Modern construction cannot be imagined without the use of excavators, cranes, concrete mixers and other equipment, which can significantly speed up the process and facilitate human labor. Moreover, the construction of high-rise buildings and other large structures is generally impossible without construction machines and mechanisms.

Consider the main types of machines used in modern construction

Excavators
The main function of excavators is to dig the soil and move it by means of either a bucket or a chain or rotary mechanism of continuous action. In accordance with this parameter, excavators are divided into single-bucket (intermittent operation) and multi-bucket (continuous operation).

Single-bucket excavators can be versatile, designed for various excavation work, and quarry, designed for quarrying.

Loading and unloading machines
The main purpose of this technique is work on the movement of goods. As a rule, these are universal self-propelled vehicles based on wheeled vehicles. In loading and unloading machines, quick-detachable attachments are used - buckets, grabs, cranes, etc.
Loaders are divided into forklift, bucket and multi-bucket.

In urban, cottage and summer cottage construction, the most popular are wheel loaders, bulldozers, loaders and small-sized loaders. The front loader is capable of unloading the bucket in front of itself within a limited height. Its main bucket (usually 1 cubic meter) has a straight cutting edge and removable teeth.

Bulldozer-loader can carry out not only loading and unloading operations, but also filling holes, leveling sites, leveling small hills. Its main equipment is a blade and a bucket.

Small-sized loaders are used for work in cramped conditions. A large selection of attachments is produced for them.

Machines for working with mortars and concrete
These machines can be of three types: for preparing concrete and mortar mixtures, for delivering mortars to the construction site, for laying and compacting mixtures and mortars.

The first type includes mixing machines of cyclic or continuous action, oar or turbulent type, gravitational or forced mixing principle, stationary or mobile.
The second type includes machines for transporting prepared mixtures: auto-mortar locomotives, auto-concrete trucks, auto-mixers, auto-concrete pumps.

Piling machines
When installing the foundations, piling and piling installations are used. For them, replaceable equipment is produced: vibratory hammers, pile hammers, vibratory pile drivers. These installations are usually mounted on the base self-propelled machines, for example, excavators.

Soil excavation machines
Such machines, in addition to the already mentioned excavators, include drilling machines, scrapers (self-propelled, trailed and semi-trailed), loader bulldozers, bulldozers with a ripper, bulldozers with a fixed blade, etc.

EXCAVATORS

The main purpose of excavators is digging and moving soil by means of a bucket or a continuous action mechanism (chain or rotary). Based on this, excavators are divided into single-bucket, batch-type, and continuous-action excavators.

Single-bucket, in turn, there are construction universal for earthworks and quarry for development of quarries.

The main parts of construction excavators are chassis (wheeled or tracked), slewing platform with power plant and replaceable working equipment. Single bucket excavators are classified according to the following criteria:

- by the type of working equipment - for articulated-lever (Fig. 1) and telescopic (Fig. 2);

- by the type of running gear - for caterpillar (Fig. 3) and pneumatic (Fig. 4);

- according to the design of the suspension of the working equipment - on hydraulic cylinders (rigid suspension - Fig. 5) and rope pulley blocks (flexible suspension - Fig. 3, 4);

- according to the design of the support-rotary device - into full-turn (Fig. 3, 4) and part-turn (Fig. 6);

- by type of drive - single-motor and multi-motor, and it can be both mechanical and electrical drives.

Figure 1.: 1 - slewing bearing; 2 - running device; 3 - outrigger support, 4 - turntable; 5 - engine; 6, 8, 9 - hydraulic drives; 10 - handle; 11 - bucket (backhoe); 12 - dozer blade; 13 - driver's cab

Figure 2.: 1 - rotary support; 2 - undercarriage; 3 - outrigger support; 4 - turntable; 5 - telescopic boom; 6 - hydraulic cylinders; 7 - bucket (backhoe); 8 - driver's cabin

Figure 3.: 1 - turntable; 2 - bipedal stand; 3 - boom rope; 4 - front pillar; 5 - handle; 6 - a cabin; 7 - lifting cables; 8 - arrow; 9 - tracked undercarriage; 10 - bucket (backhoe); 11 - traction cable; 12 - support-rotary device

Figure 4 .: 1 - slewing support; 2 - bucket (backhoe); 3 - rack; 4 - boom lifting cable; 5 - front pillar; 6 - driver's cab; 7 - lifting cables; 8 - arrow; 9 - handle; 10 - running device; 11 - traction cable; 12 - turntable

Figure 5 .: 1 - tracked undercarriage; 2 - the axis of the turntable; 3 - driver's cab; 4 - turntable; 5 - bucket (straight shovel); 6, 8, 9 - hydraulic drives; 7 - arrow; 11 - handle

Figure 6 .: 1 - blade; 2 - hydraulic drive of the blade; 3 - engine; 4 - swivel column; 5, 6, 7 - hydraulic cylinders; 8 - thrust; 9 - unified bucket; 10 - handle; 11 - arrow; 12 - outrigger hydraulic cylinders; 13 - outriggers; 14 - asterisks; 15 - sleeve-roller chain; 16 - hydraulic cylinders of the swing mechanism; 17 - frame

Excavators with flexible suspension of working equipment (rope pulley blocks) are divided into those with working equipment with a front shovel (Fig. 7) and those with equipment with a back shovel (Fig. 8). The choice of a specific modification of the excavator is dictated by the nature of the work performed, their features, and the correct definition (classification) of the machine required in this case means a lot.

Figure 7 .: 1 - arrow; 2 - handle; 3 - bucket; 4, 5, 6 - hydraulic drives; h to - digging depth; R to - digging radius; Н в - unloading height; R in - bucket lifting radius

Figure 8.: 1 - arrow; 2, 3, 8 - hydraulic drives; 4 - bucket (backhoe); 5 - handle; 6 - composite boom knee; 7 - thrust; 9 - intermediate insert; H k - digging depth; R to - digging radius; Н в - unloading height; R in - bucket lifting radius

In addition to the classification of excavators, it is necessary to know well their indexing so that there is no error in the operational capabilities of the machine. Rice will help us with this. 9. The first letters will always indicate the classification - in this case: EO (single-bucket excavator). This is followed by the four main numbers of the index: the size group of the excavator, the undercarriage (type), the design of the working suspension and the serial number of a particular machine. The figure shows a detailed decoding of the four main digits of the index, but at some points, you still need to stop.

Figure 9.

For each size group, several bucket capacities are usually indicated - the main and replaceable high-capacity buckets, and, for the latter, smaller linear parameters and weaker soils are provided than when working with the main bucket. The main bucket is considered, with which an excavator can work on category IV soil at the maximum linear operating parameters (depth and radius of digging, radius and height of unloading, etc.).

The capacity of the main buckets of excavators is: for the 2nd size group - 0.25-0.28 m 3; 3rd - 0.40-0.65 m 3; 4th - 0.65-1.00 m 3; 5th - 1.00-1.60 m 3; 6th - 1.60-2.50 m 3; 7th - 2.50-4.00 m 3.

The type of running gear is indicated by numbers from 1 to 9: 1 - tracked (G); 2 - broadened caterpillar (GU); 3 - pneumatic (P); 4 - special chassis of the automobile type (SSh); 5 - truck chassis (A); 6 - chassis of a serial tractor (Tr); 7 - trailed running gear (Pr); 8, 9 - reserve. Structural performance working equipment is indicated by numbers: 1 (with flexible suspension), 2 (with rigid suspension), 3 (telescopic). The last digit of the index means the serial number of the excavator model. The first of the additional letters after the digital index (A, B, C, etc.) means the ordinal modernization of this machine, the subsequent ones - a type of special climatic version (C or HL - northern, T - tropical, TV - for work in humid tropics) ... For example, the EO-5123HL index is deciphered as follows: universal single-bucket excavator, 5th size group, on a tracked undercarriage, with a rigid suspension of working equipment, the third model in the northern version. The excavator is equipped with a main bucket with a capacity of 1.0 m 3, corresponding to the 5th size group, and replaceable buckets with a capacity of 1.25 and 1.6 m 3.

In addition to the listed attachments, excavators with rope pulleys can be equipped with a dragline suspension (Fig. 10, fragment "A"), crane equipment (fragment "B"), grader equipment (fragment "C").

Figure 10.: А - equipment with dragline suspension; B - equipping with crane equipment; B - equipping with grader equipment

Excavators with rigid suspension of working equipment (on hydraulic cylinders) can be equipped with hydraulic hammers (Fig. 11). The hammer is hinged in place of the backhoe bucket and is connected to the handle via a quick release attachment. The hammer itself is driven by the excavator's hydraulic pumps for optimum power utilization and cost savings. Recently, small-sized mini- and micro-excavators have been increasingly used (Fig. 12). They can open pits, trenches, perform work in hard-to-reach places... In the cottage in the country house construction, they are irreplaceable. There is a large selection of quick-detachable work equipment for them.

Figure 11.: 1 - arrow; 2, 3, 6 - hydraulic cylinders; 4 - handle; 5 - hydraulic hammer

Figure 12.: 1 - bucket; 2 - arrow; 3 - sectional hydraulic valves; 4 - driver's seat; 5 - engine; 6 - hydraulic tank; 7 - back stop; 8 - handle; 9 - middle supports; 10 - driving wheels; 11 - hydraulic motors; 12 - frame; 13 - gear pump; 14 - rear driven wheels

Trench excavators are a separate group. Their main purpose is to prepare underground utilities in an open way. The performance of trench excavators is higher than that of single-bucket excavators. This is understandable: they are constantly moving around in working mode.

Trench excavators consist of three basic parts: a tractor, working equipment and equipment for adjusting the position of all working bodies. In fig. 13 and 14 show a single-chain scraper excavator based on a wheeled tractor and a double-chain trench excavator based on a caterpillar tractor. Indexing of trench excavators is similar to single-bucket excavators, but has its own characteristics. Let's consider this using the example of indexing the most common models: tracked trench excavators with a combined drive (Fig. 15). The first two letters, as with single-bucket excavators, denote the type of machine - trench excavator (ET), but the third letter already denotes the type of the working body (C - chain, P - rotary). The first two digits of the index indicate the maximum depth of the trench to be torn off (in dm), the third — the serial number of the model. The first of the additional letters after the digital index (A, B, C, etc.) means the ordinal modernization of the machine, the subsequent ones - the type of special climatic version (HL - northern, T - tropical, TV - for work in humid tropics). For example, the ETC-252A index means: chain trench excavator, digging depth 25 dm, the second model - 2, which has passed the first modernization - A.

Figure 13.: 1 - hydraulic lifting mechanism; 2 - drive shaft; 3 - additional frame; 4 - inclined frame; 5 - replaceable cantilever scraping shoe; 6 - sleeve-roller chain; 7 - screw conveyor screw; 8 - three-stage gearbox; 9 - hydromechanical retarder; 10 - power take-off shaft; 11 - blade

Figure 14.: 1 - hydraulic cylinder; 2 - lever; 3 - transverse belt conveyor; 4 - leading chain sprockets; 5 - plate chains; 6 - cutting knives; 7 - inclined frame; 8 - chain tensioning sprockets; 9 - intermediate rollers

Figure 15.

LOADING AND UNLOADING MACHINES

The main purpose of these machines and mechanisms is to work on the movement of various goods. Usually these are self-propelled universal vehicles based, as a rule, on wheeled vehicles. They also use quick-detachable working attachments - grabs, buckets, crane attachments, etc.

Loaders are divided into bucket, fork and multi-bucket (continuous). In urban, dacha and cottage construction, the most common are a front-end loader (Fig. 16), a bulldozer-loader (Fig. 17), and, of course, a small-sized loader (Fig. 18). Front loaders provide forward unloading of the bucket within the specified height. The main bucket (1 m 3) has a straight cutting edge with removable teeth.

Figure 16.: 1 - cockpit; 2 - engine; 3 - power take-off reducer; 4 - driving axles; 5 - chassis with an articulated frame; 6 - boom hydraulic cylinder; 7 - arrow; 8 - bucket; 9 - rocker; 10 - bucket rotation hydraulic cylinder; 11 - thrust

Figure 17.: 1 - bucket; 2 - device for changing working bodies; 3 - arrow; 4, 5 - hydraulic cylinders; 6 - basic tractor; 7 - planer blade; 8 - traction; 9 - supporting frame

Figure 18.: 1 - support; 2 - arrow; 3 - hydraulic cylinders for caliper rotation; 4 - levers; 5 - thrust; 6 - lifting cylinders; 7 - semi-portal

A bulldozer-loader, along with loading and unloading operations, can carry out leveling of sites, filling holes, demolishing small hills. A hydraulically controlled blade and a bucket with a volume of 0.38 m 3 or 0.5 m 3 are used as the main replacement equipment.

Small-sized loaders are designed to perform work in particularly cramped conditions. They have a large selection of interchangeable equipment and successfully use a scraper bucket, backhoe, load boom, forks, hydraulic hammer, drill, dozer blade, trencher. The loader can make a 180 ° turn on the spot with a zone width up to 4 meters, no more.

MACHINES FOR WORKING WITH CONCRETE AND MORTARS

According to their functional purpose, these machines and mechanisms are of three types: the first prepare concrete and mortar mixtures, the second deliver solutions to the construction site, and the third ones lay and compact the mixtures and mortars.

The first type includes mixers various modificationsThese are continuous mixing machines, batch mixers, paddle-type, turbulent mixers operating on gravitational or forced mixing principles, stationary and mobile mixers. The most modern and mobile representative of this type of machine is shown in Fig. 19 concrete mixer truck. He prepares a concrete mixture on the way to the object, directly on the object and, being already loaded with a high-quality mixture, activates (mixes) it along the way. Optimum temperature for the operation of these machines - from -30 ° to + 40 °.

Figure 19. Concrete mixer truck (ready mix - 4 m 3): 1 - KAMAZ chassis; 2 - dosing and washing tank; 3 - drum rotation mechanism; 4 - mixing drum; 5 - loading funnel; 6 - unloading funnel; 7 - folding tray; 8 - rotary device; 9 - mixer frame; 10, 12 - equipment control levers; 11 - instrumentation

The second type includes all machines for transporting prepared mixtures. These are mainly specialized auto vehicles: auto-mortar trucks, auto-concrete trucks, concrete mixer trucks already mentioned by us (since they combine the function of delivering solutions).
This also includes concrete pumps (Figure 20).

Figure 20 .: 1 - KAMAZ chassis; 2 - rotary support; 3 - swivel column; 4 - distribution boom; 5, 7, 11 - double-acting hydraulic cylinders; 6 - hydraulic tank; 8 - concrete pump; 9 - concrete pipeline; 10 - water tank; 12 - compressor; 13 - flexible hose; 14 - receiving funnel; 15 - boom frame; 16 - outboard hydraulic supports

The truck-mounted concrete pump is designed to deliver the mixture with a cone draft within 6-12 cm both in horizontal and vertical directions. These are mobile vehicles with hydraulic drive a concrete pump and an articulated boom with a concrete pipeline. The device of the concrete pump is piston. The range of feeding the mixture horizontally - up to 300 m and vertically - up to 70 m.

The third type includes vibrators of various designs and modifications. Their main purpose is to displace the air contained in the solution and eliminate all voids between the formwork and the reinforcement. The most widely used in construction are pneumatic and electric vibrators with circular vibrations. By the method of action on the mixture, surface, external and deep vibrators are distinguished.

Surface vibrators act on the solution through a trough-shaped rectangular area (Fig. 21, fragment "A"). External vibrators act through the formwork or any other form to which they are attached from the outside (Fig. 21, fragment "B"). Deep vibrators are immersed directly into the solution (Fig. 21, fragment "B").

Figure 21.: A - surface vibrator; B - external vibrator; B - deep vibrator; 1 - vibrator housing; 2 - trough-shaped platform; 3 - formwork; 4 - cylindrical vibrating tip; 5 - solution

MACHINES AND EQUIPMENT FOR PILOT WORK

Talking about excavators in construction processes, we touched on the possibility of using attachments for using excavators in pile work. But there are special installations for this.

When installing foundations, two types of piles are used - ready-made (driven) and bored, the device of which is carried out in the wells directly at the construction site. In both cases, piling and piling installations are involved, shown in Fig. 22 and 23. Interchangeable equipment is hung on them: pile hammers, vibratory hammers, vibratory pile drivers. Piling and piling installations are mounted on the basis of self-propelled machines (the same excavators).

Figure 22.: 1 - lower support; 2 - piles; 3 - auger drill; 4 - drive for drilling; 5 - winch; 6 - hydraulic hammer; 7 - lattice boom; 8 - pile mast; 9 - cargo winch; 10 - hook suspension; 11 - head; 12 - hydraulic cylinders; 13 - hydraulic excavator; 14 - hydraulic cylinder for mast installation

Figure 23. 1 - basic machine; 2 - arrow; 3 - mast; 4 - working tool; 5 - driven pile

Table 1. Soil excavation mechanisms

Purpose and types of mechanisms	Main parameter
	Name	The quantity
Single-bucket excavators on a tractor chassis	Bucket capacity, m 3		EO-2621V-2; EO-2621-3
Single-bucket full-revolving pneumatic wheel excavators			EO-3322B-2; EO-3322D
			EO-3323; EO-3532
Single-bucket full-revolving crawler excavators
			EO-3221; EO-3122
			EO-4112; EO-4111G
			EO-4125; EO-5111B
Rotary continuous excavators	Development depth, m
Continuous excavators trench	Development depth, m
			ETC-252; ETTS-252A
Drilling machines
Self-propelled scrapers	Bucket capacity, m 3
Trailed and semi-trailed scrapers
			D3-149-5; D3-77-A-1; D3-172-1-03
Ripper bulldozers, loader bulldozers, fixed blade bulldozers	power, kWt
			D3-42; D3-42G;
			D3-42G-1; D3-110V; D3-171.5-07; D3-116V; D3-177A; D3-117A; DZ-109B; D3-109B-1
			D3-171,1-03; D3-171.5-07
			D3-132-1; D3-126V-2

Distinguish between theoretical, technical and operational performance of earthmoving equipment.

The theoretical productivity "P about" is the productivity provided by the design capabilities of the machine during continuous operation (Table 2).

Table 2. Theoretical number of cycles per minute

Note: Cycles per minute is based on normal conditions (normal face height, average design hoisting rope speed, 90 ° swing angle and dump).

Technical productivity Пт is the highest productivity in the given conditions of soil and bottom in an hour of continuous operation:

where K c - coefficient of the cycle duration; K t is the coefficient of soil influence, taking into account the degree of filling the bucket and the effect of soil loosening.

Operational productivity depends on the use of the excavator in time, taking into account the inevitable downtime in the process of work (maintenance, downtime for organizational reasons, moving machines, face preparation, etc.)

where K in - the coefficient of use of the excavator in time during the shift.

Usually K in is taken equal to 0.75 when working in transport and 0.9 when working in a dump.

The performance of a bucket excavator can be determined by the formula

where q is the bucket capacity; V is the speed of the bucket chain in m / s; t - bucket pitch; K n - the coefficient of filling the ladles, equal to an average of 0.8; K p - coefficient taking into account soil loosening is taken equal to 0.7-0.9; K in - the coefficient of use of the excavator in time, equal with a good organization of work 0.8-0.9 (Table 3).

Table 3. Mechanisms for piling works

Purpose and types of mechanisms	Main parameter
	Name	The quantity
Diesel tubular hammers	Impact mass, kg
Diesel rod hammers
Universal pile driver on rail	Useful height, m
Self-propelled copra
Piling attachments
Pile head cutters	Section of cut piles, cm
Installation for the device of bored piles	Drilling depth, casing diameter, m

The performance of a concrete mixer can be determined by the formula

where N is the number of batches per hour; G - drum loading capacity in l; F - coefficient of concrete yield 0.67 (Table 4).

Table 4. Concrete work machines

Purpose and types of mechanisms	Main parameter
	Name	The quantity
Gravity concrete mixers	The volume of the finished batch, l
			SB-1BG; SB-91B
Compulsory concrete mixers
Concrete mixer trucks	Capacity, m 3		SB-159A; SB-82-1A; SB-92V-1
	Productivity, m 3 / h		SB-126B-1; SB-126B; SB-170-1
Concrete mixing plants			SB-109A (automatic) SB-145-2; SB-145-4
Batch-type concrete mixing plants
Vacuum complexes
General purpose electromechanical vibrators	Synchronous vibration frequency, Hz		IV-10A; IV-106; IV-105; IV-99A; IV-101A; IV-92A
Vibrators deep electromechanical	Case diameter		IV-117; IV-95; IV-102

To obtain the performance of lifting equipment in weight units, it is necessary to multiply the number of lifts per hour by the weight of the load being lifted.

As for other auxiliary machines and mechanisms, their data are given for plastering work in table. 6, for roofing works - in table. 7, for painting works - in table. 8, for the device of floors - in table. nine.

Table 5. Lifting mechanisms

Purpose and types of mechanisms	Main parameter
	Name	The quantity
Tower cranes	Carrying capacity, t		KB403A; KB-103B; KB-100.3A-1; KB-100.3B; KB-308A
			KB-309HL; KB-408; KB-504
			KMB-401P; KB-674A; KB-676A
Self-propelled jib cranes:			KS-2651K; KS-2561K-1; KS-2571A-1; KS-3575A
automobile
			KS-3578; KS-4561A; KS-4572; KS-4573
			KS-4574; KS-4562
automobile type			KS-6471; KS-6471A
pneumatic
caterpillar			RDK-250; DEK-252
			MKG-40; SKG-401
			SKG-631; DEK-631
Freight lifts			PGM-7613; PGM-7623; PGM-7633
Full-revolving portable jib cranes	Also, kg (people)

Table 6. Plastering machines

Purpose and types of mechanisms	Main parameter
	Name	The quantity
Mortar mixers	The volume of the finished batch, l		SO-133; SO-23V; SO-46B; SO-26B
	Volume, m3
Mortar pumps	Productivity, m 3 / h		SO-48V; SO-167; SO-49V
Plastering units
			SO-50A; SO-50B
Plastering stations
Manual plastering machines			SO-86B; SO-112B

Table 7. Roofing machines

Purpose and types of mechanisms	Main parameter
	Name	The quantity
Units for pumping bituminous mastics	Productivity, m 3 / h
			SO-100A; SO-194
Device for unrolling roll materials	Rolled material width, mm
Water removal machines	Productivity, l / min

Table 8. Mechanisms for painting works

Purpose and types of mechanisms	Main parameter
	Name	The quantity
Painting units	Productivity, l / min
Mixers	The same, l / h
Filling and painting units	Also, m 3 / h
	The same, l / h
	The same, l / min
Dispersants	The same, kg / h
Installation for applying paints	Also, kg / h
Paint grinders	Also, kg / h
Meloterki
Painting stations	The same, m 3 / h
Putty Grinding Machines

Table 9. Floor machines

Purpose and types of mechanisms	Main parameter
	Name	The quantity
Wood floor grinding machines	Productivity, m 2 / h
Parquet grinding machines
Vibrating racks
Concrete floor smoothing and grinding machines

Basic requirements and indicators.

A construction machine is a device that, through mechanical movement, transforms the dimensions, shape, properties or position in space of building materials, products and structures (SMIC).

Construction machines:

transport - these are cars, tractors, tractors;

technological - these are lifting, transporting.

The state of operation of a machine, during which it produces products, is called production operation.

Measures to ensure the maintenance of the quality of machines during their operation - acceptance, delivery, running-in, installation, dismantling, transportation, storage, conservation, maintenance, repair, supply of materials and spare parts, ensuring safe operation - all this is technical operation.

The limiting state of a machine is the impossibility of its further operation due to an unrecoverable violation of safety requirements.

Service life is the calendar duration of the machine's operation from its start to the onset of the limit state.

The technical resource is the time in hours of clean operation of the machine before the onset of the limiting state.

These two mandatory characteristics are indicated in the technical documentation for specific types or models of machines.

Obsolescence of the machine - compliance with the design solution modern level development of technology. Since over time, car models become obsolete and inferior in their output parameters, which have replaced them with new models.

A parameter is called a quantitative, less often qualitative, characteristic of any essential feature of a machine.

There are main, main and auxiliary parameters:

The main parameters are the mass of the machine, the power of the power plant or the total power of the main motors in the electric drive, performance and others. They most determine the technological capabilities of the machine.

Basic parameters are the parameters necessary for the selection of machines in certain operating conditions. These parameters include:

cross-country characteristics (specific ground pressure in working and transport modes);

maneuverability characteristics (turning radii);

characteristics of other running devices (travel speeds, limiting angles of ascent);

characteristics of efforts on working bodies;

Auxiliary - all other parameters (characterize the conditions of maintenance, repair and relocation).

Within each functional group, machines are combined according to standard sizes, characterized by a single main parameter.

Mandatory components of any machine:

a drive consisting of a power plant;

transmission devices (transmissions);

control system;

one or more working bodies;

frame (supporting structures).

For mobile machines, a chassis chassis is added.

Performance - important characteristic construction machines. This is the quantity of products produced by the machine per unit of time.

Distinguish between design (theoretical or design), technical and operational performance.

The design productivity is understood as the productivity per hour of continuous operation at the design speeds of the working movements, the design loads on the working body and the design operating conditions.

For cyclical machines:

Prcyk calc \u003d 3600 ∙ Q / tц

where Q is the estimated amount of products;

tts - design productivity of 1 working cycle.

For continuous machines:

Przik \u003d 3600 ∙ F ∙ V,

where F is the estimated amount of product per 1 m of its flow length.

V is the calculated flow rate.

Technical productivity (PT) is understood as the maximum possible productivity in a given production environment with continuous operation of machines.

Machine operational productivity (PE) is the actual machine performance in a given production environment, taking into account its downtime and underutilization of its technological capabilities.

Pe \u003d ΣQ / Ttotal,

where ΣQ is the actual volume of products manufactured;

Ttot - the duration of the presence of the machine at the working site, during which these products were produced.

3 coefficients are also used: Кт, Кв, Кп

Kt \u003d Fri / Pr, (coefficient of transition from technical and calculated pr-ty)

Kv \u003d Tm / Ttot.

Kp \u003d Pe / Fri, (use of technological opportunity)

Кп \u003d Кт ∙ Кв,

where Tm is the duration of the machine's clean operation (minus downtime).

On the requirement for a set of sets of machines. This is due to the structure of the car park. The wider the range of standard sizes of the main types of machines, the more efficiently the tasks of complex mechanization are solved.

The most important requirements are to ensure favorable working conditions for drivers and maintenance personnel. This is the social fitness of machines (their operational, ergonomic (hygiene, life, human performance), aesthetic, environmental properties).

According to many members of the forum, if the owner's plans after the construction of the house is the further operation of the car for everyday needs, and it is not expected to replace it in the foreseeable future, it is not advisable to purchase a car specially "for construction". It's better to buy the one you like right away a car... It is easier to transport bulky building materials to the construction site with a hired gazelle, and to carry tools and expendable materials it is possible in a passenger car, especially if it is a station wagon, the forum member believes tazer.

tazer FORUMHOUSE user

The difference in price between a van and a truck won't pay off. And to drag a body behind you, while having all the disadvantages of a large car (dimensions, consumption, noise, handling, etc.) for the sake of one construction site is stupid.

Indeed, many forum users have successfully rebuilt, having only a passenger car in their household. The main thing is that the trailer is good. Victor50 he delivered materials for his construction site on an ordinary "Zhigula" 2106 with a KMZ trailer, which has an additional extension drawbar, which can be connected to transport length gauges up to six meters.

Mikhail11 FORUMHOUSE user

I completely and completely for the trailer: I bought it once and for life. Compulsory motor third party liability insurance is not necessary, technical inspection is not needed, hooked up - and carry what you want ... And I see no point in taking the "killed" Gazelle and lying under it.

Forum member Bias I bought a trailer with dimensions of 2.5x1.3 meters - it turned out that this is the standard size of OSB sheets, hardboard and other sheet materials. In his opinion, the main difference between the trailer and the same cargo Gazelle is the convenience of loading and unloading. There is no need to lift, for example, bags of cement on a high side, then climb into the back and transfer the bag more than once, and in reverse order when unloading. In addition, if you need to go somewhere urgently, you can simply unhook the loaded trailer and leave it. And in the evening " freight car»With a slight movement of the hand turns into regular car... Well, after construction, if it is not needed, it is enough to simply sell it.

Bias

Most manufacturers indicate a maximum trailer weight of 750 kg, although it can easily withstand a ton. I loaded more than two tons as much as possible, only the wheels had to be pumped up. I drove on the Niva almost every day during the season, often off-road, the trailer withstood and paid off many times compared to the Gazelle.

The best choice for construction is tipper trailers: it is convenient to unload sand, clay and other bulk materials from them. Forum user Nfnfhbyz when choosing a trailer, he also advises to pay attention to the wheels. It is convenient if they are proportional to the wheels of your car: it will be enough to take only one "spare tire" with you. And necessarily - folding both front and rear sides.

Pickup is another option that many users have tried and appreciated. Forum user GOR777 specially for construction bought a used Chinese Great wall with a kung. A very convenient device, he claims: the cross-country ability is quite decent, you can load almost a ton, and in the body, unlike, for example, cargo compartment station wagon can load at least clay, even manure. It is easy to wash it, and the interior will remain clean.

GOR777 FORUMHOUSE user

A used Chinese pickup is not a pity, you can load whatever you want and go as and where you want, and then, as unnecessary, sell it for a cheap price and buy a more decent car.

User PVG1985 preferred the domestic version based on the Lada 4x4. He claims that he has made the right decision both in cross-country ability and in carrying capacity.

PVG1985 FORUMHOUSE user

Personal record: 4.69 m3 of insulation in bags, although a 3-cc septic tank looks good. When construction began, even the "Belorus" could not drive to me in order to dig a drainage trench; And I drove in normally.

However, most people think that purchasing a pickup truck specifically for construction is unreasonably expensive. This is a versatile vehicle for an active lifestyle. The same building materials fit into its body less than a decent-sized trailer. But for a more or less large-scale construction and a trailer is still not the best option, the forum users say. Many people prefer the Gazelle. For solid volumes of concrete, brick, reinforcement, etc. in any case, you will need to order a heavy-duty transport, but on the "gazelle" it is convenient to bring a large number of various little things that are required at a construction site continuously, especially during the period of finishing work. You can argue which option - a body or a van - is more convenient, but here is a clear advantage of a van: you can leave materials and tools in it without fear that they will be "attached to the legs."

Dubrovsky FORUMHOUSE user

I've been driving a Gazelle (onboard) for probably 20 years already. I changed the second one. The business is connected with construction, I build cottages, I built myself two houses. I do not see another car for myself. The cabin is comfortable, spare parts are no problem. The overhaul of the engine in the workshop was done in two days and inexpensively.

One of the main disadvantages of Gazelles is low cross-country ability. And if we take into account that we have to drive up to most of the construction sites not on asphalt, this minus can outweigh all the advantages. And secondly, such a car is still for the "rukasty": regular breakdowns are common for it. Forum member Arkann He has owned a "summer cottage" Gazelle for ten years and considers it an indispensable assistant, but only after 100 thousand kilometers of run this car literally starts to "crumble", he claims. Either an almost new radiator will take and flow, then the muffler will suddenly fall off ...

An alternative low-cost Gazelle is the UAZ "tadpole", especially with an extended base. With "flowability" it has the same problems, plus a less comfortable small-sized cab, but there is a significant advantage - four-wheel drive.

2.2 Earth moving machines

2.3 Earthmoving machines

2.4 Hoisting machines and mechanisms

2.5 Self-propelled graders (motor graders)

3. Timing of the working cycle

3.1 Results of timing of the working process of the EO-3323A excavator

3.2 The results of the timing of the working process of the bulldozer T130

4. Organization of maintenance and repair of construction machines

5. Safety precautions

Bibliographic list

1. Organization of educational practice

The purpose of the practice: To get acquainted with the main types of construction machines and the basics of their automation; to study the device and working process of machines; carry out work to determine the performance of machines.

The rise of construction to a qualitatively new level is possible due to the consistent pursuit of a course for its further industrialization, a significant reduction in manual labor, improvement of the structure and organization of construction production.

One of the leading factors in solving the problems of reducing the cost and construction time, increasing labor productivity and the overall efficiency of construction production is the comprehensive mechanization of construction and installation work. The widespread introduction of complex mechanization and automation in construction production is facilitated by the saturation of construction with the necessary number of high-performance machines, the development of the production of a number of new types of machines, the expansion of the technological capabilities of mechanization means and the improvement of the organization of their effective use.

The continuous quantitative and qualitative growth of construction requires a further reduction in cost, labor intensity, construction and installation work time, an increase in the efficiency of capital investments and labor productivity, the successful solution of which can be ensured by improving the technology and organization of work, the introduction of continuous production methods, and an increase in the efficiency of using the existing machinery park of construction , the creation and implementation of new, more advanced and efficient construction machines and equipment, wide-ranging comprehensive mechanization and automation of heavy and labor-intensive technological processes, and improved working conditions.

Modern construction is carried out by industrial methods and is a complex mechanized flow process of assembling buildings and structures from prefabricated elements manufactured at factories and house-building factories (DSK) in a highly mechanized and automated production... At present, a huge park of construction machines and equipment (about 600 thousand units) is used in construction, which makes it possible to comprehensively mechanize the main work at all stages of construction production. Comprehensive mechanization of construction at the present stage of development of technology requires the introduction of systems of machines based on the use of basic machines of increased unit capacity with their completion with means of mechanization of all technological processes.

An important factor in increasing labor productivity in construction is the increasing equipping of construction and assembly organizations with hand-held machines, small-scale mechanization equipment and standard sets for roofing, plastering and painting works. To reduce unskilled and monotonous work, as well as work in difficult and unhealthy conditions, more and more measures are being taken to introduce automatic manipulators (industrial robots) in the production of finishing, earthmoving and other works. The range of construction machines is constantly expanding and replenished with more advanced types and models that meet the modern requirements of urban construction technology.

In production construction works in the prevailing urban conditions, additional difficulties often arise due to the need to perform work in cramped conditions and in a short time, since most of them are associated with disruption of pedestrian traffic, the established mode of operation of transport, ground and underground communications, etc. In addition, it is often necessary to carry out laborious preparatory operations for the destruction of old buildings, foundations, road surfaces, etc. For the efficient performance of work in confined conditions, a wide range of high-performance special and universal multi-purpose machines is used, which are compact, have high mobile and transport qualities and ensure complete safety of work in these conditions. Small-scale mechanization means are widely used in confined conditions, which make it possible to almost completely eliminate manual labor. Growing from year to year scale and modern technology urban construction requires a constant increase in the park of construction machines and equipment, expansion of the range, increase technical level machines, improving the organization of their use.

An increase in the technical level of the main types of construction machines and equipment is ensured primarily by increasing their unit capacity (energy saturation) and productivity, versatility and technological capabilities, reliability and durability, improving the specific indicators of the most important operating parameters, the development of hydrofication of drives, widespread use in the designs of unified machines. assemblies, assemblies and parts, expanding the range of replaceable working equipment, using modern automation systems for controlling the work processes of machines, increasing the adaptability of machines to maintenance and repair, improvement of working conditions for drivers (operators), etc.

2. Basic theoretical information

2.1 Machines for preparatory work

Preparatory work includes clearing the construction site from forest and bushes, stones, construction debris, lifting stumps, loosening rocks and frozen soils. Ancillary work includes drilling boreholes and wells, including wells for the manufacture of bored piles.

Rippers are used to loosen frozen soils and rocks that cannot be developed by conventional earthmoving machines, excavators, bulldozers, scrapers.

Single-bucket construction excavators can excavate soils with a specific resistance to digging k 1 \u003d 0.5 MPa, and multi-bucket excavators with k 1 \u003d 0.8 MPa. Bulldozers and scrapers can only mine soils where k 1 does not exceed 0.3 MPa. Stronger soils, as well as frozen rocks of medium strength, are most often developed after preliminary loosening.

Rippers.

The ripper is an attached or trailed equipment for crawler tractors or basic tractors of different power and with different pulling force.

Trailed equipment is less efficient than mounted equipment, since it has less maneuverability and stability, and the weight of the tractor cannot be used to deepen the teeth, therefore it should be used only for relatively small amounts of work and in the absence of rippers with attachments... The use of rippers is cost effective for use in construction.

Brush cutters, grubber-gatherers.

Brush cutters are machines designed for cutting shrubs and trees with a maximum trunk diameter of 20 ... 40 cm.

Distinguish between knife and milling brush cutters. Knife brush cutters with straight and sawtooth knives are widely used. The brush cutter works as follows. The blade (knife) is lowered to the ground and cuts off bushes when the machine moves forward.

Root-gatherers are machines that are used to extract large stones and stumps from the soil, uproot shrubs and harvest trees cut by hedge trimmers or felled by tree felling. The working body is a lattice blade with teeth. The blade is attached to the tractor push frame. You can pull the stone out by pushing it, or wedge it and then lift it. The second method can be used to extract heavy stones at great depths. This method takes longer to extract.

In front of the tractor, an active rake is hinged on the track beams on hinges. To ensure the working speeds of movement, the base tractor is equipped with a creeper. Adjusting the cutting height and setting the working body in transport position is carried out with the help of hydraulic cylinders from the tractor hydraulic system. Swather in transport and working position installed using the hydraulic front hitch, which is equipped with a tractor.

For uprooting large stumps, boulders, uprooting part of the small forest, raking and shaking them up, grubbing machines are used, which are mounted or trailed equipment, mainly for caterpillar tractors. The lifters are classified according to the location and purpose of the working body: according to the location of the working body, lifters come with a front and rear-mounted, according to their intended purpose - grubbing-gatherers, grubbing-loaders and grubbing units.

Blade lifters usually have no more than 4 teeth. The stump-gatherers have a widened blade with 9 tines, so they are better suited for shoveling up brush and moving stumps and roots into heaps or shafts. Rooting aggregates include a set of implements with the same name. The grubbing loaders are equipped with a grubbing blade turning device and can load stumps and roots into vehicles.

Modern lifters remove stumps by breaking the roots with the pushing force of the tractor while applying the vertical force generated by the lift and swing cylinders of the blade. When uprooting, raking and transporting uprooted (or cut by brushcutters) wood, these machines move a significant amount of soil (up to 300 tons / ha) into shafts and heaps. A large amount of soil remains on the stumps, and large pits are formed. Therefore, subsequent planning of the area is necessary.