Unfortunately, a huge number of accidents occur in urban environments. And this is despite the relatively low speed of the cars. That is why driving in the city should be based on the desire not to create accidents.
Young green
All the drivers were once inexperienced. In no case do not be shy about the fact that your driving experience is not long. And stick the corresponding on rear glass your vehicle is not at all shameful. This symbol will help other drivers understand that you are not yet capable of difficult maneuvers and may get confused in an unforeseen situation.
Search a woman
Some important tips especially for lovely ladies. Driving around the city involves moving from one point to another, not narcissism in and the desire to catch admiring glances from men. Moreover, in most cases, increased attention from men indicates a strange driving style, and not about their interest.
Attention, attention, and more attention
A common mistake for beginners is to see only the person ahead. However, this is not enough for safe driving. It is very important to learn to notice what is happening on the left, right, and behind you. This will help keep the situation under control, even if there are no maneuvers in your plans yet.
Look in the mirrors as often as possible. At first, it may seem to you that this is only distracting, but over time it will become clear that full-fledged city driving without comprehensive control of the situation on the road is impossible.
It is important to consider the so-called dead zone if you need to change lanes to the left. Experienced drivers advise in this case to quickly turn your head to the left in order to assess the existing interference. At the same time, it is important to keep an eye on the car in front in order to find your way in time if this vehicle starts to slow down. Be especially careful if a bus, wagon, or truck slows down.
Here's a new twist ...
Any self-driving manual for city driving includes information on the importance correct technique turns and turns. So, it is necessary to complete the braking before entering the turn. When performing this maneuver, the steering wheel should be in such a position that it does not need to be turned again. It is safe to accelerate when cornering, but do not push the throttle too hard. A significant decrease in travel speed will reduce the stability of the vehicle.
Important! If you drive a car with front-wheel drive, during forced braking when turning, your left foot works, the gas is not released.
Passing the "Driving" exam successfully
The city with its dense traffic flows is an unpredictable place. It is not surprising to get confused here. Pull yourself together and remember everything that you went through in the practical lessons. Don't get lost at the traffic lights, don't miss the Main Road sign, keep your distance, and driving along will not terrify you!
TO Category:
Driving a car
Ensuring traffic safety when driving a car in various conditions
Driving on a good, pedestrian- and car-free road is easier than in adverse conditions. However, given certain knowledge, skills and increased discipline of drivers, the deterioration of traffic conditions does not cause an increase in the number of road accidents. The more difficult the working conditions, the more care must be taken of his physical and moral condition, preparation of the car, and attentiveness while driving.
General conditions for the prevention of road traffic accidents while driving:
- good physical condition and sufficient rest of the driver before work; - loose, but warm enough, and in hot weather, clothes preventing overheating;
- serviceability of the car before leaving and monitoring the operation of its mechanisms on the way;
- correct preparation of the workplace and special attention to the readings of instruments and equipment;
- landing at the workplace, providing ease of operation and good road observation. It is necessary to keep the body straight, lean against the back of the seat, place your legs without tension: the left one is near the clutch pedal, and the right one is on the throttle control pedal, but be ready to transfer it to the brake pedal;
- constant careful observation of the road and environmenteven completely safe;
- constant self-control and self-control, excluding excitement and "competition" with violators of traffic rules;
- Compliance with the requirements of traffic rules, prescriptions of signs, marking lines and traffic signals;
- courtesy towards pedestrians and inexperienced drivers, assistance to them correct position on the road.
Figure: 162. Landing the driver behind the steering wheel:
a - correct; b - wrong.
The work of an unrespirated driver is a threat to safety, especially at night. A tired driver is much more prone to blinding, his reaction time increases. Finally, in the morning, he may involuntarily fall asleep while driving.
Clean cockpit glass, correct installation headlights, serviceable windshield wipers, and efficient warm air blowing over the windshield create conditions for a good view and reduce visual strain.
It must also be borne in mind that body cooling and hunger make the driver more prone to blinding. Therefore, warm clothing, proper heating of the cab and timely food intake are essential factors in preventing road traffic accidents.
Feeling drowsy, the driver should stop the car, get out of the cab, rest, freshen up and make a few sudden movements; if this helped, you can continue driving, if not, you need to take the car off the road and rest.
Before starting work, the driver, in addition to checking technical condition car, must personally verify the presence and serviceability of the tool kit. Going on long journeys by car, you need to take a tow rope, a shovel, an ax, and in winter snow chains.
When driving, it is necessary to keep both hands on the steering wheel (Fig. 163), the hand can be taken off only in the following cases: engaging and shifting gears; turning devices on and off; lowering and lifting side glass; hand or door signaling; observing the road through open door when reversing.
It is necessary to brake the car by smoothly pressing the brake pedal with the right foot, and when stopping, it is necessary to fix the position of the car with the parking brake. When starting off on a hill, release parking brake follows when the vehicle starts to move to avoid rolling it off.
The rear-view mirror must ensure the observation of the road behind the car, if the mirror is inside the car, the rear window of the cab (body) must not be obstructed.
Car driving on and off road. Before a voyage on a previously unexplored route, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with the terrain, paying special attention to dangerous areas, and draw up a traffic schedule so that ducks pass them in daylight. Studying the terrain on the map using conventional signs, they evaluate the possibility of cars moving along a particular road and choose a route that is most convenient for movement, even if it is longer.
Figure: 163. The position of the hands on the steering wheel.
It is necessary to take into account the traffic conditions depending on the season, the amount of precipitation and the weather forecast. For example, dirt roads in wooded and swampy areas can only be used during dry seasons. Driving on unpaved roads in drought conditions is difficult due to dust, which will reduce driving speed. In mountainous areas, you can only move along roads at any time of the year.
Sometimes the route goes off-road. In this case, to determine your location, the map must be oriented with a compass. To eliminate influence on compass readings large mass the metal of the car, the compass should be counted 5-6 m away from the car.
After 1-1.5 hours of movement, the car should be stopped for personal rest, a control inspection of the car and the condition of the cargo.
Before overcoming difficult areas, stop the car for additional checks and work to ensure that the obstacle is overcome at once (put on snow chains, check the condition of the bridge, etc.). When driving in such areas, it is not recommended to disengage the clutch or change gears; transmissions necessary for non-stop overcoming the dangerous section should be switched on in advance.
Driving conditions on highways require reliable tire adhesion to the road surface when high speeds movement. This requirement is met by a rough concrete surface. Smooth road surfaces impair grip and may form a liquid layer that reduces tire grip. Bitumen appears on the surface of the repaired road with asphalt-concrete pavement; this pavement has less adhesion to the tires of the wheels; the danger is increased if it is wetted with rain or watered, as bitumen with water forms a layer of "lubrication", and the adhesion decreases sharply.
The condition of the road surface greatly affects the change in its coefficient of adhesion. The moisture content of a rough surface reduces the adhesion coefficient by 1/3, and on a smooth surface - to V2 or more.
Contamination of the road surface with soil or dust reduces the coefficient of adhesion, especially at the beginning of rain, when the soil turns into a liquid film.
Ice is the most dangerous for traffic, as the grip of the road surface is reduced to a minimum.
On some sections of the road, where the traffic regime often changes (at intersections, pedestrian paths, on slopes), the road surface wears out and polishes, which impairs its adhesion qualities,
On forest roads, the slipperiness of their surface increases during leaf fall.
Tire adhesion to the road depends not only on its surface, but also on the condition of the tires. Traction is strongly influenced by the tread pattern. A good wet pattern should squeeze out and remove moisture, allowing movement on a dry surface, however, when driving at high speeds due to the short contact of the tire with the road surface, moisture is not fully squeezed out and tire grip when driving at 100 km / h decrease in half compared to dry coating.
Due to the wear of the tread, the grip decreases dramatically. So, when driving at a speed of about 80 km / h on a wet road, the grip of a tire with a worn tread decreases sharply, since the tire moves on a liquid film, and the car can become uncontrollable.
The air pressure in all tires of the vehicle must comply with the standards. Decreasing the pressure increases the adhesion of the tire to the road surface, but sharply decreases its service life. Have tires with high blood pressure the contact area with the road is smaller, therefore the coefficient of adhesion is lower. Tires with different pressures sharply increase the risk of a car skidding due to non-simultaneous wheel locking during braking.
Driving on a slippery road, the driver is obliged to drive the car at a reduced, uniform speed, avoiding sudden changes in speed, braking and turning.
The driver's observation of the road and the environment is dependent on visibility and visibility. Visibility varies with time of day, atmospheric conditions, street lighting, distance to the vehicle in front, and road profile.
Visibility is limited when approaching the top of a hill or a turn in the road, which requires the driver to reduce speed and move in the far right lane to avoid the possibility of collisions with oncoming vehicles that are out of sight (Fig. 164).
In case of fog, rain, snowfall, dust, the driver is obliged to ensure traffic safety by reducing the speed so that danger can be noticed and the vehicle can be stopped within sight. If, while driving in these conditions, the visibility becomes less than 300 m, as well as when driving in tunnels, the dipped headlights should be switched on. On dusty roads, it is necessary to increase the distance to the vehicle in front, since visibility in the dust raised by it is sharply reduced.
Visibility depends on the vehicle design. To improve it on modern cars, panoramic (curved) windshields are installed, thereby increasing the driver's field of view.
In case of uncertain movement of another car, moving it from row to row, the driver must take precautions and reduce the speed, as there may be an inexperienced or drunk driver. The same applies to pedestrians: with the confident movement of a large number of pedestrians, you can move at a normal speed, but the appearance of one drunk on the road is enough for an immediate stop of the car.
Figure: 164.0 Limitation of visibility on a road with a steep break in the longitudinal profile.
In the mountains, where the roads have a lot of sharp turns, protracted ups and downs, the driver must especially carefully monitor the technical condition of the car, since the slightest malfunction can lead to more dangerous consequences than on the plain. A vehicle constantly working in the mountains must be provided with devices to hold it in place in the event of a stop on a slope. The simplest devices are shoes, wedges or blocks that are placed under the wheels of a car (Fig. 165).
Driving on mountain roads requires certain skills from the driver.
Approaching a sharp turn or a series of turns (serpentines), the driver must remember that behind each sharp turn there may be an invisible obstacle - a stopped or moving vehicle, a road section being repaired, and others. Approaching a sharp turn, the driver is obliged to reduce speed in order to stop the car within sight, if necessary, apply sound signal, and at night, change the intensity of light in the headlights and go through the bend, as shown in fig. 166.
To overcome a steep hill, the driver must engage in advance one of the lower gears, which ensure the lifting without changing gear. It is impossible to overcome a steep incline until the vehicle in front has climbed to the top or the oncoming vehicle has finished the descent.
Figure: 165. Shoes, wedges and pads placed under the wheels of cars on a slope.
On steep slopes on mountain roads, the driver must not drive with the clutch or gear disengaged. You need to go down in one of the lowest gears, which ensure effective engine braking, periodically using the foot brake.
Wooden bridges on country and field roads that do not have “Weight Limit” signs in front of them must be driven carefully. On the bridge deck, you need to drive the car smoothly, without changing gears, without jerking and sharp braking. If you are crossing the bridge for the first time, you need to find out its reliability. The carrying capacity of the bridge (Fig. 167) is determined by the thickness and condition (presence of rot and other damage) of piles, nozzles, girders, flooring.
In the tunnels, the driver must follow certain rules. In cities, even if the tunnels are large, well lit and designed to pass a large number of vehicle, the dipped headlights must be on. It is forbidden to stop in the tunnel and overtake other vehicles leaving the occupied lane.
Driving on dry country roads does not cause any particular difficulties, although on such roads, even with little traffic, the driver has no right to reduce attention, exceed speed, especially when approaching closed turns.
Figure: 166. Serpentine driveways
Figure: 167. Determination of the carrying capacity of the bridge.
Dry, deep ruts can damage tires and should be avoided. Deep potholes, ditches, and other similar obstacles are best navigated at right angles and at reduced speed to reduce frame or body deformation. Slow down in front of the obstacle, and at the moment of overcoming it, energetically press the throttle control pedal, which will facilitate the exit to flat road due to the inertia of the vehicle.
To eliminate the possibility of grazing the bottom of the body or the buffer over the edge of the ditch, you need to choose flatter places or first remove the soil with a shovel. If water or dirt has accumulated at the bottom of the ditch, you need to cover the bottom with improvised materials or earth.
On a wet clay road with an old track, you need to move, passing the track between the wheels to avoid stopping in soggy soil. You can go along the new track, since the layer of dirt in it is small and the resistance to movement is less. When the vehicle is not fully loaded and when driving in shallow mud, it can be removed from the rear wheels outside ramps and single drive wheels will push the mud layer down to hard ground to provide sufficient traction. Sections of the road with deep mud must be overcome in low gears when high revs engine. To make it easier to pass this section, you can put boards and poles under the drive wheels. To make it easier for the car to get out of the mud, you need to clear a path for the front wheels.
When driving on arable land with furrows or overcoming small hollows and shallow ruts, the vehicle should be started at an acute angle to them, which reduces the transmission of shocks from these obstacles.
The section of the road, flooded with water, must first be scouted, as there may be holes or large stones, and pass it at low speed.
You need to move on a dry meadow at such a speed that shocks from uneven soil do not affect the condition of the car. When driving on a swampy area, try to preserve the sod layer; if it is damaged, the wheels will fall through and the car will get stuck. In this case, slipping must not be allowed, and if it gets stuck, it is necessary to hang the car and put brushwood, logs, and poles under the wheels.
When choosing the direction of travel, avoid sharp turns and pay attention to the grass cover: bright green tall vegetation indicates weak turf, flat, low grass - relatively strong ground. In swampy areas, do not follow the trail of a past vehicle, as the sod layer is weakened.
It is better to bypass the area with fine dry sand in dry weather. A stopped car must be hung out and put under the wheels a metal mesh or boards, logs, brushwood. You can move on wet sand without fear: it is well compacted and the wheels hardly stick in it.
If the car has only one headlamp (in case of damage on the way), it should be on the left side.
When stopping on an unlit road, it is necessary to turn on the side or parking lights; in case of their malfunction, the vehicle must be retracted outside the roadway.
Road trains differ from single vehicles in greater length, weight, turning radius and braking distance. Therefore, driving a road train is more difficult, and the driver must follow certain rules.
You need to accelerate in each gear so that when shifting, the engine power is sufficient to move in an increased gear; gears should be changed quickly.
The speed of the road train must ensure smooth braking when stopping. When overcoming an uphill, you need to engage a gear that provides access to the top of the hill without shifting, and before descending, reduce the speed to a safe one. You need to brake on the descent without disengaging the clutch.
You cannot slow down when overcoming obstacles (potholes, dug places), it is better to coast them.
In case of passing on a narrow road and before sharp turns, it is necessary to reduce the speed in advance, and at the moment of passing or passing a turn, increasing the speed, drive the road train in such a way as to prevent the trailer from rolling onto the tractor (stretching).
To stop the road train, choose a flat area with a hard surface. If you stop on a dirt road with sticky or loose soil, the tractor will not be able to move the road train, and its wheels may bury.
Before wading streams and small rivers, you need to check the depth of the ford and the hardness of the soil. The banks should not be steep. shallow, but shallow so that they do not impede movement. After checking the ford, you should set landmarks - landmarks. For cars, the ford depth should not exceed 0.5 m, and for trucks - 0.7-0.8 m.
Close the louvers and remove the fan belt before fording. You need to go down to the water and overcome the ford slowly in one of the lower gears at medium engine speeds, avoiding stopping. Rivers and streams with a fast current must be driven obliquely downstream. Having overcome the ford, it is necessary to drive a certain distance with the brake pedal depressed to dry the brake mechanisms.
The ferry can only be entered with the permission of the ferryman at low speed. On the ferry, the load must be evenly distributed, avoiding excessive maneuvering.
In severe frosts, it is also necessary to pay attention to the driver's clothing, cab insulation and the serviceability of the heating and windshield blowing system, the quality of the brake fluid in the hydraulic brake drive, and prevention of condensate freezing in the pneumatic brake drive.
Heavy snowfall requires a reduction in speed due to a sharp decrease in visibility and the appearance of snow on the roadway, which worsens traffic conditions and increases the braking distance.
On a snowy road, drive at a moderate speed, as a layer of compacted snow reduces traction and increases braking distance. Do not drive your front wheels into the snow on the side of the road, as the car can "pull" off the road.
Small drifts are overcome with acceleration, using the inertia of the car. If the snowy area is long, you need to engage the gear in advance, which will ensure its overcoming without stopping. A stopped car should be pulled back on the track and move forward with acceleration. When the wheels slip, clear the snow in front of them and add brushwood or sand.
Driving away with an oncoming vehicle on narrow snowy roads should be at low speed or, choosing a place, stop and let it pass.
Increase the cross-country ability of vehicles using snow chains. To put the chains on the wheels, they are laid out in front or behind the track of the car and carefully drive into the middle of the chains, the chains are pulled and the ends are connected with a lock. Anti-skid chains are fine-link (Fig. 168), track (Fig. 169), caterpillar (Fig. 170).
Chains are installed only to overcome difficult-to-pass areas; when driving on paved roads, they accelerate tire wear and increase fuel consumption. In the absence of special means to overcome such areas, helpers are used - logs, poles, boards, brushwood, gravel, slag.
A vehicle equipped with a winch can pull another vehicle out, provided that it is on solid ground and braked reliably, and the winch is operating in first gear of the PTO at medium engine speed. For self-extraction with a winch, it is necessary to securely fasten the cable to a stump, a tree, and in the absence of a stop, which can serve as a log dug into the ground, scrap driven into the ground.
Crossing the ice is possible only after reconnaissance of the thickness and condition of the ice cover (absence of polynyas and large cracks), as well as determining the state of conjugation of the ice cover with the banks, which, if necessary, is reinforced with shields.
You should drive on the ice carefully, without impacts, move on the crossing at a speed of 10-15 km / h, keeping the distance between cars at least 25-35 m. Only the driver can be in the cab, and both doors must be open.
The movement on the streets of large cities is characterized by a wide variety of maneuvers, intensity and frequent changes in speed. The driver must be well-versed in this difficult environment and quickly make the right decisions to ensure traffic safety. The distance between vehicles on the streets is shorter than on country roads, which requires increased driver attention and reduced driving speed.
Figure: 168. Small-link snow chains:
a - for single wheels; b - for twin wheels; in-mounted on car wheels.
Figure: 169. Truck snow chains:
Before entering an intersection or square, the driver must determine the order of movement and only then drive through, remembering that the situation is complicated by the intersections of traffic flows with pedestrian flows crossing the carriageway, which is often the cause of accidents in cities and towns.
The driver must take into account the condition and age of pedestrians and, with sufficient care, can prevent danger. The most frequent violations of transitions: transition to an unidentified place; crossing in front of a closely moving vehicle; unexpected exit from behind a vehicle onto the roadway; play of children on the roadway.
A driver who underestimates one of these factors contributes to a dangerous environment. He must be constantly prepared for adverse changes in the situation and must strive to ensure safety, even with the imprudent actions of other road users.
Keeping the vehicle in good technical condition at all times ensures that the task is completed at a safe driving speed that can be maintained with the correct driving techniques and a thorough knowledge of the route.
Figure: 170. Track chains:
a - in expanded form; b - mounted on car wheels.
Figure: 171. Determination of ice thickness using a shovel:
1 - snow; 2 - snow ice; 3 - cloudy ice; 4 - transparent ice.
An experienced driver calculates the speed according to the situation, achieving a smooth ride without unnecessary braking, which reduces vehicle wear and increases the operating speed.
High conscious discipline, constant improvement of driving techniques, knowledge and observance of the rules of the road, maintenance of the car in good condition and constant attention to changes in the road situation are the main qualities of an advanced driver.
TO Category: - Driving
What is Safe Driving?
Friends, hello! In this article I will analyze the well-known phrase "safe driving" and give my own version of its interpretation, since most of the people understand it, from my point of view, is not entirely correct. I start many of my lectures with a question to the audience: “How do you understand the phrase“ safe driving ”? Very often, in response, I hear something like "this means driving without an accident" or "no one was hurt during the trip." I already have a prepared counterargument for this: I cite as an example one of my acquaintances, who in the summer on weekends leaves for the dacha, and on Sunday evenings returns home behind the wheel ... drunk. Regularly. Not a single accident. For all the time. The audience is perplexed: the students feel that there is a catch somewhere, but they do not understand where it is. It seems to be trouble-free, but ... somehow not entirely safe.
Safety is not the absence of accidents, but the minimum risk
Indeed, this cannot be called safe driving, because safety is determined not by the presence or absence of an accident, but by the likelihood of an accident... If the world consisted only of black and white, then yes, it would mean "no accidents." However, there are many shades between black and white, as well as between zero and 100% probabilities there are many intermediate values. In this way, driving safely meansdriving with a minimum probability of an accident, with a minimum risk . Therefore, if usually the only thought of a driver who has just received a "license" is how to get to the destination safe and sound, then the advanced driver's safety requirements become more stringent. An advanced driver seeks not only to avoid an accident, but also to reduce the risks on the road as much as possible.
Now let's think about how much you can reduce the risks. Let's draw the axis of probabilities, let's designate the beginning of the axis as "0", and the end - "1". One, that is, 100% of the probability of an accident means that the accident will definitely happen, and it is only a matter of a few seconds... For example, a driver on an icy road accelerated to a speed of 60 km / h and did not take into account that at this speed the car would need at least 60 meters to stop from the moment he pressed the brake pedal to the floor. And he began to slow down in front of a traffic light 50 m away. The ABS rattled, the car went into emergency braking mode. All lanes in front of the traffic light are occupied by standing cars, there is nowhere to dodge - except to jump out onto the sidewalk with pedestrians ... That's all - you just have to sit and obediently wait for the hood to ram someone's trunk. The car slows down on a slippery road, so you will have to endure 10-15 seconds before the collision. This is the situation when the probability of an accident is 1 or 100%.
Zero risk driving is impossible
And what does the probability of an accident "0" mean? The audience often replies to this "when we are at a traffic light." There is some truth here: while we are standing, no threat comes from us to those around us. However, this does not exclude the threat to us from the surrounding machines. Do you feel where I'm heading? We can say that the probability of an accident is zero when your car is parked in the garage, and you are at home and, for example, have tea with your family while watching your favorite movie on a soft sofa. Although even here your garage can be rammed by a truck, and a plane can crash on your house. And even more so, we cannot talk about a zero probability of an accident while your car is parked in a guarded parking lot, since the car can be caught by an inept parking driver, even in your absence.
Driving is never safe
Hence the seditious conclusion: safe driving literally impossible! The words “safe” and “driving” already contradict each other in their essence. Phrase « Safe driving"- it's like" non-alcoholic alcohol ":)) As soon as you started and the wheels made the first revolution, you became dangerous. Why?
Have you ever heard that a car is a source of increased danger (Article 1079 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation)? Have you ever wondered what determines the degree of danger of a moving object? From the point of view of physics, the danger of a moving object is determined by the magnitude of the kinetic energy:
where m is the mass of the object, v is the speed.
And further in this article we will consider the danger from this point of view: that is, as the danger of a moving object, which consists in causing damage to oneself and other objects when colliding with them. It is important to understand that this is not the only danger factor that threatens us while driving. But it is the most significant, the most influential, and also the most frequently implemented.
In addition to light quanta, any visible object has mass, and therefore, if there is speed, so there is danger... For example, a flying bullet. I hope you have no doubts that firearms are dangerous? So, the greater the amount of energy, the more dangerous the object.By the way, in the law "On weapons" there are three types of weapons - civil, service and combat, which differ from each other just by the kinetic energy of the bullet, which is specifically spelled out in the numbers.
Everything that moves quickly is dangerous
It is the inherent fact that a car has a speed that makes it dangerous by default. That is why with the first wheel rotation you become dangerous while driving.
So if you think about it, it turns out that drivers are misinformed when they say words like: "Police officers ensure safety on the roads." Not because they do their job poorly, but because the words “safety” and “driving” initially contradict each other. And the words “if you comply with traffic rules, then you are safe” are frankly misleading.
THERE IS NO SAFE DRIVING, THERE IS DRIVING WITHOUT UNJUSHED RISK. BUT THE RISK IS ALWAYS!
Therefore, I repeat, the main task of the driver on the way to the so-called safety while driving is risk reduction... This is the foundation of the Anglo-American concept of safe driving "Defensive Driving" or Defensive Driving. You just need to avoid too much unjustified risk, and constantly monitor its level. Or, if we are talking, say, about the drivers of the operational police, it will no longer be possible to reduce the risks due to the specifics of their work. In such cases, all that remains is to take risks and realize the level of risk. If you walk along the edge of an abyss, you should know what awaits you below ...
A car is 3000 times more dangerous than a pedestrian
From the above formula for kinetic energy, there are two conclusions that will probably surprise you. Let's compare energy in numbers passenger car at a typical urban speed of 60 km / h and pedestrian energy at a typical speed of 5 km / h. For calculations, we will take the mass of a car for 1500 kg, and for a pedestrian - 70 kg. We consider: 60 km / h, this is 16.67 m / s, then the energy of the car is 16.67 * 16.67 * 1500/2 \u003d 208416.7 J. Energy is measured in joules, we do not use these units in everyday life, and at first glance it is not entirely clear whether this is a lot or a little. To understand this, you need to compare the resulting value with the energy of the pedestrian. 5 km / h \u003d 1.39 m / s, then the kinetic energy will be 1.39 * 1.39 * 70/2 \u003d 67.5 J. As they say, feel the difference! We divide one into another and we get that the energy of the car's movement is 3085 times the energy of the pedestrian. Or else
A CAR MOVING WITH A SPEED OF 60 KM / H IS MORE THAN 3000 TIMES DANGEROUS A PEDESTRIAN!
Similar calculations will allow you to assess the degree of danger of a car of a different weight and at different speeds. Let's say, the same one and a half ton passenger sedan at a speed of 100 km / h more dangerous than a pedestrian already more than 8500 times. I don't even want to think about SUVs and trucks ...
A pedestrian cannot be dangerous to the driver
So, we draw the first conclusion. The wording like "pedestrians crossing the road in the wrong place, create a danger for drivers ”is incorrect from the point of view of physics and considering the danger through the prism of the magnitude of kinetic energy.
A PEDESTRIAN IS NOT PHYSICALLY CAPABLE TO BE A SOURCE OF HAZARD TO A CAR.
From the point of view of movement, the pedestrian is safe. As well as an ant is safe for a hamster, a cat is safe for an elephant, and a baby is safe for a weightlifter. Yes, of course, after a collision of a car with a pedestrian at a speed of 60 km / h, the car will suffer some damage. But what is this compared to the damage that will be inflicted on a pedestrian (if he survives at all) ?! The real danger is created by someone who moves quickly, and at the same time has a huge mass. Let me remind you that I am not considering an armed attack by a pedestrian on a driver and deliberate harm.
A horse, for example, weighs, on average, 500 kg and is capable of running at speeds up to 70 km / h, i.e., it can already pose a real danger to both a pedestrian and a driver in a car. Hope my point is clear.
The driver is responsible for everything
Therefore, dear readers-drivers, get used to the idea that when you meet a pedestrian it is you who are dangerous, which means that all responsibility for the safety and consequences of an accident lies with you. I understand that it is difficult to accept, but this is an objective reality based on the laws of physics. Moreover, as I wrote above, our legislation adheres to a similar position. Therefore, the driver who knocked down a pedestrian crossing the road in the wrong place, although he will not be brought to criminal and administrative liability (in the absence of aggravating circumstances, of course), but in any case will be brought to civil liability and will be obliged to compensate the pedestrian for damage. Precisely because the car is a source of increased danger.
SIT IN THE DRIVE - YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR EVERYTHING HAPPENING AROUND!
I am not writing this in order to beat up the drivers, just with this approach you, the drivers, will be more whole. That's all.
The number of cars on the roads of the country is increasing from year to year. The availability of the car at cost has contributed to the emergence of a large number of young drivers who have recently received the right to drive transport. Youth, coupled with a lack of experience, has led to a significant increase in road accidents and an increase in the number of fatal accidents.
Very often, training in a car school is corny to be reduced to simple memorization of road signs, markings and insufficient attention is paid to safe driving. This is actually a very important aspect of road safety in any country in the world.
Often basic skills learned in a driving school young driver not enough, and many do not know how.
Neglect and lack of knowledge of safe driving can lead to casualties. People in peacetime simply die on the road because of their own or others' mistakes.
It is simply impossible to cover with one term. It is a set of driving skills aimed at minimizing driver errors while driving. The car needs to be felt and understood quickly enough in changing traffic conditions.
Many novice drivers often simply do not have enough time to make the right decision, and especially when seconds count down. Many accidents could only be avoided with safe driving skills.
It is the moral and psychological training of the driver that is the cornerstone of accident-free driving. Confusion and inattention should remain on the sidelines and not interfere with driving.
As everyone knows, even Moscow was not built right away. A young novice driver gains experience with every driving. Soon he will grow old, and will look down on the training cars, carefully moving in the heavy traffic on the road.
Very often, in addition to uncertainty and lack of experience of the driver, arrogance brings. He ceases to strictly follow the rules of the road and gives slack. It all ends badly for both the car and the driver.
Driving safety must be observed by both young and experienced driver... Anyone can make a mistake, but the cost of a mistake is different.
The basics of safe driving are based, first of all, on the unconditional observance of the rule of the road and mutual respect among drivers. Individual actions for the sake of safety must be brought to an automatic level.
The following basics of safe driving can be distinguished:
- Compliance with traffic rules;
- Sober vehicle driving;
- Avoid driving in a stressful situation;
- Mindfulness;
- Composure;
- Technical control of the vehicle condition;
- Correct driving technique;
- Compliance with the speed limit.
Do not forget that driving in winter and summer time may differ from each other. Weather factors very often have a direct impact on the safety of driving a car.
An experienced driver will definitely take into account the weather conditions and think several times about the expediency and importance of the trip. Controlling your own behavior on the road is very important for any driver without exception.
There is no need to provoke other road users and succumb to provocations. Conflicts on the road very often end in problems with the law.
Conclusion
Every driver of a vehicle, without exception, should strive to maximize, comply and follow the requirements of safe driving. It is often more expensive to neglect them.
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The driving mode chosen by the driver on the road is the result of processing a huge amount of information coming to him. It follows from this that the more experience the driver has, the more developed his skills, the more prepared he is for the route, the safer the driving mode he ultimately chooses, the greater the potential for a trip without a traffic accident. The movement of cars in cities with heavy traffic and pedestrian flows has its own characteristics:
- Row movement
- Small distances between cars
- The abundance of technical means of regulation
- Pedestrian crossings
- Crossroads
- The presence of a continuous oncoming traffic flow
In these conditions, the following sequence of actions is of particular importance:
- Observation
- Signaling
- Maneuver
It is necessary to correctly determine and maintain the distance between vehicles and the spacing between rows.
When choosing a safe distance between cars, consider:
- Condition of road surfaces
- Visibility
- Atmospheric conditions
- Tire tread condition
- Travel speed
- Driver's reaction, which can vary depending on different situations
In urban conditions, a distance equal to half the speed of movement is considered safe. At a speed of 60 km / h, the distance should be at least 30 m. On steep ascents and descents, the distance between cars should be increased two to three times.
It is also necessary to observe the interval not only between oncoming cars, but also between, but also between cars and sidewalks, roadsides, pedestrians. The higher the speed, the greater the interval. In any case, the interval must be at least one meter. Particularly carefully select the interval when passing, in poor visibility conditions, when overtaking cyclists and motorcyclists. Frontal and side collisions of vehicles are often caused by drivers leaving too little distance between the sides of the vehicle.
When driving through pedestrian crossings, the driver must exercise great caution and be prepared to stop the vehicle in time. The same precautions must be taken when driving past public transport stops. The main safety measure is the early reduction of the speed of movement, the readiness for immediate action when pedestrians appear in the immediate vicinity of the car.
Road conditions can be varied: straight sections of roads and turns with changing radii, descents and ascents, different widths and conditions of the roadway, changes in visibility and viewing conditions. All this has a significant impact on the driving mode. To make the right decision when choosing a speed, the driver needs to have the appropriate knowledge and skills in assessing in road conditions. It is especially important for the driver to be able to assess the grip of the road surface, as well as to know the reasons for its increased slipperiness. This will help to correctly determine the value braking distance, and therefore, choose a safe driving speed.
A hazard on a road with good grip can be created by separate, often small, areas of smooth road surface resulting from wear and grinding by car wheels. Such sections are in places where the mode of movement of cars often changes, acceleration and braking are performed: in front of intersections and pedestrian crossings, directly on and behind them, at bends, before ups and downs, in areas where public vehicles stop, in front of and directly on areas with limited visibility. Roads may also have sections that are most frequently affected by dirt and moisture. These are junctions or intersections with unpaved roads, sections of roads with unpaved shoulders.
With regard to the technical condition of vehicles. It is imperative that our cars pass daily maintenance, TO 1, TO 2.
As you know, before each turn, the driver must slow down. However, not everyone knows that braking should be stopped before turning. Braking when cornering will significantly reduce the lateral stability of the machine, which can even cause a rollover. It should also not be forgotten that cornering braking causes increased wear on chassis and steering parts, as well as wheel rubber.
When making a turn, the trajectory of the vehicle should have the maximum steepness at the beginning. The vehicle will gradually level out as you turn the corner.
Before a pothole, hole, ledge or other similar obstacle on the road, reduce the speed in advance, and just before hitting an obstacle, release the brake pedal. This way you can minimize the force of the impact. Sometimes it is advisable to squeeze the clutch in a situation like this.
It is recommended to drive ascents and descents on a slippery road at the same speed, but not in any way coasting, periodically slowing down (as inexperienced drivers often do when driving downhill), and low gear... Unless absolutely necessary, you should not change gears, increase fuel supply and make sudden movements with the steering wheel.
Not all drivers know that the road becomes very dangerous in the first minutes after the start of rain. The fact is that water mixes with road dust and dirt that has not yet been washed off the roadway, forming a liquid gruel. At this time, special care must be taken: do not make sudden movements (accelerate, brake, change the direction of travel), take turns at low speed and keep an increased distance from vehicles following in front.
Be especially careful on wet roads. In any case, in a heavy downpour, it is not recommended to drive at a speed of more than 60 kilometers per hour (with the exception of motorways, but not always). Failure to follow this recommendation results in aquaplaning.
Drivers know that overtaking is one of the most difficult and dangerous maneuvers on the road. Let me remind you that in the current version of the Road Traffic Regulations, overtaking is considered to be ahead of one or several moving vehicles associated with leaving the occupied lane (not necessarily into the oncoming lane). A significant part of road accidents when overtaking occurs not with oncoming, but passing vehicles. This is most often due to the fact that cars move at high speeds without observing the distance.
Be aware that the driver of the car you overtake may not see you and at any time take to the left, for example, to avoid obstacles (potholes, etc.) on the road, without giving a corresponding signal with the turn signal.
At the end of overtaking, you can return to your lane only when the vehicle that you overtaken is visible in the mirror, and the distance to it is about 20 meters.
When overtaking cyclists, keep a lateral spacing of at least 1 meter. According to his mentality, a cyclist is the same pedestrian, but he moves faster. It is forbidden to make unexpected movements in front of the cyclist, and to brake briskly after overtaking. On the other hand, this is quite expected from a cyclist (in particular, he may lose balance at any moment and fall under the wheels of a car).
If on the road you are caught in heavy fog, rain or snow, remember: turning on the regular headlights will only reduce visibility, as a kind of "wall of light" can form. In this case, it would be advisable to turn off all the lighting devices, but this is prohibited by the Road Traffic Rules, since the vehicle will become poorly visible to other road users.
In this situation, it is easier for drivers whose cars are equipped with fog lights. If the fog is not very strong (in the high beam of the headlights, visibility is at least 100 meters), then turn on the headlights high beam together with fog lights. Do not forget, if there are oncoming vehicles, switch to the low beam and turn off the "fog lights". When hit in medium fog or heavy rain, turn on fog lights and low beam headlights. If the fog is very thick or you are in a heavy snowfall, then turn on only the fog lights.
When visibility on the road is no more than 10 meters, you can move at a speed of no more than 5 kilometers per hour. Otherwise, you endanger not only yourself, but also other road users.
Unregulated intersections are one of the most dangerous places on the road. Traffic accidents on them usually occur due to violation of the rules of maneuvering, non-observance of a safe distance, and also because one of the drivers did not notice traffic signs in time.
When driving, always keep in mind the likelihood that any other road user could ignore the Rules of the Road or make a mistake that would lead to a dangerous situation. ATTENTION.
Try to stay away from military vehicles on the road. Often these machines are driven by young soldiers who have recently received a license. Needless to say, how dangerous a large-sized Ural, driven by an inexperienced driver, is!
Be careful even when you have an advantage (driving a green light, main road) in order to have time to react to a possible traffic violation by other road users.
A vehicle standing on the side of the road is always an object of increased danger. In particular, because of a parked bus or truck, a pedestrian can run out onto the road at any time. Pay attention to the clearance between the underbody standing car and carriageway... This will help you spot the passer-by or his feet, signaling that appropriate precautions are taken. Expect trouble from pedestrians who walk close to the carriageway, such as along the very edge of a sidewalk or curb. Firstly, a person may stumble and fall onto the roadway. Secondly, there is a possibility that he will start crossing the road. Third, it is possible that this is a visually impaired or hearing impaired person who is not aware of the danger.
Take special care if you see children playing near the roadway. Pedestrians in a state of intoxication are also unpredictable.
It should be borne in mind that at an ambient temperature of more than 28 degrees, the vast majority of people have a markedly reduced driving ability. In addition, the following factors increase the likelihood of being involved in an accident:
- smoking while driving (if you really need to, then stop on the side of the road and smoke);
- taking certain medications by the driver;
- feeling unwell, driver fatigue;
- tight steering wheel, soft brake pedal;
- slippy road;
- movement in conditions of limited visibility;
- insufficient contrast and illumination of a potential source of danger;
- driving in a state of intense excitement or excitement;
The human body usually reaches the greatest fatigue during the daytime from about 15:30 to 19:00 and at night from 2:00 to 6:00.
In general, experts distinguish three degrees of driver fatigue:
- a mild degree is recognized with the onset of yawning and heaviness of the eyelids;
- the average degree is characterized by sharp eyes, dry mouth, the appearance of certain fantasies. At the same time, a warm wave can pass through the body and a false impression is created that other vehicles are moving very slowly;
- with a strong degree of fatigue, the head begins to lean forward, the hands slide off the steering wheel, ripples appear in the eyes, the person becomes covered with sweat, and most importantly, it seems that all this is not happening to him.
To relieve slight fatigue, it is enough to wash with cold water, take a break or drink strong tea. Only sleep helps to get rid of moderate to severe fatigue.
ATTENTION
One of the most dangerous conditions of a driver is the so-called "sleep with open eyes", which occurs as a result of overwork. From the outside it seems that the person is not sleeping and is driving the car, but in reality he is completely out.
Before the trip, every driver must set himself up that driving is primarily a difficult job, and not a pleasant pastime, which is accompanied by listening to music or talking with passengers.
As you know, within the limits of settlements, the Traffic Rules are allowed to move at a speed of no more than 60 kilometers per hour, outside settlement - no more than 90 kilometers per hour (unless otherwise specified road signs). For safe driving in the city, it is necessary to maintain a distance between vehicles of at least 20 meters, outside the city - at least 40 meters (provided that the road is dry and clean, without ice, etc.).
It is also not recommended to keep an unreasonably large distance. Firstly, it will provoke other drivers to overtake and change lanes, and pedestrians may be tempted to cross the carriageway in front of your car.
Please note that when driving 60 kilometers per hour, the car covers a distance of 17.7 meters every second, and when driving at a speed of 90 kilometers per hour - 24.5 meters. However, the braking distance at a speed of 90 kilometers per hour is twice the braking distance than at a speed of 60 kilometers per hour (the discrepancy is explained more high strength inertia, as well as other factors).
In case of oncoming passing with other vehicles in conditions of poor visibility, try to keep as close as possible to the right edge of the carriageway. An oncoming vehicle can carry poorly signposted and therefore almost invisible bulky cargo protruding from the sides. If a vehicle with one headlight is on the opposite side, remember that this is not necessarily a motorcycle, it may be a car in which one headlight does not work.
Inexperienced drivers make the same mistake when coasting: when they release the gas pedal, they continue to keep the clutch pedal depressed and go on like this until the next gear engagement. This cannot be done. While coasting, it is necessary to put the gear lever in neutral and release the clutch pedal. Otherwise, there is a high probability that the clutch will "burn out" ( release bearing not designed for this mode of operation).
The rear-view mirrors should be used on average every 5 seconds, since the driver must control the situation not only in front, but also on the sides and rear of his car. Be sure to look in the rear-view mirror before driving, changing lanes, turning, overtaking, braking.
Most modern cars equipped with anti-theft deviceslocated in the steering column and blocking steering (installed by the manufacturer). On such vehicles, it is strictly forbidden to turn on the ignition while driving (sometimes this is done on old cars to save fuel when driving downhill). Otherwise, the steering wheel can be locked while driving, which leads to disastrous consequences.
When making a left turn at an intersection, try to stay as far away from the center of the intersection as possible to reduce the likelihood of a collision in the event of a dangerous situation.
In dense traffic flow try to move at the speed of this stream, avoiding lane changes and other maneuvers unnecessarily. You should not overtake a line of cars standing in a traffic jam, especially in the lane of oncoming traffic (when an oncoming vehicle appears, you will have no place to return to your lane). If you have a choice, it is recommended to follow a familiar route, even if it is a little longer.
Note that with a road train, when turning, the trailer always moves closer to the center of the turn.
If you unexpectedly hit a small section of the road covered with ice, drive it at the same speed (of course, if the current traffic situation allows). Many beginners in such a situation get lost and press the brake pedal or try to go around this section of the road, which ultimately leads to a skid.
If you are driving monotonously on a high-speed lane, then from time to time glance at the speedometer. The fact is that with such a ride, a person is inclined to underestimate the real speed of movement: it seems that you are moving at a speed of 90 kilometers per hour, and on the speedometer it is already 110 kilometers per hour.
Spherical rear-view mirrors have become fashionable today. They greatly increase the view, but have a serious drawback: in them, the distance to the reflected object seems to be greater than it actually is.
