Driving school training is enough to graduate car roads new driver. At the same time, during the course of training, the future motorist will learn almost nothing directly about driving a car, memorizing the rules and performing exercises on the training ground. Finding himself on real roads and purchasing his first car, the driver may face the problem of the absence or presence of anti-lock brakes. It is important to be able to correctly stop the car at high speed, which is equipped with ABS systems or on which it is not.
From the very name "anti-lock braking system" we can conclude that it is necessary to prevent the wheels from locking. It is installed on most modern cars, but some drivers deliberately turn it off, noting that without it it is more convenient to control the braking process of the car. Also, this system may fail during operation, which will signal the driver. If it lights up while driving, you should remember how to brake properly without ABS, otherwise there is a high risk of collision with other cars.
Experienced drivers, who often drive cars without an anti-lock braking system, subconsciously sense the moment when a slightly stronger pedal pressure will lead to the car "skidding". Correct braking on a car without ABS in city traffic is intermittent frequent pressing of the pedal. By applying the brake and releasing it, the driver avoids the option of locking the wheels, in the event of which the car risks becoming uncontrollable.
At the same time, hard braking on a car without ABS is different from slowing down in normal driving. If you urgently need to slow down or stop the car in order to avoid an obstacle on the road, you can choose one of the following methods:
The main principle when braking a car without ABS is smooth operation with the brake pedal. Sharp pressing to it or a sudden release will lead to loss of stability of the car.
Anti-lock braking system simplifies the braking process for inexperienced drivers, allowing them not to think about how to press the brake pedal to stop the car and it does not lead to the side. An ABS vehicle does not change direction if the brake pedal is depressed and not released. The system prevents the wheels from locking, and the driver can safely turn the steering wheel if it is necessary to overcome an obstacle on the road. In fact, this system simulates the process of intermittent pressing of the pedal.
If hard braking is necessary on a car with ABS, press the brake pedal into the floor and apply force to it until the car slows down to the required speed or stops completely. If you press the pedal smoothly, the system ABS car may not work at all and the braking performance will be reduced.
Braking the car on automatic box gears can hardly raise questions, while mechanics are a little more complicated. Remember following ruleshow to brake on mechanical box gear:
Every motorist should be able to correctly brake on any type of clutch with or without ABS. The safety of the driver, his passengers and surrounding motorists depends on the correct braking mode.
The classic recommendations of the old school of cars say that when a front-wheel drive car skids, you need to add gas, and on a rear-wheel drive - on the contrary, reset it. In this case, it is strictly forbidden to brake. All of this is perfectly true when driving old or sports cars. In fact, manufacturers no longer produce cars that are not equipped with electronic assistants. In many countries this is prohibited by law. Driving on a snowy winter road in a car equipped with ABS and EBD systems has several differences.
A little about modern automotive electronics
Today on domestic roads there are fewer and fewer cars that do not have abbreviations such as ABS and EBD in the standard option set. A modern car is completed robotic boxes gears and automatically connected all-wheel drive. And in driving schools they continue to teach theory from dusty textbooks from the last century, in which a good half of the advice begins with the phrase "squeeze the clutch":
- Anti-lock braking system (ABS) prevents the wheels from locking when braking. Special sensors measure the angular speed of rotation of the wheels and transmit data about it to the controller of the device. IN modern systemsah the position of the steering wheel is also taken into account, information about this is transmitted by a special steering position sensor. The collected information is processed by the ABS computer. If you apply the brake when driving on a road with poor grip, the wheels may lock. Analyzing the received data, the onboard electronic "brains" give the command to the executive devices. They are electric valves in the tubes. brake systemthat regulate the supply brake fluid into each individual brake cylinder. This achieves the effect of releasing the locked wheel. In practice, this looks like repeatedly pressing and releasing the brake pedal. True, this happens several dozen times per second, and each brake cylinder has its own separate pedal. Older drivers may remember this braking technique on ice, but none can boast that responsiveness and four legs for individual control of each wheel.
Manufacturers regularly update the ABS computer software. There are cases when experts discovered errors in the firmware of on-board controllers. The system reacted too actively to wheel locking, as a result of which the car did not slow down as efficiently as it should have been. The most striking example is Volkswagen tiguan... However, these are isolated cases. Modern ABS systems have learned to recognize icy roads, fine gravel and slurry. In each case, the computer selects the optimal braking algorithm.
- The main difference between EBD (brake force distribution) and ABS is that it works constantly, in any road conditions and regardless of the driver's actions. Its main task is to distribute efforts to workers brake cylinders so that the balance of forces on the chassis is optimal. It uses the same information as ABS as input. EBD allows the vehicle to remain stable on the road, which makes driving safer. Both of these systems are designed to work together effectively and complement each other organically.
We slow down, but carefully
Old textbooks of driving schools from the last century categorically prohibit pressing the brake pedal when entering a turn on a road with poor grip. Most drivers try to slow down even before this maneuver. Of course, this is the right decision. However, quite often a situation arises when it is necessary to prevent a collision with an unexpected obstacle. rules road traffic give only one recommendation - the brake pedal should be pressed to the floor to failure. This decision is not always true for vehicles equipped with electronic systems distribution of braking forces. The fact is that the front wheels usually have the necessary amount of traction. At the same time, you can carefully reduce the speed of the car without losing full controllability... Reducing the speed will give you more time to react and improve traction.
On the contrary, abrupt pressing on the pedal can lead to a lengthening of the braking distance.
Rhythmic drift problem
This situation is most often found in a front-wheel drive vehicle. It can be described very simply - the back of the car dangles along the road, like a pendulum at wall clock... This is due to too active turning of the steering wheel in an attempt to get out of a skid or, conversely, with a delayed reaction to the skid rear wheels... The classic car instructor will suggest adding a little gas, while it is necessary to actively work with the steering wheel, trying to correct the wrong trajectory. Unfortunately, the standard driving course in domestic driving schools does not provide for such an extreme training of drivers. As a result, it is quite possible to completely lose control of the car and fall under the wheels of an oncoming heavy truck.
With the introduction of electronic assistants, the problem is no longer so critical. They will help to maintain directional stability of the car and equalize the wheel speed. Emergency braking in this case, of course, is not a panacea, but you can alleviate your situation using technological advances.
ABS and EBD will not completely replace your mastery of car ownership, but they will be of significant help when braking in critical conditions. Brakes can be used with a certain amount of caution on machines equipped with these systems. By the way, if your car is equipped in addition and eSP system, then the possibility of stalling into a skid is minimized. Smart electronics will vigilantly monitor compliance with the chosen course, without the need for driver intervention.
Starting to discuss the topic of braking in winter, first of all it should be noted that practically the most important condition for correct braking during an icy period is the driver's choice of "winter" speed. Usually, drivers with sufficient driving experience will automatically switch to a more relaxed way of driving with the onset of winter. This method consists not only in reducing the average speed of movement, but also in increasing the distance with neighboring cars, as well as in switching to a special vehicle control technique.
Drivers with little experience gradually gain experience, learning from their own mistakes and analyzing all the temporary shortcomings of their own driving style. That is, in order to learn to feel confident on an ice-covered road, you should constantly improve your own driving technique, regardless of the length of time you have been driving a car.
Braking without ABS
If your car is not equipped with a self-locking system of wheels, and you yourself are a novice driver, you will need increased attention and the ability to "listen" to the behavior of your car. It should be noted here the ability to distinguish the characteristic sound of the locked wheels when the brake pedal is pressed. This sound should serve as a signal to the driver that it will also be difficult for the car to stop - on the principle of children's sleds rolling down a hill until there is any obstacle in their path.
In order not to bring the situation to a meeting with an obstacle, when a characteristic sound occurs, release the brake pedal to unlock the wheels - then control over the control will again pass to the driver, thanks to the force of inertia. In order to prevent such a dangerous situation from recurring in the future, the driver should practice a special technique of the so-called intermittent braking, which is achieved by frequent but short pressing of the brake pedal. In this case, braking on ice will be convenient because the car will slow down, but the wheels will not lock - this will allow the car not only to brake correctly, but also not to deviate from the selected trajectory.
Attention is a common mistake!
In general, braking on ice in the "floor" way is the main mistake of drivers. Any sudden movements - with the steering wheel or with the brake and gas pedals - are generally categorical, when the coefficient of adhesion of the tire to the road is extremely low. With sudden movements on slippery road the wheels are inevitably blocked, which leads to skidding of the rear or front axles of the vehicle. Therefore, as mentioned above, you need to brake intermittently or stepwise - then the car will be able to brake even before the wheels are blocked and, thus, you can avoid skidding
If you have enough space for braking, you can use the so-called combined braking method in winter, which consists in engaging a downshift simultaneously with braking. When using this method, the main thing is not to knock down the engine - for this, it is necessary to engage gears only at the corresponding speed range, so that excessive traction directed to the drive wheels does not interfere with the stability of the machine.
Braking with ABS
Unfortunately, not always perfect - especially its first variations. Owners of cars equipped with ABS should remember that braking distances their cars, under certain circumstances, can become even longer than cars without anti-lock braking system.
The ABS computer “brain” is designed to read and analyze the wheel brake impulses so that the system can balance the wheels if one of them begins to lock up. Everything would be fine, but on slippery areas the ABS “does not understand” how to act - this is precisely the reason for the excessive braking distance. Of course, ABS of the last years of production usually do not have such problems, and thanks to the operation of the system in emergency situation you can stop in time, and also "hold out" for some time on unlocked wheels in order to miss an obstacle.
To properly carry out braking in winter on a car equipped anti-lock braking system, press the brake pedal all the way down and squeeze the clutch. In this case, the ABS will start impulse braking on its own, but the wheels will not lock. This must be perfected at training sites in order to thoroughly study the behavior of your machine when emergency braking on the ice rink.
Motor braking method
Engine braking in winter is one of the most useful preventive skills for a driver to avoid skidding on ice-covered roads. To perform such braking, release the accelerator pedal while the clutch is engaged in a specific gear. In this case, the supply of the combustible mixture to the engine will stop, but it will receive torque through the transmission. That is, the motor, consuming energy, will brake the transmission and, as a result, brake the wheels as well. The front wheels will receive additional weight due to the inertia force, and, accordingly, increased stability vehicle generally.
Wheels will not be blocked brake pads, in contrast to the impact on them working system brakes. The braking force, with the help of the differential, is distributed among all the driving wheels of the machine. This is why engine braking in winter is so popular among drivers as a preventive safety measure on slippery or wet road surfaces.
In general, engine braking should be performed according to a certain pattern in order to avoid possible breakdown and / or rapid wear of synchronizer parts. The required procedure should be thoroughly known to every driver - especially a beginner.
So, the first step is to release the accelerator pedal. Then the driver depresses the clutch pedal, after which. When the gear is disengaged, you need to release the clutch (not engaging the gear!). After that we squeeze out the clutch, turn on downshift and, as the final step, release the clutch pedal. If you follow these instructions carefully, you can avoid possible damage to the synchronizers and, in addition, significantly increase the level of safety when braking the engine.
It is best to hone this method of braking first on the training site, and start using it on the road only when it is thoroughly mastered. By the way, among other things, this method is also useful in that the driver will be able to better familiarize himself with the behavior of his car and get a clearer idea of \u200b\u200bits stopping distance.
Finally, a few words should be said about the different winter braking situations.
For example, braking on pedestrian crossings, the driver should always remember that the road surface on these sections is usually much more slippery than on the rest of the road. This is due to the fact that in these places, various vehicles are most often slowed down. It is recommended to brake at traffic lights impulsively or in combination - and this should be done in advance. It is also better to get under way from the spot, too, not to start right away, since other drivers by this moment may not have time to finish crossing the intersection, despite the red traffic light. You should be especially careful at pedestrian crossings - there may be a risk of a pedestrian falling, which also poses a serious danger on a winter road.
In congestions and flows, you also need to be extremely careful and brake in an intermittent, stepwise or combined way. Keep an eye on the perspective and start braking when cars that are far ahead start to brake (the third - fifth car in front of you). These precautions will increase the safe stopping distance if necessary.
Drive on icy slopes with the clutch engaged to avoid loss of vehicle stability.
Video - braking on a car with and without ABS
Conclusion!
If on an ice-covered road you suddenly encounter an obstacle - brake impulsively. Although, depending on the situation, you can try and go around a suddenly appeared object, the main thing is to look around carefully with the help of rear-view mirrors.
We wish all drivers safe driving on winter roads!
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How to brake with ABS (ABS)
How to brake properly on a car equipped with an ABS system, this question arose, perhaps, for many. A frightening crackle under the hood makes you intuitively drop the brake pedal, which is just not worth doing. This article will be useful for both beginners and more advanced motorists who have moved to a more modern car.
For a start, it will be useful to know how it works ABS (ABS), it will help us better understand this article. ABS (ABS) shorthand for English expression ( Anti- lockbrakingsystem) - a system that prevents the wheels from locking when braking. This was invented so that at the moment of braking with complete blocking of the wheels between the tire and the road surface, a friction-sliding force arises, which in turn is much less than the friction-rest force. Thus, braking without locking the wheels will be more effective than sliding on road surface... In addition, if the vehicle has one or more wheels in sliding, then it loses control. Simply put, the system prevents the wheels from locking and prevents skidding when braking, which has a positive effect on the stability and controllability of the vehicle in braking mode.
Now let's look at how it works ABS (ABS) on practice. On the wheel hub of the vehicle there are projections similar to the teeth of a gear; when the wheel rotates, the projections move under an inductive sensor, which converts them into pulses that are understandable for the system. As soon as impulses cease to come from one or more sensors and the brake pedal is pressed, the control unit understands that the wheel (s) are not rotating. To fix this, the control unit sends signals to the bypass valves (it is at this moment that we hear a characteristic crackle), the braking force weakens, and the wheel begins to rotate. Then the pressure rises again and everything is repeated in a circle, doing everything for safe braking.
ABS device on the wheel and under the hood of the car
Now that we have figured out the principle of work, we will consider the typical mistakes of motorists when braking on a car with an ABS system:
1) Do not be afraid of the characteristic crackling sound and do not release the brake pedal during its appearance, if you have not finished braking.
2) Do not hit the brake pedal sharply, the effort should be as smooth and increasing as possible.
3) Trust the system ABS (ABS) wisely, take the appropriate action as appropriate.
I definitely want to note the main disadvantages of the system ABS (ABS)... The system works almost perfectly on level asphalt, but if you drive on sand, snow, ice and especially on bumps and bumps, the system starts to behave a little inadequate. Therefore, if you hit a bump, release and press the brake pedal again
In the end, I would like to remind once again the basic rules of successful braking:
1) Keep an increased distance especially in winter period of the year.
2) Use appropriate for the season in which you use them.
3) Do not brake too much when entering a tight turn.
4) If possible, try not to press hard on the brake pedal if there is a hole or bump under the wheel, release the pedal when the wheel rolls over bumps. (of course this is difficult to do on our roads, but still)
For a complete understanding of the above, I suggest watching the video:
P.S. And lastly, like animals :-)
Many have heard that in a skid on rear wheel drive gas must be dumped, and on the front one must be added. And also turn the steering wheel in the direction of a skid and never brake. But these "commandments" were relevant 15 years ago, and now they can be simply dangerous.
As the saying goes, the military is always preparing for the past war. Most of the authors of "valuable" advice on operating the machine are doing exactly the same thing. Books manage to become outdated, and edits in reprints are unable to reflect the essence of the changes that have occurred.
A few words about modern electronic assistants
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Against the background of these changes, tips like "Squeeze the clutch and turn the steering wheel towards a skid" do not even look anachronistic - they are simply not applicable in practice. As for the advice of the guru sports driving, then again, they are only valid for prepared machines, without "smart" electronics, with powerful motors and "correct" steering.
Some of the advice of the "experienced" has long lost its relevance and is close to becoming dangerous. The most popular option that appeared on cars was the anti-lock braking system - ABS. The essence of its work is to prevent blocking of rotation of the wheels, and thereby reduce the braking distance on hard surfaces and maintain controllability during braking.
In Europe and the USA, cars have not been produced without it for a long time, in principle, in our country the sale of cars without this system is still legally allowed, but in fact, almost all new cars are equipped with it. Many perceive it as an annoying hindrance and sincerely believe that without it they would have stopped earlier, and it would be more convenient to drive the car. But in reality, a car with a disabled ABS is actually an uncontrollable car.
Since the end of the 90s, the ABS took over the functions of a brake force distributor - a system that prevents the wheels of the rear axle from locking earlier than on the front, and thus maintains the stability of the car when braking. Even without her experienced driver risks completely losing directional stability when braking and going sideways into a ditch. And the anti-lock braking system also takes care of maintaining the stability of the car when braking on uneven surfaces, for example, when one wheel goes along the side of the road and the other on asphalt. The system simply releases the brakes on the right and left wheels differently and the car ultimately drives straight. Previously, this problem was solved only by adjusting the suspensions, but not very effectively.
Some people, of course, do manage better braking without ABS than with it. On loose surfaces, anti-lock braking systems may indeed be less effective than braking with locked wheels or special deceleration techniques, but not always the driver can use this advantage and at least leave the car on the desired trajectory.
In addition, the electronics can adjust the braking force on each of the wheels individually, and I have not yet seen a car with four brake pedals. Unfortunately, there are also examples of really poor system performance. Everyone has heard about errors in the firmware of ABS blocks on machines volkswagen Group, which were revealed by the journalists of "Autoreview" during the tests of the Volkswagen Tiguan and several other VW and Skoda models. The system was too diligent to brake the wheels on uneven surfaces and when braking in corners, as a result of which the car slowed down much less efficiently than other cars with ABS.
Moreover, manufacturers far from in all cases released updated block firmware, and none of the machine models responded for forced replacement... But some new systems recognize loose surfaces and change the algorithm of work to maximize the braking distance. You can talk about the pros and cons of the system for a long time, but now the story is about what control techniques have changed with the advent of electronics in the brake drive.
Braking is allowed, but be careful
One of the few tips that everyone remembers: "Do not brake when cornering." On cars without ABS, the advice is absolutely correct. Racing driving schools, in general, are in solidarity with the instructors of primary education in this matter, but they provide training in special braking techniques that still allow you to slow down on the arc.
And almost all drivers act in a correct and racing manner, trying to complete the braking before the corner. That's just in critical situationwhen the speed is too high, an obstacle or something else suddenly appears, they also do not brake, although in the presence of ABS they could quite safely use the brakes, thereby preventing an accident or reducing the severity of the consequences.
Indeed, often the front wheels have a grip margin and you can brake and turn at the same time, and without the risk of a complete loss of control. If you have a "fresh" car with ABS - slow down, nothing terrible will happen. The car will slow down, and a lower speed is also better grip, and more time for control actions.
And here is the advice "B emergency just slow down to the floor "give already traffic rules, no" go around "there is not provided. And most of the drivers honestly brakes, not trying to avoid the obstacle. Everything is a little less straightforward here. When taxiing, the braking distance inevitably increases, at least slightly. And due to errors in the operation of the anti-lock braking system, which have already been mentioned above, the stopping distance can almost double.
And if the accident could not be avoided, the good traffic police inspector will be sure that if you simply slowed down without any tricks, it would have cost, and if you were driving, then you are to blame ... But if the chances of avoiding the obstacle are great, and the consequences of a collision may be heavy anyway, it's best to try. But in order to choose the right decision, it is better to test your car in advance on braking when "rearranging" or look for tests on the Web. And then suddenly your car has “wrong” firmware that will not let you slow down in principle ...
What to do with a rhythmic drift?
Another dangerous situation is a rhythmic drift. It is especially unpleasant on a front wheel drive car. To stabilize the trajectory when rear wheels fell into a skid, as we all know, you need to add traction. But it is not always possible to correct the skid, and if you "twist" the steering wheel at the same time, to be late with the correction, then the skid becomes rhythmic. The backside chatters in one direction, then in the other, the amplitude grows ... The consequences of the car flying off the track here will be more difficult than if the driver simply let everything go by chance from the very beginning.
It is often important to maintain control of the vehicle and avoid oncoming lane under the rushing truck. Unfortunately, most drivers have a very low level of counter-emergency training, and their actions in such a situation are reminiscent of the well-known anecdote about Caruso, which Rabinovich sang over the phone.
It seems like you need to turn the steering wheel in the direction of a skid and add traction, but the steering speed and the relevance of control actions are none. And, of course, almost everyone is sure that it is impossible to press on the brakes and the car will immediately go into uncontrolled rotation.
In this dangerous situation, it is worth remembering that electronic assistants are better than most drivers. Yes, yes, a person cannot squeeze five tons to replace seat belts, and press four brake pedals ten times a second to replace aBS systems and ESP - you just have to put up with it.
All the mighty human intellect (in its existence, however, there are also doubts when you watch videos about road accidents) clearly loses in the simplest motor skills to simple electronics and pyrotechnics. Without electronics, when braking, the wheels will be blocked, and the car will really rotate without responding to the rotation of the steering wheel, but often this is also not the worst development of the situation - the speed will drop.
But if there is an ABS, then the situation changes dramatically to the opposite. Even angular velocity the vehicle is large enough, then when the system is triggered, it will try to prevent the vehicle from turning. All the algorithms of the system are "sharpened" for maintaining stability during braking. And, of course, the car will slow down, so that even if you can't stay on the road, the consequences will not be so severe.
And the controllability of the car in such conditions is fully preserved - you can operate the steering wheel just as effectively. Of course, the rear axle is unloaded, but the difference in the adhesion weight of the front and rear axles is perfectly leveled by the control of the rotation speed of the right and left front wheels.
I do not urge you to press the brake pedal all the way to the stop at the slightest sign of skidding - nevertheless, working with the steering wheel and traction perfectly helps to correct the skid, and experience will not be superfluous. But if there is a buildup, then it would be better to forget about the advice of the instructor grandfather and try to take advantage of the chance that technological progress gives.
Remember: in any doubtful situation, the ABS should not only prevent the wheels from blocking, it simply must keep straight motion cars. It will perform this function not only if the car was moving straight, but will also try to straighten the trajectory in the event of a skid, equalizing the speed of rotation of the wheels. And if the system has a steering position sensor, which is true for modern systems, it will try to help the steering with the brakes.
What's the bottom line?
Let's make a short conclusion: on modern cars with ABS, it is possible to brake in a corner and in a skid. But only if the traditional ways of getting out of emergency situations do not help.
The further, the more will diverge the paths of sports driving schools without "assistants" and methods of management modern cars... And only a complete understanding of the processes occurring with the machine, the operation of its components and assemblies and practice will provide you with a truly new level of safety on the road. Read modern publications and do not rely on the opinion of old authorities in such important matters. And stay with us.
And besides, take the time and go to a large empty snow-covered area to "understand" your car. No instructors needed. Feel free to accelerate through the snow, brake to the floor, turn the wheel ... Do everything to understand the car at the level of reflexes. After all, there will be no time for reflection in an emergency.
