AT construction work A wide range of various types of equipment is used. We will look at the main and most frequently used machines.
Excavators
One of the most popular types of construction equipment is recognized as an excavator. It is capable of performing several useful functions at once. With the help of a set of nozzles and buckets, the excavator can serve as an excavator, as well as perform the functions of a loader or high-drive. Such a machine is able to dig a trench, as well as unload various goods or leveling media playgrounds. Rent of such multifunctional technology is always in great demand.
Construction cranes
During construction without a lifting crane, it is not necessary to do. He is able to fulfill the function of lifting and transporting large cargo on the construction site during the construction and mounting work. There is also such a subspecies as a truck crane, the advantage of which is that it has high power, but at the same time has great mobility.
In addition, there are a whole many varieties of cranes, in accordance with their classifications. Usually lifting construction cranes are classified for several signs:
- By type of a loading organ (the crane can be a magnetic type, as well as grab, hook, container or equipped with ticks);
- According to the degree of rotation (there are rotary and non-refinery);
- By type of actuator (they are divided into manual drives, as well as hydraulic, pneumatic and, finally, electrical);
- According to methods of displacement (there are stationary and more mobile mobile cranes, as well as stopped, radial and self-residual cranes);
- According to the type of support (among the sets of types, support, rail, as well as suspended, tractor and many others) are distinguished.
Loaders
Such machines are needed for unloading and loading goods and for their move. They are characterized by special compactness and dexterity when turning. These properties are indispensable in agriculture, as well as in manufacturing factories and in the field of trade.
Bulldozers
Usually they are needed to dig a layer of soil, as well as for transporting a variety of bulk materials and aligning major sections.
Typically, bulldozers are divided into three following types:
- Bulldozers with a non-refined dump: the bucket is perpendicular and does not imply changes the position;
- Bulldozers with a turning dump: he, unlike previous model, you can change the location of the dump in one plane;
- The universal bulldozer is able to install the dumping at any angle due to its design.
Autosmobile
Such machines are essentially with their trucks with a lifting body. They are needed to move and unload various building materials. For example, unloading is carried out by raising the body. A vehicles are suitable for moving sand, crumples, rubble and many other materials. Dump trucks also enjoy in order to export garbage. This car is useful at each construction site.
P ri built a private house or cottage will necessarily need special construction machinery. Naturally, it will have to be leased, as it is unlikely that familiar (relatives) there is a bulldozer, a lifting crane or an excavator (although not excluded). Buy such a technique for the construction of one single house, to put it mildly, it is impractical.
Taking a special equipment for rent, you get not only a car, but also an experienced operator that film will fulfill any tasks. Believe me, stupid and inexperienced operators for such equipment no firm will never plan. The scope of work (payment) will be necessary to specify with the manager of the company where you hired equipment, but no one will prevent the operator to make foreign work For the appropriate remuneration.
You can independently engage in renting equipment or entrust this business to experienced foreman. He will not only be a work plan, but also professionally monitors all stages of construction. In this case, you will have to communicate with only one person, and not with each brigade builders separately.
Rent special machinery
It will cost you the rent of course not cheap, but the dachshund will depend on the model, the size and power of the special equipment. Some firms are renting special equipment at hourly, like http://express-tehbud.com/arenda-spettekhniki, the exception can be cargo lifting cranes Or dump trucks that can take a fee for a one-time climb or the amount of cargo transported. By ordering equipment only in one company, you can safely count on discounts and a more surface system of counting performed works.
We'll figure it out what technique will need to build a house. It is mainly needed for land and fill the foundation. In rare cases, lifting cranes, rollers or pile driving machines are required.
Most often required:
- bulldozer;
- excavator (forklift);
- truck (dump truck):
- auto or crane;
- confatisfacker.
You can do without them, but the construction can be significantly tightened. The special equipment is needed to simplify, and sometimes even to reduce the construction of a house or cottage.
What is the construction special equipment
It is mainly required for land, the export of soil, delivery of building materials, facade finish or roof mounting. You do not have to hire a concrete mixer, as it is on any concrete node and the cargo is delivered by the manufacturer's machines.
Before the construction of any building, first align the plot of land under the construction. It may have irregularities, trees or remnants of old structures. Only a bulldozer can quickly cope with this. He can bring a plot for a level for one day. If you decide to leave the soil, dug out of the pit, then you will need a bulldozer to evenly distribute it near the railway area.
The basis of any building is a foundation. From how high quality it is made dependent strength of the whole building. Often the owners make a basement under the house, and recently an underground garage. So you can save the area of \u200b\u200bthe land plot and make the house multifunctional. For this, the pit is rotated, and you will surely need an excavator. Soil can be left on a plot or take it into a specially designated place. In the latter case, you will need a dump truck that will be taken out.
Dump truck or truck
In any case, it is planned to ship building materials to the site. Many building supermarkets and bases deliver materials to their transport. However, it is necessary to understand that in addition to the cost of delivery and schedule, there may be no other "tricks". Another thing is, if you hired a car will go to the base and boot by building materials. Here you can fully control the delivery time, and experienced driver Does not make yourself fool yourself when loading. Also, the dump truck you will need to export a construction garbage or excess soil.
Cranes and autowyshki
Car valve is extremely necessary for building buildings above one floor. It sets the slabs of the overlap, serves a brick, concrete solution, raises the rafted on the roof. If he has a "cradle" - then with the help of the crane you can perform any facade work. If there is no crane with a "cradle", then you will need an auto for the outer decoration of the building, installation of the air conditioner, satellite antenna, drainage and other elements of the facade.
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According to many members of the forum, if in the owner's plans after the construction of the house - the further operation of the car for everyday needs, and the replacement for him in the foreseeable future is not expected, to acquire a car specially "under construction" is inappropriate. It's better to immediately buy a car. Large-sized building materials to the construction site easier to ride a hired gazelle, and carry tools and consumables it is possible on the car, especially if it is a wagon, the memberschanin believes tazer..
tazer. User forumhouse.
The price difference between the usual and cargo machine will not pay off. And carry the body behind, while have all the cons big car (Dimensions, consumption, noise, handling, etc.) for the sake of one building stupid.
Indeed, many forum users have been successful with success, having only a passenger car in the farm. The main thing is that the trailer is good. Victor50 Materials for their construction site delivered 2106 on the usual "Zhigul" with a trailer with an additional extension breathing, when connecting which you can carry the length of up to six meters.
Mikhail11 User forumhouse.
I completely and completely for the trailer: I bought once and for life. The OSAGO is not needed, the inspection is not needed, she clutched - and we want, what do you want ... and take the "killed" gazelle and lie under it - I do not see sense in this.
Forumchanin Bias. Bought a trailer with dimensions of 2.5x1.3 meters - it turned out that this is the standard size of OSB sheets, organic and other sheet materials. In his opinion, the main difference between the trailer from the same cargo gazelle - the convenience of loading-unloading. No need to raise, for example, bags with cement on a high board, then climb into the body and shift the bag and so more than once, and in reverse order When unloading. In addition, if you need to urgently go somewhere - a loaded trailer can be simply departed and left. And in the evening " freight car»A light movement of the hand turns into conventional car. Well, after the construction, in the event of unrequisite, it is enough to sell it enough.
Bias.
Most manufacturers indicate maximum mass Trailer 750 kg, although he calmly maintains tons. I loaded more than two tons as much as possible, only the wheels had to swing. I chased in the season on the field almost every day, often by off-road, the trailer stood and repeatedly paid off compared to the Gazelle.
The best choice for construction is dump trucks: it is convenient to unload sand, clay and other bulk materials. User forum Nfnfhbyz. When choosing a trailer also advises to pay attention to the wheels. It is convenient if they are commensurate wheels of your car: it will be enough to take with you only one "spare". And necessarily - folding and in front, and behind the boards.
Pickup is another option that many users have tried and appreciated. Forumchanin GOR777 Especially for construction bought used Chinese Great Wall with kung. A very convenient device, it claims: the permeability is quite decent, you can load almost ton, and in the body, in contrast, for example, from freight compartment Wagon can be shipped at least clay, even though manure. Wash it simply, and the salon will remain clean.
GOR777. User forumhouse.
A used Chinese pickup is not a pity, you can ship everything you want and go, how and wherever you want, and then to sell for inexpensive, and buy a more decent car.
User PVG.1985 preferred the domestic version on the basis of Lada 4x4. Approves - did not lose both in the passability, and in the carrying capacity.
PVG1985. User forumhouse.
Personal record: 4,69m3 insulation in bags, although septic tank 3-cubes looks good. When it began to build - even the "Belarusian" could not drive to me, so that the drainage trench was digging, bounced for 4 hours. And I drove fine.
However, the majority believes that acquire a pick-up specifically for construction - unreasonably expensive. This is an option of a universal car for an active lifestyle. The same building materials in his body fit less than in decent dimensions of the trailer. Well, for a more or less large-scale construction and a trailer - still not the most successful option, approve the forum. Many give preference to Gazelles. For solid volumes of concrete, brick, reinforcement, etc. In any case, it will be necessary to order heavy trucks, but on the "Gazelka" it is convenient to bring a large number of diverse small things that are required in construction continuously, especially during the finishing work. You can argue, what option - body or van - more convenient, but here is the explicit advantage of the van: it can leave the materials and tools without concerns that they "feet".
Dubrovsky User forumhouse.
I go to Gazelle (onboard) already, probably, 20 years old. I changed the second such. Business is associated with a building, building cottages, built himself two houses. I do not see for myself another car. Cabin is convenient, spare parts without problems. Motor overhaul in the workshop was done in two days and inexpensive.
One of the main flaws of gazelles is small permeability. And if we consider that most of the construction sites we have to approach not by asphalt, this minus can outweigh all the advantages. Well, the second - such a car is still for the "hand": regular breakdowns for him - the usual thing. Forumchanin Arkann. He owns the "country" to the Gazelle for ten years and considers it an indispensable assistant, that's just after 100 thousand kilometers of run, this car begins literally "raving", he says. That almost a new radiator will take and flow, the silencer suddenly falls off ...
Alternative Gazelle Budget option - UAZ-"Golovastik", especially with an elongated base. He has the same problems, plus a less convenient small cabin, but there is a significant advantage - four-wheel drive.
Classification building machines
In construction, more than a thousand sizes of building machines of various purposes, design, principle of operation, size, power, performance, etc. are operated.
The construction machines are classified: by appointment (technological basis); operation mode; type of power equipment; The degree of mobility and versatility.
By destinationconstruction machines are divided into the following groups :
- transport;
- transporting;
- loading and unloading;
- load-lifting;
- for earthworks;
- for drilling works;
- for pile works;
- for concrete and reinforced concrete works;
- for finishing works;
- Manual machines (mechanized tool) .
Each group of machines is divided into subgroups. Each subgroup combines the machines of individual types different via the satellite or design of individual nodes. Each type has the best sizes.
According to the mode of operation (the principle of operation)distinguish cars :
- Periodic (cyclic) action performing work by periodic repeated repetition of the same alternating workers and idle operations with alternating output of products (building cranes, single-loving excavators, loaders, bulldozers, scrapers, etc.);
- cars continuous action , outstanding or transporting products with continuous stream (conveyors, multi-loving excavators, pumps for transportation of mixtures and D.R.).
By type of power equipment (type of actuator) distinguish machines with a drive:
- from engines internal combustion (DVS);
- from electric motors ;
- from hydraulic engines ;
- from pneumatic engines ;
- Combined drive (diesel-electric, diesel hydraulic, electrohydraulic, electropneumatic, etc.)
According to the degree of mobilitydistinguish cars :
- stationary ;
- Portable ;
- Mobile .
Mobile machines Move during operation or during transportation and can be:
- self-propelled ,
- trailed,
- semi-trailers to basic traction means.
According to universality distinguish cars:
- Universal multipurpose , equipped various species interchangeable work equipment, devices, sets for various types of work and technological operations;
- specialized having one type of work equipment and intended to perform only one technological process.
Essential elementsbuilding machines
Each machine consists of assembly units (elements) performing certain functions when it works:
power point (one or more engines) to obtain mechanical energy;
work equipment (working body ) for direct impact on the processed material and the execution of a given technological process;
running equipment (in portable and stationary machines it is missing) to move the machine and transferring its weight and workloads to the support surface;
transmission mechanisms (Transmission) binding working and running (y self-propelled machines) Equipment with power equipment;
control system To start, stop and change the modes of operation of power equipment, inclusion, shutdown, reversing, speed control and braking mechanisms and the working body of the machine;
carrier frame (Chassis) for placement and consolidation of all nodes and machine mechanisms on it.
Fig. Basic elements of building machines
Basic power equipmentused in modern building machines:
electric motors Permanent I. alternating current with powered from the external power network (stationary, portable and mobile cars);
internal combustion engines (DVS) - carburetor and diesel (the latter are most common), installed mainly on mobile (self-propelled) building machines (booms, loaders, excavators, etc.).
Electric motors Available ease of start-up and control, simplicity of reversing, efficiency and suitability for individual drive of individual mechanisms of machines.
The advantages of internal combustion engines include their autonomy from an external energy source.
Diesel engines are the basis of a combined diesel-electrical drive or diesel hydraulic drive, widely used in self-propelled construction machines (boosters, excavators) with an individual electrical or hydraulic drive of each working mechanism (i.e. multi-motor drive).
Diesel-electric and diesel hydraulic drives do not depend on the external power grid and power supply and power sources, simplify the kinematics of machines (there are no complex mechanical transmissions characteristic of machines with a single-engine drive) and provides in a wide range of smooth stepless regulation of operating speeds of actuators.
Drive unit - This is a combination of power equipment, transmission and control systems that ensure that the mechanisms of machine and the working bodies are activated.
According to the system of drives, construction machines are divided into machines with a group and multi-motor drive.
In the first, the drive of all mechanisms of executive working bodies is carried out with the help of couplings, brakes and mechanical gears.
Secondly, each actuating mechanism is driven from an individual electro, hydro or pneumatic reception.
Transmissions - These are devices that ensure the transmission of motion from the power plant to the actuators and the working bodies of the machine. They allow you to change the magnitude and direction of speed, torque and effort.
According to the transmission energy method, the transmission is divided:
- Mechanical ,
- electric ,
- hydraulic ,
- pneumatic
- combined .
One of the main indicators of the efficiency of transmissions is their efficiency (efficiency):
,
where N. them , N. su. - Power of the actuator and power plant.
In addition, transmissions are characterized by a gear ratio ( gear ratio):
where ω
su. ,
ω
them
– corner speeds rotation of the power plant and the executive mechanism of the working body.
Mechanical transmissions include:
Mechanical transmissions
Shafts and axes,
Bearing supports
Brakes
Other elements that provide traffic transmission.
Mechanical transmissions On the principle of work are divided into:
- transmission of friction with direct contact of rolling bodies (friction) and with flexible bond (belt);
- transmission gearing With direct contact (gear and worm) and flexible communication (chains).
AT friction gears Movement is carried out using sliding friction forces.
The transfer ratio of the frictional transmission is determined:
,
where n. 1 , n. 2 - frequency of rotation of the lead and driven rolling bodies;
d. 1 , d. 2 - diameters of the surfaces of the contact of the leading and driven rolling bodies;
ζ - coefficient, taking into account the elastic gliding; for gears working without lubrication ζ = 0,995…0,990.
When performing one of the rolling bodies with a variable rolling radius, it is possible to obtain friction transmissions with a variable gear ratio (variator).
The advantages of friction gear:
- Simplicity of rolling bodies,
Uniformity of rotation.
Disadvantages:
Large loads on transmission elements,
The need to apply special clamping devices,
Danger of damage to the surface of the bodies of rolling in the case of a bucking.
Simplest belting It consists of the leading and slave pulleys and a belt, which is worn on pulleys with tension, and transmitting circumferential efforts with the help of friction forces.
Belts are performed by flat, wedge, round-section, polyclinic and toothed.
A prerequisite for the work of the belt is the belt tension, which should be saved under operating conditions.
The transfer ratio of the belt transmission, taking into account the presence of an elastic slip of the belt for pulleams, is determined:
,
where n. 1 , n. 2 - frequency of rotation of the lead and slave pulleys;
D. 1 , D. 2 - diameters of the lead and slave pulleys;
ζ - coefficient, taking into account the relative elastic sliding belt; ζ = 0,99…0,98.
Shogging With the help of a gear, a movement with a change in angular velocities and torques is transmitted or transformed.
Seamless transmissions between parallel axes are carried out with cylindrical wheels with straight, oblique and chevron teeth.
cylindrical wheels with straight, oblique and chevron teeth
Translations between intersecting axes are carried out with conical wheels.
Conical wheels with straight and oblique teeth
Translations between the crossed axes are carried out with screw wheels.
Little gear wheel in a pair is called gears More - wheel .
The most common transmissions with gear eusolvent gearing.
The main parameters that determine the toothed gear are: module (P / π \u003d D / Z), the number of gears and wheels (z 1, z 2), gear ratio, the mid-scene distance and D.R.
Gear ratio The gear is determined by:
,
where n. 1 , n. 2 - speed of rotation of the gear and wheels;
z. 1 , z. 2 - the number of gears and wheels teeth.
Robin gears serve to convert the rotational movement to the translational and vice versa.
Toggle B. building machines apply the most widely in mind dignity:
Small dimensions,
High efficiency (η \u003d 0.99 ... 0.97),
Big durability and reliability,
Constancy of gear ratio due to the lack of slipping,
The possibility of applying in a wide range of torque, speeds, and gear ratios.
Worm gears Transmit rotation between the crossed axes and belong to the rifle transmissions. They consist of a screw - a worm with a carvings and an osomophone worm wheel with a special teeth.
The transfer number of worm gear is determined by:
,
where n. 1 , n. 2 - frequency of rotation worm and wheels;
z. 1 - The number of worm sites.
z. 2 - The number of teeth wheels.
In building machines, worm transmissions are used with a gear ratio U \u003d 8 ... 60 with a worm calling z. 1 = 4…1.
The efficiency is relatively not high and is η \u003d 0.90 ... 0.65.
Applied in transmissions with small capacities - up to 40 ... 50 kW and less often up to 200 kW at speeds up to 15 m / s.
Chainshots Designed for transmission of motion between two parallel shafts at a fairly large distance between them. The transfer consists of leading and driven sprockets and a chain covering them.
Transmission transfer number:
,
where n. 1 , n. 2 - frequency of rotation of the leading and driven stars;
z. 1 , z. 2 - the number of teeth leading and driven asterisks.
Dignity Chain gears:
Transmission of motion at considerable distances,
Smaller than the belt dimensions,
Lack of slip
High enough efficiency (η \u003d 0.98 ... 0.94),
The possibility of easy replacement chain.
disadvantagesbelieve:
Comparatively rapid wear chains,
More complex care - lubricant and adjustment,
Significant vibrations and noise at high speeds.
Axis and trees They represent the rods of various sections on which rotating parts are installed.
They are manufactured from steel rolled, forgings and stamping, and in some cases from high-strength cast iron with further processing on metal-cutting machines.
Axis designed to maintain parts and nodes rotating with them or relative to them (axis of block, drum, heading wheel).
Trees serve to transfer the torque and rotate together with the details fixed on them (gears, pulleys, sprockets, flywheels, drums, etc.).
Diffelse trees straight, crankshaft, flexible
Shafts: but -straight; b -crankshaft; at- Flexible
In the transmissions of the machines, straight shafts are most common.
Crankshafts serve mainly to convert the translational movement to the rotational or vice versa.
Flexible shafts are used to transmit rotation between nodes of machines that change their relative position during the work.
Bearingsare supports of shafts and rotating axes.
By type of friction bearings divide:
Rolling bearings
Slip bearings.
Rolling bearings consist of internal and outer support rings with rolling tracks for which balls or rollers of various shape are rolled.
Advantages of rolling bearings:
- insignificant moments of friction forces,
Small heating
Small consumption of lubricants,
Small dimensions,
Convenience and simplicity of service.
Bearings Slip consist from the housing and the liners installed in it, which are based on axes of axes or shafts.
Bearing housing is performed from cast iron, less often from steel.
The liners are made of antifriction materials (babbits, lead bronze, cast iron, metal ceramics, plastics, etc.), which are poured or applied to a steel, cast-iron or bronze basis.
Fig. Sliding bearing with detachable housing
By destination couplings Serve for:
Compounds of two shafts located on one geometric axis or at an angle to each other;
Connections of a shaft with a gear wheel, pulley of belt transmission and other details;
Compensation for the inconsistency of the shafts, which is caused by the inaccuracy of manufacture or installation;
Turn on and off one of the shafts with constant rotation of the other;
Prevention assembly or overload machine;
Reduction of dynamic loads;
Suppose one of the shafts move along the axis, etc.
On the principle of operation, the coupling is divided:
Mechanical (main couplings in building machines),
Electric
Hydraulic.
By type of control, mechanical clutches divide:
Uncontrollable (permanent),
Managed (coupling),
Automatic and special.
The most common uncontrollable couplings are divided into rigid, compensating self-aligning and elastic.
Hard and compensating couplings
Hydraulic drive Use mainly for the message of the translational, reciprocating and rotational movement to the executive mechanisms and the working body of the machine, as well as in the control systems of the machine. The drive consists of a pump (or pumps), distribution systems, a tank with a liquid, connecting pipelines and hydraulic engines of translational (power hydraulic cylinders) and rotational (hydraulic motors) actions.
In hydraulic motigaves pressure working fluidCreated by hydraulic pump is converted to the progressive movement of the piston with a rod or the rotational movement of the rotor associated with the working body.
The main advantages of the hydraulic drive (Compared to mechanical), which determine its widespread use as power equipment for construction machines, are:
high efficiency;
efficiency;
convenience of control and reversing;
ability to provide large gear ratios;
stepless independent regulation in a wide range of velocities of executive mechanisms;
simplicity of rotational motion transformation into the progressive;
engine protection and overload mechanisms;
compact design;
reliability in work.
Pneumatic drive It consists mainly of the same elements as hydraulic, but is driven by the energy of a compressed to 0.8 MPa air produced by compressors.
Low PDA Pneumatic Drive (As a result of air leakage and pressure drop in the system) limits its use as power equipment.
Such a drive is used in pair-air hammers to drive piles, in hand-made pneumatic and in the management systems management systems for smooth inclusion of mechanisms to work and braking them.
Driving equipment Applied in building machines, divide:
- Railovoy ;
- Pneumocoles ;
- Crawler .
Rail equipment have tower, gantry and bridge cranes, suspended electroders, copers, etc.
Pneumocole equipment It is used for self-propelled and trailed construction machines (booms, scrapers, loaders, single-line building excavators, etc.), requiring significant maneuverability, mobility and speed of movement when working and transporting, as well as frequent moves with its own stroke from one object to another Movement on any roads. Patency of such machines in off-road conditions is provided by the use of ultra-low pressure tires equal to 0.02 ... 0.08 MPa.
Crawler equipment (Usually a two-metering) is characterized by a relatively small specific pressure on the ground and is used for self-propelled construction machines, often moving with low speeds in conditions of bad roads and full off-road. Loaders, booms and excavators are equipped with a normal crawler stroke for working on compacted soils and a broad-extended tracked course for working on weak, overwhelmed and wetched soils. Many self-propelled construction machines are mounted on the basis of serial cars, tractors (wheeled and tracked) and pneumatic tractors.
Control systems In construction machines can be:
- lever (mechanical) - with the help of levers moving by handles and pedals;
- hydraulic (pumping and uncapless), where the levers are replaced in whole or in part by hydraulic devices;
- Pneumatic , differing from hydraulic in that in them instead of a liquid, a compressed to 0.7 MPa air is used;
- Electric - using controllers, buttons, magnetic stations - contactors, brake electromagnets and finite switches;
- Mixed - Pneumoelectric, electrohydraulic, etc.
The main technical and performance indicators of building machines.
When choosing machines for the production of construction work of a certain type and volume, their technical and operational and economic indicators take, when comparing optimal sizes and the number of machines to perform the required technological operations.
The main technical and operational indicator of construction machines is their Performance.
Performance determined The number of products expressed in certain units of measurement (T, M 3, M 2, M length, etc.), which the machine produces (recycles) or moves per unit of time - an hour, shift, month or year.
- constructive ,
- technical ,
- operating .
Constructive performance PC - the maximum possible productivity of the machine obtained in 1 h continuous operation under the calculated working conditions, operating movement speeds, loads on the working body, taking into account the design properties of the machine and highly qualifying the machine driver,
For periodic machines :
(m 3 / hour) or 
(t / h), (2.1)
where q. - the calculated amount of material produced by the machine for one cycle of work, m 3;
p- the calculated number of cycles of the machine for an hour, p\u003d 3600 / TC; Shopping center - the estimated duration of the cycle, C;
ρ - material density, t / m 3.
For continuous machines when moving bulk materials with a solid continuous stream :
(m 3 / hour) or 
(t / h), (2.2)
where BUT - The calculated cross-sectional area of \u200b\u200bthe material flow, unchanged over the entire movement path, m 2;
v. - estimated flow rate of the flow; m / s.
When moving piece goods and materials by individual portions:
(t / h) or 
(t / h), (2.3)
where m. - weight of cargo, t;
q. p - the amount (volume) of the material in one portion, m 3;
l. - average distance between cargo centers (servings).
When calculating constructive performance not taken into account The conditions for the production of works and breaks (downtime) in the work of machines technological (related work technology), organizational (related to the organization of work), for meteorological conditions and random.
Constructive performance Used mainly for pre-comparing the variants of the designable machines intended for the implementation of the same technological process. This productivity is source for calculating the performance of machines in real operating conditions.
Technical productivity P t. - The maximum possible productivity of the machine, which can be achieved in specific production conditions by this type of machine taking into account the design properties and technical condition of the machine, high qualification of the driver and the most advanced organization of the technological process performed for 1 hour continuous operation:
, (2.4)
where TO w. - The coefficient, taking into account the specific working conditions of the machine.
Thus, the specific working conditions for single-loving excavators are the category of the soil developed, the height (depth) of the slaughter, the desired angle of rotation of the working equipment in the plan, the conditions for unloading the bucket (in the dump or in vehicles). Hourly technical performance is indicated in the technical documentation of the machine - passport, instructions for technical operation.
P E. - determined by the real conditions for the use of the machine, taking into account the inevitable breaks in its work, the qualification of the machine and may be an hour, replaceable, monthly and annual.
Hour operational performance is determined by:
where TO v.SM. - The utilization rate of the machine in time during the shift, taking into account the maintenance breaks and the repair of the machine, the change of work equipment, the movement of the machine through the object, the loss of time on meteorological conditions, recreation of the driver, etc.
TO v.SM. Determined:
T. cm - shift duration, h; t. p - the total time of breaks in the work of the machine for shifting, h;
TO m. \u003d 0.85 ... 0.95- coefficient, taking into account the qualification of the machine and the quality of control.
Replaceable operational performance Determined:
,
(2.7)
When calculating monthly and annual performance, downtime in the operation of the machine for the corresponding period of time is taken into account.
Annual operational performance is determined by:
where TO cm - replacement coefficient (the number of shifts per day);
TO in year - the coefficient of use of the machine in time during the year;
, (2.9)
where T. year - the number of days of the machine's work per year;
t. at - Number of weekends and holiday days
t. Rem - the number of days necessary to perform the current, medium and overhaul;
t. etc - Duration of downtime organizational and meteorological reasons.
Performance performance is the main operating parameterwhich picks up sets of machines for the integrated mechanization of technologically related labor-intensive processes in construction. Machine includes a coordinated main (presenter) and auxiliary machines, mutually linked by productivity, main constructive parameters and providing a given pace of work.
Performance performance of the main machine PE.O. Must be equal to or slightly smaller (by 10 ... 15%) operational performance of auxiliary machines PE.V..
The average annual need for machines To perform the specified volume of a certain type of work, it is determined:
where Q. common - the total amount of the appropriate type of work (in physical meters) to be fulfilled during the year;
U-share (in%) the volume of work performed by this type of machine, in the total volume of the corresponding type of work.
Economic efficiency from use in the construction of a new machine is defined as the difference in the costs of production of products according to the compared reference and accepted options. When comparing options, the best domestic construction vehicles are considered as a reference (serially produced or recommended for serial production), as well as the best samples of foreign technician operated in our country. In general, the presented costs are determined:
rubles, (2.11)
Seni. - the estimated cost of the annual volume of the car products, rubles;
TO - one-time capital investment on the creation of a car; rub.;
E. n. - The regulatory coefficient of the effectiveness of capital investments, established by the corresponding techniques.
The effectiveness of the new machine is also estimated by its payback period:
(2.12)
where EG is an annual savings from the introduction of a new car.
Basic technical and economic indicatorsallowing you to compare the quality of various machines of one destination, are:
- specific metal and energy intensity ,
- cost unit products ,
- production to single worker .
Specific metal and energy intensity the machines are respectively the ratio of the mass of the machine and the power of the engines installed on it (engine) to a unit of time technical performance or its main parameter (capacity of the working body, carrying capacity, cargo moment, etc.):
Cost unit products It is defined as the ratio of the cost of the machine-shift to the interchangeable operational performance of the machine.
Product production per worker:
, (2.13)
where p r - the number of workers serving the car.
Degree of mechanization Construction and installation work is estimated to the level of complex mechanization, mechanical equipment and energy-related construction.
The level of complex mechanization It is characterized by the percentage of the volume of construction and installation work carried out by a comprehensive-mechanized manner, to the total volume of construction and installation work in physical terms, made on the construction site:
where R kM - the scope of work performed by means of comprehensive mechanization;
R about - Total work performed.
Mechanically equipped construction - The ratio of the value of the construction organization's machine fleet to the cost of construction and installation work carried out during the year:
,
%, (2.15)
where WITH m. - Balance value of means of mechanization, thousand rubles;
WITH with - annual volume of construction and installation works, thousand rubles.
Few labor , Determine the ratio of the book value of mechanization to the average number of workers employed on this construction:
, thousand rubles / person, (2.16)
where p r.P. - Average number of workers.
Energower construction - The ratio of the total capacity of the engine of the engine park construction to the average operating number of workers:
, kW / person, (2.17)
where R dv - Total engine power machines, kW.
Construction winches. Classification. Construction of drive winches.
Wenches - These are devices intended for lifting or pulling goods.
Winches can be used as independent mechanisms to perform lifting and transport operations during loading, unloading, repair and construction and installation work, as well as assembly units of various lifting devices (cranes, lifts, etc.)
Construction winches There are lifting mechanisms intended for lifting or moving goods on construction and installation, repair and loading and unloading operations with a rope covered by the drum or extended through the lever mechanism.
Winches are characterized:
- traction effort (effort in the drum holing or rope pulley)
- the speed of movement of the rope ;
- ratchestomy Barabana (Maximum rope length laid on the drum) - drum winches.
By type drive Split winches:
- manual (with manual drive);
- Drive (with mechanical drive).
By destination distinguish:
- Lifting (for lifting cargo);
- traction (Only for moving the cargo along the horizontal or inclined surface).
According to the number of drums distinguish:
- Single babies ;
- Two drums ;
- Without drum .
Winches with manual The actuator is powered by the muscular power of the worker and are used in unrelated working conditions (low load capacity and lifting speed).
In these winches, the drum rotation is carried out with the help of drive handle with a brake, automatically stopping the drum when the rotation stops. Manual winches are single-backed and without drum (lever).
The domestic industry produces manual winches TL-2A, TL-3A, TL-5A and D.R. With the largest rope traction from 12.5 to 50 kN.
Drive winches are actually powered by electric motors connected to an AC voltage 220/380 V.
In the construction work, a wide application was found single-aluminated reversing winches.
Reversible single-trunk winches - a rigid non-blurred kinematic connection between the electric motor and the drum; Lifting and lowering cargo is carried out with a reversible electric motor.
Single-branded reversing winches are made according to a single constructive scheme, they are usually P-shaped layout And designed for easy operation.
It can be used as independently existing lifting and transport mechanisms, as well as enter a set of building lifts and other lifting devices that are not intended for lifting people.
Domestic industry produces winches Reversible TL-14A, TL-9A, TL-7A and D.R. With a traction force from 4.2 kN to 50 kN.
Kinematic diagrams of drive construction winches:
but - with the cantilever mount of the drum on the shaft of the gearbox;
b. - with a drum based on the removal support;
1 - electric motor; 2 - Elastic Curly Finger Coupling;
3 - automatic constantly closed two-zero brake;
4 - cylindrical two-stage gear gear; 5 - Smooth drum; 6 - gear clutch; 7 - remote bearing support.
Tali S. electrical drive (Telfers) It is used to overload goods in warehouse and industrial premises, on the mounting sites and for the picking of single-ground bridge-type cranes.
Building lifts. Purpose. Classification. Designs. Main parameters.
Building lifts
Building lifts intended For lifting (lowering) in the load-carrying bodies of construction goods and people on floors and the roof of buildings and structures when performing construction and installation, finishing and repair work.
Georgious organs of building lifts (crate, cabin, platform, bucket, hook, bunker, badges, grippers, etc.) move, as a rule, by vertical hard or flexible guides.
Building lifts are classified for the purpose, the designs of the guides, the installation method, the type of the mechanism of the rise and the loads of the organ.
By destination distinguish:
- cargo lifts intended only for transportation of goods;
- framesazhires - For transporting goods and people.
According to the design of the guide of the loader organ:
WITH suspended (flexible);
WITH rigid guides .
By installation method:
- mobile (self-propelled and noncommose) capable of moving relative to the building during operation,
- stationary which can be appropriate, attached to the building, and free-standing - without mounting to the building.
By type of lifting mechanism:
- cable - used cable block and winch;
- babeken - Tooth-roll or laundering mechanisms are used.
Cargo lifts We are produced by mast and mine.
Minethe lifts are used in the construction of brick pipes with a height of up to 120 m.
Mastovye Cargo lifts gained predominant application in construction.
Available with a carrying capacity from 320 to 630 kg, cargo lifting height from 9 to 150 m, load raising speeds from 0.266 to 0.56 m / s, mass from 860 to 15000 kg.
1 - frame; 2 - electrical equipment cabinet; 3 - winch; 4 - cargo rope; 5 - mast lift; 6 - wall supports; 7 - cargo carriage; 8 -Platform;.
Cargo-passenger lifts They are the withdrawal naples (disassembled when dismantling) machines, which, according to the design of rigid guides, are divided into shaft and mast.
Shaft lifts have limited use and are used to build brick and monolithic reinforced concrete chimneys.
Mast cargo-passenger lifts Widely used in construction production. Available with a carrying capacity of 1000 kg and 580 kg, lifting height 150 and 70 m, raising speed from 0.5 to 0.7 m / s, weighing from 10.5 to 36 tons.
When performing outdoor finishing and repair work of high-rise buildings apply facade hoists (self-lifting suspension cradles).
The lifts in Russia are produced by various plants and do not have a unified indexing system.
Main parameter Lifts - G. roading.
Load capacity - Maximum permissible mass cargo, t, raised by the lift.
TO basic parameters relate:
- the greatest lifting height , H. (vertical distance from ground level to lower level of cargo in extreme upper position);
- lifting and lowering speed ;
- the magnitude of the movement of cargo horizontally (the maximum distance from the axis of the mast lift to the end of the platform entered into the window opening, or to the hook axis, on which the load is suspended);
- cargo feed rate (speed of horizontal movement of cargo);
- installed power ;
- constructive and total weight lift ;
- pag of wall-mounted supports (vertical distance between adjacent lift mounts to the wall of the building or structure);
- performance etc.
Determining the operational performance of construction lifts.
Operational performance of construction lifts,t / ch :
,
where q is a nominal load capacity, t;
To G is the utilization factor of the lift for carrying capacity (K g \u003d 0.6 ... 0.8);
To B - the utilization coefficient of the lift in time (K \u003d 0.5 ... 0.9);
n is the number of cycles per hour (N \u003d 3600 / T C);
t C is the duration of one cycle, p.
t c \u003d t m + t p, s,
where T M is the machine time spent on the vertical and horizontal movement of the load-free organ, C;
t R is the time spent on manual operations, including loading and unloading, p.
For lifts with a retractable loader organ:
, with
H. - height of lifting and cargo, m;
v. vert. - speed of lifting load, m / s;
L. - Length of the way of moving the cargo in the opening, m;
v. Mountains - The speed of movement of cargo in the opening, m / s.
For lifts with a rigid loader body, only the first term of formulas.
Boose self-propelled cranes. Classification. Main parameters.
Board self-propelled cranes
Represent Booster or tower-boot crane equipment mounted on self-propelled tracked or pneumocole chassis.
Are The main lifting machines on construction sites and the construction of various communications construction sites.
Benefitsensuring the widespread proliferation of boom self-propelled cranes:
- the autonomy of the drive,
- large load capacity (up to 250 tons),
- the ability to move along with the cargo,
- High maneuverability and mobility,
- a wide range of parameters,
- ease of relocation from one object to another,
- Ability to work with various types of replaceable work equipment (versatility) etc.
Distinguish:
Board self-propelled cranes general purpose for construction and installation and loading work of a wide profile;
- special To perform technological operations of a certain type (tap-layer cranes, railway and floating cranes, etc.).
Classification. Gift Self-propelled taps of general purpose are classified.
For carrying capacity:
- Light (with a carrying capacity of up to 10 tons);
- Middle (lifting capacity of 10 ... 25 t);
- Heavy (Loading capacity from 25 tons or more).
By type of running device:
- automotive (on standard freight chassis),
- tractor (hinged on serial tractors),
- on chassis automotive type ,
- pneumocoles ;
- crawler .
By quantity and location of power plants:
- with one power installation on the running device (chassis);
- with one power plant on the swivel;
- with two power plants .
By the number of drive engines of mechanisms:
- single-engine drive;
- multi-motor drive.
By type drive:
- with a mechanical drive;
- with electric drive;
- with hydraulic drive .
By quantity and location of the Cabin Management:
- from the cabin only on the chassis,
- from the cabin only on the swivel platform,
- With cabins on the chassis and on the rotary platform.
By the arrow design:
- with an arrow of unchangeable length;
- with a retractable arrow;
- with telescopic arrow.
By way of suspension arrows:
- with flexible suspension (on cable polyspers);
- rigid suspension (using hydraulic cylinders).
The main sizes and parameters of modern boom self-propelled cranes, as well as the technical requirements for them are regulated by GOST 22827-85 "Cranes boom self-propelled general purpose. Technical conditions. "
In accordance with this standard there is a provision of ten dimensional groups boom self-propelled cranes with carrying capacity 4; 6.3; ten; 16; 25; 40; 63; 100; 160 and 250 t. The specified load capacity of the cranes is the maximum allowable weight of the cargo that the crane of this size of the group can be raised with the minimum departure of the main boom.
The indexing system of arrogant self-propelled cranes.
Indexing.
All models of arrogant self-propelled cranes of general purpose produced by domestic manufacturers are assigned to the corresponding index.
The first two letters of the index Ks. denote crane arrow self-propelled ; Four basic index numbers are consistently denoted: a dimensional group (loading capacity in T) crane, a timing type, a method of suspension of boom equipment and the sequence number of this model of the crane.
Fig. The indexing system of arrogant self-propelled cranes
Dimensional group of cranes Denot to figures from 1 to 10 respectively.
Type of running device:
1 - tracked device (g),
2-tracked ruined (GU),
3-pneumocole (P),
4-special car type chassis (w),
5 - Chassis of a standard cargo car (a),
6-chassis of the serial tractor (TR),
7 - trailed running device (pr),
8.9-reserve.
METHOD SUPPLY SUPPLY EQUIPMENT:
6 - flexible;
7 - Hard suspension.
Crane model sequence number Indicates the last digit of the index (digit from 1 to 9).
The ordered upgrade of the crane is indicated by the next one after the digital index of the additional letter (A, B, B, etc.).
View Special climatic execution Denote subsequent letters (hl, T or TV):
- Hp - Northern,
- T. - tropical,
- TV - To work in wet tropics.
For example, the COP-4561AH index indicates:
Crane arrow self-propelled,
Fourth dimensional group (loading capacity 16t),
On the standard chassis of a truck,
With flexible suspension boom equipment,
The first model under the first upgradation,
In the northern execution.
The parameters of the boom self-propelled cranes
Main parameter Boer self-propelled cranes - load capacity ( Q. ) - The maximum allowable weight of the cargo, raised at the minimum departure.
main parameters:
Departure - distance from the axis of rotation of the swivel platform to the hook axis;
Departure from the rib - Distance from tipping ribs to the hook axis BUT 1 - without remote supports; BUT 2 - on remote supports;
Hook lift height (H. ) - from the level of parking to the center of the hook in the upper position;
Depth of lowering hook (h.) ;
Speed lifting and lowering, departure changes, movement with cargo and transport, rotation frequency,
Krane Krane (TO ) - The distance between the vertical axes, passing through the middle of the supporting surfaces of the running devices.
Base crane (B. ) - the distance between the vertical axes of the front and rear chassis carts or the front and rear wheels.
Minimum rotation radius (R. ) - distance from the center of rotation to the most remote point with a minimal turning radius of the crane chassis.
Sizes of the support loop of remote supports along and across.
The design of the caterpillar boom with a flexible arrow suspension.
Designs of self-propelled arrovar cranes
Crawler with Flexible Suspension Board Equipment
1 running device; 2 - a unified reference circle; 3 - lattice arrow; 4 - hook suspension; 5 - cargo polyspaster; 6 - boom polyspaster; 7 - cargo winch; 8 - arrows lifting winch; 9 - turning mechanism; 10 - power plant; 11 - TwoDogai support stand; 12 - counterweight; 13 - swivel platform.
The design of the pneumocole boom crane with a rigid air suspension.
Pneumatic with hard suspension boom equipment
1- pneumocole chassis; 2 - Rotary device 3 -Cabine machine; 4 - boom lift hydraulic cylinder 5 - telescopic arrow; 6 - hook suspension; 7 - cargo polyspaster; 8 - cargo winch; 9 - counterweight; 10 - swivel platform; 11 - remote support (outriger);
Tower cranes. Purpose. Classification.
Building tower cranes
Building tower cranes are leading lifting machines in construction.
Tower crane - This is a rotary crane with a lifting or beam arrow, hingedly fixed in the top of the vertically located tower .
Intended For mechanization of construction and installation work in the construction of residential, civil and industrial buildings and structures, as well as for the implementation of various loading and unloading work in warehouses, polygons and overloading sites.
They are provided Vertical and horizontal transportation of building structures, elements of buildings and building materials directly to the workplace at any point of the facility under construction.
Working movements Tower cranes are climbing and lowering, changing the departure of the hook with a cargo, the rotation of the boom in the plan is 360 °, the movement of self-propelled crane.
Separate movements can be combined, for example, lifting the load with a rotation of the boom in the plan.
All tower cranes are equipped with a multi-engine power supply from the AC power.
Construction is operated in more than 1000 types of construction machines of various purposes, design, principle of action, size, power, performance.
Construction machines are classified:
By appointment (technological basis);
By mode of operation;
By type of power equipment;
According to the degree of mobility;
According to the degree of mobility;
For appointment, construction machines are divided:
Transport;
Transporting;
Loading and unloading;
Lifting;
For earthworks;
For pile works;
For finishing works;
For concrete and reinforced concrete works;
Manual machines (mechanized tool);
Each group of machines is divided into subgroups.
For example: load lifting includes 4 subgroups:
Lifts;
Jacks;
Each subgroup combines cars of various types.
For example: lifts divide:
Skip;
Inkjet;
Masts;
Each type of machines has a number of types of sizes (models of similar designs, but differing among themselves individual parameters, mass, performance, power, etc.).
According to the mode of operation distinguish:
Periodic (cyclic action) performed work by periodic repetition of the same alternating operations
For example: with cyclical issuance of products: building cranes, single-loving excavators and loaders.
Continuous machines, outstanding products with continuous flow (conveyors, multi-lifted excavators, etc.)
By type of power equipment:
Driven from the internal combustion engine, electrical, hydraulic and pneumatic;
With a combined drive: Electric diesel, hydraulic diesel;
According to the degree of mobility:
Stationary;
Portable;
Mobile;
According to the degree of versatility:
Universal multipurpose, equipped with various types of replaceable work equipment intended to perform a wide variety of technological operations (building excavators, bulldozers, loaders, etc.).
Specialized, having 1 type of work equipment and are intended to perform only one technological process (pile hammers, concrete pumps, etc.);
Requirements for construction machines.
The construction machine must fit their intended purpose and ensure the maximum possible performance.
Taail adapt to changing operating conditions. The machine must have a minimal mass, simple design, reliable and technological design with the maximum use of standard parts and unified teams, be convenient for installation, transportation, have stability.
The construction machine should have high reliability and durability, differ simplicity of technological services, to be economical in operation, ensure reliever working conditions and the minimum fatigue of the service personnel.
Self-propelled machines must have high maneuverability and patency.
