You don't have to spend Sunday in front of a Formula 1 screen or on sites with huge bumpers and low body kits to feel connected to motorsport. The site has collected simple mass cars that hundreds of thousands of people buy for trips to offices and shopping centers, from which automakers make crazy cars for rallying.
Fans of racing are always ready to be indignant: why compare them, the serial Citroen C2 and the one on which Sebastien Loeb drives, they have only nameplates in common. However, the foundation laid in a simple production car also largely determines its sporting purpose. So car owners have something to be proud of.
There are a great many competitions and even rally championships, so for the sake of authority we take the performances of cars in the WRC - the world rally championship. They are cars made on the basis of simple hatchbacks and sedans of the middle price category.
Team name: Citroen Racing
Series: WRC Super 1600, WRC Super 2000
Cars: Saxo S1600, C2 S1600, ZX Kit Car, Xsara Kit Car, Xsara T4 / WRC, C4 WRC, DS3 WRC
Citroen is one of the strongest motorsport teams today. She has many victories on her account: in Dakar in 1991, 1994, 1995 and 1996, in the Paris-Moscow-Beijing rally in 1992, numerous victories in the WRC.
The compact Citroen C2 arrives in the sports arena in 2004 in the Junior WRC series, and performs superbly under the control of Sébastien Loeb in the Super 1600, or S1600 class. This category means rally car- originally in the junior WRC series, but also in various national rally championships. Any automaker with a suitable road model in its lineup can modify it before racing. Suitable means: mono drive, four-cylinder atmospheric engine with a maximum volume of 1640 cubic meters. see serial production. As part of the homologation, the standard gearbox is changed to a sequential mechanical gearbox, the engine produces up to 230 hp. with., the body has additional aerodynamic body kits.
Citroen C2 is the most successful S1600 at the international level, with 22 victories. This compact is an example of development by the concern itself, while Ford Fiesta for the rally was developed by a partner Ford, and Opel corsa- without any involvement from GM at all.
The Citroen C4 WRC was developed by the Citroen team to compete in the WRC series - it replaced the Xsara WRC on the track. It is based on an ordinary serial hatchback. The rally car made its debut in the 2007 season and in the hands of Sébastien Loeb won 13 asphalt victories, which is an absolute record in the WRC.
In 2011, the rally DS3 WRC entered the stage, bringing five victories to each of the drivers - Sebastien Loeb and Sebastien Ogier. The car competes in the Super 2000 category, but it is equipped not with a naturally-aspirated 2.0-liter engine, but with a 1.6-liter turbo engine specially designed for this car and developing 300 hp. with. at 6000 rpm and 350 Nm of torque at 3250 rpm.
Team name: Peugeot Sport
Series: WRC Group B, WRC Super 2000
Cars: Peugeot 205 T16, Peugeot 206 WRC, Peugeot 307 WRC
Peugeot Sport is the motorsport division of the French company Peugeot. It was formed in 1981 under the leadership of rally driver Jean Toda. The team made its debut in 1984 with the Peugeot 205 Turbo 16 in Group B. This class refers to the set of requirements introduced in 1982 for sports and rally competitions under the patronage of the FIA. It includes the fastest and most powerful rally cars ever built. In this category, there was a minimum of restrictions on technology and appearance. The tasks of the constructs were to reduce the weight as much as possible, use high-tech materials and not be shy in power. The all-wheel drive Peugeot 205 T16 weighing 890 kg belonged to the 2500 cc subgroup. The car performed beautifully in 1985. In order for the model to take part in the rally, Peugeot had to produce 200 production T16 vehicles. They had little in common with the usual 205, differing in the mid-engine layout, four-wheel drive extended wheel arches, the turbo engine developed about 200 Horse power.
A series of disasters, including fatalities, forced the FIA to revoke the class in 1987. However, Peugeot has not disappeared from the rally roads. The T16 was rebuilt for the Dakar Rally and took victories in 1987, 1989 and 1990.
In 1999, Peugeot Sport returned to the world WRC series with the Peugeot 206 WRC equipped with a 2.0-liter 300-horsepower engine with a maximum torque of 635 Nm. He finished fourth in Rally Finland and second in Rally Sanremo, and in 2000 he won Rally Sweden, New Zealand, Finland and Australia.
In 2004, Peugeot launched new model Rally Monte Carlo is a new model - 307 WRC, which was built on a road version in a coupe-convertible body.
Team name: Ford Racing
Series: WRC Super 2000
Cars: Ford Focus RS WRC, Ford Fiesta RS WRC
The Ford Focus RS WRC was built to compete in the rally based production Focus hatchback with a 2.0-liter engine. The car raced from 1999 to 2010 with 44 victories.
Of course, the car is heavily modified for racing, but the powertrain is based on a 2.0-liter engine from the regular Focus, since the rules do not allow the use of the 2.5-liter, which is equipped with Focus ST or road RS. Also in the car, all four wheels are driving, the box is replaced by a five-speed sequential with a multi-plate carbon clutch, the brake discs are increased to 300 mm. With a mass of 1230 kg, the engine power is 300 hp. with. at 6000 rpm, and the maximum torque is 550 Nm at 4000 rpm.
In 2011, the Focus was replaced by the Fiesta, or rather its modified version of the Fiesta RS WRC. It complies with the new rules of the world rally series, introduced in 2011, only it is equipped with a 1.6-liter turbo engine instead of a naturally-aspirated 2.0-liter one, performing in the Super 2000 class.
Volkswagen
Team name: Volkswagen Motorsport
Series: WRC Super 2000
Cars: Volkswagen Golf GTI, Volkswagen Polo R WRC
The Volkswagen Motorsport Rally Division has been participating in the WRC since 1978. Before the break in 1990, the Germans released various Volkswagen modifications Golf with mixed success with six podiums and a victory in the 19th Rally Cote d'Ivoire.
In 2011, the company returned to rallying with a pair of Skoda Fabia in the S2000 class, and since 2013 has been competing with the Polo R WRC.
The latter was officially unveiled in May 2011 and spent the next 18 months in tests under the leadership of world rally champion Carlos Sainz, former Citroen driver Sebastien Ogier and VW test driver Dieter Depping in Norway, Finland, Germany, Spain and Mexico City - in order to simulate rally conditions.
VW Polo R WRC, built on the basis of the Polo hatchback, performs in the S2000 class, however, it is equipped with a turbocharged 1.6-liter engine instead of the prescribed 2.0-liter naturally aspirated engine and a six-speed manual sequential transmission. The car performed superbly in its debut season, winning 10 out of 13 races, eight times the pilots climbed to the podium.
Team name: Skoda Motorsport
Series: WRC Super 2000
Cars: Skoda Octavia WRC, Skoda Fabia S2000
Skoda, or rather its motorsport division Skoda Motorsport, competed in the WRC World Series from 1999 to 2005, and today competes in the European Rally Championship. The Czechs started with the Skoda Octavia WRC, equipped with a 2.0-liter 300 hp engine. with. with a maximum torque of 500 Nm at 3250 rpm, four-wheel drive and a six-speed sequential gearbox.
In 2008, Skoda returns to rallying with a new Super 2000 version of the Fabia. The car, based on the regular Fabia, took off from the 2009 Monte Carlo Rally. The Skoda Fabia S200 has won many national and international rally titles: victory in the IRC series in 2010 year, 2011 and 2012, in the SWRC series in 2011, in the Czech Rally in 2009 and others.
The 2.0-liter naturally aspirated engine develops 265 hp. with. and 245 Nm of torque transmitted to all four wheels, the transmission is a six-speed sequential.
Team name: Hyundai Motorsport
Series: WRC
Cars: Hyundai accent WRC, Hyundai i20 WRC
The Korean company Hyundai, with its i20, is today a pretty serious contender to the aristocratic European automakers on the WRC battlefield.
In September 1999, Hyundai introduced the Accent WRC model. The car lasted in the world series from 2000 to 2003, having gone through three generations. Accent WRC made his debut in 2000 class at Rally Sweden and in the same year managed to enter the top ten - at the stage in Argentina, taking eighth and seventh places. Its second generation received better aerodynamics, an active front differential, and longer suspension travels. But the car did not manage to advance beyond the fourth place. In 2004, Hyundai retired from big motorsport.
The Koreans are pinning much more hope today on the i20 rally, with which they intend to return to rallying in 2014. The Hyundai i20 WRC should replace the Volkswagen Polo R WRC. And this is quite possible, given that the usual i20 is not inferior to the "German" on public roads. The novelty starts with the Rally Monte Carlo in January.
Team name: Renault Sport
Series: Logan Cup FIA Group N
Cars: Renault Logan
Renault Sport, or Renaultsport, is Renault's motorsport division and specialty high-performance series conventional cars... It dates back to 1976. It is important not only the contribution of the team to world-class competitions, but also to the creation of a championship of one brand, such as, for example, the Logan Cup in Russia. And this is even more interesting than the WRC, as it makes the real sport accessible to ordinary car owners, albeit quite expensive. Moreover, the competition is regulated by the FIA.
The Logan Cup exists in different countries under different names, but always under the patronage of Renault Sport. As you might guess, they are competing Logan cars which are sold in different countries under Renault brands or Dacia. The Cup is held in Russia, Germany, France and Romania.
The basis is a regular Logan with a 1.6-liter 90-horsepower engine with a tuning package prepared by Renault Sport. There are two types of packages: for circuit racing and for rallying - on concrete or gravel. The packages include safety equipment, external modifications and spare parts to increase efficiency, most of them at the low cost inherent in the car class. The Logan Cup belongs to Group N, which includes standard production vehicles.
The Logan Cup has existed in Russia since 2008. Initially, it was organized privately, with the sponsorship of an auto cosmetics company, and now it has come under the patronage of the Russian representative office of Renault.
Buying a new car is not available to all citizens, so many people prefer secondary market... Used car deals often exceed car dealer sales.
But it must be remembered that buying a used car “with hands” involves many risks.
If you buy a car, do not rush to pay or sign a purchase and sale agreement. Before buying, you should check the car at the bases to make sure that the car is not listed in theft, arrested, or has not been involved in an accident.
Buying a vehicle after an accident is the most common problem... The consequences of the accident are carefully masked, and serious technical defects and malfunctions during operation are revealed some time after purchase.
Calculate visually broken car experienced drivers or professional experts who can be invited for a pre-sale inspection and test drive. We will learn how to check a car for an accident.
When buying a car "from hand", a new car owner starts driving it, and after a while it turns out that some of the car's systems are malfunctioning due to an accident in which the vehicle was a participant.
Also, the car can be hijacked, or it is arrested by the bailiffs with a court order in their hands. Wrecked car, albeit well repaired, not every motorist wants to buy.
Checking will help you find out:
- real mileage and participation of the car in an accident;
- whether the vehicle is on the wanted list or stolen;
- whether arrested by a court order.
We will find out how to check if the car was in an accident, and other facts from its history. The potential owner will need the VIN number of the vehicle... This is a unique code vehicle.
If the seller has nothing to hide, he will provide it to you. It is quite problematic to find out the participation of a car in an accident just by the number of a driver's license. Better use the VIN number.
Checking a car for an accident by VIN-code on the traffic police website is carried out very quickly and free of charge. You need to go to the site: http://www.gibdd.ru/check/auto/, enter the VIN-code data and request a check for participation in an accident.
But when checking only accidents from 2015 are taken into account.... Also on the same page you can check the car for any restrictions or being wanted.
In the same place, at the bottom of the page, there are links with which you can check the car for being pledged (service of the Federal Notary Chamber), as well as data on compulsory civil liability insurance (PCA website).
If you have any problems, you can send an email to technical support.
At the stage of checking the car history online, check the car you like on several Internet resources at once. Some reviews indicate that the check using the traffic police website does not always work correctly.
Autocode
This is a specialized portal that was developed on the basis of the state program for checking vehicles by numbers or a special VIN number.
In addition to the necessary information, a photo of the car is provided. The check is carried out quickly, by license plate or VIN-code. The necessary information is entered into the search, a check is performed. If information about the vehicle is available, it can be redeemed at a minimum cost.
Each report offers information gathered from a wide variety of resources to maximize information completeness.
Using the portal, you can check the driver for an accident, and also find out:
- characteristics of the vehicle configuration (color, year of manufacture, registration, power, engine displacement);
- mileage information;
- the fact of participation in an accident, photos of damage;
- whether the car was used as a taxi;
- whether he was, is he still wanted;
- whether a loan has been issued for the car;
- information from customs services;
- data on renovation works ah (if the data went through insurance companies);
- other useful information.
Autocode is a site that provides information about accidents in which a car was involved, as well as other useful information about a specific vehicle.
There are many websites to check cars in 2019. Let's note some of the most popular ones:
Let's figure out how to check a car for participation in an accident?
As noted above, the car may be flawless from a legal point of view, but the owner could simply not register the accident or not apply for compensation to the insurance company, but repair the car at his own expense.
If you are not a specialist, you should not neglect a complete check of the vehicle that you are going to purchase.
Pre-sale inspection of a car before purchasing is a very important service. It is better to entrust the check to a private independent specialist who provides professional expertise.
Intensive operation, an accident will leave a mark on the mechanisms of the car, body, interior, even after a thorough and expensive repair. With the help of a professional examination, hidden defects can be revealed.
Professional diagnostics consists of:
- visual inspection;
- computer diagnostics;
- checking the car in motion.
The first two points identify the technical condition of the vehicle. The expert uses tools, instrumentation, personal experience, computer equipment.
Computer diagnostics are the most accurate. The working units, the brake system, the camber, the engine are checked.
A good expert “feels” the car as it moves. Defects, increased wear can be determined by extraneous sounds, sharp movements.
Usually private companies offer:
The presence of problems with the car being sold can be detected already at the stage of the conversation with the seller. Many begin to refuse to sell if the buyer expresses a desire to call an independent expert to analyze the condition of the vehicle.
You don't need to be an expert to understand that the quality of such a product is highly questionable.
If the seller does not allow checking a used car, it is better to immediately refuse to buy it and find another option, otherwise you can waste precious time and a large amount of money.
If you decide on an independent inspection, use the following recommendations and familiarize yourself with some of the subtleties:
Carefully inspect the body from all sides, evaluate the uniformity paintwork. If there are differences in shades or gloss, then the car was repainted. This is usually done during repairs following an accident or significant corrosion.
Even a slight color mismatch can indicate deception, since it is very difficult to choose a native paint for a car in a car service for repair work.
The thickness gauge will help to identify the painting and putty of some parts of the body... Such a device measures the thickness of the material or the coating layer of the material with high accuracy, without violating its integrity.
Do the inspection in the daytime, in a well-lit area. The car must be absolutely clean. Even small dirt can hide defects.
Refuse to buy right away if you found signs of defects that could appear after an accident, and the seller stated that the car did not get into an accident.
After purchasing a used car, you will not be able to make claims for malfunctions that may appear later during operation, since usually the car purchase and sale agreements contain the wording: “I have no claims for technical condition and completeness”. Under this phrase you sign, securing its legal significance.
Conduct the inspection in stages, and preferably with the help of professional independent experts, if you are not sure of your knowledge.
Start with paperwork, check online, end with consumable health check. Potential buyer must take part in all stages of the inspection.
Still, you have to look, because defects are really different. They somehow cut my headlight and that's it, but I made a report to the traffic police - they wrote that half the hood was blown up. In this regard, for me, auto-tech is more reliable. I haven't used any others, I can't say anything, but I think it makes sense to mix the verification methods in order to get more guarantees.
Steam cars
Cuyunho steam trolley, second (1771) modification
Internal combustion engines
1870 Vienna, Austria: The world's first gasoline-powered vehicle. "The first car of Marcus"
Early attempts to manufacture and use internal combustion engines were hampered by the lack of suitable fuels, especially liquid fuels, and early engines used a gas mixture.
Early experiments using gases were carried out by Swiss engineer François Isaac de Rivas (English) Russian (1806), who built an internal combustion engine running on a hydrogen-oxygen mixture, and the Englishman Semuel Brown (English) Russian (1826), experimented with his own hydrogen-fueled engine as a vehicle up to Shooters Hill (English) Russian , southeast London. Hippomobile (English) Russian Belgian Etienne Lenore with a single-cylinder internal combustion engine running on hydrogen fuel made a test run from Paris to Joinville-Le-Pont (English) Russian in 1860, covering about nine kilometers in about three hours. The later version ran on coal gas. Delamar-Debuteville (English) Russian the car was patented and tested in 1884.
Bronze or Edwardian era
Taking its name from the widespread use of bronze in the United States, Eng. Bronze (or Edwardian ( English)) the era lasted from about 1905 until the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. 1905 became the pinnacle of the development of the automobile, marking the moment when more cars began to be sold not to enthusiasts, but to the ordinary consumer.
During the 15 years that constituted this era, a variety of experimental developments and alternative engines... Although a modern touring car ( English) was invented earlier, only with the widespread use of the Panara-Levassor system did recognizable and standardized cars appear. The specification of this system called for a rear-wheel drive vehicle with a front-mounted internal combustion engine ( English) and gear transmission. Traditional carriage-like vehicles were quickly forgotten, and the English. body made of leather and wood gave way to English. bodies with entrance rear and other cheaper bodies.
Development automotive technology it was fast in this era, thanks in part to the existence of hundreds of small producers vying for the world's attention. Major developments consisted of an electric ignition system (motor-generator on Arnold in 1898, although Robert Bosch reaped the laurels in 1903), independent suspension (actually invented by Bollée in 1873) and four-wheel brakes (Arrol-Johnston Company of Scotland in 1909). Springs were widely used for suspension, although many other systems were still used, angle steel replaced the reinforced wood in the chassis structure. Powertrain and fuel control became widespread, which allowed them to travel at different speeds, although most cars had a discrete set of speeds, rather than the infinitely variable system familiar from cars of later periods. Safety glass first appeared, patented by John Wood in England in 1905 (It did not become standard equipment until the introduction of Rickenbacker in 1926)
At its peak in the United States between 1907 and 1912. there were motor carriages with large wheels (reminiscent of horse-drawn carriages until 1900). They were manufactured by more than 75 companies, including Holsman (Chicago), IHC (Chicago) and Sears (sold by catalog). These wagons were buried by the Model T. In 1912 Hupp in the USA (body supplier for Hale & Irwin) and BSA in the UK used all-metal bodies for the first time. In 1914 they were joined by Dodge (which produced the bodies for the Model T). And although it was another 20 years before the all-metal body became standard, this change meant an improvement in the supply of wood. highest quality furniture manufacturers.
Examples of cars from this period:
- 1908-1927 Ford Model T - the most common car of this era. It used a planetary transmission and a pedal control system. The car won the "Car of the Century" competition.
- 1910 Mercer Raceabout - Considered one of the first race cars, the Raceabout embodied the enthusiasm of the driver, as did its equally conceived brothers American Underslung and Hispano-Suiza Alphonso.
- 1910-1920 Bugatti Type 13 - notable urban and racing car in which advanced engineering and design were embodied. Similar models were the Type 15, 17, 22 and 23.
Vintage era
Austin 7 box sedan, 1926
The era of vintage cars lasted from the end of World War I (1919) until the collapse of Wall Street in 1929. During this period, front-engined, closed-body cars with standardized handling became dominant. In 1919, 90% of cars were produced with open body; by 1929 90% - closed. The development of the internal combustion engine continued at a rapid pace: multivalve ( English) engines with an overhead camshaft, and V-shaped eight-, twelve- and even sixteen-cylinder engines were invented for super-rich customers. Malcolm Lawhead (co-founder of Lockheed) invented hydraulic brakes also in 1919. Such brakes were used by Dusenberg ( English) on their 1921 Model A.Three years later, Hermann Reisler of Vulcan Motor invented the first automatic transmission with a two-speed planetary box gears, torque converter and blocking clutch. This transmission has never been produced. Its similarity will become available as an option only in 1940. At the very end of the era of vintage cars in France, tinted glass was invented (now standard equipment for side windows).
Typical cars from the vintage era:
- 1922-1939 Austin 7 - The Austin 7 was the most widely copied car in automotive history. This model has served as a model for all cars, from BMW to Nissan.
- 1924-1929 Bugatti Type 35 - The Type 35 is one of the most successful racing models in the history of automobiles, having won over 1000 victories over 5 years.
- 1922-1931 Lancia Lambda is a very advanced car for the time. The first car with a single-piece monocoque body and independent front suspension.
- 1925-1928 Hanomag 2/10 PS is an early example of streamlined styling, without separate bumpers (fenders) and footrests.
- 1927-1931 Ford Model A (1927-1931) - after Ford spent too long producing the Bronze Era Model T, the company broke with the past by starting new series with the 1927 Model A.More than 4 million vehicles were assembled, making it the best-selling model of the era.
- 1930 Cadillac V-16 - Developed at the height of the vintage era, the V-16 Cadillac, along with the Bugatti Royal, can be considered the most legendary super-luxury cars of the era.
Pre-war era (before World War II)
Citroën Traction Avant
The pre-war part of the classic era began with the Great Depression of 1930 and ended with the recovery from the aftermath of World War II, which is usually considered to have ended in 1948. It is during this period that integrated bumpers and fully enclosed bodies dominate sales, with new sedan body styles in the rear. parts even integrate the cargo rack. Old roundabouts, phaetons and open-top city cars were supplanted towards the end of the era as fenders, running boards, and headlights were gradually integrated into the body of the car.
By the 1930s, most of the mechanical technology used in today's automobiles had been invented, although some things were "reinvented" and attributed to someone else. For example, front-wheel drive was rediscovered by André Citroën and introduced in the Traction Avant in 1934, although it had appeared several years earlier in road cars made by Alvis and Cord, and in racing cars from Miller (and may have appeared as early as 1897). Likewise, independent suspension was originally invented by Amédée Bollée in 1873, but did not make it into series production until the introduction of the low-volume Mercedes-Benz 380 in 1933, prompting more widespread use in the American market. As a result of the consolidation and maturation of the auto industry, thanks in part to the influence of the Great Depression, by the 1930s, the number of car manufacturers had fallen sharply.
Samples of pre-war cars:
- 1932-1939 Alvis Speed 20 and Speed 25 are the first cars with a fully synchronized gearbox.
- 1932-1948 Ford V-8 - The introduction of a powerful flat-head V8 in a mainstream car set new standards for efficiency and power-to-weight ratio.
- 1934-1940 Bugatti Type 57 is a one-off high-end car for the rich.
- 1934-1956 Citroën Traction Avant - 1st mass car with front-wheel drive, built on a monocoque body.
- The 1936-1955 MG T-Series is an affordable sports car aimed at young people.
- 1938-2003 Volkswagen Beetle ("beetle") - conceived as an efficient and cheap car back in Nazi Germany, became the longest-producing car in the world - produced for over 60 years with minimal changes to the basic design; the most massive car in the world - several tens of millions of copies were produced in many countries; cult car took fourth place in the "Car of the Century" competition; the car has a restyled new version of a recognizable design in the 21st century.
- 1936-1939 Rolls-royce phantom III - the pinnacle of pre-war engineering with a V12 engine possessed technological innovations that appeared in the cars of many other manufacturers only in the 60s. The highest quality and quality power-to-weight ratio.
Post-war era
1954 Plymouth Savoy Station Wagon, one of the first all-metal station wagons
Throughout the 1950s, engine power and transport speeds increased, designs became more complex and sophisticated, and automobiles spread throughout the world. Miniature cars Mini Alec Issigonis and 500-ka Fiat filled the whole of Europe, while in Japan such cars of the light class were put on wheels for the first time. The legendary Volkswagen Beetle has outlived Hitler's Germany to rock the miniature car market in America and the world. Also, the new class of pseudo-sports cars Gran Turismo (GT), like the Ferrari America series, became popular in Europe and then in the world. The extreme luxury, first embodied in the American Cadillac Eldorado Brige, reappeared after a long hiatus and, together with large dimensions, engines and artsy design with aerodynamic shapes and elements, began to characterize the golden age of American (so-called fin) auto design.
After the 1960s. the market has changed significantly as former automotive trendsetter Detroit faced foreign competition. European manufacturers introduced more and more new technologies, besides, Japan has declared itself as a serious automaker. General Motors, Chrysler and Ford all tried to make small cars like the GM A, but they didn't succeed. As the market consolidated by large groups such as the British Motor Corporation, the United States and the United Kingdom were swept by linked imports and “new” vehicle production through nameplate replacement. BMC's revolutionary small Mini, first released in 1959, captured a significant share of worldwide sales. Minis were marketed under the Morris and Austin brands until Mini became a brand in its own right in 1969. With the takeover of niche manufacturers like Maserati, Ferrari and Lancia by larger manufacturers, the trend of corporate enlargement made its way into Italy. By the end of the decade, the number of car brands had dropped dramatically.
In America, the main focus of sales was power-to-weight ratio, which led to the appearance of small (by American standards) two-seater cars (the so-called pony class) and two-door pseudo-sports cars with a disproportionately powerful engine and reinforced suspension(the so-called muscle car), close to GT. In 1964, the well-known Ford Mustang appeared. In response, Chevrolet released the Camaro in 1967. But in the 1970s, everything changed. 1973 oil crisis, imposition of emission limits harmful substances cars, imports from Japan and Europe, and stagnation in innovation have wreaked havoc on American industry, which has reoriented its overall humble cars... While somewhat ironic, the recovery in sales from the energy crisis has been driven by full-size sedans. In the late 70s, the Cadillac and Lincoln brands had their best selling years. Small cars with high power-to-weight ratio from BMW, Toyota and Nissan took the place of cars from America and Italy, equipped with large engines.
In addition to the wider distribution of smaller cars and the appearance of the GT-class, new trends at the end of the 20th century were the great popularity of two-volume station wagons, as well as jeeps, first in America and then in Europe (including in the USSR / Russia - with the VAZ-2121) and the world and the emergence of a new class of single-volume cars, the first of which were the French Renault Espace and the American Pontiac Trans Sport.
On the technology front, the biggest developments have been the widespread use of diesels, independent suspension, wider use of fuel injection and a growing focus on safety in vehicle design. The loudest technologies of the 1960s were NSU's rotary piston "Wankel engine", a gas turbine and a turbocharger. However, only the latter, first used by General Motors and also popularized by BMW and Saab, received widespread use in the form of the so-called. turbocharging. Mazda had a slightly more significant success than the NSU with rotary engine, which nevertheless acquired a reputation as a dirty gas-guzzler and never became widespread. The rest of the companies licensed for the Wankel engine, including Mercedes-Benz and General Motors, never used it in production after the 1973 oil crisis. Mazda's hydrogen version of the rotary engine subsequently demonstrated the potential of an "absolute green car." The development and implementation of gas turbine vehicles for both the Rover and Chrysler ended unsuccessfully.
Cuba is famous for retaining for many decades a fleet of large, pre-1959 American cars, known as Yankee tanks or Marquinas, left over from the revolution on the island and the cessation of new supplies due to the US trade embargo.
By the end of the century, the decades-old world big three carmakers from the USA (General Motors, Ford, Chrysler) also began to lose their leadership positions, yielding primarily to the concerns of Japan, which took away the title of the world leader in the automotive industry from the USA; the entire Asian region, a wide practice, continuing to this day, acquired the creation of transnational concerns and consortia of automakers, as well as transnational "platforms" of cars produced in different countries.
Examples of post-war cars:
- 1946-1958 GAZ-M-20 "Pobeda" - a Soviet passenger car, practically the world's first mass-produced revolutionary body of a completely pontoon type.
- 1948-1971 Morris Minor - typical post-war car, was very popular and sold all over the world.
- 1953-1971 Chevrolet Bel Air and 1953-2002 Cadillac Eldorado Brige - in the first generations, the brightest representatives of the golden age of American (so-called fin) auto design
- 1955-1976 Citroën DS - a bright and few representative of the unusual chassis (hydropneumatic) and design (one of the most recognizable), thanks to which it became a frequent movie hero; took third place in the "Car of the Century" competition.
- 1959-2000 Mini - a small iconic car, produced for four decades and is one of the most popular and recognizable cars of that time; took second place in the "Car of the Century" competition; has a restyled new version in the 21st century.
- 1961-1975 Jaguar E-type - The E-type allowed the Jaguar to remain in business and showrooms and served as the standard for 60s design and innovation.
- 1963-1989 Porsche 911 - iconic and desirable, not cheap, but relatively mass sports car that made its mark famous; took fifth place in the "Car of the Century" competition; has modernized versions of a recognizable design in the 21st century.
- 1964-present The Ford Mustang is an iconic model that has become one of the best-selling and most coveted by car collectors of the era.
- 1966-end of XX century. Fiat-124 - an efficient and cheap car was produced in many countries, including the USSR (VAZ-2101), where it provided mass motorization; also had many modernized series variants in different countries, which continued to be produced in the 21st century.
- 1967 NSU Ro 80 - the first attempt to make a mass-produced car with a rotary engine, which did not find widespread use; The basic wedge-shaped profile of this car was often copied in the following decades.
- 1969 Datsun 240Z, one of the first Japanese-made sports cars, was a hit in North America, gave the future to the Japanese automotive industry. It was affordable, well made, and was a success both in the showroom and on the track.
- 1970-present Range Rover is one of the representatives of expensive popular jeeps
- 1984-present Renault Espace is the first single-volume vehicle
- 1989-1999 Pontiac Trans Sport - one of the first and brightest representatives of one-box cars
Modern era
Usually the modern era is defined as the 25 years preceding the present moment. However, there are some technical aspects and design concepts that differentiate modern cars from older ones. Without considering the future of the automobile, the modern era has become an era of increasing standardization, common platforms, and computer design.
Imagine: you drive up to the traffic police post, the inspector waves his baton. Routine ID checks or some kind of raid against drunk drivers, you suppose. License, registration certificate, OSAGO - everything is in place; you do not know any road traffic sins behind you, so you stop with peace of mind. However, the inspector immediately stuns you, stating that the car is on the wanted list. How? Why? Due to the abandonment of the accident site, article 12.27 of the Administrative Code. But you didn’t leave the accident site, you didn’t get into an accident at all! The Inspector shrugs, it's none of his business. In the end, you write a receipt obliging you to appear in the accident investigation group, and you leave in confused feelings.
What is this - a mistake that is not worth a damn? Someone confused the numbers? Perhaps. But it could also be that you are under the hood of scammers. They act according to the following scheme: for a pittance they buy out broken parts on car analyzes, install them on their car and look for a victim with suitable injuries. For example, if the crooks have a broken rear bumper, they need to find a car with a dented front, and so on.
After that, they declare to the traffic police that they were in an accident, and the culprit disappeared - and report the data of your registration plate. In the parsing group, the alleged victims will, of course, “recognize” you; the evidence presented looks strong enough that you may well be found guilty.
The goal of the car carriers, however, is not you personally, but your insurance company: it will allocate funds for "repairs", which the crooks will share and go to look for the next victim. But you will also lose money: the purchase of the next MTPL policy will cost more due to insurance recourse. And, most importantly, you will lose your rights for a long time, and completely innocently.
How can you avoid this? AiF.ru turned to a lawyer for advice Vadim Bagaturia.
Legal commentary: “First of all, you need to calm down and not panic: it depends on your composure whether you remain with your rights or become a pedestrian. For leaving the scene of an accident, part 2 of Art. 12.27 of the Code of Administrative Offenses does indeed provide for the deprivation of the right to drive a vehicle for a period of one to one and a half years. Because of this, in the pursuit of "disclosure" inspectors will be set up a priori against the driver. Therefore, despite the presumption of innocence - when state bodies must prove the involvement of a citizen in an offense, it is better to thoroughly reject all the arguments of the traffic police yourself.
It would seem: the most reasonable argument is a statement about the absence of damage to the car. However, the traffic police immediately parried him: during the search, you repaired the defects. Then it is necessary to mention Art. 26.4 of the Administrative Code and require the appointment of a motor transport examination, asking the expert questions about the presence and limitation of damage. However, in practice, the chances of satisfying such a request are small, since the appointment of an expert examination will greatly delay the proceedings and there is a possibility of the expiration of the statute of limitations for prosecution. I repeat that the traffic police are not interested in seeking justice, they are more interested in their own statistics.
If this does not work, submit a petition in accordance with Art. 26.7 of the Administrative Code on admitting to an administrative case, for example, an act of acceptance of a vehicle from a car service, if you applied there after the date of the alleged accident. The detail of telephone connections can confirm your presence in another place, so you can safely talk about an alibi. Recording from a DVR will also not be superfluous. Bring witnesses to your location at the time of the accident in another place with you. This is provided for by Art. 25.6 Administrative Code.And you can also appeal to the conscience of the inspector and ask to "break through" the applicant on the basis of administrative offenses, perhaps this way it will turn out to convict him of dishonesty. At the same time, what I do not recommend doing under any circumstances is to give a bribe for a successful resolution of the situation - it is better to spend several months on bureaucratic procedures than to get a criminal record and become a criminal. "
Note that this is not the only fraudulent scheme that has spread recently. For example, the Leninsky District Court of Chelyabinsk is currently considering the case of an organized criminal group that specialized in auto fences. The "crown trick" of the crooks was a trick with an imaginary victim who ran out on crosswalk under the wheels of slow moving vehicles. The fraudster presented himself as an employee of the Investigative Committee, and his accomplices acted as witnesses to the accident. The intimidated motorists paid the crooks from 500 thousand to 1.5 million rubles. The gang's proceeds for all episodes amounted to 2.8 million rubles.
Buying a car as a means of transportation, everyone wants it to serve him faithfully and for a very long time.
But the question arises, how to recognize a car that was in a traffic accident. Many sin by selling broken cars, passing them off as new and not broken cars. The naked eye cannot determine whether the car was in an accident or not, and which body parts on it were changed.
The first thing to pay attention to is the appearance of the car, no matter how carefully it was exploited, in any case there should be chips on the front of the car, in particular on the front bumper, hood and partly on the wings. It is also necessary to pay attention to the thresholds, because they cannot do without scratches and chips, if they are not there, then they are also painted.
If any spare parts of the car were changed, then, as always, the replacement was made not of high quality, because it is in no way possible to replace the part in the same way as it was originally assembled at the factory. In this case, the curvature will be very noticeable at the joints of the parts, the gap will not correspond. It will be either large or small compared to other gaps.
On the broken body, it is immediately noticeable that the doors do not close very tightly and there is a curvature on it, and the gaps do not converge either. The curvature of the gaps is mainly produced by poor-quality body parts that do not coincide with the originals and they are also cheaper.
There are also many places to look for when inspecting a vehicle, such as the bolts on the doors, some of which are not painted.
When assembling a car at a factory, spot welding of parts is used, and then they are covered with a sealant, in handicraft work, in most cases, craftsmen also use such welding and sealant, it is immediately noticeable to the armed eye that this is not a factory job.
The main focus of sellers is on the appearance of the car, which is also of concern to buyers. And therefore, they spend a lot of time, effort and money on its appearance, in connection with that it is necessary to pay attention to the details under the hood, on the bottom of the car, namely the place of the spare wheel, the inner side of the doors. When inspecting your vehicle, feel free to remove the trim in the trunk to inspect inner side rear fenders, if they drove into it, it will immediately be noticeable.
Also, when painting car parts, the craftsmen are too lazy to remove the parts and paint them right on the spot, while other parts are sealed with tape, and as practice shows, it is not always hermetically sealed and the paint mostly gets on other parts, and upon careful examination, you can notice this.
Also, when inspecting the car, do not pass by the gas tank flap, which can say a lot about the car, if it was involved in an accident, then usually many remove the gas tank flap to carry out tinting, and when you reinstall the flap back, its dismantling is noticeable.
Now there are a lot of painters who professionally paint cars and without any devices it is very difficult to recognize. And do not be lazy to acquire the appropriate equipment.
But in any case, when buying a car, contact the professionals who can recognize whether the car is broken or not.
