps, the process of calculating profit is one of the most "money-consuming" for buyers. In the process of counting, all previous stages are taken into account - exploration of the area, transportation, processing and sale.
It should be noted that the price of gasoline in the federal district is cheaper than in Goias, which was not common before. The National Union of Fuel Distributors explains that prices include the purchase price of a product, taxes, logistics, and distributor and reseller fees, which are subject to fluctuations in supply and demand in the free market.
In addition, the value of the real against the dollar was devalued. The new values are valid from Wednesday. In addition to the tender, in the decision to revise the price, information on foreign exchange and international prices is weighed. How to protect against expensive fuel? Focusing on “save” models, which even when the burian is transferred, will still be beneficial. Here, the choice between ten cars with petrol or diesel that consume less is ordered based on miles that travel with a liter of fuel.
It is also necessary to calculate all costs: each separate process “takes its share of the profit” so as not to work at a loss. Since the process is very complex and lengthy, the total profit is divided among all enterprises of the syndicate and divided. There are exceptions, though. For example, ROSNEFT is the largest company on the market and performs all processes independently.
The maximum speed is 154 km / h for both vehicles. Wouldn't it be nice to fill up a tanker truck for only 20 cents? The only country in the world where this can be done is Venezuela, the sixth largest oil producer in the world. The price has always been so low, but within a few months the price has dropped even more, almost halving. This is thanks to the black swap and the recent October elections.
Black exchange is a special form of currency exchange that is present in several countries of the world, which is formed in the market when governments prohibit the free exchange and circulation of foreign currency. In Venezuela, the government has in the past been enacted to try to limit the flow of capital abroad. Do you know what is happening this year in neighboring Spain, and that could happen in Italy if the economy gets worse?
The main share of small companies is 23% of the cost of gasoline.
Tax
Taxation poses the greatest “profit burden”. It is taxes that ultimately affect the high cost of fuel.
Small and Medium Business Tax - 5%;
Excise taxes - 13%;
Calculation of the value from tax as VAT - 15.3%;
MET - 16.9%.
More than 4 times the official exchange! Officially, the black exchange is illegal, but in real life it is practiced by everyone that allows a number of side operations. One of these operations is the smuggling of gasoline to neighboring countries. And so it's not hard to imagine what the Venezuelans who live near the border are doing. Whoever has a car in the morning is full, crosses the border and sells gasoline in Colombia, then returns home, sits in a chair, and takes another trip the next day. In San Cristobal and the surrounding area, it is difficult to find jobs for the most humble jobs right now because you just buy a car, even an old one, and you earn more than a sweat.
Let's try to summarize. Taxes steal 50.2% of the buyers' pockets!
Calculation of the cost of 1 liter of gasoline
Well, now is the time to make the calculations. Let's take 92-A gasoline as an example. Now the cost of a liter of fuel at a gas station averages 33 rubles. Let's try to calculate the cost of one liter of gasoline:
In theory, there is, but taxi drivers use an excuse to transport passengers across the border, while ordinary users with "voluntary advice" to the police will fix everything. While this seems like a wonderland for motorists, in reality, the low price of gasoline has so many disadvantages. Worst of all is traffic, big pollution, smuggling. And also the low price costs the government more than $ 4 million a day.
And who touches the price more? 🙄. In conclusion, here is a problem with a solution and some homework, with the final prize 😀. Problem: how much does a bottle of small mineral water cost in Venezuela? Solution: 4. 50 bolivars, more expensive than 40 liters of full gasoline!
Taxes - 50.2%;
Production cost - 27.7%;
The margin is 23.3%.
It turns out that taxes are about 17 rubles, the cost of production is 9 rubles, and the remainder is a margin of 7 rubles. of the total price per liter.
The difference in the quality of gasoline and prices in Russia and the USA
There are many criteria by which the prices for gasoline in our countries practically do not differ from the prices in the USA. However, let's admit the fact that the level of income of Americans is several times higher than ours and the statistics are proof of this. But why is the difference in fuel cost so negligible?
1. Technology. If in the Russian Federation direct distillation is present in almost all enterprises, then in the United States it is absent by definition. This is the first difference: we produce only 150-200 ml of gasoline from one liter, and they are about 450-600 ml.
2. Taxes. Although taxes in America are considered one of the largest for SMEs, they lack the aggregate principle and VAT. As a result, the tax in the United States is 25% of the cost, and in Russia - 50.2%.
If our state can reduce taxes by at least 30%, the cost of gasoline will fall by a third! And now we have to be content with the price of 33 rubles per liter.
Very often I get questions about the cost of gasoline, and now (evidently because of the crisis) such questions have increased a lot. People are wondering how much it really costs to produce 1 liter of fuel, say AI - 92? Is it as difficult as it seems and where does such a high cost of gasoline in the country come from? Personally, I have studied this question for a very long time, to which today I will try to answer you in simple, what they say, in words ...
As we already know, there are only two ways: the direct distillation method and the more advanced cracking method (thermal or catalytic). But in order to get oil, you first need to find a deposit, carry out geological surveys and only then start drilling. After that, the oil must be delivered to the refinery, which will already produce gasoline (bring it to the required standards), after which it is transported to gas station network... After that, the gas station, in a comfortable environment for you, will sell you a liter of fuel, for which you actually pay! The company that produced and sold you fuel must pay excise taxes and taxes to the state budget. It is from this whole set that the price of 1 liter of fuel is added.
If you bring out the chain, then it turns out approximately: - the cost of production (exploration) + transportation costs + processing costs + retail costs + income tax + Excise + VAT + MET + total profit (producer and processor) = cost of 1 liter.
On the one hand, it seems that everything is complicated, the chain is big! But on the other hand, the most difficult thing is to extract oil, and then it's a matter of technology - processing and delivery to the consumer, and of course taxes - taxes! And where without them. Today I want to dwell on each point in more detail, according to its importance in the chain, at the end there will be a distribution in percentage terms.
Just want to make a reservation guys - I used information from government sites, as well as from major mass media (for example "VZGLYAD", "Moskovsky Komsomolets", etc.). I would also like to note that the data was taken for the period from 2012 to 2015, for 2016 I have not yet found the data. But I think little will change. Here we go.
Oil exploration production cost
The process is really difficult, because large oil reserves are located in our northern part of our country, where it is cold, poor infrastructure, etc. But I would also like to note that there are a lot of old deposits, which are located in the Caucasus, in central Russia. Before drilling the ground, they carry out geological exploration, then set up drilling rigs - drill, after which they begin to pump out oil and drive it through pipes, tanks on trains, oil tankers or tankers.
It may seem that the process of production and exploration is complicated, on the one hand, yes, moreover, if the drilling station is located somewhere in the sea, because it needs to be serviced, pay salaries to foremen and workers and other personnel - however, it is worth drilling once and you will be pumping from this well for many years, it will pay off very quickly, then only profit will go.
Despite all the "complex" processes, the cost of exploration and production is now only about 9.5 - 10% of the cost of a liter of fuel.
Transportation
To be honest, there is not much to write about here - oil needs to be delivered to refineries (oil refineries), but this can be done in different ways. This is either transport:
- Conventional tankers
- Or tankers, large ships into which oil is poured almost "to the brim"
- Trains rail tank cars.
The second and more progressive type is pumping directly through pipelines to the refinery - roughly speaking, from the drill pipe through the pipe to the refineries' storages.
Whatever one may say, but you also have to pay for transportation, because even an oil pipeline needs to be maintained and monitored.
However, this part is the cheapest, it takes only 1.2% of the cost of a liter of gasoline.
Refining at a refinery
As you understand in refineries (refineries), the transformation of crude oil into final products occurs. First of all, these are:
- Petrol
- Diesel
- Kerosene
- Other chemical objects
By others, I mean, indeed, a multitude of chemical objects and compounds. As a result, these substances are used even in light industry, artificial fabrics and various plastics are produced.
As I wrote above, there are only two processes - this is the direct distillation method, as well as the methods of various "cracking".
Despite the complexity of factories - refining methods, refineries put only 6% of the cost of a liter in gasoline.
This, as you probably guessed, is a network of gas stations across the country. What is also not cheap! After all, you need to find a place (and in big cities it is difficult), build the station itself, build roads, hire personnel (pay salaries and social benefits), and ultimately maintain the station. All this is also difficult and should be expensive!
However, this is only 11% of the final cost of gasoline.
Now comes the fun part - taxes!
Total profit
This is something that can be distributed to the entire chain from exploration (production) + transportation + processing + sale. That is, everyone in their own link pledges profit so as not to go into the red. After all, you need to develop for something. This is the largest figure, it is approximately - 23.3%. However, understand that the process is very long and sometimes these are different enterprises, that is, the total profit is divided into parts. There are also giants on the market, for example ROSNEFT, which itself develops, transports, refines and then sells gasoline.
Gasoline taxes
There are quite a few of them, to put it mildly, and they eat up the "lion's share" of the cost of gasoline, I will try to list the points:
- Income tax - (on the cost of gasoline) - 4.8%
- Excise - 12%
- VAT - value added tax - 15.3%
- MET - mineral extraction tax - 16.9%
If you knock out the overall percentage 4.8 + 12 + 15.3 + 16.9 = 49%.
Calculation of the cost of 1 liter of gasoline
Well guys, let's simulate the total cost:
- Cost - 9.5 + 1.2 + 6 + 11 = 27.7%
- Profit - 23.3%
- Taxes - 4.8 + 12 + 15.3 + 16.9 = 49%
As you can see, taxes go up to almost 50 percent of the cost of fuel. Thus, if we take average price AI-92 at 33 rubles per liter. It turns out:
- 33 X 27.7% = 9.141 rubles
- 33 X 23.3% = 7.689 rubles
- 33 X 49% = 16.17 rubles
Thus, without taxes, 1 liter of fuel costs 16.83 rubles!
And what about them and us (I'm talking about the USA)?
To be honest, I'm not a fan of the United States, I just took for comparison, how are they doing with production and taxes? And why does a gallon of gasoline (about 4.55 liters), in terms of liters, cost a little more, at the moment (2016), about 40 rubles a liter? Although the income level of Americans is much higher than the statistical average for Russia.
There are several explanations for this:
At first , in the USA, almost all refineries process gasoline, according to new technologies, they have not had a direct distillation method for a long time, although in Russia it is present in 90% of cases. What does it do? YES, the fact that in Russia from 1 liter of oil we get only about 150 - 160 ml of gasoline, and in the USA about three times more, about 450 - 480 ml. For comparison, in Europe it is 300 - 350 ml.
Secondly , the state tax in the United States is only 25 - 30% per liter, but in Russia all 49! If the state would have reduced taxes by at least 30%, then the cost at the gas station would have reached 26.73 rubles!
That's the whole calculation for you. There are a lot of numbers and letters, but if you knock out the net cost of a liter of fuel in Russia, without taxes and company profits, this is 9,141 rubles! With a final price of 33 rubles.
If you are confused, watch my video, there I will try to expand the information in more detail on what is said on the fingers.
I finish here, I think it was useful. Sincerely your AUTOBLOGGER.
