Typically, tire manufacturers indicate the recommended air pressure in the tire for "normal" operating conditions. In practice, we often see a slightly different picture. If luggage and four passengers loaded into the passenger car, how much pressure should be in the tire? AT european cars On the back side of the benzobacing dies, you can detect a table with an indication of how much it is necessary to increase the tire pressure in one way or another. With trucks everything is much more complicated. The most common cargo vehicle consists of a tractor and semi-trailer, the weight of this hitch is approximately 14.5 tons, tires in this coupling 12 pieces. Tire manufacturers for trucks recommend setting the following tire pressure:
- 315/70 R22.5 on the steering axis tractor 8.5 atmospheres (861.3 kPa)
- 315/70 R22.5 on the driving axis (Paired Wheels) 7.5 atmospheres (759.8 kPa)
- 385/65 R22.5 on a three-axle semi-trailer 9.0 atmospheres (911.7 kPa)
If 20 tons of cargo were loaded into the semi-trailer and the coupling hitch weighs 34.5 tons. What should be the tire pressure in this case? We will try to figure it out.
The power flow of tires can be defined as scattered energy (heat), secreted during the rotation of the wheel when moving on one unit of the path. Based on the simplest physical principles (the law of energy conservation) of the energy flow $ (R) $ can be recorded as:
| $ (R \u003d \\ dfrac ((\\ Text (input energy in the bus - energy at the outlet in the bus))) (\\ Text (speed)) \u003d \\ DFRAC (\\ Text (energy loss in the tire)) (\\ TEXT )) \\ DFRAC (w) (m / s)) $ | $ (1) \\ QQuad $ |
The unit of measurement of energy $ (R) $ is watts per meter per second: $ (\\ dfrac (W) (M / S)) $, which is equivalent to one Newton $ (H) $. Despite the fact that the unit of measurement of the energy flow $ (R) $ is Newton, the energy flow during the rotation of the tire is not "force", but is an energy per unit distance. In general, the concept of energy flows during rotation, rolling loss and rolling friction are considered as equivalent concepts and are often interchangeable. Energy flow in the tire includes loss, aerodynamic resistance, as well as friction between the bus and the road surface. Hysteresis losses are the main component and make up about 90-95% of the entire energy flow in the tire.
Energy flow or friction of rolling is one of the most important properties of tires because of its practical application. Researchers and engineers learn this issue for almost three decades. Some of the most important studies include studies of tire manufacturing materials, tire production methods, rolling friction and fuel consumption effect, as well as the effect of the interaction of the road and the vehicle.
Fuel consumption and power flows for all types of cars are becoming increasingly important problems due to negative environmental effects (air pollution and global warming) and due to economic costs (high fuel cost).
In the tire industry, in turn, tires were developed that allow efficiently spending fuel by reducing the power supply in tires. Load on the tire and pressure, vehicle speed, the number of stops and the vehicle design (aerodynamic form) are parameters affecting the energy flow in tires. The property of the road canvase is an external factor and also has a significant effect on fuel consumption.
- This article discusses the effect of the $ (W) $ and pressure bus in the $ (P) $ of $ (P) $ to energy that affects the consumption of fuel.
- Possible combinations of loading and tire pressure are also discussed depending on the fuel consumption through the changes in the energy flow in the $ (R) $ bus.
Tire Management and Energy Management Parameters
The load on the tire and air pressure in the bus is two controlled parameters (which the driver can change), allowing to control the energy flow. Rolling friction changes when these parameters change. The less rolling friction, the more effectively the fuel is used, i.e. It is below fuel consumption. Of the basic physical principles, it is obvious that with an increase in the load on the $ (W) $, the friction of the rolling $ (R) $ increases. On the contrary, with an increase in pressure $ (p) $ energy flow $ (R) $ decreases. But these are just high-quality ratios that are very useless for quantitative analysis. For subsequent quantitative analysis, it is primarily to determine the exact quantitative relationship between energy flows $ (R) $ and the controlled parameters $ (P) $ and $ (W) $.
Using standard load conditions and tire pressure conditions for tires As starting points, the relative values \u200b\u200bof energy flow will be calculated for certain overload conditions, usually from + 10% to + 100% to the recommended load at different levels of pressure in the bus. These conditions of overload and pressure are similar to real conditions When moving the vehicle. When the central tire pumping system is installed on the driver, the driver appears control over these parameters (the load on the bus and pressure in the bus is displayed on the monitor in the driver's cabin). Thus, the influence of these system parameters on the energy flow in tires is considered in terms of management vehicle. Here we will consider an increase in fuel consumption depending on the load on the tires. We also offer a fairly simple method to optimize the use of fuel by changing the control variables: load on the tire and pressure in the bus.
Measurement of quantitative relations. The ratio between energy flow $ (R) $ and the load $ (W) $
Using the energy balance method can be derived the main equation describing the ratio of energy $ (R) $, depending on the load on the $ (W) $ bus at a constant pressure in the Tire $ (P) $:
| $ (R \u003d (H \\ CDOT D \\ CDOT \\ DFRAC (W) (A)) \\ CDOT W) $ | $ (2) \\ QQuad $ |
where $ (H) $ - Hysteresis Relationship, $ (D) $ - Tire Deformation, $ (W) $ - Tire Trail Width, $ (a) $ - Tire Track Square, $ (W) $ - Tire Load Level. In various studies, it was shown that about 95% of the energy flow can be explained at the expense of the hysteresis of the tire. The values \u200b\u200bof the energy flow $ (R) $ for three typical sizes passenger tires Symptoms R195 / 75R14 and radial average cargo tire 11R22.5, at three different load values \u200b\u200bat a constant pressure level in the $ (P) $ tire were measured and shown on the graph. All the relationship between $ (R) $ and $ (W) $ turned out to be linear, a typical chart is shown in Figure 1.
Fig. 1: rolling resistance ($ (R) $ (R) energy) and load for passenger and cargo tires.
Both values \u200b\u200bare measured in Newton $ (n) $.
This result allows you to simplify as follows:
| $ (R \u003d c_1 \\ cdot w) $ | $ (3) \\ QQuad $ |
where $ (C_1 \u003d \\ DFRAC ((H \\ CDOT D \\ CDOT W)) (a)) $ - constant or angle of inclination of the linear function. Average angle of inclination (coefficient $ (C_1) $) is 0.010 for truck and 0.0078 For passenger. It is known that the $ (d) $ tire deformation increases with a load level of $ (W) $, but at the same time, the trace parameters $ (W) $ and $ (a) $ simultaneously change in such a way that $ (\\ The values \u200b\u200bof $ (H) $ for these observations were independent of the load level of $ (W) $. Of which we can conclude that the energy flow of the Tire $ (R) $ is directly transferred by the load on the $ (W) $ tire (see).
The ratio between energy flow $ (R) $ and the pressure in the tire $ (P) $
Despite the fact that on the basis of the main physical principles, it is obvious that the energy flow of $ (R) $ and the pressure in the $ (p) $ $ is inversely proportional to the exact ratio between these two values \u200b\u200bis not known. The general equation can be recorded in the form:
| $ (R \u003d C_2 \\ CDOT \\ DFRAC (1) (P ^ x)) $ | $ (4) \\ QQuad $ |
where $ (C_2) $ is a constant that includes the values \u200b\u200bof $ (H) $ and $ (W) $. The degree rate of $ (x) $ for pressure $ (P) $ should be found to obtain an accurate quantitative relationship between energy flow $ (R) $ and a pressure in the $ (P) $ tire. This can be carried out in two ways: direct experimental and with the help of regression. Both methods are described below.
Experimental method — Data for energy production $ (R) $ for several types of passenger tires (P175 / 80R13, P195 / 75R14, P205 / 75R15 and P225 / 60R15) and several cargo tires (11R22.5 and 295 / 75R22.5) were obtained as a function, Depending on the level of pressure in the tire at a fixed load on the bus. The charts of the energy flow of $ (r) $ from the pressure level in the $ (P) $ $ were built and a quantitative estimate of the degree of $ (x) $ was obtained using data from the graphs. The results are presented in.
Table 1: Indicator $ (x) $ with a tire pressure for passenger and cargo tires
| Tire sizes | Degree $ (x) $ | |
|---|---|---|
| P175 / 80R13 | 0.5237 | |
| P205 / 75R14. | 0.5140 | |
| P205 / 75R15 | 0.4902 | |
| 295/75R22.5. | 0.4968 | |
| 295/75R22.5. | 0.5326 |
As can be seen from the measurement results, the average value of the degree $ (x) $ is about $ (0.5) $. Typical graph of the dependence of energy flow from the tire pressure level for a passenger car (P195 / 75R14) and truck (295/75R22.5) is presented on
Fig. 2: Dependence of energy production $ (R) $ (measured in Newton $ (n) $) and the pressure level in the $ (P) $ (measured in kilopascals $ (KPA) $)
Regression analysis — It clearly does not contain a pressure variable $ (P) $. As a result, it can be modified through the dependence of the deormation of the $ (D) $ from the level of pressure in the $ (P) $ tire. Empirically can be obtained equation of dependence of the track trail area $ (a) $ $ (D Tire deformation $ (D) $, Tire Radius $ (R) $ and width of the Tire profile $ (S) $:
Determining the pressure adjusted coefficient $ (k) $ as $ (k \u003d \\ dfrac (W) (D \\ CDOT P)) $, $ (D) $ deformation can be represented as:
Table 2: Dependence of the change in rolling friction from tires
| Tire sizes | $ (W_1) $ in Newton | $ (p_1) $ in kilopascals | $ (R_1) $ in Newton | Increase $ (W) $% | Increase $ (R) $% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Passenger tires | |||||
| P175 / 80R13 | 2736 | 207 | 36 | +33% | +31% |
| P195 / 75R14. | 3238 | 207 | 28.6 | +33% | +30% |
| P205 / 75R15 | 3705 | 207 | 42.2 | +33% | +33% |
| P225 / 60R15 | 3678 | 207 | 33.9 | +33% | +34% |
| Truck tires | |||||
| 11R22.5. | 17700 | 586 | 185.1 | +17% | +16% |
| 295/75R22.5. | 12620 | 828 | 81.3 | +200% | +195% |
| 295/75R22.5. | 6310 | 483 | 44.2 | +300% | +307% |
results
Quantitative ratios. Two equations and:
| $ (R \u003d c_1 \\ cdot w) $ | $ (3) \\ QQuad $ |
| $ (R \u003d C_2 \\ CDOT \\ DFRAC (1) (P ^ (0.5))) $ | $ (11) \\ QQuad $ |
they are basic to determine the quantitative relationship between energy flow $ (R) $ of the load parameters $ (W) $ and the pressure in the $ (P) $ bus. These equations are used to further discuss the change in energy flow during tire overload and how the excess is affected in the tire pressure to fuel consumption.
Simple calculations and detailed analysis
The experimental way was found that the $ (R) $ is linearly depends on the load on the $ (W) $ tire with an increase in $ (W) $ to 70% for most tires that were considered. For one of the cargo tires, the linear relationship has been preserved up to an increase in the load to 300%. Relative increase in the load on the tire and the corresponding percentage increase Energopotier We will use in subsequent analysis. The dependence of the percentage increase in energy flow from the percentage increase of the load on the bus for all types of tires under consideration is depicted.
Fig. 3: Percentage increase in energy production $ (\\ Text (Increase in) R \\ Text (,%)) $ as a function of percentage of a load of a $ bus (\\ Text (Increase in Load) W \\ Text (,%)) $
The graph of the linear function shown by corresponds to the equation:
| $ (Y \u003d 1.0154 \\ CDOT X - 1.8735) $ | $ (12) \\ Qquad $ |
in which the correlation coefficient $ (R ^ 2 \u003d 0.9987) $ indicates a linear dependence. The free constant is approximately $ (+ 1.87 \\ Text (%)) $ and can be interpreted as a tire weight measure. So the weight of the P195 / 75R14 tire is obtained 62 Newton, which is approximately true.
As mentioned above, the linear ratio between energy flow $ (R) $ and the load on the $ (W) $ is most likely common to all types of tires. Simple calculations of energy production $ (R) $ for various loads and pressure levels for the cargo tire 11R22.5 are described below.
$ (W_1 \u003d 17700 H) $, $ (p_1 \u003d 580 \\, \\ Text (KPA)) $, $ (R_1 \u003d 185 h) $.
The relative percentage increase in energy flow for some overload levels was previously represented in. For example, a 70% increase in the load on the tire corresponds to a 70% increase in energy flow, i.e. $ (1.7w_1) $ corresponds to $ (1.7r_1) $. By increasing the load on the bus twice to $ (W_2 \u003d 2W_1) $, which corresponds to 100% overload, the energy flow will also increase twice to $ (R_2 \u003d 2R_1) $ at a constant pressure level $ (p_1) $.
Table 3: Relative values \u200b\u200bof the level of pressure in the tire and energy flow at different loads on the bus
The degree of tire overload and the degree of increase in the tire should be lower than certain limits of safe use. Tire overload and / or changing the level of pressure in the tire extremely strongly affects the energy flow, which in turn strongly affects the fuel consumption by the vehicle.
As mentioned earlier, the energy flow is inversely proportional to the level of pressure in the tire. This means that an increase in pressure can be partially or completely compensated for the effect of the load level restrictions on the bus. Suppose that the load level on the tire is increased to $ (1.1W_1) $. What should be the level of pressure in the tire to save the level of energy flow at the initial level $ (R_1) $?
Table 4: Overload Conditions and Required Pressure Level To Maintain a Permanent Energy Level
An increase in the level of pressure in the bus can be inexpensive and in a convenient way to reduce rolling friction with an increase in the load on the tire. These combinations of load and pressure parameters are likely to maintain a permanent level of fuel consumption, since the energy flow in the bus is preserved at $ (R_1) $. However, the driver of the vehicle must keep in mind that the increase in tire pressure makes the movement tougher and less comfortable.
Fuel economy indicator
In addition to the energy process, fuel consumption depends on the characteristics of the vehicle, driving manners, frequency of stops and movement along the loaded roads.
It addresses the decline in fuel consumption only from the energy of the tires. Over the past two decades, about 70% of the reduction in energy flow for pneumatic tires was achieved by changing the construction of the tires from the corner to radial. The first question that occurs in this connection sounds as follows: how much fuel can be saved with a certain percentage change in the energy industry? The $ (f) $ fuel saving indicator can be defined as:
Some researchers have published experimental data changes in the consumption of Top Liva, depending on the rolling friction. D.Shuring (Schuring D) in its reports presented detailed experimental data for different types tires The results of its study showed that the values \u200b\u200bof $ (f) $ is approximately $ (3-4 \\ Text (%)) $ reduced energy flow saves about $ (1 \\ text (%)) $ fuel consumption for cargo tires and $ (5- 7 \\ Text (%)) $ Energy reduction saves $ (1 \\ Text (%)) $ fuel for passenger tires. These values \u200b\u200bare obtained for the radial design of the tires (see.
Change of energy flow when rotating and fuel consumption
Next, consider the impact of an increase in energy flow on fuel consumption by cargo car. Some results were presented in the table. For example, when the tire is overloaded by 70%, the energy flow increases by 70%, respectively. Based on this, it can be assumed that when overloading 100%, the energy flow will also increase by double at a constant pressure in the $ (p_1) $ tire. These results are an increase in one bus.
Using the results of D.Shurring, it can be concluded that a 100% increase in the tire energy industry will increase fuel consumption by 25-30%. Usually a truck or bus rides 4, 6 or 12 tires. Thus, when the vehicle is overloaded twice, fuel consumption increases at 2-2.8 times. This means that the vehicle driver can make two or more trips with the initial level of loading $ (W_1) $ with a standard pressure in the $ (p_1) $ consuming the same fuel as double overload. In other words, the previous analysis brings us to the conclusion that fuel costs for two flights during normal load on the tires will be slightly less than one flight at 100% overload. At the same time, the amount of cargo will be transported.
case 2 (twofold overload and one flight).
The disadvantage of the first case is the extra shipping time and additional costs for another flight. From the point of view of using tires in the first case, they will have to drive a double distance, but in the second case, the usefulness will also be reduced due to overload.
Standard calculations above have shown that with double tire overload $ (2w_1) $ energy flow increases by 100%, which causes an increase in fuel consumption by 25-30%. Moreover, as shown above, an increase in tire pressure by 50% to $ (1.5p_1) $ reduces energy spent by 63% or fuel consumption by 8-10%. The driver of the vehicle must take into account these factors. Fuel consumption costs, as a rule, are the main expenditure on the flight. Knowledge of energy spent values \u200b\u200bat various levels of load on the bus and tire pressure levels can help reduce and optimize fuel consumption. It is possible with a slight increase in the load on the tires over the standard value to the driver stands slightly increase the tire pressure in such a way that the cost of controlling the vehicle (the cost of fuel and the cost of tires) reaches a minimum.
Managing vehicles should also take into account possible combinations of load and pressure in the tires presented in the table. This analysis Allows you to reduce the consumption of fuel using the load on the bus and pressure.
Conclusion
A truck or a bus carrying a load with a double increase in the load on the tires from the recommended level consumes 30% more fuel than with a manufacturer's recommended upload. The driver of the vehicle can change the load level on the tire and the pressure level in the bus. Changing tire pressure is an easy way to optimize fuel consumption by vehicle. An increase in tire pressure is inexpensive and convenient way to reduce fuel consumption for both cars and trucks.
Terms and concepts
Hysteresis - This is a lag (at least if you translate this word from the Greek language), that is, the phenomenon in which the tire in contact with the road is deformed with the delay, and then with the delay returns to the initial form. In practice, the tires with a high hysteresis (soft / sticky) have stronger rolling resistance, the bus with a low hysteresis will have a clearly smaller resistance that will save your fuel to more. .
Translation of pressure measurement units:
1 atm \u003d 101325 Pa \u003d 101.325 kPa
1 bar \u003d 0.1 MPa
1 bar \u003d 10197.16 kgf / m2
1 bar \u003d 10 n / cm2
1 Pa \u003d 1000mpa
1 MPa \u003d 7500 mm. RT. Art.
1 MPa \u003d 106 N / m2
1 mm Hg \u003d 13.6 mm water.st.
1 mm water.st. \u003d 0.0001 kgf / cm2
1 mm water.st. \u003d 1 kgf / m2
Forwarder or carrier? Three Secret and International Cargo Transport
Forwarder or carrier: who may prefer? If the carrier is good, and the freight forwarder is bad, then the first. If the carrier is bad, and the freight forwarder is good, then the second. Such a choice is simple. But how to decide when they are good for both applicants? How to choose from two seemingly equivalent options? The fact is that these options are not equal.
Scary Stories of International Transportation
Between the hammer and anvil.
It is not easy to live between the customer of carriage and a very cunning-economical owner of the cargo. Once we received an order. Freight for three kopecks, additional conditions for two sheets, the collection is called .... on Wednesday Loading. The car on the spot is already on Tuesday, and to the aftermath of the next day, the warehouse begins to slowly throw everything into the trailer, which collected your forwarder addressed to his recipient customers.
Enchanted place - PTO Kozlovichi.
According to the legends and on experience, all who drove the goods from Europe by road, know how terrible place is PTO Kozlovichi, Brest customs. Which lawlessness is creating Belarusian customs officers, they come rapidly and derut Schurdogoga. And it is true. But not all ....
As for the new year we were drunk dry milk.
Loading by combined cargo on consolidation warehouse in Germany. One cargo is a dry milk from Italy, the delivery of which I ordered the forwarder .... The classic example of the operation forwarder is "transmitter" (it does not delve into anything, only transmits on a chain).
Documents for international transport
International cargo transportation of goods is very durable and oburified, a consequence - a lot of unified documents are used to implement international road transport of goods. It does not matter customer carrier or ordinary - it will not go without documents. Although it is not very exciting, but we tried to mention the appointment of these documents and the meaning they have. Lid an example of filling TIR, CMR, T1, EX1, INVOICE, Packing List ...
Calculation of the load on the axis for truck trucks
The goal is to study the possibility of redistribution of loads on the axis of the tractor and semi-trailer when changing the location of the cargo in the semi-trailer. And the use of this knowledge in practice.
In the system under consideration, there are 3 objects: $ (T) $ tractor (T) $, semi-trailer (\\ Large ((p.p.))) $ and cargo $ (\\ LARGE (GR)) $. All variables related to each of these objects will be marked with an upper index $ T $, $ (\\ large (p.p.)) $ and $ (\\ large (GR)) $, respectively. For example, the tractor's own mass will be designated as $ m ^ (t) $.
Why don't you eat amansor? Custom exhaled sadness.
What is happening in the international road transport market? The Federal Customs Service of the Russian Federation banned TIR books without additional guarantees of several federal districts. And he notified that from December 1 of the current year, the agreement with the IRU as inappropriate the requirements of the Customs Union and puts forward non-deal financial claims.
IRU In response: "The explanations of the FCS of Russia regarding allegedly available at Asmap of debt in the amount of 20 billion rubles are a complete fiction, since all the old TIR claims were fully resolved ..... What do we think simple carriers?
STOWAGE FACTOR Weight and volume of cargo when calculating the cost of transportation
Calculation of the cost of transportation depends on weight and volume of cargo. For maritime transport, the volume is most often crucial for air - weight. For road transport, the value plays a comprehensive indicator. What parameter for calculations will be selected in one case - depends on specific weight (Stowage Factor) .
The most important indicator affecting safety and driving comfort is such a parameter as the correct pressure in the wheels of the car. Without properly created conditions, it is impossible to securely use the car.
This article is intended for persons over 18 years
Have you already turned 18?
What should be the pressure in the tires of the car (table) Consider more. Many car owners are concerned about the pressure in the tires of their cars. It depends on how fast the process of wear of the tires, the nature of the car behavior on the road, fuel consumption, braking distances and much more. Tire pressure, especially in winter, affects safety. Based on the above, it follows that each vehicle owner should know how pressure should be in the tires and make regular checks.
Car tire pressure
This is not permanent value. It depends on the temperature on the street, and in what conditions the iron horse is operated. In winter, the pressure will be lower, as due to the increase in temperature, the air masses are expanding. For fast Ride The surface of the tires of the wheel is heated, which also leads to an increase in tire pressure indicators.
Factors affecting tire pressure selection:
- car model;
- mass and carrying capacity of the machine;
- wheel diameter;
- driving nature;
- condition of roads;
- season;
- winter or summer tires Installed by car.
As a rule, manufacturers indicate what should be the pressure of the car tires concrete brand and models.
Manufacturers indicate what should be the pressure in the car's tires of a particular brand
What will happen when tire pressure failure
It is very important not to violate the norms of the recommended pressure. This will help avoid many serious problems and breakdowns. The manufacturer indicates the recommendations not to break them, but in order to properly and as efficiently exploit the car.
Many unpleasant situations on the roads arise exactly due to the fact that the drivers are quite negligent to check this parameter. Incorrect pressure in the tires of the car is particularly well felt when overloaded. On the slippery roads at winter time There are problems when braking. It is trucks, with emergency braking, often turn over because there was insufficient pressure in one of the wheels.
There is a chance of breaking the body parts, as well as the failure of the suspension.
Problems arising from non-compliance with norms:
- drifts of the car and coup with sharp braking;
- it is difficult to hold the steering wheel, the car lies;
- fuel consumption increases;
- coming out of construction steering system and a rake under constant pressure;
- rubber quickly and unevenly erased.
Both unoccupied, so the transferred wheels sooner or later create problems.
When problems with tire pressure, car drifts can be
Unchanging tires
If the pressure is below the norm, then the tire roll increases when turning. The car can simply carry from the road or unfold the wheel. Good steering Does not affect the situation. How many terrible accidents happened due to the absence of drivers.
How dangerous non-swivel wheels:
- rubber is rapid quickly;
- tires overheat and much faster come into disrepair;
- during the viorations, the car leads to the side.
Packed tires
Packed tires are also evil for cars. Wheels become tougher and easier rolls, the clutch with the road becomes worse. Worst management of the vehicle. While getting into the pit, damage can be obtained not only tires, but also suspension and even some body elements.
Consequences from thrown wheels:
- fast wear suspension car;
Because of pumping tires can be a fast wear of the car suspension
- the course of the car becomes tougher, which increases the load on the suspension;
- noise in the cabin from the wheels.
The dependence of tire pressure from climatic and road conditions
The condition of the road linen affects the comfort of staying driving. If the roads are good, you can safely use these tire pressure tables indicated in the manual for the machine and enjoy driving, without fearing vehicle breakdowns and trouble on the way. If the roads leave much to be desired, then it can be a little unacceptable wheels. This will soften the suspension and add comfort. In winter, leaving on the street from the garage box to the frost, measure the pressure in mandatory. It is necessary to follow the indicators in the offseason.
What should be the optimal pressure
Each car has an instruction manual. Examine it, the information is indicated, what is the right tire pressure (table) recommended for your car. If the instructions for some reason did not turn out, this information must be specified on inner side driver's door. This information shows the smallest pressure Air in the car tires recommended by the manufacturer.
Pressure B. hyundai tires Accent.
Do not focus on the inscription on the correct pressure indicated on the rubber. There is shown the maximum allowable value, and you need to focus on the recommended one. It is best to measure indicators in morning hoursWhen the temperature of the wheel and air is approximately the same. In this case, measurements will be more accurate.
On the recommended tire pressure in winter and summer, the mass of the car and the diameter of the disks are affected. Measurement should be carried out on all 4 wheels, as well as monitor the state of the spare track. If, instead of a standard spare wheel, you have a "Single", then consider the indicators in it should not reach the norm a little. There is a special tire pressure table in size, there are also the norms, given the brand of auto and seasonality.
How to measure pressure: the correct sequence
The main stages of measurement:
- Unscrew the nipple cap.
- Using a pressure gauge to measure pressure in the wheel. The device needs to wear tightly and when measured should not "train" air. Otherwise, the measurement can be considered inaccurate.
- Split cap.
- You must check all four tires, only so readings can be considered accurate.
Tire pressure check
In summer
No difference, winter is or summer time Year: tire pressure should be the same all year round. Experienced car owners Reduce the recommended indicator by 5-10%. This is due to the large number of holes on the roads. Undicted tires make the stroke softer, which adds comfort to the driver and its passengers.
Winter
- The resistance of the car on the slippery road increases.
- Reduced brake path.
- Softened the suspension.
Stability of cars on a slippery road
Do not attempt to measure tire pressure visually. This cannot be done. Approximately evaluate this may only worker a service center with a very extensive experience. The approximate result will not be able to protect you from trouble, so for your security regularly attend a specialist, or measure yourself.
You can slightly exceed the value. In this case, you will save on fuel consumption. However, do not exceed the indicators specified on the tires, it will only lead to trouble. If a long-distance ride is to travel or you need to carry a heavy cargo, then it is worth increasing tire pressure.
Pumping wheels, always consider the difference from heating. Sun-hot day tires are heated and in a car that is just worth it, consider it.
Internal tire pressure is an indicator directly affecting the safety of the driver and passengers. The low level of pressure can lead to bundle and wear of the tire. Tires With increased internal pressure, the irregularities of the road is poorly compensated and significantly reduced comfort when driving. Trucks are very sensitive to the tire pressure indicator, because They are constantly changing weight of cargo. Accordingly, the tire load is different each time.
Pressure in tires of trucks can take two main parameters:
- Maximum pressure. The maximum allowable pressure each automaker indicates the sidewall bus. Excess this value is extremely recommended, because Excessive pressure can lead to a decrease in the tire elasticity and its subsequent puncture.
- Recommended pressure is a tire pressure, which varies depending on the load on the axis and the tire size. This value is set by the manufacturer and shows the average load value to the specific axis of the car at the maximum allowable workload. Recommended Wheel Pressure in cargo machine You can learn from a special table.
Truck tire pressure: Table of recommended pressure depending on the load on the axis and the tire sizes (front axle)
|
7500 at 8.5 bar |
|||||||
|
6500 at 8.75 bar |
|||||||
Top tire pressure: Table of recommended pressure depending on the load on the axis and the tire size (rear axle)
|
Air pressure in the bar at various loads on the axis |
|||||||
|
10900 at 7.8 bar |
|||||||
|
12000 at 8.0 bar |
|||||||
|
11600 at 8.0 bar |
|||||||
|
13400 at 8.0 bar |
|||||||
|
12000 at 9.0 bar |
|||||||
|
13400 at 8.0 bar |
|||||||
Pressure in cargo tires must be checked at least four times a month. Pressure is measured on cold tires before starting. It should be borne in mind that after the trip, the pressure in cargo tires may be higher by 20-25%, this is due to the design features.
Purchase cargo tires and specialty in St. Petersburg by best prices You can in the online store "SPBKOLESO".
Long-term safe car operation, a decrease in the fuel consumption, the safety of rubber, the cargo suspension depends largely on the air density index inside the tire of the wheel. You need to watch the recommended pressure in the tires of the truck in the table. Purchasing air using the compressor inside the tires, using the table data in the manual applied to the vehicle documents.
Importance Tracking
Tire pressure monitoring is needed, since this indicator is toughly associated with many parameters of the efficient and safe operation of the car, the wheels of which:
- Designed for taking torque from the engine and the clutch of them from the canvas. Weak tires can cause turning on the rim, which always threatens serious consequences.
- Tires are an element of transport, including freight. They perceive and soften the blows from the irregularities of the road. The lack of air in the process of movement will cause the loss of tire elasticity and, as a result, will increase the risk of rapid wear of the tread.
- Provide the quality of acceleration and braking of the car, the excess and lack of air in the tires has a direct effect on the fuel consumption rate.
- They depends on the stability and smoothness of the movement of transport.
- The wheels determine the safe control of the car, the likelihood of spontaneous cargo of the car increases aside.
- Reduced tire pressure can lead to a wheelbase breakdown.
The technical condition of the machine ensures the safe state of movement on the track. Any emergency condition of the car on the road can lead to severe consequences.
To avoid problems while driving on the highway, you need to maintain this criterion at the level recommended by the manufacturer.
Air density parameter in wheels for each type road transport Installed individually automatic manufacturer.
Look at the video how the tire pressure is properly selected.
The driver needs to know the state of the tire at the moment. In the cold time, the measurement of air pressure in the tires is performed with a smaller interval than in the summer.
Basic techniques
To determine the level of air pressure in the tires of the truck, the arrow gauges are used, in which the rule of pressure equilibration is used, the power of the elastic deformation of the spring, made in the form of a hollow twisted tube.
The magnitude of the air pressure in the tires of the cargo car is of great importance, as it determines the dimensionality of the load on the truck tires. Air density in transport wheels for the carriage of goods must be measured at least two times a week. Most reliable device For this procedure serves a pressure gauge with two heads with a gradation of at least 8 bar and a scale with an interval of 0.1 bar.
Cargo car - source of income, so to speak, feeder. But if you do not maintain tire pressure within acceptable limits, it can be a source of losses. Careless attitude to this operational parameter threatens not only an accident. Here and fuel consumption, and repair costs, and the purchase of new skates.
Why is it important to follow pressure?
Incorrect tire pressure - the reason for the following consequences of the car operation:
- The service life of tires is reduced.
- Increases fuel consumption.
- The details of the chassis are wearing.
- Risk increases to the participant of an accident.
- The load on all nodes (frame, body, cab, engine, etc.) is enhanced.
Support the pressure in the tires of the cargo car is the duty of the driver, and the control of execution - mechanics, zerrod, business owner.
Where to find out what pressure should be?
Pressure indicators are indicated in the table, which is contained in the technical documentation for the machine. But if the care and operation guide is lost or become unreasonable, you can first select information in the table on a metal plate attached to the cabin body in the doorway, like Gazelle. But then you need to take into account a number of factors affecting the degree of tire injection.
What pressure should have the cargo gazelle?
For most modifications of cargo gazellers in the manual, it is said that tire pressure must be maintained at the level of 2.9 atmosphere. However, the manufacturer does not take into account that this parameter may differ depending on the operational features:
- In which mode, the truck (loaded or empty) is most often operated.
- Tire model. Each manufacturer indicates the maximum allowable tire pressure, giving a guarantee that it will not explode during the movement of the truck.
The calculation system for all drivers its own. Most of them, moving most often empty or half empty, pumps 2.9 atm., As the manufacturer requires. Pressure in tires of cargo gazelle, which is operated with full loading constantly, raise up to 3.5-4.0 atm. Such a system is suitable not only for gazelles, but for tires of other trucks.
Why are the pressure in the tires of trucks?
Professional car drivers pursue the goal to keep the car serviceable. In order for the gas to be lighter, and the rubber wear is less, they overestimate the pressure, making it 0.5 atm. higher than in the official tables of the tires of the cargo car. Riding at the same time it becomes less comfortable, vibration and shaking is felt stronger, especially when cars are going to empty.
Air density control system in cargo skate
There are permissible deviations of the pressure gauge testimony associated with the following factors:
- Drop the degree of compression of air over time. Deviations of 0.3-0.4 atm. From the data in the table is considered normal if the last measurement was made a month ago.
- If the control is performed immediately after the trip is completed, the testimony of the pressure gauge will be higher than 20% of the regulatory.
Experienced drivers claim: they lie not only pressure gauges, but also the sensors provided by the manufacturer of the machine. During the movement, the rubber is heated, and the air inside the cylinder is also. As a result, the sensor shows that the wheel is stolen. But as soon as the car stops, the sensor will show normal data as soon as the temperature comes to normal.
Wheel injection control should be made every two weeks, no less often. Otherwise, you can not sleep the moment. The tire starts to wear quickly, the car will be worse than control, fuel consumption will increase.
Pressure and radius dependence
Summary tables of permissible testimony of the pressure gauge include a list of tires of various profiles. Pressure also varies. So, if we compare the radius of 17.5 and, say, 22.5, then in the latter case the pressure will be higher. Moreover, the difference will be very significant. For radius 17.5 recommended indicators:
- before - up to 5.4 atm.;
- back - up to 6.0.
If the tire is 22.5, then it will be 5.0 / 6.0 atm. respectively. But these indicators correspond to the full load of the machine.
Visual signs of inconsistencies
In the process of operation of the car, the rubber should wear uniformly. One-sided wear here is not moreover, most likely it is evidence of incorrect collapse. But if the tire is wisp in the center of the tread, then you drive on the pixel wheels.
Reverse situation with insufficient pumping. In this case, wear is visible from both sides from the center, and the same one. In any case, it makes sense to think, correct the situation and watch the protector erased. Indirect symptoms is increased flow Fuel, weight, shaking, vibration. To always be able to control the situation, you need to carry a pressure gauge (mechanical or electronic).
