Hydraulic type of brake system. Average prices for the cost and repair of the brake system in Russia and the CIS countries. Classification of brake mechanisms.

Brake system designed to reduce the speed of movement and stop the vehicle (working brake system). It also allows you to keep the car from spontaneous movement during parking (parking brake system).

Working brake system it is activated by pressing the brake pedal, which is located in the passenger compartment. The driver's foot force is transmitted to the brakes of all four wheels.

Parking brake system is needed not only in the parking lot, it is also necessary to prevent the car from rolling back when starting up an uphill. Using the parking brake lever, which is located between the front seats of the car, the driver can operate the brakes with his hand rear wheels.

Working brake system includesof:

This article will discuss the brake system diagram passenger car... You will also learn how to bleed the system correctly. We will consider constructions with anti-lock braking system... At the moment, no one can do without them quality car... We are talking, of course, about cars of the middle price category and above. Budget cars can be equipped with this design, but it goes like additional option... In general, the braking systems of all cars are the same, they consist of identical elements.

A little theory about the brake system

As you can imagine, it is necessary in order to change the speed of the car. This can be signaled by either the driver's action or electronic system management. It is also necessary to keep the car stationary while parked.

There are three types of braking systems. The first is, of course, the worker. It is necessary for the normal operation of the machine. With its help, braking is carried out at high or low speeds. The features of the "Niva-2121" brake system, the scheme of which is classic, will be discussed below.

The second type is parking. It is better known as a handbrake, if you need to put the car on long term... In particular, if there is a slope in the road surface, this system is a must. The handbrake can be used during an emergency stop. And there are also systems of a spare type. They have recently begun to be used on cars. Most often they can be found on those cars that have an electric handbrake. Its main purpose is to enable the driver to stop the car if it refuses. working system... It is mounted on cars with electric hand brake for one reason: the parking brake cannot be applied if the vehicle speed is greater than zero.

Functioning principle

We are used to the fact that when you press the brake pedal, the car starts to slow down. But not everyone goes into the details of what processes take place at the same time. Not everyone knows how the VAZ-2109 brake system works, the diagram of which is given in this article. To put it simply, the car stops only due to the compression of the liquid in the pipes and hoses. The pressure is generated by the brake master cylinder, which is the main unit of the system.

There are certain requirements for brake fluid. It should not lose its properties during compression and heating, it experiences colossal overloads during braking, as well as other elements. What requirements are imposed on the liquid will be discussed below. The pressure in the tubes drives the calipers, which in turn move the pads. The latter rub against the surface of the drum or disc, slowing down the movement of the wheel around its axis. Thus, the car gradually stops.

Brake master cylinder

It is necessary to tell a little about the design of the brake master cylinder. This is the main element of the system, and it does not matter whether there is ABS or not. It is necessary for one purpose - to convert the force applied to the pedal into fluid pressure. It also distributes the latter to the calipers.

For example, the VAZ-2109 brake system, the diagram of which is presented in the article, is equipped with a master cylinder installed in the engine compartment (it is attached with two pins to a vacuum amplifier). An expansion tank is fixed on top of it. Excess fluid is thrown into the latter when the pedal is fully released. Liquid is drawn from it during depressing of the pedal. The brake master cylinder is hollow inside. Pistons move in it, which create pressure in the system. Repairs need to be carried out from time to time. In its process, all rubber elements are completely replaced.

Pressure regulator

It is attached to the rear of the vehicle as it has a specific purpose. It is worth noting that approximately 75 percent of the braking occurs with the front wheels. The remaining 25 percent are back. It should be borne in mind that locking of the rear wheels must not be allowed, as a force arises that tends to overturn the car. Consequently, the VAZ-2110 brake system, the circuit of which is discussed in the article, contains a pressure regulator.

It is able to reduce the pressure applied to the rear wheel drive mechanisms. Moreover, the change in this indicator depends on how loaded the rear axle is. The fact is that when stopping without a regulator, the front of the car begins to sag, and the rear starts to rise. As a result, the rear wheels are blocked and an uncontrolled skid occurs. The regulator allows you to avoid blocking completely or to make it happen later.

Work contours

So, now about what the VAZ-2110 brake system is, the diagram of which is in the article. There is a working brake circuit, which, in turn, consists of an auxiliary and a main one. In the event that there are no malfunctions, the auxiliary and the main work together. But if there is a depressurization of any circuit, the second will continue to work as an emergency. There are several schemes for dividing the circuits: brakes connected in parallel - front plus rear. Mechanisms can be connected diagonally, for example, the right rear and left front are in the same circuit. There may be a scheme in which one of the circuits contains all the drive mechanisms. And the second is only a circuit to which only the mechanisms of the front wheels are connected. It is difficult to talk about the advantages or disadvantages of these schemes, since emergency situation can happen for various reasons. And all the contours can be damaged, not just one.

Anti-lock braking system

Of course, the VAZ-2106 brake system, the circuit of which is classic, like the car itself, does not contain ABS. But it is still necessary to talk about such a system, since the future lies behind these structures. It has several sensors, a central control unit, modulators. When the vehicle stops, the control unit is activated. Its microprocessor begins to monitor the readings of all sensors. It analyzes the signals from the vehicle speed sensor. It also monitors the angular velocity of each wheel. Nothing escapes the attention of the microcontroller brake control system.

Of course, the 2110 brake system does not have such devices, its scheme is much simpler. Special modulators are executive devices. With their help, the brake fluid pressure is regulated in all circuits. In other words, each wheel brakes differently. Much depends on quality road surface, on the speed of the car. But anyway aBS system will not allow any wheel to completely lock if you perform emergency braking. Namely, blocking is dangerous when the asphalt is wet or on ice. This will keep you safe, since the likelihood of skidding is extremely small.

Disc brakes

This is one of the most common types of brake actuators. For example, braking circuitry 2106 includes two disc brakes on the front axle. The rear wheels are stopped by drum wheels, they will be discussed a little below. Don't think that disc mechanisms are all the same. Their support can be both fixed and movable. But the latter are found in cars much more often. For the driver, the main thing is reliability. And the movable caliper has a design that completely eliminates uneven wear of the brake pads. But there is another feature of the mechanisms in which the caliper is movable.

The distance from the brake disc to the outer edge of the caliper is constantly changing, depending on how worn out the pads are. In addition, we can say about the main advantage of disc brakes. They are more efficient than drums and can operate at high temperatures. Ventilated discs are also often used. Increasing the thickness makes it possible to install several stiffeners. They can provide airflow to the metal. Moreover, during the rotation of the wheel, the centrifugal force sucks in air and distributes it evenly from the center to the edges. It is due to this that the metal is cooled.

Drum brakes

Most budget cars have them on the rear axle. But if we take, for example, the 21st "Volga", then all four wheels have drum brakes.

There are schemes that consist entirely of disc mechanisms. Such designs are increasingly used in tuning. domestic cars, since with an increase in engine power and torque, it is necessary to carry out a complete modernization of all other systems. And first of all, of course, brake. But the circuit of the VAZ-2121 brake system is the same as that of the "ten", and the "nines", and other models of this manufacturer. Only quality and reliability differ. "Niva" is an off-road vehicle, and therefore it is subjected to much greater loads than an ordinary passenger car.

Drum mechanisms are less efficient, but still able to fulfill their main purpose - to stop the car. True, over time, the pads wear out, the gap between the drum and its working surface increases. In this case, use special mechanical-type regulators. With their help, the pads are supplied. This happens during a sharp depressing of the brake pedal. Pay attention to what the VAZ-2114 brake system is, its diagram is given in the article. On the rear axle, the pads can be opened with a handbrake. In designs with disc mechanisms at the back, the circuit includes additional cylinder, the rod of which is driven by the handbrake of the parking brake.

Brake actuators

If you look at what scheme of the UAZ brake system, you can see that there are several types of actuators in it. We are talking, of course, about the pad drives. Systems can contain disc and drum mechanisms. They have significant differences. For example, disc brakes work with specially designed calipers. But the drum mechanisms are equipped with cylinders. The liquid is supplied to the middle of this cylinder. Pistons are located on both edges, which drive the pads, expanding them.

The front wheel calipers of domestic VAZ cars are located on both sides of the disc. One half of the support is working, it contains brake fluid under pressure. It also has a steel piston, which is squeezed out of the body by pressure and pushes the pad towards the disc. Simultaneously with this back side the disc is pressed against the second block. Consequently, the disc is clamped on both sides. And the pads wear out as evenly as possible. It is also worth noting that the "Niva" brake system diagram contains the same elements as the "six", but they are stronger and more durable.

How to bleed the brakes

It is worth mentioning a little about such a procedure as bleeding the brakes. Without this, you will not be able to drive a car normally, since there will be a lot of air congestion... This makes the braking performance much lower.

To get rid of air pockets, you need to fill all tubes and calipers with liquid. All work is best done together. One person should press the pedal. The second timely opens and closes the pumping fittings. And they are found on all calipers. True, you will need to constantly raise all sides of the car, remove the wheels one by one. It is much easier to perform this procedure on inspection pit... Pumping must be carried out according to a certain scheme. And it must be adhered to, otherwise the air will remain and no efficiency can be achieved from the brakes.

This is how the VAZ brake system is pumped, the scheme is quite simple. It is necessary to start with the mechanism that is located at the maximum distance from the GTZ. It's right rear wheel... After him, you can only do the left rear, then the right front goes. And the last one you will have is the wheel that is near driver's door... You can even do the whole procedure yourself. But for this you need to make from car camera a kind of receiver for air storage. It is necessary to provide the brake system with pressure. Therefore, the chamber must be connected using a union with an expansion tank. Using the above scheme, you get rid of air jams in all circuits. In doing so, do not forget to ensure that in expansion tank was required level liquids.

Conclusion

In this article, you learned about what the braking system consists of. modern car... It was also told a little about modern facilities ensuring security. In particular, it is the ABS system. It is used as an additional option, but more and more often it can be seen even on budget cars standard configuration... In addition, the braking system includes cruise control, various amplifiers for emergency braking, exchange rate stability mechanisms, anti-slip design, differential lock.

Everyone is used to seeing hydraulic brakes, but there are designs that use compressed air rather than fluid pressure. They are identical with hydraulic ones, only their reliability is much higher. Components used in pneumatic brakes must withstand very great pressure... True, it is comparable to that in the hydraulic drive. Only need to embed the storage receiver compressed air... There are also electromechanical brakes. They are driven by electric motors and special cables.