3. The steeper the descent, the higher the gear.
Comment: A lower gear on a steep downhill will give you more engine braking performance, so gear selection should be based on the condition that the steeper the downhill, the lower the gear.
Q.20.
What kind of injuries in the victim can the "frog" pose indicate (legs are bent at the knees and divorced, and the feet are turned with the soles to each other) and what first aid should be provided in this case?
The victim may have a fracture of the femoral neck, pelvic bones, a fracture of the spine, damage to the internal organs of the small pelvis, internal bleeding. Do not change his pose, do not stretch his legs, do not put tires. With first aid, place a soft cloth roller under your knees, apply cold to your stomach if possible.
2. The victim may have a fracture of the bones of the lower leg and lower third of the thigh. With first aid, apply splints only on the injured leg from the ankle to the knee joint, without stretching the leg.
3. The victim may have a contusion of the abdominal wall, fracture of the ankle, fracture of the bones of the foot. With first aid, stretch your legs, apply splints on both legs from the ankle to the armpit.
Comment: A forced frog pose is a sign of dangerous injuries (pelvic and hip bones, thigh bones, spine), rupture of internal organs and internal bleeding. The victim cannot change the position of the legs, the feet are turned outward, the knees are raised and extended. Do not move the victim, remove clothing or allow him to move. You should put a roller of clothes under your knees, cover with something warm, monitor the airway, remove blood, mucus from the mouth and nose, immediately call Ambulance". Can be transported only on a firm stretcher and a vacuum mattress.
Question 1.
Is the driver allowed passenger car to take a place in a moving organized column?
1. Permitted if the road has no more than three lanes for traffic.
2. Permitted if the speed of vehicles moving in the convoy is not more than 30 km / h.
Not allowed.
Comment: Clause 2.7 of the rules. Any driver vehicle it is forbidden both to cross the organized columns and to take a place in them.
Question 2.
Which courtyard can you enter in this situation?
1. Only to the left in the yard.
Only to the courtyard to the right.
3. In any.
4. Turns into courtyards are prohibited.
Comment: Sign 4.1.1 "Straight ahead", installed behind the intersection, prohibits left turns into courtyards and U-turns in this section, but does not limit access to courtyards located on the right.
Question 3.
Which sign prohibits further movement all vehicles without exception?
Comment: Further movement of all vehicles, including route vehicles, is prohibited by the sign "B" 3.17.2 "Danger".
Question 4.
What do these signs inform you about?
2. On a wet surface, the permitted speed is not more than 40 km / h.
1. The steeper the descent, the higher the gear.
2. The steeper the descent, the lower the gear.
3. The choice of gear does not depend on the steepness of the descent.
19.To reduce the effort required to turn the front wheels use ...?
1.Hydraulic booster.
2.Hydraulic pump.
3. The hydraulic motor.
20. Which of the named parts is included in the steering mechanism?
1.Longitudinal traction.
2.Lateral thrust.
3. Both answers are correct.
4. Both answers are not correct.
TICKET number 8.
1.What is transmission?
1.set of mechanisms transmitting torque
moment.
2. the engine and its service systems.
3.steering and brakes.
2. Is it possible to remove the cylinder head on the ZIL 131 engine?
3.Only in a specialized production environment.
3.What is the thermostat for?
1. to speed up the warm-up of a cold engine.
2. to maintain optimal thermal conditions of the engine.
3. Both answers are correct.
4.What type of oil filter is used on the KAMAZ 740 engine?
1.slotted.
2. centripetal.
3.paper.
1.group of operational properties (highly accelerated
engines).
2. oil for diesel engines.
3. Oil for hypoid gears.
6.What is usually installed in the filler neck fuel tank?
1. mesh filter.
2. filter packing.
3.inlet receiver.
7. In what answer are the main signs of detonation indicated?
1.Increase in engine power, exhaust smoke.
2.metal knocks, engine temperature rise, loss
power.
3.metal knocks, power increase, “pops” in
carburetor.
8.How many mixing chambers in the K-88 AM carburetor?
3.This part is available in fuel pump high pressure.
9.What is the voltage in on-board network car ZIL 131?
1.6 volts.
2. 12 volts.
3.24 volts.
10.What is the reason for plate sulfation in the battery?
1.systematic undercharge.
2.Long-term storage of a discharged battery.
3.increased electrolyte density.
4. lowering the electrolyte level.
5. all answers are correct.
11. How many clutch pressure plates are there on a ZIL 131 car?
3.This part is not included in the clutch.
12.Do cardan joints use ...?
1. Roller bearings.
2.Ball bearings.
3. Needle bearings.
4. Bearings are not used (bronze bushings are used).
13.Does the device enter cardan joint forks?
3.Enter only into constant velocity joints.
4. Only fit into joints of unequal angular velocities.
14.What is the answer to both cars having front drive axles?
1.KAMAZ 5320 and ZIL 131.
2.KAMAZ 4310 and URAL 4320.
3.KAMAZ 4310 ZIL 130.
15. Is the pressure in the tires of the front wheels and the tires of the rear truck the same on the ZIL 131 car?
1.The same.
3. When fully loaded, the tire pressure in the rear bogie is higher.
16.What kind of brake is associated with the action of the wheel brakes?
1.worker.
2. working and peripheral.
3. worker, emergency and auxiliary.
4. auxiliary.
17. The brake system consists of ...?
1.brake mechanisms and brake drive.
2.compressor, air cylinders and brakes.
3.compressor, circuits and pedals.
18 how the length changes braking distance of a car when driving with a trailer that does not have a braking system?
1.Reduces as the trailer exerts additional
resistance to movement.
2. Increases.
3. Does not change.
19. The steering linkage is used on the car ...?
2.KAMAZ 4310.
4. On all previously listed.
20. Drive the power steering pump on the ZIL 131 car?
2.Gear type.
3.Belt.
TICKET No. 9.
How to get down
Everyone knows that on a downhill, especially a steep one, you need to move in gear, do not use the brake or squeeze the clutch. But, I think, most do not understand why.
A bit of theory
A car on the road, and in general on any ground, is controlled as long as its wheels are spinning. What are they spinning from? They can rotate from two applied forces: firstly, from the engine, and secondly, from friction on the road when the car is rolling by inertia. What can prevent the wheels from turning? And the very brakes that everyone loves so much for and without reason to press can prevent the wheels from spinning.
What happens when we drive a car on the road, when the engine is running and connected to the wheels through the car's transmission? The machine is moving at a speed corresponding to the engine speed in the selected gear, with all four wheels turning. We press on the gas, thereby increasing the engine speed, we increase the speed, while decreasing the speed, we decrease it. If more intensive deceleration is required - we downshift, again - all wheels are turning! If a very fast deceleration is required, we also press the brake, up to a complete stop of the car and, accordingly, stop the engine. And only at the very end, when the car is already rolling slowly so that the engine still does not stall, it is permissible to squeeze the clutch and disengage the gear, i.e. disconnect the wheels from the engine. But this, by the way, does not apply to emergency brakingwhen the transmission cannot be disengaged until it comes to a complete stop, and the engine is not cut off from the wheels until the very end, until it stalls. Why this is all done - we will analyze below.
Now let's see what happens when we drive a car along the same road, but by inertia, i.e. when the engine is disconnected from the transmission (the clutch is depressed and / or the gear is disengaged) and not connected to the wheels of the car. The car is moving, the wheels are turning. And from what do they rotate if they are disconnected from the engine? In this case, they rotate only from friction on the road. Can we drive and change course? We can, the wheels are spinning, and it doesn't matter from what. How about increasing or decreasing the speed? This is already more difficult, because we do not have an engine - the main tool for controlling the speed of rotation of the wheels. There are only brakes with which you can slow down the speed of rotation of the wheels and / or stop them completely. And here - attention! We remember that our wheels rotate only from friction on the road. What happens when we start to press the brake pedal? Start to work brakesseparate for each wheel. And the wheels roll on the road by themselves, separately. Ultimately, two forces act on each wheel separately: the friction force on the road and the friction force brake pads... The harder we press on the pedal, the higher the friction force of the pads. And so on until the friction force of the pads on the brake mechanisms of the wheels exceeds the friction force of the wheels on the road. As soon as this happens, the wheels will instantly stop (lock) and the car will continue its further movement in the form of an uncontrollable piece of metal sliding along the road. It is useless to turn the steering wheel, the wheels do not rotate - accordingly, their position ceases to influence anything. The more slippery the road surface (snow, ice) - the less effort is required on the brake pedal to lock the wheels. But that is not all. Even in the most serviceable car, the brakes do not work completely simultaneously, even if this difference is very small and measured not even in miles, but in microseconds, but it will be. Plus, the road surface is not uniform, under some of the wheels it will be a little more slippery, under some less, even ordinary dust or sand on a dry summer road can greatly change the grip properties. An unfortunate combination of these factors will lead to an even greater difference in wheel locking times. As a result, the car will not just slide - it will skid, or even just start to turn on the road. How to avoid this? Let's go back one paragraph.
A third force is needed, which will prevent the wheels from blocking, rotate them, i.e. need an engine! This is why the clutch cannot be squeezed out and the gear disengaged until the car is almost completely stopped. Very slippery surface you cannot use the brake at all, the wheels will lock even with the gear engaged, the engine will stall, and the vehicle speed will not change. If we squeeze out the clutch, then we will return to the previous version. By the way, this is the most common mistake of modern drivers - premature pressing on the brake pedal and especially premature disengagement of the clutch (gear). The so-called "summer braking" - braking with simultaneous release of the clutch. Driving on good roads and good tires is relaxing ...
Descent
Now let's look at what happens on the descent. While driving down an inclined plane, gravity also begins to act on the car, imparting additional acceleration to it. The steeper the descent, the stronger the impact, therefore, the faster the vehicle speed increases. If nothing is restrained, then the descent will very quickly turn into a free fall. What can we counter this force? Brakes? But we have already figured out what the use of brakes leads to. The wheels will lock and the vehicle will slide down uncontrollably, or best caseif the friction of the wheels with the ground is sufficient, it will simply stop. But we need to go, not stand. You can, of course, try to move, carefully braking and not letting the car accelerate, but this will only lead to the fact that one or more wheels will still lock at some point, and the car will continue to slide (or stop) and you can start all over again, or collect the debris ... There is only one way out - to connect the wheels to the engine (switch on the gear) and make them rotate, but rotate at the speed corresponding to the selected gear. The steeper the descent, the lower the gear should be. In this case, the potential energy of the car will be spent on spinning up the engine, increasing its speed. But, since we do not add gas, the speed will remain constant during the entire descent, because there will quickly be a balance between the acceleration imparted to the car by gravity and the engine's resistance to rotation. You can even slow down gently on steeper slopes, but gently! And under no circumstances should you squeeze the clutch (!!!) during the descent, you should not disconnect the wheels from the engine, depriving yourself of the only retarder!
Sign 1.13 "Steep descent"
Road sign 1.13 depicts the slope of the road in the form of a black triangle, above which the slope is indicated in percentage. It's worth clarifying right away that the unit of measurement for angles is degrees, not percent! So what are the percentages on the steep descent and steep climbs? The slope of 45 degrees should be considered 100%, and the tangent of 45 degrees is 1. If the slope of the road is 7 degrees, then the tangent of 7 degrees is 0.12, which is why 12% is written on the sign. The second question is why complicate things so much? It turns out that the slope is equal to the coefficient of adhesion with road surface... For example, the coefficient of adhesion of the wheels of a car with wet ice is less than 0.1. If you see 10% on a descent, then you must understand that no driving experience, no studded tires or even headwind will help you brake on such a descent! Even having parked the car on such a descent on dry asphalt, after which water will flow down the descent, and then it will begin to freeze, then the car can roll off such a descent!
If you think this is absurd, then watch a lot of videos of cars rolling down on the ice ...
First of all, after seeing this road sign, the driver should slow down and prepare to descend.
It is worth understanding and remembering:
1) The grip changes from weather conditions.
2) Adhesion to wet ice is less than 0.1, which means that descents and ascents with signs on which more than 10% can be extremely dangerous and insurmountable.
3) On a long downhill, the most effective braking is engine braking! The steeper the descent, the lower the gear should be.
4) When descending, drivers on the rise (on oncoming lane) have an advantage and you must give way to him if he leaves your lane! According to paragraph 11.7 of rules, if it is difficult to drive downhill, you must give way to vehicles following uphill.
When on signs steep descent or a steep rise, a small percentage is indicated, many consider it superfluous. This is not true! It often happens that in poor visibility conditions (night, fog, snowfall ...), the driver simply does not notice small, but prolonged descents or ascents.
Sign 1.13 is set
In the village: at a distance of 50-100 meters before the start of the descent.
Outside settlement: at a distance of 150-300 meters before the start of the descent.
Outside of a settlement, this sign can be installed together with signs:
8.1.1 - "Distance to the object".
Indicates the distance from the sign to the start of the hazardous area, in this case to a steep descent.
8.2.1 - "Coverage area".
Indicates the length of the dangerous section of the road, in this case a steep start.
1.14 - "Steep climb"
If, after a steep descent, a steep ascent immediately begins, then the sign 1.14 is installed directly at the beginning of the ascent.
Danger. Moving from the mountain, the car tends to dial high speed... And the further, the more actively this process takes place. Of course, when descending, increased requirements are imposed on the braking system: if there is an insufficient level of fluid in it or it is overheated, then the effectiveness of the brakes drops sharply. It is especially dangerous if the car picks up speed uncontrollably. Eventually brake system may not cope with the increasing acceleration.
In neutral with a hill and braking with the brake pedal
Typical mistakes. Often, upon seeing a slope, drivers feel the desire to dashingly ride down the mountain. As a rule, they choose the wrong gear in which they start descending: basically this is an increased stage or (much worse) a disengaged clutch, and possibly shifting the gearshift lever to the neutral position - on a neutral downhill (we are talking about a manual transmission). As a result, the car is practically unable to brake with the engine, since the braking torque in overdrive gears is extremely low, especially when going downhill. Realizing that the speed increases too quickly and the engine braking is ineffective, the driver attempts to reduce the speed with the service braking system. It helps up to a point, but then the brakes overheat and do not hold the car. The further development of events is easy to predict ...
Safely. When approaching a slope, it is necessary to assess its steepness. The choice of gear and initial speed depends on this. It is strictly forbidden to move with mountains in neutral or with the clutch disengaged (with the pedal depressed)! You deprive yourself of communication with the car's engine and will not be able to do anything in case of danger to avoid an accident.
Driving on descents - the steeper the descent, the lower the gear, explanation
Use engine braking as much as possible. Engage a lower gear (II or even I) in advance so as not to change it during descent and not to break the connection between the engine and the wheels. Remember: the steeper the descent, the lower the gear must be and initial speed! Try to press the brake pedal as little as possible. Otherwise, this will lead to increased wear of the pads, overheating of the system and, as a result, brake failure.
Here are some examples of what the driver should do before going downhill:
- when approaching a slope, reduce thrust to almost zero;
- depress the clutch, engage a lower gear, for example, second, release the clutch pedal;
- gradually add gas until you reach a speed of 20-30 km / h further, moving down, try to keep the speed no higher than 40 km / h.
Observe the distance of the vehicle in front. Leave a double margin of distance relative to driving flat road... Do not change gears down in the immediate vicinity of the leader: when the clutch is disengaged, the car will rapidly pick up speed, and you may not have time to extinguish it.
On mountain roads, the so-called serpentines, where the descents are protracted, and there are too many turns, emergency dead ends, that is, emergency stop lanes, are usually arranged. They are sections of the road at the end of a long straight path before extremely dangerous turns. Dead ends, as a rule, continue straight and have a slight rise. They are made specifically so that the driver, whose braking system has failed, can brake naturally and stop without any problems without causing damage to himself or to other road users. If on mountain road if you feel like you can't handle the acceleration, use the emergency deadlock to slow down to a complete stop.
As for the forced stop or parking on the descent, the rules are the same as on the uphill: leave the car on parking brake with the gear engaged (on the descent it is recommended to include reverse), turn the front wheels towards the curb or shoulder.
But what about the gun? Most modern cars equipped automatic gearboxes, have forced switching modes downshift... They are usually marked with the numbers 3, 2, 1 or the letter L. Before descending, you will need to slow down and engage one of these modes. The rules are the same as for mechanical box: the steeper the descent, the more severely the gearbox should be limited in choosing the maximum stage of operation.
SDA. Clause 11.7 determines the sequence of passing the obstacle on the slope: "On slopes marked with signs 1.13 and 1.14, in the presence of an obstacle, the driver of a vehicle moving downhill must give way"... In addition, on a mountain road, pay attention to sign 6.5 "Emergency stop lane". They designate emergency dead ends on steep slopes.
