If not created by the French company Panhar-Levassor the world's first silencer, then maybe today petrol cars It would not be. The exhaust system made it possible to "calm" the OI and give this motor "second life."
Initially, the silencers did not perform many functions and were considered more auxiliary component, rather than important as other aggregates. However, over time, the exhaust systems began to play a more significant role. Today, thanks to silencers, it is possible not only to significantly reduce the noise level from the working motor, but also reduce the temperature exhaust gases, remove the exhaust gases outside the car and reduce the level harmful emissions Environment.
Based on this, it is worth paying attention to the structure of the muffler, as well as on its varieties.
Basic elements of the exhaust system
The design of the exhaust system becomes more complex, but each new model Machines It includes all the same elements.
Collector
The receiving pipe is an intermediate link between the engine and the neutralizer (catalyst). The collector is responsible for the output of gases. Since in this case there is a very strong mechanical and temperature load, which can reach up to 1000 degrees, then it is presented to this part of the muffler strict demands. Therefore, in the manufacture of a receiving pipe, only the best cast iron and steel alloys are used.
Also on this part, the vibration-compensator (corrugation) is sometimes installed, thanks to which the engine vibration is quenched and does not go further along the exhaust system.
Neutralizer
AT catalytic neutralizer (or catalyst) occurs "DOVE" of unburned fuel residues and processing carbon monoxide. This element of the exhaust system is a special chamber or a tank, in which a ceramic or metal element is located in the form of cells. Thanks to these cells, gas mixtures are purified due to chemical reactions.
Now manufacturers have begun to produce multi-section neutralizers that meet all international standards that produce the processing of a larger spectrum of harmful substances.
Front silencer (resonator)
The resonator is essentially one of those details that are called silencers. This element performs noise reduction function, but not clean the exhaust gases. When gases pass through the resonator, a lot of noise is created. Therefore, the inner "filling" of the front muffler is numerous lattices and holes that allow you to reduce the speed of the exhaust gases, as well as vibration. By and large, the resonator is a pot with a perforated pipe.
Front silencers are:
- Active. Such silencers are manufactured from special sound-absorbing materials, and their design is simplicity.
- Reactive. In silencers of this type, combinations of expansion, as well as resonator cameras are used.
Do not confront the resonator with the rear muffler, since their design is very different.
When we say "silencer" then most often in mind there is precisely the back of the exhaust system. This element produces the final absorption of noise, and also implements the final output of gases.
Unlike the resonator, the inner "filling" of the rear silencer is heterogeneous. There are several cameras with special fillers inside it. Due to the porous structure, the system of partitions and air ducts can not only get rid of strong noisebut reduce the temperature in the system.
Speaking about the reduction of noise, one cannot bypass the side of another type of system that reduces the increased noise in the exhaust pipe.
River silencer
In conventional silencers, in the process of resistance to exhaust exhaust gases, part of the motor power is lost. At least this consumption and insignificant, many motorists are looking for ways to make a silencer quieter without loss of engine power. For these purposes, manufacturers have developed special direct-flow models.
The device of such a muffler differs from the usual scheme. Unlike regular models, in the direct-flow units, the engine power is not only reduced, but also rises, due to the use of the energy of exiting gases.
The essence of the work of "direct lines" is that when the gases leaves the collector, less resistance is required. Thanks to this motor, it does not have to spend excess energy to overcome the pressure. The resulting difference is converted to the useful power of the movement.
The direct-flow muffler itself is a straight pipe with a perforated surface. By and large, it is enclosed in an external casing. Inside the muffler there are also dividers and cameras, just less than that standard systems. Thanks to such a design, the exhaust exhaust gases move in direct and do not meet strong resistance. At the same time, thanks to the perforated surface, they expand and exit freely.
Exterior casing directional silencer covered with a special absorbing makeup, due to which the gases inside are not resonated, and the sound of the motor does not exceed the permissible limits. Thus, the noise level is minimized.
To strengthen the effect, some car owners use additional external segments.
How else can I reduce the noise level of the muffler
Also to reduce noise, you can install a mirror silencer. Such models work according to the same principle as acoustic mirrors. Most often, mirror silencers can be found in exhaust systems. two-stroke engines Motorcycles and scooters. The device of the muffler in this case is an exhaust knee and a resonator jar in which the exhaust gases are "calm". At the same time, the resistance level will be significantly lower, and the engine power will not be consumed. However, it is worth considering that due to the mirror effect, the temperature of the exhaust pipe will increase.
A similar principle is used in car systems VAZ 2107, Niva, 2115 and many others.
In addition, there are absorbing and restrictive silencers, which also lower noise.
In custody
The design of automotive silencers is constantly undergoing changes, at least general principle Works and the design itself remains unchanged for many decades. Today it is not an ordinary metal "bank" and a full-fledged system that provides proper work Engine car. That is why, if a pair begins to go from the silencer or cotton is heard, it is necessary to immediately make the diagnosis and repair of this important node.
Military, for example, like that in addition to the actual decline in sound shot, a good silencer cleans the flame and sparks. For example, in the evening and especially at night, the sound of the shot is not very informative. But on flashes, shoot very comfortable. Well, who wants to become a target with backlight at night? Another useful property of the muffler is an enhancement of cuminess. And the rifle, and the automatic with the correctly installed silencer show the accuracy better than without it. At the same time, the return decreases. That is, the correctly designed muffler also performs the operation of the muzzle brake.
The pressure inside the silencer affects the weapon, and the most worst arrow. It interferes with everything.
The main market of silencers is not spies and special forces, but ordinary hunters. In some countries, for example, in Russia, the use of this device of citizens is pursued by law, and in some without it and in the forest will not be empty - there is nothing to scare animals and people. After hunters, the main consumers of silencers are amateur athletes. Who walked all day in rifle headphones, will understand. From a good shot of a suitable caliber of the shoelaces on shoes can be unleashed, which is to talk about the drummers.
In short - a wonderful device. Reduces the sound, improves accuracy, removes the flame. And if we do not see these devices on each rifle, pistol and automatic, it means that something is wrong with them.
Reverse traction
First, the silencer significantly increases the dimensions of weapons and weight. Moreover, for efficient operation, there must be some minimum "sv" in front of the muzzle cut - 100-200 mm. Otherwise, the gas flow in a short device will not have time to slow down. Well, half a kilogram of extra weight also does not please anyone.
The struggle for each gram of the silencer weight leads to the emergence of systems, each element of which itself does not have the necessary strength. And only assembly they make up a tough design.
Secondly, any muzzle strongly affects the point of the bullet. Change the period, the amplitude of the oscillations of the trunk and the balance of weapons. The bullet begins to "carry". This happens stable, but nevertheless physically reasonable. The shooting of the weapon with the silencer never coincides with the silence, and it is necessary to know in advance where the average point of hitting after the joining the silencer will have. It's easy to fight this: I screwed the muffler, shot a weapon, and do not touch it anymore.
Third, on automatic systems The use of the silencer is a solid torment. The fact is that the better the silencer delays pressure inside itself, and therefore, dries the sound, the more gases after the shot go back when the shutter opened again. This leads to a whole place of problems: the weapon is much stronger - the trunk, the shutter and the gas engine through a couple of stores are covered with such a nagar, as if you have already made several hundred shots. Through the trunk and the window of the release of the sleeve part of the gases straight goes in the face of the arrow. Shooting without glasses becomes simply very dangerous. On the machine Kalashnikov, the fighters are forced by a painting sticky ribbon to glue a slit on the cover of a hard box - the remains of the burning powder come there pretty vigorously. The rate of rollback rate of the gate frame is greatly increasing. On the American automatic carbine M4 there is a similar story, but it is expressed in another - one and a half times it grows the pace of automatic shooting, and the rifle itself is eaten through several stores in such a number of carpets that can jam. Treated it witchcraft with a regulator gas engine And weighing the shutter.
European Type "Open" silencer produces Finnish Saimaa Still. For cooling and braking stream, a mesh or metal foam is used. In addition, it is removed and puts on literally in one second to the muzzle brake or the flamesetian.
Gunsmiths are looking for ways to get rid of the reverse thrust. As a result of these searches, a new trend is influenced in the "muffler" for self-loading systems. To reduce the pressure in the silencer and remove the nagar and smoke from the face and from weapons, the designers began to do "open systems", that is, the pressure is reset from the muffler and through alternative holes. Those or otherwise reduce the energy of gases when they move through the walls along or across the stroke of the bullet. Among the pioneers of this endeavor is Oss with Helix silencers and Finnish Saimaa Still with a whole line of "ventilated" silencers.
American silencer Helix "Open" type with pressure tap from alternative channels. The braking of the stream is achieved by twisting it over the blades inside the external circuit.
Silencers there is no place
Attempts to make a comfortable silencer on smooth-bore guns were taken in the 30s of the 20th century, then in the 60s and now under the influence of the film of the Cohen brothers "old men there is no place." The main problem of this type of silencers is disgusting appearance. They are so big that they look completely ridiculous. Carnate such a silencer can only be threaded. And if it is accidentally knocking them about something, and on the hunt it happens often, the barrel on the cut may be damaged. The hunter walk through the forest with a rifle with a stuck muffler is extremely uncomfortable - 250-350 mm of extra length will be for all chain. Sportsmen-stands are the more so such a silencer - the balance of weapons is changing unrecognizable, namely the balance of the gun is responsible for the vection rate and the accuracy of the shot. Its niche for rifle silencers was found in semi-automatic systems. The trunk has one and often relatively short, and the muzzle is stronger than the double-barbell. It is with such a system that the Anton Chigur is walking in the film "old men there is no place." But the aesthetics and convenience of shotgun, the muffler does not add, so you can only see it in the film and in the pictures.
Spy things
For a long time, spies in cinema and in real life used pistols acting on the principle of locating with a free shutter. For example, Walter PPK James Bonda or Pistol Makarov His opponents. This design is very reliable, but in principle it cannot work with powerful cartridges. That is why the whole world of secret operations is re-equipped with powerful pistols, the automation of which works on the principle of locking by the short course of the barrel. Such a scheme is applied, for example, in the legendary Austrian Glock pistol or no less legendary COLT 1911.
The silencers on the rifles in size and shape resemble either a fire extinguisher or brick. The latter looks better. And they weigh everything is approximately the same.
The problem is that if to fasten the usual silencer to the moving barrel of the gun, it will shoot, but does not recharge. This is due to the fact that the mass of the muffler begins to participate in the rollback of moving parts, and the cartridge simply lacks the power to extract the entire sore system. About 30 years ago, a system called Nielsen-Device, or a bunny booster was invented. This is a sleeve with a spring - an intermediary between the silencer and a gun. It was twisted on the trunk, but interacted with the casing of the muffler through the spring. And the system managed to deceive. During recharging, after the shots, the muffler seems to be hanging in the air, and "runs" with a trunk back and forth only a light sleeve. Now in the spy service, you can use not seven-eight weak cartridges from the single row Walter or Makarov store, but any pistol cartridges. And at the same time very quiet.
The junction of automatic, and even rapid weapons - the task is so heavy that only the first steps in this direction are made. The heat and pressure will cause engineers to make bizarre designs.
But a couple of years ago, the next breakthrough occurred - the manufacturers guessed to mount the pistol silencer to the pistol frame, and not to the trunk. It can make a gun with a silencer significantly shorter and more convenient. Now on the exhibitions, the prototypes of the new form factor are caught, and soon we will see the new unusual silhouette of his "favorite pistol with a silencer."
According to the subjective feelings of shooting with the muffler, it becomes much more comfortable. The bumps go on the ears, and the push in the shoulder, the loaded trunk is less "walking", and the result of the shot is clearly visible. And the very thing is probably important - if some time shoot from the rifle with the silencer, then I absolutely do not want to shoot without him. The main disturbing factors of the shot leave with it.
The waste of exhaust gases and jumped - simply the muffler. Previously, I wore a purely ethetic character, that is, did not give cars to roar as "as" as ". After all, if you remove the muffler and run the motor - it will stand such a crack that the ears will lay. But at the moment, this is not only a pipe to join and remove gases, it is also cleaning and boosting the power of the node. In general, today I want to tell you about the device of this important, in my opinion of the element of any car ...
Unfortunately, the engine internal combustion It is not an effective device to gently to say (in this sense electrical engine Much perfect). Exhaust gases that come out of the engine not only "thunder", and very loudly, they still need to cool, because it is often temperatures may be 300 and even more degrees Celsius. Therefore, it was created special systemwho got the name of the muffler.
Parts of the muffler
This system is not uniform, it is assembled from several parts, namely five of them:
- This is an exhaust manifold, now many can say - that it does not apply to the devastating system, but it interacts directly with it - its main purpose to remove gases from the engine, so I still include it in the circuit.
- Reception tube.
- Catalyst.
- And the last part, actually the muffler itself.
We talked about the graduation collector, you can also read. Returns immediately to K. receiving trumpet . It is designed to connect the exhaust manifold and catalyst. It seems that you pay attention to it, a pipe and a pipe - but it is often the so-called vibrationant (simply corrugated), which is designed to extinguish vibration from the engine and not transmit them further or on the body, nor to the muffler.
Catalyst - It is intended to fight the exhaust gases, namely with their sweeping. Exhaust that comes from power aggregate Contains many harmful items. The catalyst survives them, making - harmless, the concentration falls at times. Of course, it does not work out at all, but progress on face. If there were no catalysts, the megalopolises simply suffocated from exhaust gases. About him.
Resonator and silencer - These two parts are already struggling with a stream of gases and sound, they are intended primarily for arising sound and only in the second decrease in temperature. Gases that have passed the catalyst, in the pipes reaches first the resonator, and then the silencer itself.
More about the device of the muffler and the resonator
To be honest, now there is no same structure of the muffler, each manufacturer is looking for its solution and methods of production. But why so?
This is a rather complicated cycle, because the muffler must absorb the sound, but not deprive the power engine. How manufacturers are assured, the car can be made almost silent by setting another resonator and adjusting the silencer volume - that's just power from the engine will "remove" significantly. If a stable option takes away from 5 to 7%, then the installation of new resonators will increase this indicator to 10 - 15%! Do we need it? Here are the chemical manufacturers over the perfect form so that only the "rustle" of the power unit is heard, and the power was at the level.
What resonator in the cut - If you represent it, it is several perforated pipes inside the metal case, they are not at the same level, but as if parallel. The flow of "testing" - enters the resonator, where it is found first with the walls, losing its pressure and part of the sound. It happens so, the wave hits the wall and there is a response wave, which meets with newly released gases - that is, the energy extinguishes itself. Then the stream passes into another camera into the parallel tube, it also occurs with the wall, again losing part of the energy. At the bottom of this chamber there is a third tube, according to which the gases come to the muffler. Thus, at the resonator level, 30 is 40% of the pressure of the gas and its sound (mainly low tones). But why not everyone? If you make a resonator more simply, it will not fit under the car in the middle - there will be too much volume, which also spawned the engine power.
The silencer is from behind, where the most place is. It is the largest of all parts, in fact he is not much different from the device from the resonator (there are also cameras and the "deaf" walls), only by volume. Another difference here is encountered a chamber with the so-called absorber - from the perforated tube of gases and the sound pass into the absorber, leaving a majority of energy and sound there.
Device of the absorber
The camera is the absorber, as I wrote, the perforated tube has a perforated tube (if a simple language is drilled by a plurality of holes) and a close-up with it, a soft and porous machine by the absorber. First of all, absorbing sound oscillations.
This material can not serve a fierce substance:
- Flawed or other mineral wool.
- Metal chips
- Metal Wat.
- Other porous non-combustible materials
Thus, the sound goes into glass gamble, leaving there most of the sound energy there. When absorbing soft, the material is warmed up, but does not burn due to high resistance to ignition.
It should be noted that the silencers in the system can be two! For example, every 3 - 4 cylinders, from each sides of the power unit.
How increases power?
From above grew up about it - now I want to reveal a little theme. Yes, everything is simple - remember the turbines that work on exhaust gases? Where do they draw energy? Of course, from exhaust gases that go from the engine and after various branches, in such an example, fall on the hot turbine wheel. Thus, you can additionally take up to 10 - 15% efficiency.
A few words about the forward-strokes
I have about it, read. That's just some of us with you do not need acoustic comfort - only power is important. Therefore, the resonator, and the muffler himself is modernized, they are cleaned by partitions, which "stop" gases - accordingly, the energy for overcoming these barriers is not spent, here you are + 5 + 7% to engine power.
And if you also remove the catalyst, another + 5%. Thus, up to 10% of the power can be achieved.
However, such "roaring tuning" is prohibited by law! You can not drive the streets above certain decibels, only on racing tracks. Yes, and without a catalyst, you will never go through the car, and accordingly, do not get insurance.
Why fails?
The answer is quite banal, as it is made of metal and constantly in an aggressive environment. High temperatures and water (snow) under the bottom - simply goes or rot. Metal We begin to decompose and salt on the roads.
Of course, the device of modern silencers has been improved, other alloys are applied in the design, all early after some time it burns out. And U. modern optionsIn often the partitions suffer inside, or the porous material is roasting (often mineral wool) because of which it starts to roar even outside the silencer.
Often, when they are shot, they seek to hide his sound. And the main reason for this is the desire to hide the shot itself or its location. For this task, silencers for weapons were created, or as they are also called sound moderators. Basically, they are used by snipers in the army and special forces, although sometimes hunters do not happen.
Prices for these accessories fluctuate in a rather wide range, which is why many are trying to assemble the silencer at home, sometimes even from the remedies. The main thing is not to forget that the use of sound menurators in Ukraine is completely legally, but only on non-self-made. And only on the weapon that is provided for this.
How does the silencer work for weapons?
In order to understand the principle of operation and the silencer device, it is necessary to figure out what causes the sound. There are three main sources:
moving parts of the weapon - when they are shot, with a big force and speed beating about each other, thereby creating sound
shock wave from the bullet (if the bullet has a speed above the speed of sound)
sound from powder gases - when leaving the trunk, they have a supersonic speed and with the expansion publish a loud sound
And if you practically do nothing with the first two points, then the silencer will cope with the third.
The principle of operation of the soundmoderator
The principle of operation of the PBS is to reduce the speed of powder gases, their cooling and thereby reduce the pressure in the pistol or rifle. To achieve this, the chambers inside the cylinder. In them, gases are swing and exit at a lower rate. Also in the silencer can be used heat-absorbing materials that contribute to the cooling of powder gases, thereby absorbing energy and reducing their speed.
In some models there are only gas-wide chambers, in other - heat-absorbing materials. But the best are those models in the design of which the same and other method of reduced energy of powder gases are also used.
The device of a pistol muffler
All devices of silent shooting are divided into two types:
integrated - are part of the weapon trunk
tactical - checked on a blow with special threads or fixed by clamps
It is the tactical silencers and are the most common. They also have several species and differ by internal device. The most common are:
The simplest - consists of an expansion chamber of a cylindrical shape, with a connecting nut and a closed front with a rubber membrane. Since the camera is greater than the barrel channel, the gases are expanding in it, losing speed and come out of it after a bullet with less energy. Over time, the membrane is wear out (it is designed for about 100 shots) and it is necessary to periodically change or use a solid rubber tube.
With obturation, it also consists of an expansion chamber and two rubber or ebonite tubes-obturators between which the spacer is located.
Two-chamber eccentric - has a chamber with a partition and acts practically as the simplest.
With thermal content - the principle is based on the absorption of heat, and as a result of energy with the help of copper or brass wire or aluminum chips. A minus such models is the need to often change the absorbers.
Multi-chamber - operate according to the principle of the simplest, but since there are several cameras with partitions instead of membranes, there is no need for their replacements, which means the service life is longer.
With the splitting of the flow - consists of an inner sleeve with perforation and a screw streaming helix.
How to make a homemade muffler for a pistol?
Homemade silencers for weapons are not the most the best way. After all, in order for such a product to fulfill its functions, and to everything else and was safe to use, it is necessary to carry out many calculations, correctly choose the materials and collect all this design. And this is not so simple, especially in the "handicraft" conditions. And even if you do everything right, there is no guarantee that you will get exactly the result to which they sought. Therefore, we strongly do not advise you to deal with this case yourself. It is better to contact specialized stores where you can choose and buy not only a soundmoderator on your carbine or pneumatics, but also another tuning of weapons.
Some craftsmen, of course, try to make silencers from PET bottles or oil filters from manov. The first option does generally look comical, and the second can be something and dries, but it will work not long and can be dangerous in use. Of course, there is another option to dig in the Internet a couple of drawings and turn to some turntables. But it will not give warranty that you get exactly what they wanted. Therefore, it is better not to risk, but to contact this question to professionals.
The main output
So, having understood in the principle of work of PBBS and reading the drawings of silencers, one main conclusion can be made - the manufacture of a silencer for firearms The question is quite complicated both in terms of computing and in terms of production. And therefore I really do not advise you to do it yourself. Better contact specialized stores and purchase this device there. Especially since you can buy not only the silencer, but also the population on the butt, supports, handles and much more, which will greatly facilitate your hunt.
Recently, the exhaust system served to remove the spent gases and reduce the noise level during the ride. It was perceived as auxiliary and not so important as other aggregates. Now the car silencer device plays a much larger role than before. First of all, an increase in the efficient operation of the engine.
Silencer scheme in simple language
The exhaust system with each new car model is complicated and more effectively affects the characteristics of the machine. But, the principal difference in the design of the muffler does not exist.
The traditional silencer of the car can be divided into four parts:
- receiving pipe
- catalyst,
- resonator,
- rear part, actually - silencer.
The receiving pipe plays an intermediate role, removing gases from the exhaust manifold to the catalyst. It can be installed a vibrarocomponator, in the people called "corrugation", which takes over the vibration and does not allow it to be transmitted to the exhaust system.
After the receiving pipe there is a catalyst in which the unburned residues of gasoline are harvested, and carbon monoxide goes into a less harmful phase. This element of the system represents a tank, inside of which there is a ceramic or metal element made in the form of cells. Passing through them exhaust gases are converted by a chemical reaction.
The catalyst is located and, in fact, the muffler. They have a different inner design and remove the noise not only due to the fact that it is quenched, but also by smoothing the engine work cycles. The resonator is simple, it represents a tank with a perforated pipe, well, and the silencer device is much more complicated. It is he who performs the basic function of exiting exhaust gases.
How is the silencer and how does it work?
All described above is only the main provisions. From which the silencer consists depends on many factors, namely: from the brand of car, model, its volume and type of engine, as well as from the manufacturer - not always the secondary manufacturers adhere to the original geometry. When designing the inner filling of the muffler, standard techniques are used - arrangement of perforated pipes, partitions and stuffing the heat-resistant cotton.
The principle of the silencer is simple - it is designed to slow down the stream of gases to smooth out the individual engine work cycles. There are no specific standards for its inner structure, so each manufacturer is looking for their solutions. Any silencer in the context may differ from the same detail of other manufacturers.
A considerable role plays how the exhaust system of the car is designed. For example, if the volume of the resonator is small, it cannot sufficiently smooth out the flow of exhaust gases. Accordingly, a large load falls on the muffler, it must have a considerable volume and the corresponding structure. The silencer in the context resembles the jet of tubes with perforation and partitions, but everything is designed in it in such a way as to maximize its efficiency.
Through the holes in the tubes, the heated gases are rapidly expanding and fill the silencer's tank space, and the partitions reflect them in the opposite direction to smooth out the irregularity of exhaust gas. The heat-resistant mineral wool constrains the shock waves of gases, the prevention of the tank walls to avoid unnecessary noise.
Why is the car silencer wear?
The main reason why the silencer comes into disrepair is the squeak of welding seams. The device of the automotive silencer is that in places of connection and fastening of tubes and partitions, the usual, which is more susceptible to the influence of temperature and moisture is used (especially for cars operating on gasoline).
She is weak place Any muffler. When a small crack appears on the seam, it begins to increase due to the vibration of the exhaust system, inevitable when driving. As a result, tubes are broken, partitions are separated from the walls, and undesirable noise appears.
But there is a second reason why the muffler can work loudly - burnout of mineral wool. The exhaust systems of cheap manufacturers sin so that they use poor-quality mineral wool. It burns out, the fibers are destroyed and their particles come out with the flow of exhaust gases. As a result - the appearance of undesirable noise, which will be louder with each new mileage kilometer.
As we see, the muffler is not just a metallic "bank", suspended under the bottom of the car, as well as the entire exhaust system, part of which it is. Its device is calculated by professionals to ensure maximum: steady operation of the car and comfortable ride. A high-quality silencer for definition cannot be cheap, it is a full-fledged piece of car that is subject to periodic replacement.
