the main problem when buying diesel fuel on the Russian market is that instead of high-quality diesel fuel, you can buy a substitute: a mixture of diesel fuel and kerosene, heating or marine fuel, tractor diesel fuel. The best guarantee of diesel fuel quality is buying it from trusted suppliers. Our company is already 10 years old, for all the time of work we have not had a single client dissatisfied with the quality of fuel or delivery service. We work for you and value our reputation.
The properties and composition of the diesel fuel we offer correspond to environmental standard EURO-5 and are regulated by GOST R 52368-2005. Prior to the introduction of this standard, the quality of Russian diesel fuel was ranked 44 in the world ranking among hundreds of countries.
Until 2005 in Russian Federation there was a single state standard for diesel fuel - GOST 305-82, in accordance with which three brands of diesel fuel were produced: summer 0.2-62; winter 0.2-35; arctic with a pour point of minus 45C.
State obligations to reduce the environmental load from exhaust gases, as well as the need to meet the requirements of European customers for export shipments, forced to develop new standard for diesel fuel. GOST R 52368-2005 duplicates all the requirements of European standards. According to it, diesel fuel is classified according to two parameters: VID and SORT.
SPE is a parameter of the sulfur content in diesel fuel:
GRADE (or CLASS) is a parameter of the temperature characteristic. The new GOST R 52368-2005 introduced the term “filterability temperature”. It denotes the temperature below which diesel fuel does not pass at the required rate (flow rate) through a standard (reference) filter.
For a temperate climatic zone, diesel fuel is divided into six grades:
For areas with a cold climate, diesel fuel is conventionally divided into five classes:
Since 2012, Russia has allowed the production of diesel fuel with a sulfur content not exceeding 50 mg / kg. The Euro-4 sulfur concentration will be in effect until December 31, 2014. Then this norm will everywhere give way to the Euro-5 standard, which allows the content of sulfur in the fuel in an amount of no more than 10 mg per 1 kg. This standard is similar to the standard for diesel fuel quality in force in Europe since 2009 - BS EN 590: 2009.
Diesel fuel Euro-5 is by far the best in Russian market for a number of indicators. It is distinguished by a low concentration of sulfur compounds, a high (at least 51 units) cetane number, low density, low viscosity and other properties. When using this fuel, fuel combustion is improved, starting is easier, corrosion of engine parts is prevented, the operation of filters is extended, the amount of deposits on the parts of the cylinder-piston group is reduced, and the smoke of the exhaust is reduced. You only need to use it depending on the seasonal conditions.
About octane number almost every owner of a car, boat or any other unit equipped with a gasoline engine knows gasoline internal combustion... Anyone far from technology has heard that 92nd or 95th gasoline is certainly better than 76th. Some expensive car, being filled with 76-m gasoline, will immediately become weak and frail, will begin to "sneeze and spit" smoke. However, the car will immediately become strong and powerful, barely switching to high-octane fuel. But the car owner or motorcycle enthusiast knows more literally that the octane number of gasoline indicates the permissible compression ratio of an engine capable of high-quality work on fuel of a certain brand.
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Diesel engines in winter mode ...Undoubtedly, the quality of diesel fuel largely depends on the properties of its hydrocarbon base. For example, paraffins contained in the fuel have a positive effect on flammability, but when cooled down to about -10 ° C they solidify, turning the fuel into a jelly-like mass. Of course, in this state, the fuel cannot pass through the filters, and fuel pump high pressure will certainly fail, pushing the frozen fuel through the fuel line and through the nozzle atomizer.
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Fuel must comply with regulationsIt is not uncommon for the operator to be confident in the complete serviceability of the diesel engine, but it is not possible to achieve a quick and easy start and maximum power output. So, you should make sure of the quality of diesel fuel. The deviation of each of the parameters of the fuel from the nominal causes known malfunctions in the operation of the engine, according to which it is possible to specifically establish what exactly the characteristics of the fuel do not correspond to the required ones.
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The quality control of diesel fuel begins with the determination of the cetane number by the engine, as a rule, by the method. For analysis, special laboratory facilities, each of which is a single-cylinder diesel engine, designed so that the geometric compression ratio of the fuel can be changed during operation.
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Summer diesel fuel in winter - no problem! Any diesel operator will say that summer diesel fuel is much better than winter diesel fuel in all respects: 1) it is cheaper, 2) engine wear is less, 3) the power and throttle response of a diesel engine when running on summer fuel is much higher.
Summer diesel fuel has only one drawback, but it is huge and difficult to eliminate: the high content of cycloparaffins in its hydrocarbon base causes the fuel to thicken at subzero temperatures or even make it a jelly-like mass. There are only two ways to neutralize this phenomenon:
1.the use of special antigel additives that reduce the pour point of summer fuel;
2. Preventing a decrease in the temperature of diesel fuel by means of artificial heating or thermal insulation of the engine fuel system.
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Fuel fabrication plantOil is a mixture of many hydrocarbons, from the lightest to tar and asphaltenes. All types of diesel fuel are obtained from oil during separation into fractions. Before you end up in fuel tank car, tractor or tanker, oil has to go through a difficult the first stage of oil refining, as a result of which the best fuel in many respects is obtained. Processing takes place in rectification columns - there it is heated to high temperatures oil separates certain fractions required to obtain a given product. For example, to obtain diesel fuel, a temperature of 180 to 360 ° C is required.
Diesel fuel is a petroleum product that is widely used today as the main fuel for diesel engines. Such motors are installed on heavy agricultural and other equipment, ships, trucks, cars etc.
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Differences between DT brands
The production of diesel fuel assumes that the finished product conforms to various brands, classes and standards at the end of the processing process. For this reason, the characteristics of diesel fuel are different. There are three basic grades of diesel fuel (abbreviated as DT):
- summer diesel fuel (DTL);
- winter diesel fuel (DTZ);
- arctic diesel (DTA);
The key characteristics, due to which diesel fuel is attributed to one or another brand, are:
- temperature range of use;
- flash point of diesel fuel;
- the pour point of diesel fuel;
According to GOST, DTL is designed for use taking into account the minimum outside temperature from 0 degrees Celsius. Summer diesel freezes at -10 ° C. DTZ is applied from -20 ° С to -30 ° С, as well as taking into account the additives included in its composition (for cold zones or regions with a temperate climate). The pour point for this brand of diesel fuel is -35 ° C or -45 ° C. DTA is used at -50 ° C. Its pour point is an impressive -55 ° C.
Depending on the brand of diesel fuel, the sulfur content in a certain amount of diesel fuel also differs. In summer fuel, up to 0.2% of the established volume is allowed, in winter diesel fuel this indicator rises to 0.5%, Arctic diesel allows a content of up to 0.4%. The presence of sulfur in diesel fuel has a positive effect on the lubricating properties of the fuel, but sulfur content is limited in order to reduce the toxicity of exhaust gases.
The general parameters of all brands of diesel fuel are cetane number diesel fuel. This characteristic is conditional and affects the ability to ignite diesel fuel. The cetane number of diesel fuel should not be lower than 45% compared to pure cetane. The comparison of the values is made by testing the fuel and such 100% cetane.
Also, any brand of diesel fuel should not contain hydrogen sulfide, water, alkali, acids and impurities that prevent the safe use of such fuel in the engine. Diesel fuel should not cause corrosion of copper elements in accordance with GOST standards.
Also, DTL, DTZ and DTA differ for each brand. During the distillation of oil for the manufacture of summer diesel, the process proceeds at a temperature not higher than 360 ° C, winter diesel is distilled with heating up to 340 ° C, DTA is heated not higher than 330 ° C. An increase in distillation temperature means that the density of the diesel fuel will be higher, and this will lead to an increase in the pour point of the fuel.
The difference in the price of diesel fuel
DTL costs up to 20% cheaper compared to winter diesel fuel and up to 30% compared to the cost of DTA. ... Such fuel quickly thickens and waxes, which can drain the fuel equipment. diesel internal combustion engine out of service. A winter or arctic diesel engine can be used in summer, but the return from the engine in this case decreases, and the toxicity of the exhaust increases. It is also worth considering the difference in the price of DTL and DTZ.
Diesel fuel differs in price not only due to the peculiarities of manufacture. Also, the cost of DT grades is influenced by packages of various additives and additives that are used to improve its operational seasonal performance and properties.
Such additives make it possible to further reduce the pour point of diesel fuel, increase the cetane number, reduce the toxicity of exhaust as a result of combustion, etc. The addition of so-called antiwear additives improves lubrication and increases, as well as other elements of the fuel equipment.
Biodiesel
The appearance of innovative technology production of diesel fuel from vegetable oils. Such fuel is environmentally friendly, since its complete decay occurs 30 days after it enters the water or soil layer. This happens without harm to environment.
Biodiesel has a cetane number of up to 58%, a flash point of about 100 ° C, and good lubricity. The combination of these characteristics makes it possible to speak of an increase in the resource of a diesel engine, an easier transportation of this type of diesel fuel, and a decrease in the risks of an explosion or fire.
Biodiesel is produced in the same way as diesel fuel (taking into account operation at different outdoor temperatures). There are three types of biodiesel in Europe: summer biodiesel, for the off-season and temperate regions, and winter biodiesel.
The specified type of fuel for summer can be used from 0 ° С, the intermediate grade implies operation up to -10 ° С, winter biodiesel can be driven up to -20 ° С. During the off-season and winter biodiesel production process, various additives can also be used, which are originally developed to improve the properties of biodiesel.
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What happens if you accidentally fill up with gas diesel car. Possible consequences for the engine and diesel fuel equipment after refueling with gasoline.
Diesel fuels are used primarily in automotive diesel engines and are bulky oil fractions. High-quality diesel fuel should ensure elastic and soft operation of the engine, without unnecessary sounds and knocking. Its distinctive attribute is proportionality to the conditions of feeding the cylinders with special equipment. The fuel should not retain a noticeable amount of carbon deposits, contain water and foreign mechanical substances. It should contain as little organic acids as possible. Among other things, the fuel must have a fixed degree of viscosity and the lowest possible flash point and pour point.
All of these parameters are mapped out for a specific purpose. For example, the specified viscosity of the fuel ensures proper lubrication of the instrument. When the viscosity is insufficient, the lubrication of the rubbing units deteriorates, and this leads to their increased abrasion. In addition, fuel with a lower viscosity will be sucked through the gaps in the liners of the pumps and plungers. As a result of such losses, the supply of fuel falls, and the power of the diesel engine decreases. But too high a viscosity can provoke certain problems: difficulty in injecting fuel into the cylinders.
Temperature properties also play a significant role. The reliability of the engine in the cold season depends on the level of the pour point of the fuel. Reducing the autoignition temperature greatly facilitates starting a diesel engine.
The gentle build-up of cylinder pressure during combustion becomes a central prerequisite smooth operation diesel engine. It is possible only when the fuel ignites immediately after the first particles enter the engine cylinders. Slowing down this movement will inevitably lead to a one-time ignition of a fair amount of fuel, and this will cause a sharp jump in the pressure level, and as a result, a more severe engine load. Therefore, it is so important that diesel fuel has the shortest possible ignition delay.
This quality of diesel fuel is certified by a specific value - cetane number. This number is considered conditional and is equal to the proportion of cetane in the mixture with alphamethylnaphthalene, which is forced to be equal in flammability to fuel. Moreover, cetane is a hydrocarbon with the lowest, and alphamethylnaphthalene - with a maximum ignition delay. The higher the cetane number, the more flexible operation a given fuel can provide for the engine.
For total combustion without residue, the fuel must be properly mixed with air, and here its fractional composition is of key importance. The amount of surface fractions contained in diesel fuel is limited by the permissible flash point, or the temperature at which instantaneous ignition of fuel vapor occurs when an open flame is near.
Diagnose if the fuel is suitable for use in winter time, allows the value of the temperature limits of its solidification and turbidity. When cloudy, tiny wax crystals begin to form in diesel fuel. And as the pour point reaches the pour point, the lability of the fuel is lost, because all the paraffin contained in it crystallizes.
The amount of sulfur in the fuel is also strictly limited. The most suitable is a fuel with a sulfur percentage of less than 0.2%. The smallest increase in this concentration - up to 0.5% - can lead to increased abrasion of engine parts.
The consumption of a particular type of diesel fuel directly depends on the temperature criteria of the environment. The colder the climate, the lower the viscosity of the diesel fuel should be, and the lower its pour point and cloud point should be. At a positive temperature, summer diesel fuel is used, up to -20 degrees - winter diesel, and below this limit it is necessary to use a special arctic fuel.
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Diesel fuel is inferior in popularity to gasoline, but continues to be used in engines of the most different types... At the same time, it has many undeniable advantages over other types of fuel. There are certain features of a diesel engine. This primarily concerns the classification.
Previously, diesel fuel was more often used to refuel engines of tractors and similar equipment. The reason for this is lower fuel consumption per motto-hour, power loss compared to gasoline engines insignificant. Another reason for the prevalence diesel engines- ecological and Fire safety... Since explosions, fires gas equipment occur an order of magnitude more often.
Diesel fuel is a product of the petroleum industry. Its appearance was a consequence of the emergence of the need for engines that are as efficient as possible and, at the same time, quite powerful. Rudolph Diesel, whose name is called given view fuel is not a pioneer. The diesel engine was developed back in 1860. But for a number of reasons, its use did not make economic sense.
At the same time, at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, Germany urgently needed engines running on cheaper fuel, an alternative to gasoline and lamp gas. The solution was the invention of Rudolf Diesel, who modified a design previously developed by another scientist. Initially, the diesel generator, which became the prototype of the modern diesel engine, had only 2 cylinders. In the future, 2 more were added.
There are several alternative names for diesel fuel. One of these is diesel fuel. This word comes from the German Solarol - solar oil. Previously, this was exactly what was called the weighted fraction of oil obtained as a result of refining. It is she who is the first option for this type of fuel. Over the years, the standards set for a diesel engine have undergone major changes. Each country in the 20th century developed its own standards for the classification of diesel fuel.
For example, in the Soviet Union GOST 1666-42 and GOST 1666-51 were in force for a long time. The official designation for diesel fuel was "diesel oil". It was used for refueling medium-speed engines - from 600 to 1000 rpm. "Diesel fuel" of that time could not be used in high-speed engines, its composition and properties are quite significantly different from modern diesel fuel.
Main settings
All diesel fuels can be divided into two main categories:
- for high-speed engines;
- for low-speed engines.
Distillate low-viscosity oil means filling in car engines. Fuel with a higher viscosity is usually poured into various slow-speed cars. These are tractors, slow-moving river ships and much more.
It is important to make sure that its properties meet the required standards before pouring fuel into a particular vehicle. Otherwise, the combustion chamber will be damaged, the engine may simply fail. Which will lead to the need for a major overhaul.
The process of obtaining the above types of fuel differs significantly. Distillate includes appropriately purified kerosene-type fractions. Direct distillation is used - this allows you to make the combustion of fuel as fast as possible. At the same time, high-viscosity fuel includes a mixture of fuel oil and kerosene-gas oil fractions.
Depending on various factors, the calorific value of both types of fuel can vary. On average, this figure is approximately 42 624 kJ / kg. There is a general standard that all diesel fuels, without exception, must meet today. It is designated as GOST 32511-2013. It became mandatory for use relatively recently - 01/01/15.
It is imperative that diesel fuel is sampled before being released for sale. When analyzing parameters, a list of some characteristics should be within the normal range. Otherwise, it will be simply unacceptable to release this type of fuel for sale. The highlights include:
- viscosity, liquid content;
- flammability;
- sulfur content.
Viscosity and water content
Based on this characteristic, two main types of fuel are established - winter and summer. The main parameter in accordance with which the division into classes is carried out is the limiting filterability temperature, as well as the cloud point and pour point.
It is important to remember that it is necessary to choose a certain type of diesel fuel for filling in a certain season. It is not uncommon that the use of an inappropriate type of diesel fuel led to its solidification in the fuel line. As a result, it is impossible to operate equipment in a normal mode.
It is possible to use summer diesel fuel only at temperatures over -100C. Otherwise, there will be no freezing, but a higher viscosity. That leads to negative consequences- a problem in the operation of the engine or the inability to start it. In some vehicles special heating for fuel is used. This allows you to use any type of diesel fuel, regardless of the season, ambient temperature.
Another serious problem is the presence of water in the fuel. Since water is significantly heavier than diesel fuel, it gradually begins to accumulate in the lower part of the fuel tank. As a result, a water plug may form in the fuel system of a car or other equipment. This prevents normal work engine. This is why basic standards have been set for the kinematic viscosity of diesel fuel. This indicator differs for summer / winter diesel fuel:
- for a summer view at a temperature of + 200C and more - more than 3cSt;
- for the winter look - more than 1.8 Cst;
- for a special variety (arctic) - more than 1.5 Cst.
This standard is established by GOST 305-82 of 1982. One of mandatory conditions compliance with this standard is complete absence water in fuel mixture... It is due to this that it can be used in the indicated operating conditions.
Flammability
One of the most important characteristics is the cetane number. This indicator means the ability of diesel fuel to ignite when certain conditions occur in the combustion chamber. The standard is defined by ASTM D613. For diesel fuel, the flash point is set at + 7000C, determined by ASTM D93. The distillation temperature for diesel fuel must again fit into certain standards - not less than 2000C and not more than 3500C.
The amount of sulfur in the composition
One of the most important characteristics on the basis of which fuel types are divided into Euro 1-5 standards is a certain amount of sulfur per unit volume. In this case, sulfur is understood as the presence of certain compounds of a given substance. The list of categories taken into account in determining the categories includes:
- mercaptan;
- thiophene;
- thiophane;
- disulfide;
- sulfide.
At the same time, elemental sulfur, indicated in the periodic table, as such, is not taken into account when defining standards. In accordance with the current state of the art standards in the State of California and Europe, the amount of sulfur compounds per unit volume must not exceed 0.001%. This is approximately 10 ppm.
Many automakers say that a decrease in the amount of sulfur compounds in diesel fuel leads to a decrease in its lubricating qualities. Which leads to faster engine wear. But this position is not unambiguous. At this point in time modern diesel fuel includes additional additives that lubricate the engine.
Diesel fuel classification in the USSR
In accordance with GOST 305-82, diesel fuel in the Soviet Union was divided into 3 main categories:
- summer;
- winter;
- arctic.
The summer term was understood as diesel fuel, the use of which was recommended at temperatures not lower than 00C. The flash point was set at n-0 or 2-40. Under the winter diesel fuel was meant, the use of which was allowed up to -20C. At the same time, no restrictions were imposed on the use of such winter diesel fuel in summer time of the year. In fact, it was universal.
Diesel fuel of the Arctic type is the most expensive in production, its use is allowed at temperatures up to -500C. Requirements to this type fuels are set as high as possible.
Diesel fuel classification by type
In the European Union, since 1993, it has been used special system standards applied to diesel fuel. Such a standard is designated as EN-590. In accordance with this standard, the basic requirements for the amount of sulfur contained, as well as other characteristics of the fuel, are established. The very first standard was designated as Euro-1. At the moment, the Euro-5 standard is valid.
The standard of this type allows the classification of fuels by temperature and climatic zones of use. For instance, Class A-F implies use at temperatures from +5 to -200C. Separate criteria exist for temperatures below zero.
On the territory of the Russian Federation, immediately from the Soviet classification standards, it was decided to switch to the European one. At the moment, GOST-R 52369-2005 is valid. In terms of its parameters, it corresponds to the characteristics set for EN-590.
The distribution is carried out depending on the amount of sulfur contained:
- type No. 1 - less than 350 mg / kg;
- type No. 2 - less than 50 mg / kg;
- type No. 3 - less than 10 mg / kg.
Classification of diesel fuel by classes
The division of this type of fuel into separate grades is also carried out, depending on the use in a particular climate. The main criterion is the limiting filterability temperature. The division into varieties is carried out as follows:
- SORT A - at temperatures over + 50C;
- SORT B - at temperatures over 00C;
- SORT C - more than -50C;
- GRADE D - more than -100C and so on.
The standards in it are set as stringent as possible, since failure to comply with them leads to problems with fuel system when the ambient air reaches a sufficiently low temperature.
Today, the breakdown by grade is as follows:
- Class 0 - use from -200C;
- Class 1 - from -260C;
- Class 2 - from -320C;
- Class 3 - from -380C;
- Class 4 - from -440C.
There is a special marking used on the territory of the Customs Union by countries such as Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan. Before starting to use such fuel, you should carefully read the climatic requirements in a particular region. Using the wrong one can lead to serious trouble. Up to engine failure in some cases. Similar situations also occur.
Outcome
On the territory of Moscow and the Moscow region, relatively recently, they switched to the Euro-5 fuel standard. It is for this reason that the quality of both diesel fuel and gasoline in this region is an order of magnitude higher than in the rest. Compliance with these fuel standards is established by federal law. That is why, without exception, all manufacturing companies (Lukoil, Bashneft and others) are obliged to comply with the established requirements.
Fuel control for compliance with standards is carried out at the state level. Moreover, there are a large number of the most different varieties, types of diesel fuel. If possible, you should familiarize yourself with this information in advance.
