In which the chemical energy of fuel burning in its working cavity (combustion chamber) is converted to mechanical work. DVS distinguish: Pisthen E, in which the work of expanding gaseous combustion products is produced in the cylinder (perceived by the piston, the return forward movement of which is transformed into a rotational movement crankshaft) or is used directly in the machine operated; gas turbine, in which the work of the expansion of combustion products is perceived by the working blades of the rotor; Reactive Es, in which the reactive pressure occurs during the expiration of combustion products from the nozzle. The term "DVS" is used mainly to piston engines.
Historical reference
The idea of \u200b\u200bcreating an economy was first proposed by H. Guigens in 1678; As fuel should be used gunpowder. The first operational gas engine is designed by E. Lenoar (1860). Belgian inventor A. Bo de Rosh suggested (1862) a four-stroke cycle of the work of DVS: suction, compression, burning and expansion, exhaust. German engineers E. Langen and N. A. Otto created more efficient gas engine; Otto built a four-stroke engine (1876). Compared to a ferry sheath unit, such an intensity was simpler and compact, economical (efficiency reached 22%), had a smaller specific mass, but it required better fuel. In the 1880s. O. S. Kostovich in Russia built the first gasoline carburetor piston Engine. In 1897 R. Diesel offered an engine with fuel ignition from compression. In 1898-99 at the factory of the company "Ludwig Nobel" (S.-Petersburg) made dieselOil operating Improvement of DVS allowed to apply it to transport vehicles: Tractor (USA, 1901), an airplane (O. and W. Wright, 1903), the ship "Vandal" (Russia, 1903), diesel locomotive (according to the project Ya. M. Gakkel, Russia, 1924).
Classification
A variety of design forms of DVS determines their widespread use in various fields of technology. Internal combustion engines can be classified according to the following criteria. : by appointment (stationary engines - small power plants, autotractor, ship, diesel, aviation, etc.); character of working parts (engines with reciprocating pistons movement; rotary-piston engines - Vankiel engines); the location of the cylinders (opposite, row, star, V-shaped engines); method of carrying out a working cycle (four-stroke, two-stroke engines); by the number of cylinders [from 2 (for example, the car "Oka") to 16 (eg, "Mercedes-Benz" S 600)]; Method of flamming a combustible mixture [gasoline engines with forced ignition (spark ignition engines, DSIZ) and diesel engines with compression ignition]; method of mixing [with external mixture formation (outside the combustion chamber - carburetor), mainly gasoline engines; with internal mixing formation (in the combustion chamber - injection), diesel engines]; type of cooling system (S. engines liquid cooling, S. engines air cooled); arrangement of camshaft (The engine with the top arrangement of the camshaft, with the lower arrangement of the camshaft); type of fuel (gasoline, diesel, gas operating engine); method of filling cylinders (engines without boost - "Atmospheric", supervised engines). In the engines without upgrading the air intake or combustible mixture, due to the discharge in the cylinder during the piston suction hovering, in pressing engines (turbocharging), air intake or combustible mixture to the working cylinder occurs under pressure generated by the compressor, in order to obtain increased engine power.
Workflows
Under the action of pressure of gaseous products of combustion of fuel, the piston makes a reciprocating movement in the cylinder, which is transformed into the rotational movement of the crankshaft using a crank-connecting mechanism. In one turn of the crankshaft, the piston reaches the extremes twice, where the direction of its movement changes (Fig. 1).
These piston positions are customary called dead dots, since the effort attached to the piston at this moment cannot cause the rotational motion of the crankshaft. The position of the piston in the cylinder, at which the distance of the axis of the piston's finger from the axis of the crankshaft reaches the maximum, is called the upper dead point (NMT). The lower dead point (NMT) is called the position of the piston in the cylinder, at which the distance of the piston's finger axis to the axis of the crankshaft reaches a minimum. The distance between the dead points is called piston running (S). Each move of the piston corresponds to the rotation of the crankshaft 180 °. Moving the piston in the cylinder causes a change in the volume of the surrounding space. The volume of the inner cavity of the cylinder at the position of the piston in the VMT is called the volume of the combustion chamber V c. The volume of the cylinder formed by the piston when it moves between the dead dots is called the working volume of the cylinder V c. The volume of the alignment space at the position of the piston in NMT is called the total volume of the cylinder V n \u003d V c + v c. The engine operating volume is a product of the working volume of the cylinder to the number of cylinders. Attitude full volume Cylinder V C to the volume of the combustion chamber V C is called the degree of compression E (for gasoline DSIZ 6.5-11; for diesel engines 16-23).
When the piston is moved in the cylinder, except for changing the volume of the working fluid, its pressure, temperature, heat capacity change, internal energy. The working cycle is called the combination of consecutive processes carried out in order to turn the heat of fuel to mechanical. Achieving the frequency of working cycles is ensured using special mechanisms and engine systems.
The operating cycle of gasoline four-stroke engine is performed for 4 stroke of the piston (tact) in the cylinder, i.e. for 2 turns of the crankshaft (Fig. 2).
The first tact - inlet, in which the intake and fuel system ensure the formation of the fuel and air mixture. Depending on the design, the mixture is formed in the intake manifold (central and distributed gasoline engine injection) or directly in the combustion chamber (direct injection of gasoline engines, injection diesel engines). When the piston moves from the NMT to the NMT in the cylinder (due to an increase in volume), there is a vacuum, under the action of which a combustible mixture is made through the opening inlet valve (gasoline vapor). Pressure inlet valve In engines without boosting, it may be close to the atmospheric, and in the supervision engines above it (0.13-0.45 MPa). In the cylinder, the combustible mixture is mixed with the exhaust gases remaining from the previous working cycle and forms a working mixture. The second tact is a compression at which the intake and exhaust valve is closed by a gas distribution shaft, and the fuel-air mixture is compressed in the engine cylinders. The piston moves up (from NMT to NTC). Because The volume in the cylinder decreases, then the production mixture is compressed to a pressure of 0.8-2 MPa, the mixture temperature is 500-700 K. At the end of the compression tact, the working mixture flashes electrical spark and quickly combines (for 0.001- 0.002 s). In this case, there is a large amount of heat, the temperature reaches 2000-2600 K, and the gases, expanding, create a strong pressure (3.5-6.5 MPa) to the piston, moving it down. The third tact is a working stroke, which is accompanied by the ignition of the fuel mixture. Gas pressure force moves the piston down. The movement of the piston through the crank-connecting mechanism is converted into the rotational motion of the crankshaft, which is then used to move the car. So, during the working stroke there is a transformation of thermal energy into mechanical work. The fourth tact - the release in which the piston is moving upwards, and pushes outward, through the opening exhaust valve of the gas distribution mechanism, which has spent gases from cylinders to the exhaust system, where they are cleaned, cooling and reduced noise. Next, the gases come to the atmosphere. The release process can be divided into prevention (the pressure in the cylinder is significantly higher than in the exhaust valve, the rate of expiration of the exhaust gases at temperatures of 800-1200 K is 500-600 m / s) and the main output (speed at the end of release 60-160 m / s ). The release of exhaust gases is accompanied by an audible effect, for the absorption of which silencers are installed. For the engine working cycle useful work Performed only during the working stroke, and the remaining three tacts are auxiliary. For the uniform rotation of the crankshaft at its end, a flywheel with a significant mass is installed. The flywheel receives energy at the work course and part of it gives to the commission of auxiliary clocks.
The operating cycle of the two-stroke engine is carried out in two piston strokes or per crankshaft turnover. Compression, combustion and expansion processes are almost similar to the corresponding four-stroke engine processes. The power of the two-stroke motor with the same sizes of the cylinder and the rotational speed of the shaft is theoretically 2 times more than the four-stroke due to a large number of working cycles. However, the loss of part of the working volume practically leads to an increase in power by only 1.5-1.7 times. The advantages of the two-stroke engines should also include greater uniformity of torque, since the full duty cycle is carried out at each turnover of the crankshaft. A significant disadvantage of the two-stroke process compared to the four-stroke is a small time allocated to the gas exchange process. KPD DVS using gasoline, 0.25-0.3.
The operating cycle of gas internal combustion engine is similar to gasoline ds. Gas passes stage: evaporation, purification, step-down pressure, feeding in certain quantities into the engine, mixing with air and ignition by sparking the working mixture.
Constructive features
DVS - complex technical aggregatecontaining a number of systems and mechanisms. In con. 20 V. Basically, the transition from carburetor systems DVS power to the injection, while the uniformity of the distribution and the accuracy of the dosage of fuel in the cylinders increases and the possibility (depending on the mode) appears more flexibly control the formation of the fuel and air mixture coming into the engine cylinders. This allows you to increase the power and efficiency of the engine.
The piston internal combustion engine includes a housing, two mechanisms (crank-connecting and gas distribution) and a number of systems (intake, fuel, ignition, lubricant, cooling, graduation and control system). The housing of the DVS form a fixed (cylinder block, crankcase, cylinder head) and moving nodes and parts that are combined into groups: piston (piston, finger, compression and oil-changing rings), connecting rod, crankshaft. Supply system It prepares a combustible mixture of fuel and air in proportion corresponding to the mode of operation, and in an amount depending on the engine power. Ignition system DSIZ is designed to ignite the sparking mixture using the ignition candle in strictly defined points in each cylinder, depending on the engine operation mode. The starting system (starter) is used to pre-promoted the DVS shaft in order to reliably ignite fuel. Air power system Provides air purification and reduction of inlet noise with minimal hydraulic losses. When superimposed, one or two compressors are included in it and, if necessary, the air cooler. The release system provides the output of exhaust gases. Timing Provides a timely intake of fresh charge mixture to cylinders and exhaust gases. The lubricant system serves to reduce friction losses and reduce wear of moving elements, and sometimes to cool the pistons. Cooling system Supports the required thermal mode of operation of the engine; Itself fluid or air. Control system It is intended to coordinate the work of all elements of the DVS in order to ensure its high performance, a small fuel consumption required environmental indicators (toxicity and noise) in all modes of operation under different operating conditions with a given reliability.
The main advantages of the engine in front of other engines are independence from permanent sources of mechanical energy, small dimensions and weight, which causes their wide application on cars, agricultural machines, locomotives, vessels, self-propelled military equipment and so on. Installations with DVS, as a rule, have a large autonomy, can simply be installed near or on the very object of energy consumption, for example, on mobile power plants, aircraft, etc. One of positive qualities DVS - the ability to quickly start under normal conditions. Engines working with low temperaturesSupplied with special devices to facilitate and speed up.
The disadvantages of the DVS are: limited compared, for example, with steam turbines aggregate power; high noise; a relatively large frequency of rotation of the crankshaft when starting and the impossibility of directly connecting it to the leading wheels of the consumer; toxicity exhaust gases. Basic constructive feature The engine is a reciprocating piston movement that limits the speed of rotation is the cause of unbalanced inertia and moments from them.
Improvement of the engine is directed to an increase in their power, efficiency, a decrease in mass and dimensions, compliance with environmental requirements (reduction of toxicity and noise), ensuring reliability at an acceptable value for money. Obviously, the FROS is not economical enough and, in fact, has a low efficiency. Despite all technological tricks and "smart" electronics, efficiency of modern gasoline engines approx. thirty%. The most economical diesel engines have 50% efficiency, i.e. even half of the fuel are thrown in the form harmful substances in atmosphere. but recent developments Show that the internal combustion engine can be done truly effective. In ECOMOTORS INTERNATIONAL Recycled the design of the engine, which retained the pistons, connecting rods, crankshaft and flywheel, however new engine 15-20% more efficiently, besides much easier and cheaper in production. In this case, the engine can operate in several types of fuel, including gasoline, diesel and ethanol. It turned out due to the opposite design of the engine, in which the combustion chamber form two pistons moving towards each other. In this case, the two-stroke engine consists of two modules of 4 pistons in each connected by a special coupling with electronically control. The engine fully controls the electronics, so that it was possible to achieve a high efficiency and minimal fuel consumption.
The motor is equipped with a controlled electronics turbocharger, which utilizes the energy of exhaust gases and produces electricity. In general, the engine has simple design, in which 50% less details than in the usual motor. He does not have a block of cylinder head, it is made of ordinary materials. The engine is very light: per 1 kg of weight it gives out power more than 1 liter. with. (more than 0.735 kW). An experimental ECOMOTORS EM100 engine at sizes of 57.9 x 104.9 x 47 cm weighs 134 kg and produces power of 325 liters. with. (about 239 kW) with 3500 revolutions per minute (on a diesel population), the diameter of the cylinders is 100 mm. Fuel consumption of a five-seater vehicle with ECOMOTORS engine is planned extremely low - at the level of 3-4 liters per 100 km.
GRAIL ENGINE TECHNOLOGIES Developed unique two-stroke engine with high characteristics. So, when consuming 3-4 liters per 100 km, the engine produces power 200 liters. with. (OK 147 kW). Motor with a capacity of 100 liters. with. Weigh less than 20 kg, and with a capacity of 5 liters. with. - Total 11 kg. At the same time, the DVS"GRAIL ENGINE" Correspond to the most rigid environmental standards. The engine itself consists of simple details, mainly made by the casting method (Fig. 3). Such characteristics are associated with the scheme of work "GRAIL ENGINE". During the movement of the piston, the negative air pressure is created at the bottom and the air penetrates into the combustion chamber through a special carbonistic valve. At a certain point of the movement of the piston, fuel begins to feed, then in the upper dead point with three conventional electrical components, the fuel and air mixture is ignited, the valve in the piston is closed. The piston goes down, the cylinder is filled with exhaust gases. Upon reaching the bottom dead point, the piston again starts the upward movement, the air flow ventures the combustion chamber, pushing the exhaust gases, the work cycle is repeated.
Compact and powerful "Grail Engine" perfect for hybrid carswhere the gasoline engine produces electricity, and the electromotors turn the wheels. In such a machine, GRAIL Engine will operate in optimal mode without sharp power jumps, which will significantly increase its durability, reduce the noise and fuel consumption. In this case, the modular design allows you to attach two and more single-cylinder "Grail Engine" to the overall crankshaft, which makes it possible to create row engines of different power.
In the engine, both ordinary motor fuels and alternatives are used. Perspectively use in the vehicle of hydrogen, which has a high warmth of combustion, and in the exhaust gases there are no CO and CO 2. However, there are problems of the high cost of its receipt and storage on board the car. The variants of combined (hybrid) energy installations of vehicles are being developed, which together work in combiations and electric motors.
Few people know that the engine of the internal combustion was invented another 5 centuries ago, the legendary engineer and designer Leonardo da Vinci. But, after the first drawing, it took another 300 years so that the first prototypes were created, which could fully work.
Types of engines
The first full-fledged prototype of the internal combustion engine was constructed in the distant 1806, which belonged to the Niepiece brothers. After that, an important historical fact was short-calm.
But, at the end of the 19th century, three legendary Germans laid the start by the automotive industry - Nicholas Otto, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach. After that, internal combustion engines received many modifications and options that are used to today.
Consider what kind of types car DVS, as well as point out the types of engines:
- Steam engine
- Gas engine
- Carburetor injection system
- Injector
- Diesel engines
- Gas engine
- Electrical motors
- Rotary-piston DVS
Steam engine
The first representative of the full-fledged internal combustion engine should be considered steam machinewhich was installed on all vehicles of the 19th century, until the invention of the remaining types of motors.
At that time, locomotives, cars and even primitive three-wheeled steam engines were equipped with steam engines. self-propelled machines (resembling motorcycles). The invention of this class won the whole world, but by the end 19 - the beginning of the 20th century became ineffective, since the vehicles for a couple could not develop a fairly greater speed.
Gas engine
The gasoline engine is a forage unit, which is gasoline. Fuel is served from the fuel tank using a pump (mechanical or electrical) on the injection system. So, consider what types of gasoline engines are:
- With a carburetor.
- Injector type.
The modern world is used to that most cars have electronic system Fuel injection (injector).
Carburetor injection system
The carburetor is the type of fuel injection device in the intake manifold with a further distribution over the cylinders. The first primitive carburetor was developed in Germany at the end of the 19th century and has almost 100 years of development.
Carburators are - single, two-, four- and six-charts. In addition, there are quite a lot of prototypes.
The principle of operation of the carburetor is quite simple: the benzonasos gives fuel to the float chamber, where gasoline passes through the jets mechanically (the amount of fuel injected driver adjusts the driver using the accelerator pedal), and is supplied to the intake manifold. The disadvantage of the carburetor was that it is sensitive to adjustments, and also does not comply with environmental international standards.
Injector
The injection motor is the type of fuel injection device into the engine cylinder. Injector injection It is mono and divided by this system today is increasingly improved to reduce CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. For injection, nozzles are used, which have previously used to be used on diesel engines.
With the transition to this system, the vehicles began to equip electronic engine control units to adjust the composition of the air fuel mixes, as well as signaling faults inside the system.
Diesel engines
The diesel engine is the type of engine that consumes like fuel diesel fuel. Main systems and engine elements are identical to a gasoline brother, the difference consists in the injection system and the ignition of the mixture. AT diesel motor There are no ignition candles, since the ignition of the mixture from the spark is not necessary.
In motors of this type, the glow candles are installed, which warm the air in the combustion chamber, which exceeds the ignition temperature. After that, the sprayed fuel is supplied through the nozzles, which burns, which creates sufficient pressure to drive in the movement of the piston, which spins crankshaft.
Turbodiesel is considered one of the subspecies of diesel engine. On this motor installed a turbine that has a view of a snail. With the help of a turbine in the engine, more quantity compressed airwhich gives more detonation effect, due to which the engine can be rapid faster.
Gas engine
Gas engines today in autoinadustria in pure form almost not used because frequent breakdowns Motors caused a complete abandon from them. Instead, gas installations can often be found on petrol carsthat significantly saves money consumption for fuel.
Gas from the cylinder is supplied to the gearbox, which distributes fuel over the cylinders, and then fuel directly in the combustion chambers. After that, with the help of spark plug, the gas is flammable. The only disadvantage of use gas installation It is believed that the motor loses 20% of its potential resource.
Electrical motors
Nicolas Tesla for the first time offered to use electricity for cars. The electric motors are not common to date, because the battery charge is enough only to 200 km, and refueling stations that can provide a car charging service - practically no.
Famous world company, manufacturer electric cars Tesla continues to improve electric motors, and every year gives consumers of new items that have a larger reserve of the course without charging.
Hybrids
Probably the most desired engines today. This is a mixture of gasoline internal combustion engine and electric motor. There are several options for the work of this engine.
- The motor can work on alternate nutrition. First, the movement is made on gasoline until the generator charges the battery, and then the driver can switch to power.
- The engine and the electric motor work simultaneously, which helps to save fuel consumption per one, and also a distance with other types of DVS.
Rotary-piston DVS
The rotor-piston power unit in the automotive industry did not find widespread, although you can meet models of cars that use such a type of engine. Suggested the creation of such a motor - the designer of Vankel.
The movement is carried out at the expense of the rotation of the three-sufficient rotor, which allows any 4-stroke cycle of diesel, stirling or OTO without the use of a special gas distribution mechanism. This motor Actively used in the 80s of 20 tbsp.
Hydrogen Motor
The know-how of the modern world is considered a hydrogen engine. Installation of hydrogen type is installed in the car. The difference from gasoline engines is to supply fuel. If the gasoline fuel is served on the return of the piston in VTM, then the hydrogen power unit at the moment when the piston returns to NTM.
In the future, it is planned to create a hydrogen engine of a closed type, when the exhaust gases will not be required, as well as 500 km, the motorist will be able to score a car.
It is worth understanding that cars with such a motor will cost very not cheap until they completely displacing a gasoline brother.
Output
Internal combustion engines have a sufficiently large number of species and types, for every taste. So, most popular, in world statistics, they consider gasoline, diesel and hybrid power aggregates. But, everything moves to the fact that a person wants to move away from the use of gasoline and its analogues and go completely to the electrician.
Most of the car makes it move the piston internal combustion engine (abbreviated ICC) with a crank-connecting mechanism. This design received a mass distribution due to the low cost and technological production, relatively small dimensions and weights.
According to the type of fuel used, the KHC can be divided into gasoline and diesel. I must say that gasoline engines work perfectly on. This division directly affects the engine designs.
How the piston internal combustion engine is arranged
The basis of its design is a block of cylinders. This is a housing, cast from cast iron, aluminum or sometimes magnesium alloy. Most mechanisms and details of other engine systems are attached to the cylinder block, or are located inside it.
Another major engine item is his head. It is in the upper part of the cylinder block. The head also contains the parts of the engine systems.
Bottom to the cylinder block attached pallet. If this item perceives the load when the engine is operating, it is often referred to as a crankcase pallet, or a crankcase.
All engine systems
- crank mechanism;
- gas distribution mechanism;
- supply system;
- cooling system;
- lubrication system;
- ignition system;
- engine control system.
crank mechanism Consists of a piston, cylinder sleeve, connecting rod and crankshaft.
Crank mechanism:
1. The expander of the oil-oil ring. 2. Ring piston oil. 3. Ring compression, third. 4. Ring compression, second. 5. Ring compression, top. 6. Piston. 7. Ring stop. 8. Finger piston. 9. Shutun sleeve. 10. Shatun. 11. Cover rod. 12. The liner of the lower head of the rod. 13. Bolt covers connecting rod, short. 14. Bolt covers connecting rod, long. 15. Gear lead. 16. Plug of the oil channel of the connecting rod cervical. 17. Crankshaft bearing liner, top. 18. Crown toothed. 19. Bolts. 20. Flywheel. 21. Pins. 22. Bolts. 23. Oil reflector, rear. 24. Crankshaft rear bearing cap. 25. Pins. 26. Seafling stubborn bearing. 27. The liner of the crankshaft bearing, the bottom. 28. Advanced crankshaft. 29. Screw. 30. Crankshaft bearing cover. 31. Coupling bolt. 32. Bolt mounting bolt. 33. Shaft crankshaft. 34. Advanced, front. 35. Oil industry, front. 36. Nut Castle. 37. pulley. 38. Bolts.
The piston is located inside the cylinder sleeve. With the help of the piston finger, it is connected to the connecting rod, the lower head of which is attached to the rod crankshaft. The cylinder sleeve is a hole in the block, or the cast-iron sleeve inserted into the block.
Cylinder sleeve with block
Cylinder sleeve from above is closed by the head. The crankshaft is also attached to the block at its lower part. Mechanism converts straight traffic Piston in the rotational motion of the crankshaft. The very rotation, which, ultimately, makes spinning the wheels of the car.
Gas distribution mechanism Responsible for the supply of a mixture of fuel and air vapor into space above the piston and removing combustion products through the valves opening strictly at a certain point in time.
The power system responds primarily for the preparation of a combustible mixture of the desired composition. The system devices store fuel, clean it, mixed with air so as to prepare a mixture of the desired composition and quantity. The system is also responsible for removing fuel combustion products from the engine.
When the engine is running, thermal energy is formed in an amount greater than the engine is capable of converting into mechanical energy. Unfortunately, the so-called thermal coefficient of efficiency, even the best samples modern engines does not exceed 40%. Therefore, there is a large number of "extra" warmth to disperse in the surrounding space. This is what is engaged, it takes heat and maintains the stable operating temperature of the engine.
Lubrication system . This is exactly the case: "You will not fit, you will not go." In the internal combustion engines a large number of friction nodes and so-called sliding bearings: there is a hole, the shaft rotates in it. There will be no lubricant, from friction and overheating the node will fail.
Ignition system It is designed to set fire, strictly at a certain point in time, a mixture of fuel and air in space above the piston. There is no such system. There, fuel is self-proposal under certain conditions.
Video:
Engine control system with help electronic block Management (ECU) manages engine systems and coordinates their work. First of all, it is the preparation of a mixture of the desired composition and timely igniting it in the engine cylinders.
On our roads, you can most often meet cars consuming gasoline and diesel fuel. The time of electrocars has not yet come. Therefore, we consider the principle of operation of the internal combustion engine (DVS). Distinctive feature It is the transformation of the energy of the explosion into mechanical energy.
When working with gasoline power plants, several methods for forming a fuel mixture are distinguished. In one case, this happens in the carburetor, and then this is all served in the engine cylinders. In another case, gasoline through special nozzles (injectors) is injected directly into the collector or combustion chamber.
To fully understand the work of the engine, it is necessary to know that there are several types of modern motors that have proven their effectiveness in the work:
- gasoline engines;
- engines consuming diesel fuel;
- gas installations;
- gas diffraction devices;
- rotary options.
The principle of operation of the DVS of these types is almost the same.
BACKS OF DVS
Each has a fuel that blowing up in the combustion chamber is expanding and pushing the piston mounted on the crankshaft. Next, this rotation through additional mechanisms and nodes is transmitted to the vehicle wheels.
As an example, we will consider a gasoline four-stroke motor, as it is precisely the most common option power plant In the machines on our roads.
So you:
- the inlet opens and filling the combustion chamber by the prepared fuel mixture
- camera sealing and reduce its volume in compression tact
- the mixture is exploding and pushes the piston that receives a mechanical energy pulse
- camera combustion is released from burning products
In each of these stages of the operation of the engine, several simultaneous processes are laid. In the first case, the piston is at the very bottom of its position, while all the valves are open, admissive fuel. The next step begins with the complete closure of all the holes and move the piston to the maximum top position. In this case, everything is compressed.
Having reached the extreme top position of the piston, the voltage comes on the candle, and it creates a spark, burning the mixture for an explosion. The strength of this explosion pushes the piston down, and at this time the outlet openings open and the camera is cleared of gas residues. Then everything is repeated.
Work carburetor
The formation of the fuel mixture in the machines of the first half of the last century occurred using a carburetor. To understand how the internal combustion engine works, you need to know that automotive engineers constructed fuel system So that the combustion chamber was supplied to the combustion chamber.
Carburetor device
Her formation was engaged in the carburetor. In the right relations, he stirred gasoline and air and sent it all into cylinders. Such a relative simplicity of the system design allowed him for a long time to remain indispensable part petrol aggregates. But later, his shortcomings began to prevail over the advantages and not to ensure the rising requirements for cars in general.
Disadvantages of carburetor systems:
- there is no possibility to provide economical modes in sudden change of driving modes;
- excess of the limits of harmful substances in exhaust gases;
- low car power due to non-compliance with the prepared mixture of the vehicle.
Compensate these drawbacks tried direct gasoline through injectors.
Work of injection engines
Principle of operation injector Engine lies in direct injection Gasoline in the intake manifold or combustion chamber. Visually everything is similar to work diesel installationWhen the feed is performed dosed and only in the cylinder. The only difference is that injector units have candles for ignition.
Injector design
Stages of gasoline engines with direct injection are not different from the carburetor option. The difference is only at the place of formation of the mixture.
Due to this design, the designs are ensured by the advantages of such engines:
- increase power up to 10% with similar specifications with carburetor;
- noticeable savings of gasoline;
- improving environmental emission characteristics.
But with such advantages there are disadvantages. The main maintenance, maintainability and configuration. Unlike carburetors who can independently disassemble, collect and adjust, injectors require special expensive equipment and a large number of different sensors in the car.
Fuel injection methods
During the evolution of fuel supply to the engine, a constant convergence of this process with a combustion chamber took place. In the most modern ICE, the fusion of the gasoline supply and place of combustion occurred. Now the mixture is no longer formed in the carburetor or intake manifold, but is injected into the chamber directly. Consider all the variants of injection devices.
Single-point injection option
The simplest design version looks like fuel injection through one nozzle in the intake manifold. The difference with the carburetor is that the latter supplies a ready-made mixture. In the injection version passes the fuel through the nozzle. The benefit is to obtain savings at expenses.
Monotinic Fuel Feed
This method also forms a mixture outside the camera, but sensors are involved, which provide the feed directly to each cylinder through the intake manifold. This is a more economical use of fuel.
Straight injection into the chamber
This option is still the most effectively uses the possibilities of the injection structure. The fuel is directly sprayed in the chamber. Due to this, the level of harmful exhaust is reduced, and the car receives except for greater savings of gasoline increased power.
Increased system reliability reduces negative service factor. But such devices need high-quality fuel.
Simply simple, despite the many details, of which it consists. Consider this in more detail.
General Device of DVS
Each of the motors has a cylinder and piston. In the first, the transformation of thermal energy into mechanical, which can cause the movement of the car. In just one minute, this process is repeated a few hundred times, due to which the crankshaft, which comes out of the motor, rotates continuously.
The engine of the machine consists of several systems of systems and mechanisms that transform energy into mechanical work.
Its base are:
gas distribution;
crank mechanism.
In addition, it employs the following systems:
ignition;
cooling;
crank mechanism
Thanks to him, the reciprocating motion of the crankshaft turns into a rotational. The latter is transmitted to all systems easier than cyclical, especially since the end link of the transfer is wheels. And they work by rotation.
If the car was not a wheel vehicleThis mechanism for movement may not be necessary. However, in the case of the machine, crank-connecting work is fully justified.
Gas distribution mechanism
Thanks to the TRM, the working mixture or air enters the cylinders (depending on the characteristics of the formation of the mixture in the motor), then the exhaust gases and combustion products are removed.
At the same time, the exchange of gases occurs at the appointed time in a certain amount by organizing with the clock and guaranteeing a high-quality working mixture, as well as obtaining the greatest effect from the heat released.
Supply system
The air mixture with fuel burns in the cylinders. The system under consideration regulates their submission in strict amount and proportion. There is an external and inner mixture formation. In the first case, the air and fuel are stirred outside the cylinder, and in the other - inside it.
The power supply system with an external formation of the mixture has special device called the carburetor. In it, the fuel is sprayed in the air, and then enters the cylinders.
The car with an internal mixing system is called injection and diesel. They are filled with air cylinders where the fuel is injected through special mechanisms.
Ignition system
Here is the forced ignition of the working mixture in the motor. Diesel aggregates It is not necessary, since they have a process through high air, which becomes actually hot.
Basically, the engines use a sprinky electric discharge. However, in addition, the warehouse tubes can be used, which ignite the working mixture by the burning substance.
It can approach other ways. But the most practical today continues to remain the electric square system.
Start
This system reaches the rotation of the motor crankshaft at startup. This is necessary to start the functioning of individual mechanisms and the engine itself as a whole.
To start mainly the starter is used. Thanks to him, the process is easily carried out, reliable and quickly. But the version of the pneumatic unit is possible, which operates on reserves in receiver or a compressor with an electrically driven.
The simplest system is a clockwork handle, through which the crankshaft turns in the motor and all mechanisms and systems begins. More recently, all drivers took her with them. However, no convenience in this case could not be a speech. Therefore, today everyone costs without it.
Cooling
The task of this system includes maintaining a specific temperature of the working unit. The fact is that the combustion in the cylinders of the mixture occurs with the release of heat. The nodes and parts of the motor are heated, and they need to be constantly cooling to work in normal mode.
The most common is the liquid and air system.
In order for the engine to be cooled constantly, a heat exchanger is needed. In engine motors with a liquid version, its role is performed by a radiator, which consists of a variety of tubes for its movement and heat output walls. The removal increases even more through the fan, which is installed next to the radiator.
In air-cooled devices, the surfaces of the most heated elements are used, which is why the area of \u200b\u200bheat exchange increases significantly.
This cooling system is low-efficient, and therefore modern cars It is rarely installed. It is mainly used on motorcycles and on small DVS, for which hard work is not needed.
Lubrication system
The lubrication of the parts is necessary to reduce the mechanical energy losses that occurs in cracked-connecting mechanism and timing. In addition, the process contributes to a decrease in the wear of parts and some cooling.
Lubrication in motor engines is mainly used under pressure when the oil is supplied through the pipelines through the pump.
Some elements are lubricated by splashing or dipping into the oil.
Two-stroke and four-stroke motors
The device of the car of the first type is currently used in a rather narrow range: on mopeds, inexpensive motorcycles, boats and gas stations. Its disadvantage is the loss of the working mixture during the removal of exhaust gases. In addition, forced blowing and overestimated requirements for the thermal stability of the exhaust valve are the cause of the rising price of the motor.
In the four-stroke engine of these disadvantages, due to the presence of a gas distribution mechanism. However, this system has its own problems. The best mode of operation of the motor will be achieved in a very narrow range of crankshaft revolutions.
The development of technologies and the appearance of electronic boobs made it possible to solve this task. In internal organization The engine now includes electromagnetic control, with which the optimal timing mode is selected.
Principle of operation
DVS works as follows. After the working mixture enters the combustion chamber, it shrinks and flammives from the spark. When burning in the cylinder, a supreme pressure is formed, which leads to the movement of the piston. It begins to move towards the bottom dead center, which is the third tact (after the inlet and compression), called the working stroke. At this time, thanks to the piston, the crankshaft begins to rotate. The piston, in turn, moving to the upper dead point, pushes the exhaust gases, which is the fourth tact of the engine operation - release.
All four-stroke work occurs quite simple. To make it easier to understand how general device Engine car and its work, conveniently watch video, clearly demonstrating the functioning of the engine motor.
Tuning
Many car owners, accustomed to their car, want to get more opportunities from her than she can give. Therefore, it is often for this tuning the engine, increasing its power. This can be realized in several ways.
For example, a chip tuning is known when the motor is configured to more dynamically reprogramming. This method has both supporters and opponents.
A more traditional method is the engine tuning, in which some of its alterations are carried out. To do this, it is replaced with pistons and rods suitable under it; A turbine is installed; Conducted complex manipulations with aerodynamics and so on.
The device of the car engine is not so complicated. However, due to the huge number of elements, in it included, and the need to coordinate them between themselves, in order for any alterations to have the desired result, a high professionalism of the one who will exercise them are required. Therefore, before you decide on it, it is worth spending effort to search for a real master of your business.
