In Russia, as in any industrialized country in the world, the Motor Station plays the role of one of the key factors of the driving force of the auto industry. The world experience of Motor Station shows that technical Level Gasoline and diesel engines, their diversity by dimension, effective indicators, as well as the quality and cheapening of products, are significantly dependent on the development of component production.
The most modern domestic engines
Today, diesel stitches produce engines with two types of power supply systems: nozzle pumps and COMMON RAIL.. The latter, as more promising, got the greatest distribution. An effective means of increasing the capacity and flexibility of the diesel engine was turbocharging with intermediate cooled air cooled.The transition to the implementation of the Norma Euro-4 and higher requires the use of the exhaust gas recirculation system in combination with the solid particle-trap filter, as well as the NOX selective neutralization system (SCR), which in the transition to Euro-5 will require the organization of the network of refueling with adblue type reagent . Domestic transport diesel in the coming years will possess: a specific capacity of 35-40 kW / l; optimized head design and cast iron cylinder block; two-stage turbocharging with or without intermediate cooling of the superior air, a flexible fuel injection system with an injection pressure up to 250 MPa, preferably Common Rail, standardized nozzles; Driving shafts of gas distribution from the flywheel; built-in motor brake; an optimized system for controlling air flow and recycling of exhaust gases; Filter particles B. basic configuration; SCR system. Find the use of gas distribution shafts (one or two) in the cylinder head and "open" filter.
The requirements of ecological norms of Euro-4 and higher in gasoline engines are carried out by the use of electronic injection systems, more advanced ignition systems and the use of catalytic neutralizers of double-block design, the use of catcollectors. Gas engines now constitute a relatively small share compared to gasoline and diesel engines. Gasobalon cars Can get distribution after organizing a wide network of filling stations. A serious problem is the backlog of Russian enterprises in a wide range of technologies to obtain complex motor production blanks, such as casting from high-strength cast iron and cast iron with vermicular graphite, steel and bimetallic casting, as well as processing surfaces of parts by chemical-thermal, laser, plasma methods. It is not by chance that the development of domestic engine building is more dependent on Western suppliers.
Modern engines umz
Ulyanovsky motor factory (UMP), which is part of the GAZ Group, launched the production of Euro-4 gasoline engines. The creation of euro-5 power plants with the prospect of completing the norms of Euro-6 is underway. The differences in the 4-cylinder 125-strong Motor UMW-42164 (2.89 liters) include: Delphi Electronic Gas Pedal, fuel injectors The new generation of the same Delphi, camshaft with optimized phases, cutter gas cut regulator with oil separator, comprehensive microprocessor fuel and ignition control system. In 2014, Evotech 2.7 engines of 2.7 l with a capacity of 107 liters began to produce EVOTECH engines. with. This is a joint development of GAZ Group and the South-Rewor Engineering Company Tenergy. Distinctive features Motor: New Design piston group, combustion chambers and cylinder block; improved gas distribution mechanism; Changed cooling, nutrition, ignition and lubrication systems. The result is an enlarged torque in a wide range of revolutions, reliable work In severe temperature conditions and reduced by 10% fuel consumption. The engine complies with Euro-4 and Euro-5 standards, its resource is 400 thousand km. Ulyanovsk Motor Lockers The first in Russia has mastered the mass production of gas-bench modifications of engines. These are 100-strong units of the UMP-421647 HBO series (Euro-4) with a microprocessor fuel injection control system and ignition. The further development of the product line of the engine UMP is associated with an increase in environmental friendliness and efficiency. At the same time, special emphasis will be done on the development of bitoxic gas-benzine modifications.
At OJSC "Avtodiesel", which is also included in the GAZ Group, produced families of secondary inline 4- and 6-cylinder motors YAMZ-534 (4.43 l) and YAMZ-536 (6.65 liters). The aggregates were created to fulfill Euro-4 norms, and in the future Euro-5 and higher. Their parameters are at the level of the best foreign analogs, and the power range is from 120 to 320 liters. with. In the engine design, the Electronic Common Rail System 2 system 2 firms of Bosch, providing an 180 MPa injection pressure with a potential of up to 200 MPa to fulfill the EURO-5 standard. The exhaust gas recirculation system (EGR) is installed directly on the engine, and the control mechanism of this device is integrated into the engine control system. The turbocharger is equipped with a gas protection valve at a turbine, air-air intercooler and an integrated oil radiator. The YMZ-534 engine is the L-shaped four-cylinder diesel engine of the YAMZ-530 family, produced by the Yaroslavl motor factory. The new family of multi-purpose diesel engines of the YAMZ-530 is released in a four-cylinder and six-cylinder design. The YAMZ-534 series was developed on the car "from scratch", with the participation of the well-known engineering company AVL List. YAMZ-534 refers to the middle row diesel engines, the first serial motor of this kind on the territory of Russia. It must be said that in the model range there was already a four-cylinder diesel engine YAMZ-204 (removed from production more than 20 years ago), but unlike the YAMZ-534 engine, he treated heavy diesel engines and did not have turbocharging. The basic model is the YAMZ-5340 motor, it is a row four-stroke diesel engine with turbocharging. Later modifications of the YAMZ-5340 engine, NMZ-5341 power units-5342, YMZ-5342 and YAMZ-5344, are structurally performed similarly to the base model. These motors cover the power range from 136 to 190 hp, differ only to the adjustments of fuel equipment by changing the settings for the electronic control unit (ECU). YAMZ-534 CNG is a promising engine of the Yaroslavl Motor Plant, designed to work on gas. NMZ-534 CNG gas engine Created with the participation of the Canadian company Westport - recognized global leader in development gas systems For transport. Motors of the YAMZ-534, their modifications and configurations are designed for installation on cars MAZ, Ural, Gas and Lawn Next on gas fuel, as well as the buses of the groove. Motor resources reaches 800-900 thousand kilometers.
At the same time, the localization of the production of mentioned motors still does not exceed 25%. The most important details and systems come from abroad. "AUTODISEL" in the Commonwealth with Westport has developed and produces a ruler of gas engines operating on compressed methane. These models (Euro-4) have the technical and consumer advantages of the NMZ-530 base family.
YMZ-536 engine
The basic engine of the YAMZ-536 series, the YMZ-530 family. It is part of the family of six-cylinder L-shaped diesel engines for the production of the Yaroslavl Motor Plant. Diesel in line, four-stroke with compression ignition, with direct injection, with liquid cooling, with a superfluous and cooling of the upgrade air in the air-air heat exchanger. Diesel motors NMZ-536 are produced without gearbox and clutch. There are three additional modifications: YAMZ-536-01 - equipment for the installation of an air conditioner compressor; YAMZ-536-02 - equipment with the ability to connect the retarder; YAMZ-536-03 - complete set for the installation of the air conditioner compressor with the ability to connect the retarder. The YMZ-536 engine is used as power aggregate MAZ techniques: trucks, dump trucks, chassis automobile, tractors with wheel formula 4x2, 4x4, 6x2, 6x4, 6x6, 8x4 full weight up to 36 tons, as well as road train on their base weighing up to 44 tons.
On the "Avtodiesel" there are ordinary 6-cylinder turbodiesels of the NMZ-6511 and YAMZ-651 (11.12 l) with a capacity of 362 and 412 liters. with. respectively. To achieve EURO-4 parameters, the CRS 2 type CRS 2 system is applied electronically control Fuel supply EDC7 UC31, providing fuel injection pressure 160 MPa, EGR and RM-SAT (silencer-neutralizer), modified cooling and supercharow systems.
In the arsenal of the enterprise there are V-shaped 6-cylinder diesel engines of the YAMZ-6565 (11.15 L) and 8-cylinder YAMZ-6585 (14.86 L). To fulfill Euro-4, Common Rail fuel instrument applied based on the fuel feed pump high pressure Yazda and SCR system. The power of "six" is 230-300 liters. p., And "eight" - 330-450 l. with. If we talk about further development model Row Motors of YAMZ, then in the plans of the company in the coming years, the development of engine output with a capacity of 130 to 1000 liters. with. working on all types of fuel.
Modern Motors ZMZ.
A noticeable place in the manufacturing program of the Volga motor plant is occupied by engines that meet the Euro-4 standard. On gasoline 4-cylinder models ZMZ-40905.10 and ZMZ-40911.10 (2.7 l) with a capacity of 143 and 125 liters, respectively. with. The fuel injection into the inlet channels of the cylinder head, the absolute pressure sensor, the fuel ramp with the two-flow spray nozzles, the ventilation system with the feeding gases in the receiver and the drive of the gas distribution mechanism with gear chains.
4-cylinder diesel engine ZMZ-51432.10 (2.235 l) with a return of 114 liters. with. Equipped with direct injection, turbocharging, intercooler, Bosch company Common Rail system maximum pressure 145 MPa injection cooled by the EGR system.
Gasoline V-shaped 8-cylinder ZMZ-52342.10 (4.67 l) with a capacity of 124 liters. with. Equipped with a fuel mixture composition correction system. This year, the plant has begun preparation of the production of EURO-5 ecological standards. We are talking about gasoline 4-cylinder ZMZ-40906.10 for UAZ cars, dual-fuel (gas-gasoline) 8-cylinder ZMZ-5245.10 for buses of grooves and gas 4-cylinder ZMZ-409061.10 for the Bau-Rus truck. Moreover, the bit fuel engine will work on gasoline, compressed or liquefied gas. Start mass production of these motors is planned in January 2016.
Engines TMZ
The Tutaevsky Motor Plant (TMZ) is concentrated on the release of V-shaped 8-cylinder diesel engines with a working volume of 17.24 liters. The technical features of the most modern 500-strong engine TMZ-864.10 (Euro-4) are to apply the individual 4-valve cylinder head, the pistons with heavy cooling oil, inserts under the top piston ring from heat-resistant cast iron. The motor is equipped with a Common Rail system adjustable turbocharging with an intercooler, EGR system, built-in water-oil radiator and a closed crankcase ventilation system.
In the near future, the task will be solved on the creation of new motor-class motors Euro-4 with a capacity of up to 700 liters. with. The factory is ready to create Euro-5-5 engines, but for this it will require the purchase of foreign components, because fuel injection systems, developing pressure 160 MPa, and electronic systems The management of the engine in Russia is practically not available.
KamaZ engines
On the Kama Automobile Plant mastered the release of the line of V-shaped 8-cylinder diesel engines of the Euro-4 level from 280 to 440 liters. with.
When developing these engines (dimension of 120x120 and 120x130 mm), the choice fell on the BOSCH Common Rail CRS system with the EDC7 UC31 control unit. A solidist carcard flywheel, reducing one turbocharger, a cylindropional group of Federal Mogul and other features allowed to create engines with the possibility of further upgrades.
In these models, an increased injection pressure is provided (existing systems - 160 MPa, promising - up to 250 MPa), injection pressure regulation depending on the operating conditions of the vehicle, accurate dosing with the possibility of individual electronic adjustment, reducing the noise level of the motor. Resource - at least 1 million km of car run. Families of gas engines (Euro-4) KAMAZ-820.60 and KAMAZ 820.70 The working volume of 11.76 liters includes a power model from 240 to 300 liters. with. Motors are equipped with turbocharged, ONV, electronic control and exhaust processing system.
To fulfill the norms of EVRO-5 KAMAZ focused on the creation of a new design diesel engine. The fruit of collaboration with a number of engineering firms was the appearance of motors with a capacity of 280 to 550 liters. with. They found a subject: COMMON RAIL system with a 220 MPa injection pressure; a single cast iron head for each semi-block instead of aluminum, lower supports of the crankshaft native bearings, combined into one block; Indigenous and rocker crankshaft crankshafts of increased diameter. In the same time much attention The KAMAZ is paying to cooperation with Liebherr-International AG, which will help the Russian company to create the next generation of diesel and gas engines. To do this, KAMAZ will create modern production in Naberezhnye Chelny, and the task of Liebherr - advice on designing, installation and commissioning of technological equipment.
New row 6-cylinder engines with a working capacity of 12 l with a capacity from 450 to 700 liters. with. Equip the Injection Systems Common Rail and Liebherr Production Control Blocks. Diesels will correspond not only to the ecological standards of Euro-5, but also have the potential to fulfill the requirements of the EURO-6 standard. Prospective Motors KAMAZ The interservice service interval will be increased to 150 thousand km. The serial release of the engines is scheduled for the end of 2016.
Definition.
Diesel engine - Piston DVS, operating from diesel fuel. Fuel flashes from strong air compression in the cylinder.
History.
In 1890, Rudolph Diesel suggested that if you increase the pressure in the cylinders, the efficiency of the engine will significantly increase (the theory of "economical thermal engine"). He managed to implement their ideas after receiving a patent for his invention on February 23, 1893. The first operating model of the engine was collected only in early 1897, and on January 28, she successfully passed all testing and testing.
A patent who received Rudolph Diesel on February 23, 1893 for his invention.
As a fuel, Rudolph Diesel assumed to use coal dust, but the experiments have shown that it is completely not suitable for this role due to high abrasive properties. The ash, obtained during the combustion of dust, flashes the engine and displays it from the working state. In addition, the filing of dust into the engine cylinders was impractical. However, despite these failures, it became possible use severe oil fractions as fuel. Although Rudolph Diesel first patented the use of air compression as a ignition system, however, there were people who expressed such ideas. So was the ecroyd steward, but for incomprehensible reasons he could not get a patent.
The idea of \u200b\u200bEcroed Steward was to use compressed air For ignition, injected into the container, fuel. To start the engine, it was necessary to heat the capacity of the lamp, but after starting, the engine operation was maintained without further heat supply. The main omission of Stuart's theory is that he did not even take into account the benefits of work from a high compression. In front of him, he set the problem of exclusion from the ignition candle engine. That is why this time everyone is well known. " diesel engines", "diesel fuel"," Diesel engine "and just" diesel ", and almost no one knows about Eroja Steward.
First diesel engines There were large and heavy, so for almost 30 years it was used exclusively in stationary mechanisms and power plants of ships. The road to the automotive was closed them also due to the fact that the fuel injection systems of that time were not adapted to work on high-breasted engines.
In the photo one of the first diesel engines. He was a bulky stationary design with one cylinder.
In the 20s of the twentieth century, a German engineer Robert Bochem was improved by the built-in fuel pump High pressure that is widely used today. Using hydraulic system As a supercharger and fuel injection, it allowed to get rid of a separate air compressor, as well as increase the engine torque. But even after that cheap and light engines with electric ignition Led among passenger cars, while diesel engines Installed only on public transport and freight cars.
"Diesel" in the masses!
Turning point in history diesel engines Even events of the 70s. After a sharp rise in price of gasoline, global manufacturers of small cars are interested in using diesel engines.
On the feasibility of use diesel engines Ecologists started talking. The exhaust of the diesel engine is not so toxic and do not pollute the atmosphere.
Railway transport and sea vessels.
In addition to passenger cars and trucks, locomotives are equipped with a diesel engine. "Diesel trains" are indispensable on non-electrified areas railways Thanks to its autonomy. Two-stroke diesel engines with a capacity of up to 100.000 hp Apply on large marine ships.
The principle of operation of the diesel engine.
Four-stroke cycle.
On the first tact of the engine operation, air is retracting through the open inlet valve of the cylinder. Piston lowers.
On the second tact, the air heats up with a strong (approximately 17 times) compression in the cylinder. Piston rises.
During the third clock, the piston lowers, the fuel is injected into the combustion chamber through the nozzle sprayer. The fuel is uniformly mixed with air and forms a self-flameless mixture. The energy formed during the combustion of fuel leads the piston in motion.
The fourth beat is final. The piston rises, and the exhaust gases go through the exhaust valve.
Diesel engines differ in combustion chamber design:
Untreated combustion chamber: The combustion chamber is located in the piston, and the fuel injection occurs in the epipal space. The main advantage of the design in the reduced fuel consumption is, however, you have to endure the roar and noise. At this time, designers pay a lot of attention to the resolution of this problem.
Split combustion chamber: Fuel enters a separate chamber (which is called vortex). Mostly in the design of diesel engines there is a connection of a vortex chamber with a cylinder using a special channel. Air, falling into this chamber, twists, which contributes to more intensive mixing of fuel with oxygen. Previously, such a system was popular in the automotive industry, but due to its non-economic, gradually displaces the design with an undivided combustion chamber.
Two-stroke cycle.
In addition to the 4-attach cycle, there is also a two-stroke.
At the beginning of the first clock, the cylinder filled with air is located in the lower (dead) point. When moving the piston up, air compression occurs. When the piston approaches the upper dead point, the fuel that is self-propagated is injected. Thanks to the expansion of fuel combustion products, the piston makes a job and falls down. At the bottom of the dead point, the cylinder is bludging from the combustion products and pure air flows into it. This cycle ends.
The ventilation process is carried out at the expense of special purge windows, which, depending on the position of the piston, are closed, then open. This type of purge is called slot. Alternative to him is the valve-slit purge. The valve in it serves only for the removal of the exhaust gases, and the windows for the receipt of clean air.
Since in a two-stroke cycle, the frequency of the working stroke is twice more often, you can suggest that the power will be more than twice. However, in practice, this is not observed. The maximum increase in power in relation to the four-stroke 1.6-1.7 times.
ABOUT properly operation diesel engine, as well as its repair can be.
Japanese manufacturers have reliable diesel engines. And what is the most reliable diesel engine from all reliable in Japan?
Let's consider the most common modern diesel engines of the Japanese car industry.
What is these dieselks, what weak and strengths Japanese diesel engines. They are now dominated mainly in Europe, but quite often began to appear in Russia.
But, unfortunately, they also have problems when their runs are passing for a hundred thousand kilometers of run, and even some of a hundred thousand people.
Caution supply diesel engines From Japan is due to their capricious attitude to fuel. Their fuel system is quite weak to use our diesel fuel.
Another problem is the presence of spare parts. There are practically no original surplus from reliable manufacturers. Chinese appear, but the quality of them leaves much to be desired and does not correspond to Japanese quality.
From here and their very high price is dictated, much higher than the German surplus. In Europe, many plants producing spare parts of decent quality and prices are significantly lower than the original.
The most reliable diesel engine from Japan
So what is the most reliable diesel engine from Japan? Let's build on the rank of the top 5 of the best diesel engines.
5th place
You can safely put a 2.0 liter subaru engine (subaru) into fifth. Four-cylinder, turbocharged, opposite, 16 valve. COMMON RAIL inlet.
It must be said is the only opposite diesel engine in the world.
Opposite engine, this is when mutual pairs of pistons operate in a horizontal plane. This layout does not require careful balancing balancing.
The weaknesses of this engine, this is a two-mask flywheel, he failed even up to five thousand kilometers of mileage. The cracking of the crankshaft, until 2009, crankshafts and shaft supports were destroyed.
This engine is very interesting in its design, with good characteristicsBut the absence of such engines of recruitment drives its advantage. Therefore, in a Japanese series of diesel engines to take the fifth honorable place.
4th place
On the fourth place we dissiminate the engine Mazda 2.0 MZR-CD. This diesel has become released since 2002, and installed on the car Mazda 6, Mazda 6, MPV. It was the first Mazda Motor with the COMMON Rail system.
Four cylinders, 16 valves. Two versions - 121 hp and 136 hp, both developed the moment of force of 310 nm at 2000 rpm.
In 2005 survived modernization, with an improved injection system and new TNVD. Reduced the degree of compression and adaptation of the motor with a catalyst for emissions of harmful gases. Power has become 143 hp
Two years later, a version with a motor in 140 hp was released, in 2011 this engine disappeared from the line of installed engines for unknown reasons.
This engine calmly looked at 200,000 kilometers, after which it was necessary to change the turbine and two-mask flywheel.
When buying should be carefully studying his story, and it is better to remove the pallet and see the oil bar.
3rd place
Also, the Mazda engine, Mazda 2.2 MZF-CD. The same engine of increased, but increased volume. Engineers tried to eliminate all the shoals of the old two-liter engine.
In addition to the increased volume, the injection system is upgraded, another turbine is installed. On this motor, they put piezo formins, changed the degree of compression and radically changed changes. dairy filter because of which were all problems previous model two-liter engine.
But the global struggle for the ecology, both in Europe and in Japan, adds Gimoroy to all engines and this establishes the system, with the addition of urea to the diesel fuel mixture.
It all reduces exhaust to Euro5, but as always, in Russia it adds problems to everyone without exception to modern diesel engines. It is simply solved with us, the particulate filter is thrown out and the hovering valve of the unlawful exhaust is thrown out.
The rest of the engine is reliable and unpretentious
2nd place
Engine Toyota 2.0 / 2.2 D-4D.
The first two-liter Toyota 2.0 D-4D CD appeared in 2006. Four-cylinder, eight-valve, pig-iron block, belt drive timing, 116 hp The engine was walked with the index "CD".
Complaints on this engine were very rare, they all reduced only to nozzles and to the exhaust gas recycling system. In 2008, he was removed from production, and in return was launched a new one, with a volume of 2.2 liters.
Toyota 2.0 / 2.2 D-4D AD
Already began to make chain, for four cylinder already 16 valves. The block began to make aluminum with cast iron sleeves. The index of this engine has become "AD".
The engine is available as 2.0 liters and 2.2.
Self good feedback About such an engine, and good return, and low fuel consumption. But there were also complaints, most of them, it is the oxidation of the aluminum head in the place of touch with gasket GBC., about 150-200 thousand km. Run.
Replacing the blocking of the block head does not help, only grinding of the GBC and block, and this procedure is possible only with the removal of the engine. And this repair is possible only once, the second grinding of the head and the motor unit will not stand it, the depth will be critical with the possibility of meeting the valves with the head. Therefore, if the motor passed 300-400 thousand kilometers, with one grinding, it is only for replacement. Although this is a very decent resource.
Toyota in 2009 solved this problem, with such malfunctions, they even guarantee the guarantees of the motors on new at their own expense. But the problem is very rare, but it is found. Basically, those who do not lightly light on the strongest version of this engine model 2.2 liters.
Such engines are still manufactured and installed on various car models: RAF4, Avensis, Corolla, Lexus IS and others.
1st place
Diesel Motor Honda 2.2 CDTI. The most reliable small diesel engine. Very productive and very economical diesel engine.
Four-cylinder, 16 valve, with turbocharged performance variable, with a Common Rail injection system, a guilized aluminum block.
The nozzles are used by Bosch, and not capricious and expensive Japanese Denso.
The predecessor of this engine was built back in 2003 with marking 2.2 I-CTDI. He was very successful. Single, dynamic and economical in fuel consumption.
Modern considered engine Honda. 2.2 CDTI appeared in 2008.
Of course not minimized typical faults, but they were all extremely rare. The cracks of the exhaust manifold, but they arose in the first releases, the Japanese responded and in subsequent issues were not observed.
Sometimes there were faults of the tensioner chain of the gas distribution mechanism. Sometimes the backlash of the turbine shaft appeared prematurely.
All of these faults occurred from excessive constant loads and poor maintenance.
This engine Hondovtsy was installed on models Honda Civic, ACCORD, CR-V and others.
Of course, this engine has a smaller number of failures and breakdowns in relation to all other engine motors of Japanese automakers.
We put five points from five points, we assign the first honorable place to him and wish you to have a similar one in your car.
Very common on passenger cars. Many models have at least one option in motor gamme. And it is excluding trucks, buses and construction equipment, where they are used everywhere. Further reviewed what diesel, design, principle of operation, features.
Definition
This unit is the functioning of which is based on the self-ignition of sprayed fuel from heating or compression.
Design features
The gasoline engine has the same structural elements as diesel. The functioning scheme is generally similar. The difference consists in the processes of formation of the fuel and air mixture and its combustion. In addition, diesel engines are characterized by more durable details. This is due to a roughly high degree of compression than that of gasoline engines (19-24 against 9-11).
Classification
By the design of the combustion chamber, diesel engines are divided into options with a separate combustion chamber and with direct injection.
In the first case, the combustion chamber is separated from the cylinder and is connected to it with the channel. When compressed into a vortex type of air, the air is spinning, which improves the mixing and self-ignition, which begins there and continues in the main chamber. Diesel engines of this type were previously distributed on passenger cars due to the fact that they have differed by a reduced level of noise and a large revolutions from the options discussed.
In with the immediate injection, the combustion chamber is in the piston, and the fuel is fed into the epipper space. This design was originally used on low-speed Motor Motor. They differed in high noise and vibrations and low flow Fuel. Later, with the advent of electronic control and optimization of the combustion process, the designers have achieved stable operation at a range of up to 4500 rpm. In addition, economy increased, noise and level of vibrations decreased. Among measures to reduce stiffness of work - multistage antipsychos. Thanks to this, the engines of this type have received extensive distribution over the past two decades.
According to the principle of functioning, diesel engines are divided into four-stroke and two-stroke, like gasoline motors. Their features are discussed below.
Principle of operation
To understand what diesel is and what its functional features are due, it is necessary to consider the principle of operation. The above classification of piston DVS is based on the number of tacts included in the working cycle, which are isolated by the magnitude of the angle of rotation of the crankshaft.
Therefore, includes 4 phases.
- Inlet. It occurs when the crankshaft is rotated from 0 to 180 °. In this case, the air passes into the cylinder through an intake valve open at 345-355 °. Simultaneously with it, during the rotation of the crankshaft by 10-15 °, the exhaust valve is open, which is called overlapping.
- Compression. Piston, moving up at 180-360 °, compresses air at 16-25 times (compression ratio), and the intake valve closes at the beginning of the clock (at 190-210 °).
- Working, expansion. Occurs at 360-540 °. At the beginning of the clock to reach the piston of the upper ground, the fuel is served in hot air and flammified. This feature of diesel engines, distinguishing them from gasoline, where the ignition is ahead occurs. The combustion products distinguishes with the piston down. At the same time, the combustion time of the fuel is equal to the time of its supply to the nozzle and lasts no longer the duration of the working stroke. That is, with the workflow, the pressure of gases constantly, as a result of which diesel engines develop a greater torque. Also an important feature of such motors is the need to ensure an excess of air in the cylinder, since the flame occupies a small part of the combustion chamber. That is, the proportion of the fuel and air mixture is different.
- Release. At 540-720 ° crankshaft rotation Open exhaust valve piston, moving up, displaces exhaust gases.
The two-stroke cycle is distinguished by shortened phases and a single gas exchange process in a cylinder (purge) occurring between the end of the working stroke and the beginning of compression. When moving the piston down, burning products are removed through exhaust valves or windows (in the cylinder wall). Later, the inlet windows open for the receipt of fresh air. When the piston rises, all windows are closed, and compression begins. A little earlier, the achievements of the NTC are injected and felted fuel, the expansion begins.
Due to the complexity of ensuring the blowing of the vortex chamber two-stroke motors There are only with immediate injection.
The performance of such engines is higher than 1.6-1.7 times than the characteristics of the four-stroke diesel engine. Its increase is provided by twice by more frequent exercise of work moves, but is partially reduced due to their smaller size and purge. Due to the double number of working moves, the two-stroke cycle is particularly relevant in case of the impossibility of increasing the frequency of rotation.
The main problem of such engines is purging due to its short, which is impossible to compensate for without reducing efficiency due to the shortening of the working stroke. In addition, it is impossible to divide the exhaust and fresh air, which is why the part of the latter is removed with the spent gases. This problem can be solved by ensuring the advance of final windows. In this case, the gases begin to be removed before the purge, and after closing the release, the cylinder is complemented by fresh air.
In addition, when using one cylinder, difficulties arise with the synchronicity of opening / closing windows, therefore there are engines (PDP), in which each cylinder has two pistons moving in the same plane. One of them controls the inlet, the other is the release.
By the implementation mechanism, the purge is divided into slit (window) and valve-slot. In the first case, the windows serve both intake and outlet holes. The second option involves their use as inlets, and for the release serves valve in the cylinder head.
Typically, two-stroke diesel engines are used on heavy vehicleah like ships, diesel locomotives, tanks.
Fuel system
Fuel apparatus of diesel engines is much more complicated than gasoline. This is due to high demands for the accuracy of supplying fuel in time, quantity and pressure. Main components fuel system - TNVD, nozzles, filter.
Computer control fuel supply system (Common-Rail) is widely applied. She injected him with two portions. The first one is small, serving to increase the temperature in the combustion chamber (antipheracy), which reduces the noise and vibration. In addition, this system increases a 25% torque on small revolutions, reduces fuel consumption by 20% and the content of soot in exhaust gases.
Turbochards.
Turbines are very widely used on diesel engines. This is due to higher (1.5-2) times the pressure of exhaust gases, which are promoting the turbine, which avoids the turboyama, ensuring reducing lower revolutions.
Cold launch
You can find a lot of reviews that, under negative temperatures, the complexity of the launch of such motors in cold conditions is due to the fact that it takes more energy. To facilitate the process, they are equipped with preheater. This device is represented by incandescent candles placed in combustion chambers, which, when turning on the ignition, heat the air into them and work for another 15-25 seconds after launch to ensure the stability of the immense motor. Due to this, diesel engines at temperatures -30 ...- 25 ° C.
Service features
To ensure durability during operation, you need to know what diesel is and how to serve it. The relatively low prevalence of the motors under consideration in comparison with gasoline is explained as a more complex maintenance.
First of all, it concerns the fuel system of high complexity. Because of this, diesel engines are extremely sensitive to content in fuel and mechanical particles, and its repair is more expensive, as well as the engine as a whole compared to the gasoline level.
In the event of a turbine, also high quality requirements motor oil. Its resource is usually 150 thousand km, and the cost is high.
In any case, on diesel engines to change the oil more often than on gasoline (2 times on European standards).
As noted, these motors have cold launch problems when low temperatures In some cases, it is caused by the use of unsuitable fuel (depending on the season on such engines, various varieties are used, since summer fuel At low temperatures freezes).
Performance
In addition, many do not like these qualities of diesel engines as smaller power and operating speed, a higher noise level and vibrations.
The gasoline engine is really usually superior in productivity, including liter power, similar diesel. Motor of the type under consideration has a higher and smooth graph of torque. Increased compression ratio, providing greater torque, forces the use of more durable parts. Since they are heavier, the power is reduced. In addition, it affects the mass of the engine, and therefore the car.
A small range of working revolutions is explained by a longer fuel ignition, as a result high revolutions It does not have time to burn.
The increased level of noise and vibration causes a sharp increase in the pressure in the cylinder when inflammatory.
The main advantages of diesel engines consider higher trapping, efficiency and environmental friendliness.
Taplessness, that is, a high torque on small revolutions is due to the combustion of fuel as an injection. It provides greater responsiveness and facilitates efficient power use.
The cost-effectiveness is due both to the low consumption and the fact that the diesel fuel is cheaper. In addition, it is possible to use low-grade heavy oils as it due to the absence of strict evaporation requirements. And the fuel is harder, the higher the efficiency of the motor. Finally, diesel engines work on poor mixtures in comparison with gasoline engines and with high compression. The latter provides smaller heat losses with exhaust gases, that is, great efficiency. All these measures reduce fuel consumption. Diesel, thanks to this, spends it 30-40% less.
The environmental friendliness of diesel engines is explained by the fact that in their exhaust gases below the content of carbon monoxide. This is achieved by the use of complex cleaning systems, which is now gas engine corresponds to the same environmental standards as diesel. The motor of this type has previously significantly inferior to gasoline in this respect.
Application
As it is clear from what kind of diesel is and what is its characteristics, such motors are most suitable for those cases when high traction is needed on low revolutions. Therefore, they equip almost all buses, trucks and construction technique. As for private vehicles, among them such parameters are most important for SUVs. Due to the high efficiency, urban models are equipped with these motors. In addition, they are more convenient in management in such conditions. Diesel test drives testify to this.
In September 1913, among the passengers of the ferry "Dresden", next to England, was Rudolph Diesel. It is known that he rose on board the vessel, and ... no one else saw him. The mysterious disappearance of the famous German engineer still remains one of the most intriguing and mysterious stories of the 20th century.
Birth and childhood genius
On March 18, 1858, the future great German engineer was born in the family of emigrants from Germany. Man whose invention put it in one row with the most famous people of the late XIX and early XX century. It was in Paris from Augsburg (Germany) theodore Diesel and Eliz Strobel moved.
Rudolf's father was a hereditary blowset, one of his passionate hobbies, was the invention of toys. So, from early childhood, Rudolph Diesel begins to acquire to work, delivering the book to customers into the French capital. It is possible that the first acquaintance of Rudolph Diesel with the world of technology happened in technical Museumwho was not far from his house.
Every weekend father drove a boy to the museum hall, where steam cars were located, the history of which begins since 1770. Life walked as a woman, measured and calmly. The family of hardworking Germans did not have much prosperity, but did not help.
Forced departure
It all ended in 1870 with the beginning of the Franco-Prussian war. Ethnic Germans in Paris becomes unsafe. Theodore Diesel was forced to leave all his property, and together with the wife and 12-year-old Son Rudolph move to London. German troops on that period completely occupied the capital of France. The capital of Great Britain has unwritally met new residents.
The family of diesel engines experienced a great need. There was no work, I had to be interrupted by random orders for binding of books. Then, in 1871, the family was decided to continue their studies to send young Rudolf Diesel to Augsburg, to the Mother's brother, Professor of Mathematics Christof Barnecel.
Rudolph Diesel: Biography of the future inventor
Before leaving Rudolf, firmly promised to parents that after graduation, he would return home to help his father. However, after two years, his parents moved to Augsburg in two years.
The family of Professor Barzecle met a nephew with warmth, the boy was surrounded by care and attention. Rudolph's ability to admire the professor, for which Uncle allowed him to use his extensive library. The first lesson of Rudolph in the family of the professor was the interweaving of all old books, the art who taught his father. Communication with an educated relative undoubtedly benefited young man. Today, the whole world knows who invented the diesel engine. And then everything just started.
Upon arrival of the nephew to Germany, Professor Barnekel suits the boy to the real school, which Rudolph Diesel ends as the best student. After the primary education, young dating in 1873 enters the Augsburg Polytechnic School, which ends after two and a half years with the highest indicators. The next step of the young scientist becomes admission to the Munich Higher Technical School, which was successfully completed in 1880.
Munich Technical University in Bavaria (Germany) still keeps in its museum the results of final exams of the student Rudolph Diesel, surpass which no student can survive for the entire almost 12th university history.
Meeting that turned his life
During study, Rudolf Diesel met a famous German engineer, a refrigeration equipment developer, Professor Karl von Linde. It so happened that because of the disease, the student did not manage to pass the exam in the professor in time. Rudolf was forced to leave the university for a while and to go to the practice of Switzerland, setting up a Schulzer Brothers Engineering Company.
A year later, Diesel returns to Germany, where he successfully completes the educational process by passing the final exams by Professor Carl von Linde. By that time, the mentor decides to leave teaching activities and close to applied research in the Linde Hydogenerators organized by him. Rudolph Diesel gets a place in the Paris branch of the company as a manager.
For ten years, Rudolph Diesel has improved his knowledge in the field of thermodynamics. Mechanical refrigerator - this is what the German inventors in Karl Linde are worked on all this time. The principle of the refrigeration unit was evaporation and condensate of ammonia with the help of a mechanical pump.
After studying at the University of R. Diesel worked out the problem of the autonomous power supply for production. The industrial revolution was based on ineffective and bulky steam engines, whose 10 percent efficiency (efficiency) clearly did not respond to the growing needs in the energy field. The world needed compact and cheap sources of energy.
Diesel Engine: First Work Installer
In addition to the main work, Rudolph Diesel conducted research on the creation of an efficient heat device, which would turn thermal energy into mechanical. In their laboratory experiments, Rudolph initially used ammonia as the working body of the installation. A coal powder was used as fuel.
According to theoretical calculations, the Rudolph Diesel engine was supposed to work from compression in the body working chamber, which would create a critical temperature for ignition with fuel.
Already during the experiments, it was found that the prototypes of the diesel engine had a slight advantage over steam installations. It inspired the inventor to further work and experiments.
One day, work on creating a diesel engine almost became fatal for its inventor. The explosion of the car almost led to the death of Rudolph diesel. The German engineer was hospitalized in one of the Paris clinics. During the explosion, Rudolf received damage to the eyeball. Until the end of the life, this problem accompanied the inventor.
Looking forward, it should be noted that in 1896 Rudolph Diesel invented his first working copy, which submitted to the universal review. With the financial support of the brothers Shchulzer and Friedrich Kruple world saw the engine capacity of 20 horse power With the efficiency of 26% with the weight of the mechanical unit, five tons. Today, this is a miracle of technical progress you can contemplate among the exhibits of the machine-building museum in the city of Augsburg (Germany).
Berlin branch
After partial recovery in the Paris Clinic Rudolf at the invitation of his teacher Karl von Linda headed the Berlin branch of the company. Rudolph Diesel enveloped by success creates an industrial engine sample, which had a commercial success. New power installation The inventor called the atmospheric gas engine.
However, such a name did not come long for a long time, and the invention began to call simply "diesel" in honor of the creator of the unit. Numerous contracts, financial flows and steady demand for the new invention are forced to diesel off the branch of Karla von Linda and open its own factory for the production of diesel engines.
Financial success
Could the parents be assumed by sending her son to study for uncle, which by 40 he will be known to the world? In the autumn of 1900, a new company for industrial production of diesel engines appears in London.
Further chronology of events unfolds very rapidly:
- In 1903, the world saw the first ship with the Rudolph Diesel engine.
- In 1908. automotive industry Received a compact diesel engine for freight transport.
- In 1910, the first locomotive with a diesel engine was released from the railway depot in England.
- The German company Mercedes began to produce its cars exclusively with diesel engines.
By that time, Rudolph Diesel had achieved success not only in work. The personal life of the inventor was quite successful. Loving wife and three children inspired him for further work.
World crisis
The largest engineering companies in Europe and the United States of America were in line for the purchase of licenses for the production of diesel engines. The world press constantly heated interest in the invention of Rudolph diesel, giving flattering characteristics with the advantages of the new unit over other power plants.
R. Diesel became very rich. Alfonso Bush, American Magnate for the production of beer, suggested a one million dollars designer for the right to produce engines in the United States. But everything ended overnight.
In 1913, the global crisis rushed. The inept distribution of financial flows led to a gradual bankruptcy of diesel enterprises.
Mystery of disappearance
On September 29, 1913, a steamer "Dresden" was sent from Antwerp to London. Rudolph Diesel was also among the passengers. As the Great Industrialist and the Inventor of the Engine killed, still the secret remains.
It is known that R. Diesel went to England to the opening of the new plant of Consolidated Diesel Manufacturing, where his engines were supposed to be made. However, in the final destination of the passenger with the surname, Diesel was not ...
