Car maintenance, both for cars and trucks, new or old, is an integral part of the operation. Maintenance for a new car is also a guarantee of the owner. If you miss such a service, then you can say goodbye to the car warranty. For a supported car, maintenance is also important, as it is a guarantee of your safety and a longer and more worry-free operation of your car.
What is maintenance
Do not forget that the driver must perform visual maintenance (inspection) before each trip by car. That is, the driver must check:
- Wheel pressure;
- Work of lighting devices and direction indicators;
- Horn work;
- Engine oil level;
- Coolant level;
- Level brake fluid;
- Power steering fluid level (if equipped);
- Washer fluid level.
All this is necessary in order to keep the car in good working order and to ensure the safety of your trip, especially if the trip is long.
The rest of the maintenance should be carried out by qualified personnel of dealerships or car services. For each car, the manufacturer sets its own standards, a list of works and mileage during maintenance. But in most cases, THAT are:
TO - 0 this is zero maintenance, in the common people it is called "Break-in" is carried out after 1000 - 1500 km. On such a MOT, they usually change engine oil, oil filter.
TO - 1 is carried out after 15,000 mileage, or a year of operation of the car, whichever comes first, regardless of whether the car drove or not.
TO - 2
TO - 3 carried out after 15,000 mileage or a year of operation from the previous maintenance (whichever comes first)
TO - 4 carried out after 15,000 mileage or a year of operation from the previous maintenance (whichever comes first)
How often do maintenance work for a supported vehicle?
For a supported car, maintenance should be carried out as follows:
Seasonal:
- Replacement of salon air filter, for example: for Moscow cabin filter it is customary to change it twice a year in spring and autumn.
Every 15,000 runs:
- Replacement of engine oil;
- Replacing the oil filter;
- Replacing spark plugs;
- Replacing the air filter;
Every 60,000 runs:
- Replacing the coolant (antifreeze);
- Changing the oil in the gearbox (gearbox). True, for very old cars, changing the oil in the gearbox can only do harm!
What is included in maintenance
Car dealerships carry out car maintenance:
- Inspection of the steering mechanism;
- Inspection brake system;
- Suspension system inspection;
- Checking electrical systems including the battery;
- Checking the wheel nuts for tightness;
- Replace supplies according to the maintenance regulations.
How can you save on maintenance?
In order to preserve the warranty on the car, it is necessary to undergo maintenance only in the dealer auto centers authorized by the manufacturer. Taking advantage of such conditions, dealers impose their consumables, selling them to you at a good markup. At the same time, dealers do not offer you to undergo maintenance with your consumables, it is not profitable for them. The only thing that can be saved on is to purchase a set of consumables for conducting maintenance and not overpay until 3000 rubles. The tech center has no right to refuse you to carry out maintenance with its consumables.
For the selection of ready-made maintenance kits, I would like to recommend the TOEXPERT website to you, where you can select a kit for any MOT and for any car brand and at the same time save on MOT.
The passenger car of our time is reliable, fast and comfortable. But to ensure all these properties, during the entire service life of the car, it is required to keep it in the appropriate technical condition. For this, an appropriate technical service is carried out, which allows to identify the presence of defects in time and remove them. Compliance with this common rule will extend the life of your car, lower your fuel costs, ultimately save you money and give you the pleasure of driving without knocking, squeaking or making noise.
Types of maintenance
It is customary to distinguish between several main types of vehicle maintenance. These include: TO-1 (1st technical service of a new car) and TO-2, as well as daily and seasonal service.
1st maintenance
Operations for the first maintenance are usually carried out in the range from 1500 to 5000 km of run, depending on the operating standards of a certain vehicle established by the manufacturer. By this time, the car goes through the so-called running-in, all the main parts are rubbed in, factory imperfections are revealed. The main task of TO-1 is to prevent probable breakdownscapable of disabling the vehicle, or increasing fuel consumption and all lubricants... TO-1, like other types of maintenance, is, in fact, preventive in nature, which differs from car repair.
Main works
The main work carried out during the first maintenance includes control and diagnostic, lubrication, adjustment and fastening operations, also those that relate to daily maintenance. Below is an indicative list necessary work at TO-1:
- Performing work related to daily maintenance.
- Monitoring the performance of the main vehicle systems.
- Check and adjust, if necessary, the clutch pedal free play.
- Checking the free play of the control wheel, the presence of gaps in the joints of the control rods and pivot connections.
- Checking ball pins and cotter pins of their nuts, fastening of the lever steering knuckle, rudder bipod, ball bearings to the axle shaft housings, tightening of the end attachment nuts and elimination, based on the results of the check, of the defects found.
- Checking the size of the working and free travels of the brake pedal and, if necessary, adjusting the brake and its drive.
- Checking the fastening of the exhaust pipe of the muffler and its suspension.
- Checking the fastening of the wheels, the condition of the tires and the air pressure in them, as needed, pumping air.
- Checking the fastening of the driving flanges of the hubs and flanges of the axle shafts.
- Checking the fastening of the box control drives, transfer case and,
as needed, tightening of threaded connections. - Cleaning battery from the dirt.
- Engine oil change.
- Control and, as required, topping up technical fluids.
Diagnosis method
When carrying out the first maintenance, the main method of diagnostics is used, so the wizards can find and remove faults in time. The diagnostic process is based on a number of control, measurement, and adjustment operations. To identify severe problems, the 1st visual examination is not enough, therefore, special diagnostic tools are used. This means that the technical service itself should take place at specialized service stations, where the necessary equipment is available and experienced car mechanics work.
Financial component
Undoubtedly, TO-1 asks for certain monetary costs, determined depending on the brand of the car, the price list for a certain 100 and other events. Moreover, it takes personal time, asks for a search required documents, we are talking about a service book, in which you will be stamped with the date of maintenance. On the other hand, an unreplaced part, an undetected malfunction, can lead to severe damage and costly repairs. Well, if you put the listed inconveniences and safety on the scales, which is not guaranteed when driving, there may be a faulty vehicle, then the choice becomes really obvious.
With regards to TO-1:On the procedure for the maintenance of TO-1 locomotives and multiple unit rolling stock on the West Siberian Railway.
1. General requirements:
1.1. TO-1 of locomotives, multi-unit rolling stock (MVPS) is performed by locomotive crews during acceptance and delivery of locomotives on the railway tracks of the main or turnover locomotive depot, at points of change of locomotive crews on station tracks, at stops at intermediate railway stations, while waiting for work and work when equipping locomotives.
The list of works is mandatory for locomotive crews throughout the entire area of \u200b\u200blocomotive circulation. (Scroll additional work for maintenance of electric locomotives and diesel locomotives, MVPS by locomotive crews is given in Appendices 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 of this Order).
1.2. Responsibility for the high-quality performance of TO-1 locomotives, MVPS and compliance with safety regulations rests with the driver who hand over the locomotive.
1.3. The list of locomotive maintenance works with their distribution between locomotive crews in the areas of their circulation should be on each locomotive in the driver's cab, and the receiving crew is obliged to control the performance of the works specified in it by the delivery crew.
1.4. On the acceptance and delivery of the locomotive, MVPS, the drivers are obliged to make an entry in the journal of the TU-152 form indicating the completed TO-1 cycles, the time of acceptance and approving with their signatures.
2. Acceptance of locomotives
2.1. The crew receiving the locomotive is obliged, according to the TU-152 form log, to check the dates of the last TO-2 maintenance, ALSN, CLUB and radio communication checks, to familiarize themselves with the remarks of the locomotive crew that hand over the locomotive, and with the records on the repairs on these comments.
2.2. When inspecting locomotives, MVPS of all series and modifications, the receiving locomotive crew must:
2.2.1. check the result of performing TO-1 by the handing over locomotive crew and if the work was performed with low quality or not, make an entry about this in the journal of the TU-152 form, eliminate the identified comments and, at the end of the trip, provide a written report to the deputy head of the depot for operation for analysis;
2.2.2. inspect mechanical part locomotive (MVPS), paying special attention to the condition of wheelset tires, spring suspension, automatic couplers, safety devices against falling parts on the track, the condition of the casings fastening bolts gear transmission and caps of motor-axial bearings;
2.2.3. check the condition of the brake linkage, rod outlet brake cylinders and other braking equipment in accordance with the Operating instructions for rolling stock brakes railways;
2.2.4. check the condition of the axleboxes of the locomotive wheelsets (MVPS), their heating temperature. At the same time, it is necessary to check the reliability of the bolt fasteners, the condition of the rubber-metal leashes, the absence of cracks in the cases and covers of the axle boxes, the integrity of the casing of the axle boxes and their fastening. Overheating sign bearing unit is burning and discoloration of its color, leakage of lubricant, etc .;
2.2.5. inspect the roof equipment (for electric locomotives, MVPS), without lifting to the roof;
2.2.6. make sure that electrical devices, auxiliary machines work correctly, and that the pantographs work correctly when they are raised and lowered;
2.2.7. check the operation of sound devices, searchlights, buffer lamps, lighting;
2.2.8. check the presence of sand and the operation of sandboxes;
2.2.9. check the presence of oil in the compressors, fuel, water and oil (on a locomotive), meter readings (for electric locomotives, MVPS);
2.2.10. remove condensate from reservoirs, water collectors, oil separators of pneumatic equipment, make sure that there is no condensation in the diesel crankcase by opening the valve on the drain (filling) pipe, drain oil from the air coolers while the diesel is running;
2.2.11. make sure that the control measuring instruments and signal lamps on the control panel;
2.2.12. check the availability and serviceability of tools, inventory, spare parts and materials, assembly tools emergency schemes, signal accessories, the number and numbers of brake shoes (which should be entered in the TU-152 form log or another document on the locomotive), protective equipment, cleaning and lubricants, snow protection equipment and, if necessary, replenish them if the locomotive (MVPS) adopted mainly locomotive depot or turnover point;
2.2.13. after starting, check the operation of the diesel generator set of the locomotive, paying attention to the presence of extraneous noise and increased vibrations;
2.2.14. check the ALSN (in a coded section), radio communications, traffic safety devices and make a corresponding entry in the journal of the TU-152 form;
2.2.15. check the efficiency of the grease lubricator and the brake line density control device;
2.2.17. check the availability of medicines in the first-aid kit, according to the list established by the Health Department of the Ministry of Railways of Russia.
Maintenance types and frequency of their implementation
- control inspection (CO) of the car before departure, on the way and after returning from the flight;
- routine maintenance (TEO);
- maintenance service No. 1 (TO-1);
- maintenance service No. 2 (TO-2);
- seasonal service (СеО).
The control inspection of the car includes:
- inspection and places of its parking, while at the parking place it is possible to reveal traces of leakage of oil, cooling, hydraulic fluid and fuel;
- checking the presence and levels of: oil in the engine crankcase (according to the dipstick marks), in expansion tank, hydraulic fluid in the additional reservoirs of the clutch and brake system, fluid in the washer fluid reservoir, hydraulic fluid in the power steering hydraulic drive. If necessary, add the appropriate liquid to the required level;
- checking the presence in the fuel tank (using the device on the front panel of the car) and the absence of fuel leaks;
- checking the functioning of lighting devices, alarms and instrumentation;
- checking the sound signal;
- checking the steering wheel play (for passenger cars it should be no more than 10 degrees);
- checking the serviceability of the suspension (when the hood or trunk is impulsively pressed, no more than two or three vibrations should be made);
- checking the condition of the wheels and the pressure of the tires (operation is not allowed if the tires have cuts, breaks, exposing the cord, delamination of the carcass, peeling of the tread and sidewalls, when the residual height of the tread pattern is less than 1.6 mm);
- checking the operation of the clutch, gearbox, brake system while the car is moving;
- checking the functioning of the wiper and washer;
- the presence of mandatory vehicle equipment: an emergency stop sign or a red flashing light, medical first aid kit and a fire extinguisher.
Control inspection at stops along the way includes:
- heat test brake drums or discs, wheel hubs;
- checking for leaks of fuel, oil, cooling and hydraulic fluid;
- checking tire pressure by external inspection.
The control examination after returning from the flight includes:
- elimination of deficiencies found along the way;
- checking the levels of oil, cooling and hydraulic fluids, fluid in the washer reservoir, the presence of fuel and, if necessary, refueling the car;
- condition of wheels and tires;
- interior cleaning and car wash.
Daily maintenance (ETO) includes a control inspection of the car, work that needs to be carried out on the deficiencies found during the control inspection, as well as refueling and cleaning and washing work. In addition, the tire pressure is checked every 500-600 km, and the electrolyte level in the battery is checked every 2500-3000 km.
TO-1 is carried out every 6.10 or 15 thousand km of run (or one year of operation), depending on the car brand and operating conditions, while the work specified in the "Operation manual" of this car brand is performed. Some car manufacturers (for example) set the frequency of maintenance-1 - 15,000 km or after one year of operation.
When TO-1 is usually carried out:
- changing the oil and oil filter, checking the coolant level in the engine;
- checking the density of low-freezing liquid;
- checking and adjusting the fluid level in the power steering;
- cleaning and lubricating the battery terminals;
- checking the condition of the steering, suspension, brake system, ball joints, CV joints and their anthers;
- cleaning candles from carbon deposits, checking and, if necessary, adjusting the gaps between the electrodes;
- replacement of the central cabin filter;
- checking and, if necessary, restoring the hydraulic fluid levels in the reservoirs hydraulic drives clutch and brakes;
- tension adjustment of the timing belt (chain);
- checking the wear of brake pads, discs and drums;
- computer diagnostics of the engine;
- checking the condition and maintenance of the battery tips and wire clamps;
- checking the oil levels in the gearbox and final drive housings;
- checking outdoor and indoor lighting and instrument lighting;
- checking the functioning of the wiper and washer;
- checking the condition of the brake pads;
- checking and, if necessary, adjusting the parking brake;
- checking for leaks of fuel, oil, fluids;
- checking and lubricating locks, hinges, hood latches and door stops;
- checking in motion the correct operation of all components and assemblies of the car.
Besides:
- every 2 years, regardless of mileage, it is required to replace the hydraulic fluid in the brake system and clutch drive;
- every 6 years or 60 thousand km:
- o replacement of spark plugs;
- o replacement of the filter element of the air cleaner;
- every 100 thousand km - replacement of the timing belt;
- every 4 years or 120 thousand km - replacement of the fuel filter.
TO-2 is carried out every 12.20.30.40 thousand km, depending on specific brand car, while all the TO-1 work is performed and in addition to them the following:
- lubrication of wheel hub bearings;
- maintenance of the starter (checking the degree of wear of the brushes, the condition of the collector, lubrication of the helical splines of the shaft, bush, starter gear, etc.);
- oil change in gearbox and main gear case.
Every 60 thousand km of run or after 2 years of operation:
- replacement of coolant;
- generator maintenance (checking the degree of wear of the brushes, the condition of slip rings, etc.);
- checking and adjusting the hydraulic fluid level in the power steering;
- checking the technical condition of the steering and braking system.
Seasonal service is carried out 2 times a year to transfer the car to spring-summer or autumn-winter operation. In this case, the following work is performed:
- seasonal installation of the air filter cover (winter-summer);
- engine oil change depending on the season of vehicle operation;
- replacing fluid in the washer reservoir;
- adjusting the density of the electrolyte of the battery;
- correction of the density of the coolant;
Replacement of wheels in accordance with the season of operation.
Car maintenance is a necessity due to which the car is in good technical condition. Car repair and car maintenance are different concepts. Repairs are made in the event of a vehicle breakdown, which can easily happen due to failure to take preventive measures that are described in the maintenance regulations.
If the car is not serviced, it is guaranteed to fail in a relatively short period of time, and repairs can be expensive.
All car maintenance work can be divided into types of work performed, these include: lubrication work, adjustment work, diagnostic work (control of components, assemblies and elements of the car), fastening work, refueling work, electrical work, replacement work and others.
There are 4 types of vehicle maintenance, they are performed at regular intervals. The number and complexity of actions performed at each maintenance are different. Seasonal maintenance (CO), daily maintenance (EO), first maintenance (TO-1), second maintenance (TO-2) are distinguished.
Daily maintenance (EO) is performed to maintain the vehicle in proper condition, control working fluids (oil, fuel, brake fluid, etc.) and ensure driving safety when driving.
Before driving a car, the driver needs to check the following points:
- Completeness of the car (presence and safety of side mirrors, license plates, wheels, etc.);
- Car body condition (availability mechanical damage on the body, the condition of the paintwork);
- Readability of license plates, cleanliness of car mirrors and glass;
- The operability of doors, trunk, hood and locks;
- Serviceability of electrical equipment (glass cleaner, lighting devices, car alarms);
- Tightness of the cooling system, fuel system, brake system, engine lubrication system;
- Check the presence of working fluids and the level of working fluids (oil, brake fluid, coolant, power steering fluid, gasoline);
- Check the serviceability of the brake system (the brake pedal should not "fail");
- Estimate free run steering wheel;
- Check the reliability of the information of the vehicle's instrumentation;
- Assess the air pressure in the tires of the car;
- Check the parking place of the car (there should be no traces of oil, gasoline or coolant);
After driving, there are 3 things to check: oil level engine, coolant level, fuel availability in the tank of the car.
Daily maintenance should not be taken as a joke or optional part of car maintenance. Daily maintenance helps to identify important malfunctions and deficiencies that can lead to an accident, car malfunction on the road and other unpleasant and undesirable consequences. The air pressure in the tires greatly affects the vehicle's handling during dynamic driving. Lack of brake fluid or leaking brake system make the brake system faulty. The culprit of an accident in case of brake failure is the driver of the faulty vehicle. A fine is issued for unreadable license plates, and a poor view of the road due to dirty glass and mirrors increases the possibility of a car accident.
First and second maintenance
The first and second maintenance (TO-1, TO-2) is carried out when the vehicle reaches a certain mileage (mileage). The mileage, after which the maintenance is carried out, is displayed in the instructions that come with the car. TO-1 and 2 include fastening, cleaning, lubrication, diagnostic and adjustment work. Also, the periods and maintenance and the frequency of certain operations may depend on the operating conditions of the car. The air filter changes more often when driving on dusty roads and in off-road conditions, the frequency of oil changes varies greatly depending on the operating conditions of the car (you can read it here).
Twice a year, drivers prepare the car for driving in cold and warm seasons. The set of measures is called seasonal maintenance (SO). A striking example of CO is replacement car tires... In areas with harsh winter climate, the engine oil can be changed from summer to winter and vice versa. Some drivers may produce anti-corrosion treatment body.
Car maintenance is carried out regularly. It should include regular inspections, annual inspections, seasonal inspections. The age of the car, its technical condition and mileage affects the regularity of maintenance.
Next, we will describe the maintenance procedures based on the kilometers traveled and the age of the car. Maintenance services include not only visual inspection, control of systems and elements of the vehicle. Works on lubrication, adjustment and replacement of parts are performed. You should also take into account the individual characteristics of the car and the recommendations of the manufacturer, some operations may be performed more often or less often. In general, if you follow these regulations, the vast majority of cars should not have problems.
Mileage 10-15 thousand kilometers
- Changing the engine oil, together with oil filter;
- Check the transmission oil level in the gearbox;
- Check the belt additional equipment (generator drive), visually assess the condition and tension of the belt;
- Check the condition of the battery;
- Verify lighting devices (headlights, dimensions, turn signals), check the serviceability of the indicators on the instrument panel;
- Check the setting of the ignition timing (incorrect ignition timing increases fuel consumption);
- Replace the wiper blades if necessary;
- Check the performance of the spark plugs, replace the plugs in case of malfunction;
- Assess the condition of the paintwork (chips, corrosion, scratches, cracks);
- Check the condition of the bottom, sills, wheel arches;
- If necessary, lubricate the trunk lock, door hinges, bonnet;
- Check the condition of the car suspension (silent blocks, bushings, pillows, bearings, levers, etc.). Diagnose the suspension;
- Assess the condition of the tires. Replace them if necessary;
- Evaluate by ear the operation of the engine, gearbox, clutch system. Should be absent extraneous noise when the nodes are working;
- Check the operation of the brake system, evaluate its effectiveness. Verify brake pads for wear and tear;
- Check the handbrake, evaluate the brake pedal travel;
- Check the brake fluid level;
- Check the condition of the timing belt (timing belt). The timing chain can stand;
- Replace the air filter;
- Verify fuel system, for tightness;
- Remove water from the fuel filter (for a diesel engine);
Mileage 20 - 30 thousand kilometers
- Replace spark plugs. The candles could have changed earlier. Iridium spark plugs are changed 2-3 times less often;
- Replace fuel filter;
- Check the tightness of components and assemblies, seals, oil seals;
- Clean the battery terminals and terminals;
- Replace the fuel filter;
- Measure toxicity exhaust gases, if necessary adjust idle speed engine;
- Check fuel injection system
- Evaluate clutch pedal travel
- Adjust valve
- Treat the body with an anti-corrosion compound
- On diesel engine replace the fuel filter
- Check the condition of the brake pads
Mileage 30 - 45 thousand kilometers
- Change the oil in the automatic transmission;
- Diagnose and service the starter;
- Flush the engine lubrication system;
- Check the operation of the vacuum brake booster;
- Adjust the headlights (direction of light);
Mileage 50 - 60 thousand kilometers
- Change coolant
- Diagnose and service the generator
- Replace brake fluid (Especially with ABS system)
Mileage 60 - 75 thousand kilometers
- Change the oil in the manual transmission;
- Replace the timing belt (together with the tensioner pulley);
With a further increase in the mileage or age of the car, most likely the car will need repair. The types of maintenance work listed above are not done in order, but are performed regularly after passing the declared mileage or service life. For example, the engine oil is changed every 10,000-15,000 km. run, transmission oil in automatic box gear changes every 30,000 - 45,000 km., the timing belt changes every 60,000 - 75,000 km., mileage. All other work is also carried out based on the regularity measured by mileage or service life.
This material lists all the main work that should be periodically performed during maintenance based on the general regulations. Periods of work on those. service may vary up or down depending on the car brand and the manufacturer's recommendations. The list of work performed and the time of their implementation may vary depending on those. regulations of a particular car. Many maintenance work is carried out by specialists who have the necessary skills and equipment.