New cars in Turkey for Europe and Asia.
Turkish automotive industry, if we compare it with Western and Eastern European, is at the very beginning of a long development path. However, the fact that Turkish cars exist already deserves respect, since in the overwhelming majority of developing countries of the East, there can be no talk of any auto industry.
The first Turkish vehicles - trucks and military vehicles - were assembled in the mid-60s, when the automotive industry was already fully formed in many European countries. Turkey began to produce cars and buses for civilian use in the early 70s of the last century. However, a radical shift in the Turkish automotive industry was caused by the acquisition of licenses for the assembly of cars from an Italian concern and a French company. Cars under license from Fiat began to be assembled at the Tofash plant, and cars under the leadership of Renault have been assembled at a plant called Oyak-Renault since the early 1980s.
Today, both its own (Turkish) car manufacturing companies and enterprises partially and fully owned by foreign owners operate in Turkey.
Initially, any Turkish car was assembled from imported components. Turkey could provide only tires, seats and batteries for the automotive industry. Today, Turkish enterprises produce a significant part of components for the automotive industry, including the production of complex parts that requires the use of high technologies.
Turkish cars are of almost strategic importance for this state - passenger cars and trucks, buses and other vehicles serve the tourism industry, agriculture, construction industry and many other areas of the economy. In addition, Turkey, from which cars are exported to countries that do not have their own automobile industry, acquires a new status and gets the opportunity to even enter the EU customs union.
The export volume of cars is ranked third in Turkey. The first place belongs to products of the food industry, the second - to the textile industry. The main countries to which Turkish cars are supplied are the states of Eastern Europe, as well as Portugal, Spain, Germany and even Great Britain. Cars are delivered from Turkey to Russia and the countries of the Middle East.
Accession to the EU customs union gave Turkey new export opportunities, but at the same time made the position of the automotive industry somewhat more difficult, as it automatically increased competition in the market for both new and used cars. High competition is forcing Turkish car manufacturers to improve the quality of their products and invest more in the development of new models. Recently, more attention has been paid in Turkey to the activities of various research institutes that are directly related to the automotive industry, as well as the introduction of new technologies into production.
Today, the automotive industry in Turkey ranks 17th in the world and 7th in Europe, and last year produced 1.2 million cars. And the share of Turkish cars in the European market is 5.6%.And what is the dynamics of the Turkish car industry! Since 1998, car production in Turkey has grown by more than 3.5 times. In 1998, 345 thousand cars were produced in Turkey, of which 240 thousand were passenger cars. less than in Ukraine in 2008 But in 2011 - 1 189 131 cars, of which 639 734 - cars. And Turkish car factories do not intend to stop there.
The automotive industry in Turkey is less than 100 years old. It all started in 1929, when the first automobile conveyor was built here. It employed 450 workers. In June 1931, the daily volume reached 48 cars. They were exported including to Soviet Union... Moreover, in Turkey they believe that, compared to the rest of the world, the country began to develop its automotive industry too late. What can we say about Ukraine.
In 1959, Turkey began to produce passenger and commercial vehicles under license from Ford. they are still being released here
With the accumulation of experience, in 1961 the first car of Turkish design appeared. It was tantamount to a revolution, even though he remained a prototype. And in 1967, the production of a purely Turkish car Anadol began, which lasted 24 years on the assembly line. More than 130 thousand of these cars were manufactured. Thanks to this model, Turkish automakers are said to have gained not only experience, but also confidence in their abilities.
Today, 5 major world manufacturers have their own factories in Turkey. passenger cars... Fiat was the first to open the company in 1968. His partner, as in the USSR, began with licensed production of Fiat-124 under the local brand name Tofas Murat 124. The Turks, like us, began to join the world auto industry with the Fiat Zhiguli. This "classic" lasted on the assembly line in a modified form until 1994. our Lada-2107 was discontinued in 2011. Now the Fiat plant produces 400 thousand cars a year, and that's just modern models... By the way, Fiat Linea, Doblo are supplied to us from the Turkish plant.
After Fiat, Renault opened its own enterprise in Turkey in 1969. Nowadays it produces 350 thousand cars a year. Renault Symbol is supplied to Ukraine from this plant.
In 1990, Toyota opened its plant. Production volume - 150 thousand cars per year. Corolla is produced there. And in 1997, two manufacturers, Hyundai and Honda, opened enterprises in Turkey. Hyundai makes Accent and i20 in Turkey, while Honda makes Civic sedan... The capacity of their factories is, respectively, 100 and 50 thousand cars per year. Although we have repeatedly heard from our manufacturers that the production of less than 120-150 thousand cars per year is unprofitable. Apparently, in Turkey and in Honda and Hyundai they think (literally and figuratively) differently. But in fairness, we note that Hyundai has decided to increase the capacity of the plant in Turkey and for this purpose will invest $ 607 million in the Turkish plant Hyundai Asan Otomotiv Sanayi (HAOS) and will increase the capacity to 200 thousand units per year.
The country no longer has its own Turkish car brands on the passenger car market, and almost all car factories are joint ventures with world auto concerns. Moreover, the share of Western capital may be different. For example, in the Ford Otosan enterprise, the American concern owns only 42% and the same part is assigned to the local financial and industrial group to the Koc family.
Turkish automakers managed to keep their brands only in the sector trucks (BMC, Fargo) and buses (Temsa, Otoyol, Anadolu, Sultan, Karsan, etc.). Moreover, both of them in Turkey are almost 100% local production, even if they wear the label Mercedes-Benz, Man, IVECO or Isuzu.
Among the factors that attract investors in Turkey are the large domestic market; friendly investment laws and a liberal banking system. In Turkey, there are no barriers to the movement of capital from the country to Europe and vice versa, and the patent legislation is harmonized with the European one.
Turkish legislation complies with free trade rules, a customs union with the EU has been concluded. Another advantage of Turkey is close access to neighboring markets. Important factors of investment attractiveness are the availability of technologies and experience and the low cost of labor.
Large international players also wanted to enter the Ukrainian market. But they didn't. Although, many of the Turkish attractive factors are also present here.
Conventionally, there are 4 main stages in the development of the Turkish car industry. At the first, which began in the 60s of the last century, they began to defend the domestic market, while preparing their own replacement for an imported car. In 1960-1970, assembly plants were built and increased their capacities in Turkey.
In the 1970s-1980s, its own component manufacturing industry began to develop. At this time, there was a strict regulation of the import of components, high tariffs and restrictions on import were established. The import of finished vehicles was completely banned. Domestic production was stimulated.
In the second phase, which began in 1981, the Turkish car industry became export-oriented. In 1981-1990, liberalization and further capacity expansion took place, thanks to the use of new technologies. In 1991-1995, the export of Turkish-made cars began. During this period, Turkey lifted import restrictions and began providing export subsidies. The creation of free economic zones and exemption from taxes for component manufacturers began. As well as the exemption of investors from paying VAT when purchasing equipment.
The third stage began in 1996 and implied an open market and free competition. During this period, there was a complete integration of production. And the competitiveness of the products of the Turkish car industry has become stable and global. At this stage, a free trade agreement with the EU was signed. Competition legislation has been amended to comply with EU standards. The FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) law was passed.
The fourth stage, in which Turkey is today, and which will continue until 2015, is called the stage of opportunities. It implies the development of R&D, design and technology. At this stage, incentives are provided for the R&D sector. And also the creation, with the support of the government, powerful R&D centers. One of these centers was visited by the correspondent of our source.
The government encourages the development of high technologies. And now Turkey is developing the segment that brings high added value in the automotive industry. So, near the assembly plants in Turkey, they began to build new buildings for the production of engines and transmissions.
Turkey has now adopted a strategy of cooperation and cooperation with world players. And in the open economy of the country, the automotive industry takes an essential place.
Today the Turkish car market looks like this. Of the total volume of cars produced in the country, 69% are exported. The rest are sold domestically. However, own cars on the Turkish domestic market - 32%, and import - 68%. This does not shock anyone, since the Turkish market cannot absorb all the released models, especially since factories usually specialize in one car model.
The automotive industry has been the largest exporter of the Turkish economy for the past six years. In 2011, the volume of these exports reached $ 20 billion. And automotive component manufacturers have achieved export volumes of $ 8.5 billion. The Turkish car industry currently employs 250 thousand people. And if you add to this those who sell and service cars, this figure rises to 1.2 million people. Several models of international brands are made only in Turkey and exported to other countries.
For example, Ford Cargo trucks are produced only in Turkey for the markets of Europe, Asia and Africa.
Among the immediate promising goals of the Turkish auto industry is to produce 2 million cars a year, of which 1.5 million are to be exported. The number of workers employed in the automotive sector is planned to be increased to 600 thousand people. By 2020, Turkey has plans to become a great automotive power and produce 4 million vehicles, of which 3 million will be exported. It is for this that the development strategy of the Turkish car industry was adopted. We offer a profitable service in Moscow and the Moscow region. Order an on-site tire fitting, and our masters will come to your home, garage, company or right on the road!
Practically Success Story. But the path that Turkey has traveled has a time span of almost half a century. This raises three questions: is this the right path today, because a lot has changed both in the world economy and in the automotive industry over almost fifty years? The second question: is Ukraine ready for such a half-century journey and expectation? And third: taking into account the time we have already lost, during which factories of many world manufacturers appeared in neighboring countries, does our country have any chances to become an automobile power?
Inf. Our source
The material used data from the Automotive Manufactures Association (OSD).
Turkey's automotive industry is booming. The volume of production of new cars is growing from year to year and last year exceeded the mark of 1.7 million. The foundation of the Turkish car industry was laid in the early 60s of the last century. During the period of rapid industrialization and development of the country, there was a qualitative transition from assembly production to full-scale production of cars and the active development of R&D. Famous global brands that develop and manufacture their products in Turkey today include companies such as Daimler, FIAT, Ford, Honda, Hyundai, Isuzu, Renault and Toyota.
In particular, it produces: Fiat Tipo / Doblo / Qubo, Ford Transit / Transit Custom / Transit Courier, Honda civic, Hyundai i10 / i20, Isuzu D-Max, Renault Fluence / Clio / Clio Estate, Toyota C-HR other.
Popular compact toyota crossovers C-HR are produced in Turkey and from here are shipped all over the world.
Between 2000 and 2017, investments in businesses in Turkey totaled $ 14 billion, significantly increasing production capabilities. Meeting all the requirements of international quality and safety standards, the modern Turkish automotive industry is highly efficient and competitive.
The entire new generation FIAT Tipo family is produced at the Tofas plant. From here, they are sent to buyers in Europe and other countries in the world,
Using a highly skilled workforce combined with a dynamic local market and favorable geographic location, Turkey's car production has grown from 374,000 units. in 2002 to more than 1.7 million in 2017. By the end of last year, Turkey had become the 14th largest automaker in the world and the 5th largest in Europe.
For export!
Turkey is increasingly becoming a manufacturing base for export sales by the world's largest automakers. This is evidenced by the fact that approximately 80% of production in Turkey in 2017 was destined for foreign markets. In 2017, the country became the largest exporter automotive engineering to European markets, delivering about a million new cars. The main consumers of the Turkish car industry are Germany, France, Italy, Great Britain and Spain.
In 2017, Turkey became the largest exporter of automotive technology to European markets, supplying about 1 million new cars and commercial vehicles to the countries of the Old World.
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Component manufacturing
In addition to the production of finished products, there are about 1,100 suppliers of units and parts for the automotive industry in Turkey. Perhaps the country is the second largest manufacturer of auto parts for the after market. Parts produced here are supplied to almost all parts of the world where cars are used. Thousands of mini factories have been built in Turkey due to the good economic conditions of the manufacturing sector. They produce both complete units and parts, as well as components, which are then bought to assemble certain units (for example, ball bearings or stabilizer struts). A significant share of these components is supplied to the Ukrainian market. Spare parts sellers and car owners are familiar with Turkish products of Formpart, Sampa, Mopart, Gunes brands.
Also in Turkey, production has been established rechargeable batteries, tires, rims and gas equipment. Ukrainian car owners (including our readers) are well aware of the Turkish Inci Aku batteries, Lassa tires, DJ, Kormetal rims and gas equipment Atiker, Mimgas, Tugra Makina. Since there are car assembly plants in Turkey, they also produce car paints and varnishes that go to these factories and secondary market... Turkish auto parts and components belong to the middle price group, which is very important for Ukrainian car owners. Moreover, their quality is quite high.
We add that the level of use of Turkish components supplied directly to the production lines is in the range from 50 to 70%. More than 250 global manufacturers locate their factories in Turkey, 28 of which are among the 50 largest in the world.
R&D
Currently, Turkey is in the process of improving its R&D and design activities. Today, the country has 132 R&D and design centers owned by car manufacturers and suppliers. For example, Ford Otosan R&D Center is one of the three largest global Ford R&D centers. In addition, a similar division of FIAT in Bursa is the only concern center serving the European market and located outside the Apennine Peninsula.
Trucks and buses of Turkey
According to the World Association of Automobile Manufacturers, more than 1.695 million vehicles were produced in Turkey in 2017, a third of which - 552.8 thousand - are commercial vehicles. To the share of the lungs commercial vehicles accounts for 517 425 units, which is 2.2% more than in 2016. The growth in the production of heavy-duty trucks is impressive: + 35.2% (23,502 units). As for buses, their production is also growing: last year, 4.2% more cars were produced than a year earlier (11,898 units).
According to the World Association of Automotive Manufacturers, in 2017, Turkey produced over 1.695 million cars and light commercial vehicles, more than 23 thousand trucks and about 12 thousand buses.
One of largest manufacturers trucks and buses in the country is the Mercedes-Benz Turk enterprise, which began its work exactly 50 years ago - in 1968. The plant in the city of Aksaray (230 km south of Ankara) produces more than 17 thousand trucks annually. The company employs over 1,700 people. In 2014, the release of the 200,000th truck was celebrated here. Since 2013, Mercedes-Benz Turk has also started selling Setra buses on the local market.
Another well-known German manufacturer of trucks and buses, MAN Truck & Bus, also has its own plant in Turkey. Turkiye A. S. enterprise in Ankara today produces not only trucks, but also all types of city, intercity and tourist buses.
It is hard to imagine the Turkish car industry without Ford Trucks. The plant was founded in 1982 and today produces up to 15 thousand trucks, 11 thousand ECOTORQ engines. It also manufactures components and assemblies for light distribution ford models Transit - annually up to 65 thousand engines, 140 thousand rear axles and 300 thousand front axle components.
The Ford plant in Turkey produces a wide range of models and accessories.
Speaking about Turkish automakers, you should definitely mention Temsa, which annually produces up to 4.5 thousand buses. The machines are exported to 66 countries, including Western Europe. More than 5 thousand Setra buses are in operation in France alone. There are many such cars in Germany, Austria, Sweden, Lithuania, Benelux countries.
Temsa buses are exported to 66 countries, including Western Europe. They can also be seen on Ukrainian roads.
Another important player in the Turkish car industry is the Isuzu Anadolu company (existed since 1984). Over the years, the company has confidently taken a leading position in the Turkish market in the small class bus segment. Several years ago, the company began to develop new segments - large low-floor buses, which were officially presented in Ukraine in 2017.
Koç Holding
One of the leaders automotive market Turkey is Koç Holding. It is the largest financial and industrial conglomerate in the country. It was founded in 1926 and its headquarters are located in Istanbul. As of 2015, Koç Holding had a turnover of $ 31.371 billion and employs about 81 thousand people. Main areas of activity: automotive industry, energy, manufacturing household appliances and financial services.
The companies that are part of Koç Holding account for about 10% of national production in Turkey (including 45% of car production), 9% of exports and 18% of the market capitalization of the Istanbul Stock Exchange. The holding includes 5 of the 10 largest Turkish companies.
In particular, Koç Holding includes several Turkish car manufacturers - Ford Otosan, Tofaş, and Otokar. In addition, he works closely with global car manufacturers. Thus, Koç Holding owns 24% of the total share in automotive business Turkey. The company ranks third in the passenger car segment (14%) and first in the commercial vehicle segment (51%).
Opet
Koç Holding also includes Opet, one of the largest producers of fuel lubricants in Turkey. The company was founded in 1966. Engaged in the production of lubricants, as well as car care products at an enterprise in the city of Izmir.
The production capacity of the Opet plant reaches 35 million liters of lubricants per year. In 2018, Opet plans to commission another plant with twice the production capacity (72 million liters). But Opet is not only about oils and lubricants. Opet Petrolcülük A.Ş. is currently Turkey's second largest petroleum product distribution company.
Opet Petrolcülük A.Ş. is currently Turkey's second largest distributor of petroleum products.
Absolutely all of the company's products comply with all international certificates. Our own research laboratory helps to maintain the highest level of manufactured products, which provides quality control of raw materials, mixing, bottling and packaging materials, as well as analysis of used oils. For example, the Fullcheck analysis program (in addition to classical analyzes that give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe condition of lubricants) is able to show the degree of wear of the engine lubrication system as a whole. Which, in turn, helps to anticipate possible malfunctions... The laboratory has received 55 international and 44 national quality certificates. In addition to the main products of the plant, the laboratory can test antifreeze, water and various technical fluids.
Laboratory research is one of the important components of Opet's work. Almost everything is monitored and analyzed: from packaging to used oils.
Opet offers a wide range of motor and transmission oils for cars, cooling and brake fluidsas well as oils for tractors and garden equipment.
Opet offers a wide range of engine oils for both passenger cars and light trucks - Opet Fulltech (for extreme conditions), Opet Fullmax (maximum engine protection) and Opet Fulllife (optimal for used cars), as well as for heavy trucks and special equipment - Opet Fullpro, Opet Fullmaster ( difficult conditions work) and Opet Fullmono (seasonal oils).
The consumer can also choose Opet Fullgear transmission oils, Opet ATF automatic transmission oils, which have unique performance characteristics. For example, ATF XO has been developed for the new generation of automatic transmissions in passenger and commercial vehicles, allowing maximum drain intervals and smooth gear changes. The company's assortment also includes Opet Arga greases, Opet Dura and Dura T hydraulic oils, Extended Life Antifreeze coolants, HBF DOT-4 brake fluids, and Opet Fulltrac oils for tractors and garden equipment.
And recently, high-quality Opet products have become available to Ukrainian consumers as well.
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It was OTOSAN cars that were the first Turkish cars and were produced under the Devrim (Revolution) brands.
The first Turkish car in Turkey DEVRIM
First Turkish car Devrim (revolution)On May 15, 1961, President Cemal Gürsel, at his inauguration congress, invited Turkey to start producing Turkish cars in Turkey for industrial development. And his ideas were supported. In the same year 1961, the president gave the task of 24 engineers to design and create the first Turkish car. It was planned to present the car for Republic Day on October 29, 1961.
The first Turkish car DEVREM - revolutionizing the car industry in Turkey
The first Turkish car Devrim and its creators. During 130 days of hasty and hard work, four copies of the car in black and cream colors were created and this Turkish car was named Devrim (revolution).
Failure of the Turkish "revolution"
As planned, by the day of the republic, the cars were ready and the president in a black car wanted to make a trip to the Turkish parliament
After driving a hundred meters The "revolution" died out. For a long time, the newspapers did not subside and people ridiculed the failure.
Was this machine really a revolutionary development of Turkish engineers? Like all revolutions, only parodies of the establishment of a new order, this machine turned out to be a copy italian car The 1961 Fiat 1500, which was discontinued 5 years before the Devrim.
Compare these cars yourself!
The company did not wait for mass orders, the demand was very low. People preferred to buy American and european cars... The company has gone bankrupt, but it's not over yet. will also appear on the Turkish market of auto manufacturers.
The first Turkish car - history repeats itself in 2017
The Turkish government acquired the design rights for the Saab 9-3 sedan with the aim of developing the first Turkish car based on it.
In 2017, by order of Turkish President Tayyip Erdogan, Turkey formed a consortium of five companies:
- Anadolu Group (produces trucks, buses Isuzu and Itochu, own engines Antor, is a KIA distributor)
- BMC (the country's largest commercial vehicle manufacturer.
- Kıraça Holding (commercial vehicle manufacturer).
- Turkcell (telecommunications)
- Zorlu Holding (electronics and home appliances)
The president expects to see a prototype of the first Turkish car in 2019, and mass production should begin by 2021.
The first Turkish car 2019 - what will it be?
According to Erdogan, “We will release the first Turkish car, he will receive best design and a set of technologies ”.
The President will closely follow the development process of the car and hopes to purchase the first car produced. It is assumed that the car will be sold not only in Turkey, but in other world markets.
Turkey perfectly copies all the best that is in Europe: roads, laws, construction technologies, etc. Developing in-house, without the involvement of foreign partners, is fantastic, so NEVS, the owner of Saab's patents, is likely to be on the sidelines.
It is the only available method for Russians to join this dream. The method, it must be said, is effective, but for what reason is a 2-liter 4-cylinder engine located under the hood?
Yes, a supercharged engine, but won't it destroy the established image of the American muscle car? To find the answer to this question, it was decided to test the classic 1978 Camaro along with a new variation. In addition, the tests were taken Kia stinger GT, as the dream of an inexpensive sports car may not only be American.
Chevrolet Camaro Z28 1978. You sit quite low in a chair that has been moved to the rear axle. The bridge is suspended on multi-leaf springs, in this regard, the car noticeably throws up on a speed bump. A long bonnet begins behind the thin struts.
Often, this hood starts to go in one direction, and the driver in the other. The old Camaro responds suddenly sharply to large turns of the steering wheel, while the skid develops smoothly, and it is not difficult to stabilize the car. Also slow down despite the rear drum brakes.
Where is the savagery, where is the explosive character? Since we are talking about a car with the Z28 nameplate. Variations like these were originally developed for Trans-Am racing: a 5-liter V8 engine, sports suspension, close-ratio gearbox, bonnet stripes and minimal lighting.
However, the second generation of the model received an air conditioner, an automatic transmission, and the engine lost power every year - this was due to federal requirements to reduce emissions, a fuel crisis and expensive insurance.
Chevrolet Camaro. New model The Camaro makes an even more stunning impression. It has an easily recognizable American muscle car profile, and the expression of a modernized front end with bulging headlights is more aggressive.
Despite the fact that the car looks very expensive from the outside, in fact, in America it is an affordable youth sports car.
Kia Stinger GT. The appearance of the Stinger model does not correspond to the emblem, albeit a popular, at the same time mass brand. When looking for a clone, the musical design of K-pop comes to mind, which is embodied in metal. At the same time, the Stinger looks monolithic, which is sometimes lacking in Korean cars.
The interior of the car is very modest and at the same time expensive. Soft plastic in front, stitching, slightly muted shine of chrome elements.
Dimensions. The Camaro is only slightly smaller than the Stinger and significantly wider, but this car is mostly made up of a bonnet. It's cramped even in the front seats, and it's not worth talking about the back row at all. Luggage compartment this car is very small.
It's worth noting that both practicality and visibility have suffered due to the Camaro's exterior effect. The Camaro will definitely pay attention to you, but the driver himself will be able to see a little through narrow windows with high sills. The backward view is typically mediocre: the large side mirrors show mainly the wide hips of the car. Okay, the car got a rearview camera and a blind spot monitoring system.
The car of the South Korean brand is only 4 cm long, but in these dimensions the Koreans managed to fit 2 additional doors, a spacious rear row and a spacious luggage compartment.
The Kia's visibility is also not so good, due to the high sill line and thick front pillars. It is possible to see at least something in the rear-view glass, but only in good weather, since it does not have a wiper.
Engines. The Camaro is equipped with an 8-cylinder engine, but in Russia it is only available in the version with a 2-liter engine. Plus, the power plant was derated to get a favorable tax rate, for this reason, instead of 275 hp. became 238. Stinger was equipped with the same engine size, even more efficient - 247 hp. The Camaro accelerates to 100 km / h in 5.9 seconds and the Stinger in 6.7.
The Camaro won the classic muscle car quarter mile race. This distance american sports car overcomes in 14 s.
The Stinger is powered by a 370 hp V6 engine. from. The Korean brand, unlike the American company, was not afraid to bring it to the Russian Federation.
Controllability. You don't expect refined handling from the Camaro; in the old generation, the car moved well only on a straight road. After switching to a new chassis, the car easily prescribes turns, but now you expect more from it. For example, better steering communication. However, during acceleration, the Camaro can wobble in the rear axle. Electronics, if it does not intervene instantly, then after it works roughly. Even when turned off, the car still slides reluctantly on the sides.
It is noteworthy that on a long journey the Camaro model is preferable to the Stinger. The American sports car has very comfortable front seats, and it rides smoothly on good asphalt. And it consumes a little less - 11 liters versus 12 for korean car... The Korean model is noisier, tiresome and has a sharp steering wheel. At the same time, it reacts less to irregularities and does not jump off the trajectory on bumps.
The bottom line. Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that the Korean sports car is practically in no way inferior to the American model Camaro. So, korean manufacturer from the first time we managed to make a decent sports car.
