The article is devoted to the formation of parks of environmentally friendly and economical transport, which is especially important in the context of an intensive growth in the level of motorization. In order to ensure the sustainable development of the transport system and cities, the possibilities of using alternative fuels in road transport, including hybrid drives, are considered. The importance of the introduction of innovative solutions to improve the environmental friendliness of public transport in cities is shown. The standards of mobility and restrictions on the use of non-environmentally friendly cars in megacities are given, as well as the prospects for the development of public transport in Russia and abroad. A qualitative assessment of the market situation was carried out in order to realize the possibilities of expanding the fleet of buses with hybrid power plants. Highlighted the strategic activities that facilitate the entry of hybrid buses to the market.
environmental friendliness of transport
profitability
hybrid buses
development prospects
Green economy
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"Green" economy is a direction in economic science, within which it is believed that the economy is a dependent component of the natural environment, within which it exists, and is a part of it. A green economy is defined as an economy that enhances human well-being and social justice, while significantly reducing environmental risks and prospects for environmental degradation. Important features of such an economy are efficient use of natural resources, conservation and increase of natural capital, reduction of pollution, low carbon emissions, prevention of loss of ecosystem services and biodiversity, increased income and employment.
The challenge facing humanity to maintain an ecological balance initiates developments to reduce emissions in sectors such as construction, transport and energy. The rapid depletion of natural energy sources brings to the fore the task of finding fundamentally new ways to obtain energy. One of the main directions in the automotive industry in the current trends in environmental protection, aimed at solving the problem of reducing the consumption of hydrocarbons, is the improvement and expansion of the use of hybrid vehicles.
Automobile transport is the largest pollutant of the environment, primarily of atmospheric air. According to Eurostat, the most significant greenhouse gas emissions in the EU-28 (figure) are due to fuel combustion in sectors such as energy, construction and transport.
In the studies of foreign and Russian scientists, possible options improving the environmental friendliness and efficiency of vehicles by using alternative fuel sources. The paper presents the possibilities of using alternative fuel sources for public transport. The article is devoted to the analysis of the prospects for the use of alternative energy sources, including hybrid drives in road transport. The prospects for the use of cars on hydrogen fuel are shown. The article discusses the results of the pilot project "Whistler hydrogen fuel cell bus", designed for 5 years, designed to demonstrate the performance of buses running on hydrogen. The results of the project show that running a hydrogen bus, taking into account maintenance and fuel costs, is three times more expensive than running a Nova diesel bus. Despite the fact that from an economic point of view, this type of transport is not optimal, the study within the framework of the project was recognized as successful. First of all, this estimate is due to the fact that total air emissions have been reduced by about 65% (compared to diesel buses), which corresponds to 4,400 tons of greenhouse gas emissions.
Greenhouse gas emissions (by sector), EU-28,%
Tests of hybrid public transport in Gothenburg have shown that the fuel consumption of a Volvo bus is less than 11 liters for every 100 km. That's 81% less than an equivalent diesel bus consumes. Hybrids (3 buses were involved in the project) ply along the established routes of public transport, periodically recharging the battery at stops. Recharging took place by connecting to the charging buses.
Considering the possibility of using alternative fuels in road transport, including hybrid drives, one should take into account such a factor as prospective consumer demand. Since the consumer is not always ready to abandon the usual vehicles, promising engines should be used in those market segments where the state can most effectively generate demand using various incentive methods.
The author of the article identifies two main areas for assessing the efficiency of transport: fuel efficiency and fleet efficiency. At the same time, fuel efficiency is a form of thermal efficiency, depending on the unique parameters of the engine, aerodynamic drag, vehicle weight and rolling resistance, while fleet efficiency describes the use of fuel by a group of vehicles, which can be improved both by improving the performance of an individual vehicle and by route optimization or behavior modification.
The authors identify the following groups as potential owners of vehicles using alternative fuels: cities and schools (school buses; police departments and fire departments; public transport); car rental companies; federal and state agencies; commercial legal entities; shipping companies; mail and delivery services. The authors motivate the relevance of this choice by the fact that, according to statistical data, the impact on environment large fleets are higher than private vehicles due to the high annual mileage. Mileage personal car averages 12,000 miles / years, while the average car in the fleet travels 23,000 miles / years. In addition, the share of new cars in the fleet is significant, as they are updated more often than individual owners.
In Russia, only targeted measures to support hybrid and electric transport have been tested. Among them, the abolition of import duties on new electric vehicles, the provision of free parking for electric vehicles in Moscow, the development of electric taxis in Stavropol, the implementation of a program for the construction of infrastructure for electric transport by MOESK, the introduction of Euro-5 for imported cars, as well as the proposal of the Ministry of Natural Resources to label vehicles with high levels of pollution by banning them from entering the center of the capital.
Ensuring access to goods, jobs, services, education and leisure through an environmentally friendly, health-saving, economically and socially viable transport system is a key factor in improving the environment and quality of life, a factor of economic and social growth. A Partnership was established following the 2009 Amsterdam Transport, Environment and Health (THE PEP) Pan-European Program Meeting in Amsterdam and THE PEP 2010 Symposium on Green and Health Investments and Jobs in the Transport Sector. to coordinate the efforts of the participating countries and develop joint projects for the transition to "green" transport. At the same time, it is indicated that the transition to a low-carbon transport system can be carried out by a combination of the following directions:
- systemic transition to low-carbon modes of transport, including renewable energy sources and alternative vehicles and fuels;
- reducing emissions from this mode of travel, including through mobility management that promotes less polluting and more cost-effective transport;
- changes in mobility patterns towards fewer trips and shorter distances
During the debate on sustainable development, the participants in the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio + 20 Conference) noted that transport and mobility are critical to sustainable development as a factor in increasing social equity, improving human health, making cities resilient, building links between urban and rural areas and increasing productivity in rural areas. The need to promote an integrated approach to national, regional and local policy-making on transport services and systems to promote sustainable development was noted.
THE PEP documents note that the positive examples of measures taken to improve the quality of the urban environment and to support the redistribution of modes of movement by increasing the share of walking and cycling in combination with the use of urban transport are encouraging. These include improving cycling infrastructure and urban traffic with bicycles in Paris and Barcelona, \u200b\u200bcharging entry fees to congested areas of London, Stockholm and other cities, and measures taken in New York to "ban traffic" in heavily congested areas and transform them to the parks. In addition, it is noted that electromobility is becoming more affordable and widespread. Many corporate car parks and pan-European rental car sharing schemes rely on electric and / or hybrid vehicles, and the introduction of electric bicycles has made cycling not only for health and recreation, but also as a viable means of transportation.
A constraint on the development of alternative modes of travel is the fact that only 68 countries have adopted policies at the national and subnational levels to promote walking and cycling, and only 79 countries have taken measures to protect pedestrians and cyclists by isolating them from other motorized high-speed vehicles. transport. This rate is significantly higher in high-income countries (69%) than in low- and middle-income countries (34%).
Safe systems Public transport is increasingly seen as an important means of safely increasing population mobility, especially in urban areas suffering from increasing traffic congestion. Many high-income cities are emphasizing policies to reduce the use of private road transport through investment in public transport networks. Investing in safe public transport is also seen as a mechanism to stimulate increased physical activity and therefore contribute to better public health.
More than 100 countries have adopted public transport investment policies at the national or subnational levels. In most high-income countries, public transport is well regulated and thus substantially safer than private transport: however, in many booming low- and middle-income countries, growth is unregulated, leading to higher road traffic. traffic injuries among its users. Governments should ensure that public transport systems are safe, accessible and affordable.
Thus, in such cities as London, Paris, New York, Mexico City, Singapore, Seoul, Hong Kong, etc., restrictions on the use of cars have been introduced and new standards of mobility are being actively introduced. Since 2003, London has been charging motorists to enter the city center, the duty is aimed at reducing congestion. In addition, the London Transport Authority has shown a commitment to hybrid technology, with officials placing a production order for 600 new hybrid buses. Mexico City uses the Hoy no program, a restriction on individual driving. New car registration restrictions policy introduced in Beijing. In Paris, you can use the bike rental system (Velib), or the Autolib system (electric car rental). In addition, according to forecasts, by 2016, buses equipped with hybrid engine.
The environmental impact of large fleets is higher than that of private vehicles, due to the large annual mileage, therefore, the most significant for the introduction of new innovative solutions in terms of improving the environmental friendliness of vehicles are fleets of trucks operating in cities (municipal vehicles, delivery vehicles) and city \u200b\u200bbuses. Automotive emissions are most intense in traffic jams, making roads and traffic conditions the main source of air pollution in cities. Development of hybrid technology on public transport will improve the ecological situation in cities. The use of rechargeable batteries of a much smaller capacity than in electric vehicles reduces the severity of the problem of recycling used batteries.
At a meeting on expanding use natural gas as a motor fuel in the regions of the Volga Federal District, the head of the Ministry of Industry and Trade Denis Manturov said that the State Duma is considering an application of the ministry for the allocation of 3.7 billion rubles in 2014 from the federal budget for subsidies for the purchase of motor vehicles on gas engine fuel by the regions, primarily buses and trucks. According to him, subsidies will be provided primarily to those regions where a lot of orders will be formed, while the volume of purchases must correspond to the infrastructure for refueling equipment using gas engine fuel, which will either be provided or already exist.
The problems of reducing the negative impact of vehicles on the environment can be solved by using vehicles using alternative fuel sources. With similar environmental performance hybrid buses in comparison with gas, electric buses have significant advantages in operation, since they do not require additional infrastructure for maintenance. However, in the long term, no solutions have yet been found for new types of transport, such as electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles, to reduce the cost of their operation; it would be relevant to expand the use of gas motor fuel as an alternative to gasoline.
The work was carried out at the expense of a subsidy allocated to Kazan Federal University for the implementation of the project part of the assignment in the field of scientific activity.
Reviewers:
Kulakov AT, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Head of the Department of Automobile Transport Operation of the Naberezhnye Chelny Institute (branch), FGAOU VPO "Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University", Kazan;
Akhmetzyanova GN, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Head of the Department of Information Technologies, Naberezhnye Chelny Branch of the Institute of Economics, Management and Law, Kazan.
The work was received on 10/01/2014.
Bibliographic reference
Makarova I.V., Khabibullin R.G., Habsalikhova L.M., Mukhametdinov E.M. HYBRID BUSES - SOLUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM OF CITIES // Fundamental Research. - 2014. - No. 11-1. - S. 28-32;URL: http://fundamental-research.ru/ru/article/view?id\u003d35472 (date accessed: 15.06.2019). We bring to your attention the journals published by the "Academy of Natural Sciences"
65 nanometers is the next target of the Zelenograd plant "Angstrem-T", which will cost 300-350 million euros. Application for receiving soft loan the enterprise has already submitted for the modernization of production technologies to Vnesheconombank (VEB), Vedomosti reported this week with reference to the chairman of the board of directors of the plant Leonid Reiman. Now "Angstrem-T" is preparing to launch a production line for microcircuits with a 90nm topology. Payments on the previous VEB loan, for which it was purchased, will begin in mid-2017.
Beijing collapses Wall Street
Key US indices marked the first days of the New Year with a record drop, billionaire George Soros has already warned that the world is expecting a repeat of the 2008 crisis.
The first Russian consumer processor Baikal-T1 at the price of $ 60 is launched into mass production
At the beginning of 2016, the Baikal Electronics company promises to launch into industrial production the Russian Baikal-T1 processor worth about $ 60. Devices will be in demand if this demand is created by the state, market participants say.
MTS and Ericsson will jointly develop and implement 5G in Russia
PJSC "Mobile TeleSystems" and Ericsson signed an agreement on cooperation in the development and implementation of 5G technology in Russia. In pilot projects, including during the 2018 World Cup, MTS intends to test the developments of the Swedish vendor. At the beginning of next year, the operator will begin a dialogue with the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications on the formation of technical requirements for the fifth generation of mobile communications.
Sergey Chemezov: Rostec is already one of the ten largest machine-building corporations in the world
In an interview with RBC, the head of Rostec, Sergey Chemezov, answered sharp questions: about the Platon system, the problems and prospects of AVTOVAZ, the interests of the State Corporation in the pharmaceutical business, spoke about international cooperation in the face of sanctions pressure, import substitution, reorganization, development strategies and new opportunities in difficult times.
Rostec "protects" and encroaches on the laurels of Samsung and General Electric
The Rostec Supervisory Board approved the "Development Strategy until 2025". The main objectives are to increase the share of high-tech civilian products and catch up with General Electric and Samsung in key financial indicators.
Introduced the 7700 Hybrid, an ultra-green bus based on a regular version of the fresh city model. The company calls the newcomer "the world's first commercially viable hybrid bus."
Hybridization is conquering the auto industry with confidence. Leading car manufacturers either have hybrid models in their range or plan to bring them to the market. As you know, the combination of a traditional drive (from an internal combustion engine) and an electric drive saves fuel. And in the case of high annual mileage, it can even recoup the high cost of a hybrid vehicle.
And where are the most impressive runs? Of course, by public transport. Large and heavy buses "eat" a lot of diesel fuel, throwing a lot of harmful substances into the air. God himself ordered them to switch to a hybrid drive, as they say.
Actually, such a transition did not begin today. For example, in the United States, school buses are being transferred to hybrid traction, and New York has been building up its fleet of hybrid vehicles for several years. regular busesaiming to become a leader among all cities in the world by 2010 in this regard.
And now a remarkable event happened: one of largest manufacturers buses in the world has created its own hybrid version of the city liner.
The 7700 Hybrid consumes 30% less fuel than the purely diesel 7700 (which hauliers will love) and produces 30% less carbon dioxide (which greens will love). And the emission of soot particles and nitrogen oxides from the new bus is 40-50% lower (this is more likely to be appreciated by residents of megacities).
The 7700 Hybrid's standard 9-liter internal combustion engine has been replaced by a more modest 5-liter diesel, aided by a powerful electric motor. The machine can move both on one diesel engine and on one electric motor, as well as with the help of both units at the same time.
This hybrid combination was named I-SAM by Volvo. This system, like all hybrids, allows the traction batteries to be recharged through recuperation during braking. At stops or traffic lights, the diesel is turned off. Further, acceleration occurs only on electric traction, and when a speed of 20 kilometers per hour is reached, the internal combustion engine starts automatically.
Interestingly, the hybrid version of the 7700 was only 100 kilograms heavier than the standard diesel.
The Swedes are not yet talking about the exact price, but they argue that the addition to the cost of the usual 7700th will pay off due to the savings in diesel fuel in 5-7 years. Quite an acceptable option for transport workers. Next, there will be net cost savings. And everyone will feel the benefits for the air on the streets at once.
The first serial 7700 Hybrid will hit the "shelves" in 2009, and in 2010 they will begin their mass production. In the meantime, Volvo intends to expand hybrid drive to its trucks as well as its construction equipment.
Fuel consumption is reduced by over 80% and overall energy consumption by over 60%. These are the stunning results of a field test of a Volvo hybrid bus in Gothenburg.
“Our results are even better than we expected. The hybrid consumes less than 11 liters of fuel for every 100 kilometers. This is 81% less than an equivalent diesel bus consumes, ”says test leader Johan Hellsing. In addition, the data on total energy savings were higher than planned. The plug-in hybrid bus uses 61% less energy than diesel buses require.
Field trials in Gothenburg, involving three hybrid buses, began in June 2013. Driving along established urban routes, the buses periodically recharged their batteries at stops using a charging bus connection.
The charging rods located on the roof are somewhat reminiscent of the pantographs of trolley buses or trams. To charge, they automatically rise and come into contact with the electrodes chargerwhile passengers are boarding and disembarking.
The battery-recharging scheme allowed hybrid buses to travel most of the route on electric traction. In addition to providing such significant savings, this technique is less harmful to the environment and provides passengers and driver with more comfort by reducing emissions and noise.
Drivers who operate the machines during the tests note a quiet and comfortable ride without vibration. The diesel engine was put into operation very rarely, despite the fact that the routes are full of climbs. The total duration of work on electricity was about 85% of the total time spent by buses on the routes.
The test project in Gothenburg is still pending. His program includes 10,000 hours of work and will continue for most of next year. Another similar project will start in Stockholm, where 8 hybrid buses will operate on the routes.
A number of European cities are showing a keen interest in the introduction of hybrids into the passenger transport scheme. The contracts for the supply of hybrid buses in 2014 and 2015 were signed by the authorities of Hamburg and Luxembourg. In 2015, Volvo plans to start commercial series production of such machines.
The Volvo hybrid bus drive consists of a small diesel engine and an electric motor powered by a lithium battery. Exclusively on electricity, without noise and emissions, the bus can travel about 7 kilometers. Recharging the batteries takes 5-6 minutes.
Initially, the idea of \u200b\u200borganizing the principle of "electric transmission", that is, replacing the mechanical transmission with electrical wires, was embodied in railway transport and heavy-duty dump trucks. The reason for using such a scheme is due to the enormous difficulties. mechanical transmission of controlled torque to the wheels of a powerful vehicle. This is due to the fact that the internal combustion engine has a certain load characteristic (the dependence of the power output on the shaft speed), which has optimal performance only in a narrow interval, usually shifted to the side high revs... This disadvantage is partially compensated by the use of a gearbox, but it worsens the overall efficiency due to its own losses. In addition, the internal combustion engine cannot change the direction of rotation in order to ensure reverse... The electric motor is free from these disadvantages, provides instant start and stop, and does not need idle, which makes it possible to exclude the clutch from the design. The electric motor does not require any transmission and can be placed directly in the wheel (motor-wheel).
The essence of the new principle is that an engine running on regular fuel drives an electric generator, and through the control system, the required amount of electricity is transmitted to the electric motors, setting in motion vehicle... It is like a power plant in an electric car that generates energy for its own motion. The essence of the operation scheme of a hybrid car is similar, but significantly modified, primarily by adding a storage battery, only in contrast to an electric car, which has a lower capacity and, therefore, weight.
A hybrid vehicle combines the advantages of an electric vehicle and an internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle. This is a greater efficiency of electric vehicles (80-90% for an electric vehicle versus 35-50% for an internal combustion engine) and a large power reserve at one refueling of a car with an internal combustion engine.
Typical schemes
- By the method of connecting the motor and drive to the drive:
- Parallel. The engine and the drive are connected by a differential, which is connected to the wheel drive. Used in vehicles with Integrated Motor Assist (Honda). It is characterized by simplicity (can be used in conjunction with a manual transmission) and low cost.
- Consistent. The main current source (the most common solution + an electric generator) is connected only to a storage device, which in turn is connected to a traction motor. IN passenger cars while it is rarely used (Yo-mobile). A similar principle is used in electric transmission, which is used in cases where it is necessary to transfer a large torque from the internal combustion engine to the wheels, for example, in railway transport or mining dump trucks.
- Serial-parallel. The system can operate both sequentially and in parallel, depending on the operating mode. Implemented in vehicles with Hybrid Synergy Drive (Toyota), e.g. Toyota Prius.
- By drive type:
- Electrical:
- Based on electrochemical batteries
- Based on inertial storage devices
- Mechanical:
- Based on pneumatic accumulators, hydraulic accumulators with pneumatic storage.
- Based on inertial storage devices.
- Electrical:
The most used scheme for the implementation of a sequential hybrid is "internal combustion engine - energy storage (not necessarily large capacity) - electric motor". In the case of a large-capacity storage device, it can be powered by both fuel and an electric battery charge (an example of implementation is the Chevrolet Volt), it should be noted that other secondary current sources, such as capacitors and supercapacitors, can be used as a storage device. The main advantage of a hybrid car is the reduction in fuel consumption and harmful emissions. This is achieved by complete automatic control operating mode of the engine system using on-board computer, starting from the timely shutdown of the engine during a stop in traffic flow, with the ability to continue driving without starting it, solely on the energy of the battery, and ending with a more complex recuperation mechanism - using an electric motor as a generator electric current to recharge the batteries. In addition, in the case of using the ICE-generator bundle as a primary current source, the ICE operating mode is selected as optimal for one or another criterion. In some cases, a microturbine can be used (due to the ratio of the dimensions of weight and power) Gas turbine, also used in some types passenger transport - due to better environmental friendliness and low level ECObus noise
Reasons for the start of development
The main reason for the start of production of light hybrids was the market demand for such cars, driven by high oil prices and the constant increase in environmental requirements for cars. At the same time, improvements in technology and tax incentives for manufacturers of hybrids make these cars in some cases even cheaper than conventional ones. In some countries, hybrid owners are exempt from road tax and do not pay for municipal parking. The use of electric vehicles, despite many advantages, and even their well-established production, has a number of disadvantages:
- the need for long-term battery charging;
- large mass of batteries;
- insufficient running range;
- inaccessibility of filling stations;
It was necessary to find compromises and eliminate shortcomings. And the development of a hybrid car became such a compromise.
Development history
Lohner-Porsche is considered the first hybrid vehicle. The car was developed by the designer Ferdinand Porsche in 1901.
In the US, Victor Vouk began developing hybrid cars in the 60s and 70s.
IN USSR
In the Soviet Union, work was also underway to develop hybrid vehicles. So, the work of the Soviet scientist Nurbey Gulia led to the creation of a prototype of a hybrid car based on the UAZ-450 truck, where the flywheel was the energy storage device, and a special variator was the transmission. It was one of the first "hybrids". In 1966, fuel savings of up to 50% were achieved.
In Kursk in 1972-73 N.V. Gulia tested city buses with flywheel hybrid units and variators. In addition, hybrid power units for buses on the basis of a hydraulic drive. In the latter, cylinders with compressed nitrogen and oil played the role of energy storage. Despite the different principles of action of these "hybrids", their efficiency turned out to be close to each other - fuel consumption was reduced by about half, and the toxicity of the exhaust - several times. But the Soviet automobile industry did not start using these technologies.
Benefits
Economical operation
The main advantage is economical operation. To achieve it, it was necessary to look for a balance, that is, to balance all the technical indicators of the car, but at the same time preserve all the useful parameters of an ordinary car: its power, speed, ability to quickly accelerate, and many others, very important characteristicslaid down in modern cars... Moreover, the ability to store energy, including not wasting the kinetic energy of movement during braking, and to charge batteries, in addition to the main obvious advantages, brought some side "minor joys" to motorists, for example, less wear on brake pads.
How the savings were achieved:
- a decrease in the volume and power of the engine;
- engine operation in an optimal and uniform mode, much less depending on driving conditions;
- complete stop of the engine when necessary;
- the ability to move only on electric motors;
- regenerative braking with battery charging.
This entire system is so complex that it has become fully possible only in modern conditions, with the use of rather complicated algorithms for the on-board computer. Even correct and effective (from a safety point of view) braking is controlled by the on-board computer.
Ecological cleanliness
disadvantages
High complexity
Hybrid vehicles are relatively heavier, more complex and more expensive than traditional powered vehicles internal combustion... Rechargeable batteries have a small operating temperature range and are subject to self-discharge. In addition, they are more expensive to repair. US experience shows that auto mechanics are reluctant to repair hybrid vehicles. The USA is trying to solve the problem of high prices with tax breaks.
Porsche has given up trying to build a hybrid car on its own. Mitsubishi did not initially try to create a hybrid car, but concentrated all its efforts on the development of electric vehicles. The most successful for today (2008) serial development - Hybrid Synergy Drive (pronounced [ hybrid Sinage Drive]) Toyota.
Lack of transmissions
The most promising mechanical hybrids cannot compete with electric hybrids at this stage. The main problem is the impossibility of creating adaptive transmissions capable of operating in a wide range of gear ratios (more than 20).
Disposal of batteries
To a lesser extent than electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles are subject to the problem of battery recycling. The impact of discarded batteries on the environment, apparently, has not been investigated. In some hybrid cars, batteries are not provided (for example, in an e-mobile).
Interior heating
The high efficiency determines the low side generation of waste heat. IN conventional cars in winter this heat is used to heat the passenger compartment. In hybrid cars, the internal combustion engine does not stall until it warms up the interior to the required temperature, which naturally increases fuel consumption. IN american models Toyota Prius also uses electric heating elements, which are powered by a high-voltage battery. They not only provide heat without excessive operation of the internal combustion engine, but also allow the interior to be heated immediately after a cold start of the car.
Danger to pedestrians
American Institute for the Assessment of Road Damage (eng. Highway Loss Data Institute) published a study according to which hybrids are more dangerous to pedestrians than cars with an internal combustion engine. The reason for the increased danger of hybrids for pedestrians is their noiselessness in electric mode. According to published accident statistics, hybrid vehicles are hit by pedestrians 20% more often and the damage is higher. To solve this problem, it is proposed to equip hybrid vehicles with a generator. sound signal, which at low speeds (up to 30 km / h) will simulate the sound of an internal combustion engine running. A similar generator has been installed on the Toyota Prius since 2010. Now the requirements for the presence of a sound generator in hybrid and electric cars legalized only in Japan. At the end of 2011, US President Barack Obama instructed the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to solve this problem in the United States over the next three years.
The cost of the car, the appearance and arrangement of the salon
A hybrid car does not differ in any way from its "gasoline" counterparts. Various types are produced, ranging from ordinary city cars to SUVs and SUVs. sports models... And the peculiar filling only adds special pride to the owner. At the same time, the price remains practically at the same level. The display showing the operation of the system and the direction of energy flows has already been dubbed by some owners by the term "tamagotchi for big boys." But still, manufacturers do not recommend using SUVs in difficult geoclimatic conditions.
Plug-in hybrids
Such a car, also called English. plug-in hybrid electric vehicle or PHEV, it is not necessary to plug it in - but the owner has this option. As a result, the driver gets all the advantages of an electric car without its biggest disadvantage - mileage restrictions per charge. The car can be used as an electric car most of the way, and as soon as the charge falls below a certain level, a small gasoline or diesel engine and your car drives on like a sequential hybrid, powering the traction motors and charging the storage devices, after they are charged, the engine turns off and the cycle repeats. Charging will take place mainly at night, during hours when electricity is cheaper.
An example of a PHEV is the Chevrolet Volt, which has been produced by General Motors since 2010.
