1.2. The following basic concepts and terms are used in the Rules:
"Road train" - a power-driven vehicle coupled to a trailer (s).
"Trailer" - a vehicle not equipped with an engine and intended for movement in a train with a mechanical vehicle... The term also applies to semi-trailers and split trailers.
"Vehicle" - a device designed to transport people, goods or equipment installed on it by road.
"Power-driven vehicle" means a vehicle driven by an engine. The term also applies to any tractors and self-propelled machines.

Trailer documents

2.1. The driver of a power-driven vehicle is obliged:
2.1.1. Have with you and, at the request of police officers, give them, for verification:

• driver's license or temporary permit for the right to drive a vehicle of the corresponding category;
• registration documents for this vehicle (except for mopeds), and if there is a trailer, for a trailer (except for trailers for mopeds);
• insurance policy compulsory insurance civil liability of the vehicle owner in cases where the obligation to insure his civil liability is established by federal law. (about the cases when OSAGO for a trailer is required, read our article "Insurance for a trailer" - Buy a trailer)

Permitted travel speed with a trailer

10.3. Outside settlements movement allowed:

other buses, passenger cars when towing a trailer, trucks with a maximum permissible weight of more than 3.5 tons on highways - no more than 90 km / h, on other roads - no more than 70 km / h;

Trailer lights and reflectors

19.1. At night and in conditions of insufficient visibility, regardless of the lighting of the road, as well as in tunnels on a moving vehicle, the following should be included lighting devices:
on all motor vehicles and mopeds - high or low beam headlights, on bicycles - headlights or flashlights, on horse-drawn carts - flashlights (if any);
on trailers and towed motor vehicles - parking lights.

Rules for the carriage of goods on a trailer

23. Transportation of goods

23.1. The mass of the transported cargo and the distribution of the axle load must not exceed the values \u200b\u200bestablished by the manufacturer for this vehicle.

23.2. Before the start and during the movement, the driver is obliged to control the placement, fastening and condition of the cargo in order to avoid it falling, interfering with movement.

23.3. Carriage of cargo is allowed provided that it:

• does not limit the driver's view;
• does not complicate control and does not violate the stability of the vehicle;
• does not cover external light devices and reflectors, registration and identification marks, and does not interfere with the perception of hand signals;
• does not create noise, does not generate dust, does not pollute the road and the environment.

If the condition and placement of the cargo does not meet the specified requirements, the driver is obliged to take measures to eliminate violations of the listed transportation rules or to stop further movement.

23.4. Cargo protruding beyond the dimensions of the vehicle in front and behind by more than 1 m or to the side by more than 0.4 m from the outer edge side light, must be marked with identification signs "Oversized cargo", and in the dark and in conditions of insufficient visibility, in addition, in the front - with a lantern or a reflector white, behind - a lantern or a red reflector.

23.5. Transportation of heavy and dangerous goods, the movement of a vehicle, the overall parameters of which, with or without cargo, exceed 2.55 m in width (2.6 m for refrigerated trucks and insulated bodies), 4 m in height from the surface of the carriageway, in length ( including one trailer) 20 m, or the movement of a vehicle with a load protruding beyond the rear point of the vehicle's dimensions by more than 2 m, as well as the movement of road trains with two or more trailers are carried out in accordance with special rules.

Fine: Article of the Code of Administrative Offenses 12.21. "Violation of the rules for the carriage of goods, towing rules
1. Violation of the rules for the carriage of goods, as well as the rules of towing - entails a warning or imposition administrative fine in the amount of five hundred rubles ".

List of faults and conditions under which the operation of vehicles is prohibited

3.1. The number, type, color, location and mode of operation of external lighting devices do not meet the requirements of the vehicle design.

5.1. Passenger car tires have a residual tread height of less than 1.6 mm, trucks - 1 mm, buses - 2 mm, motorcycles and mopeds - 0.8 mm. For trailers, the norms of the residual height of the tread pattern of tires are established, similar to the norms for the tires of vehicles - tractors.
5.2. Tires have external damage (punctures, cuts, breaks), exposing the cord, as well as delamination of the carcass, peeling of the tread and sidewalls.
5.3. There is no fastening bolt (nut) or there are cracks in the disc and wheel rims, there are visible irregularities in the shape and size of the fastening holes.
5.4. Tires by size or permissible load do not match the vehicle model.
Information about changes:
5.5. Tires of various sizes, designs (radial, diagonal, chamber, tubeless), models, with different tread patterns, frost-resistant and non-frost-resistant, new and remanufactured, new and with a deep tread pattern are installed on one axle of the vehicle. The vehicle is fitted with studded and non-studded tires.

7.5. Absent provided by design rear guard, mud aprons and mud flaps.

7.6. The towing and fifth wheel of the tractor and the trailer link are faulty, and the safety cables (chains) provided for by their design are absent or faulty. There are backlashes in the joints of the motorcycle frame with the side trailer frame.

7.18. Changes have been made to the vehicle design without the permission of the State Security Inspectorate road traffic Ministry of Internal Affairs Russian Federation or other bodies determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.

Fine: Article of the Code of Administrative Offenses 12.5. « Driving a vehicle in the presence of malfunctions or conditions under which the operation of vehicles is prohibited, or a vehicle on which the identification sign "Disabled" is illegally installed
1. Driving a vehicle in the presence of malfunctions or conditions under which, in accordance with the Basic Provisions for the Admission of Vehicles to Operation and Obligations officials to ensure road safety, the operation of a vehicle is prohibited, with the exception of malfunctions and conditions specified in parts 2 - 7 of this article - entails warning or imposition of an administrative fine in the amount of five hundred rubles.

2. Driving a vehicle with known faulty braking system (with the exception of the parking brake), steering or coupling device (as part of a train) - shall entail the imposition of an administrative fine in the amount of five hundred rubles».

Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia of 03/02/2009 N 185 (ed. Of 12/22/2014) "On approval of the Administrative Regulations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation on the execution of the state function of control and supervision over compliance by road users with road safety requirements":

"145. If a vehicle is identified that is operating in the presence of a malfunction or a condition included in the List of malfunctions and conditions under which the operation of vehicles is prohibited<1>, or a malfunction stipulated by the rules technical operation (for trolleybuses and trams), with the exception of those specified in parts 2 - 6 of Article 12.5 of the Code, by an employee when initiating an administrative offense case provided for in Part 1 of Article 12.5 of the Code, the driver is prompted to stop driving until the relevant faults or conditions are corrected, taking into account that the appointment of an administrative penalty does not release the driver from the performance of the obligation, for the failure to fulfill which the administrative penalty was imposed. At the same time, the parking of a vehicle should not pose a threat to road safety "

« 146. Grounds for arresting a vehicle are:
... part 2 of article 12.5 (driving a vehicle with a knowingly faulty braking system (with the exception of the parking brake), steering or coupling device (in a train)), part 1 of article 12.7 (driving a vehicle by a driver who does not have the right to drive a vehicle means (except for driving lessons))»

Today you will not find category “E” in driver's documents. It was divided into several additional ones in 2013, because amendments to the law "On road safety" were adopted. Now what about those who want to drive a car with a trailer and are faced with this quite often? Do not give up the same trips to the country and nature. The main thing is to carefully study the legal framework.

The legislative framework

Drivers of cars, who sometimes use a trailer when moving, are mainly worried - these are travelers, summer residents. Their fears are fully justified, because the fine will have to be paid for the lack of rights the desired categoryIn addition, the inspector will drive the car away to the fine road.

At the moment, there are 16 categories that allow driving various types of vehicles. Five of them, BE, CE, C1E, DE, D1E, are exclusively for vehicles with trailers. Let's talk about them in more detail. A precise description of the above categories is described in the table:

Category	Short description	Vehicle weight	Trailer weight
BE	Light vehicles and small trucks, quantity passenger seats no more than 8	Up to 3.5 tons	Over 750 kilograms
CE	Trucks	Over 7.5 tons	Over 750 kilograms
C1E	Medium-sized trucks	3.5 tons to 7.5 tons	Over 750 kilograms
DE	Buses with more than 16 passengers	—	Over 750 kilograms
D1E	Buses with a number of passengers from 8 to 16	—	Over 750 kilograms

The weight of the trailer is of great importance in this matter. It depends on its mass whether the driver will be able to drive a car without an additional category.

When is Category B enough?

In some cases, you can drive a car with a trailer, having only category "B" in the documents. Let's decide on the classification of trailed equipment:

• О1 - light trailers, the mass of which can reach, but at the same time will not exceed 750 kg;
• O2 - medium trailers from 750 to 3500 kilograms;
• O3 - heavy equipment weighing up to 10 tons;
• O4 - extra heavy trailers over 10 tons.

One of the basic rules is: if the trailer corresponds to category O1, then the driver is not required to obtain an additional category, even if the total mass of the road train is higher than that indicated in the main category. This applies to both the rights of category "B" and "C", "D". That is, the catch lies precisely in the mass of the trailer. This is the first and main case, the second case is described below.

Calculation examples

Let's consider several examples of calculations:

Example 1... Let's say the driver is driving a car bMW brands X3 2,5i with a trailer of the KMZ 8284 21 brand (JSC Kurganmashzavod). There are two parameters:

• trailer weight - up to 750 kilograms;
• the maximum weight of this particular car is 2240 kilograms.

To get behind the wheel, category "B" is enough. In this case, the total mass of the road train does not interest us, especially since it is less than 3.5 tons. Trailed equipment belongs to the category of light (O1), you do not need to receive the category "BE".

Example 2... The driver wants to drive toyota car LC 100 with trailer LAV-81011 (manufactured by Vector LLC). Two important parameters:

• maximum vehicle weight - 3260 kilograms;
• trailer - 700 kilograms.

We sum up both figures and we find that the total mass of the road train exceeds 3500 kilograms, however, the weight of the trailer is minimal, which makes it possible not to get an additional category and use only "B".

Category "B" allows you to drive a passenger car with a trailer weighing more than 750 kilograms, but at the same time the maximum mass of the road train should not exceed the permissible 3.5 tons. This is the second option for the ability to drive a car with towed vehicles.

When is the BE category necessary?

To drive a car with a trailer of category O2 and higher, you need to study, again pass on the license for category "E" to the one that already exists. At the same time, persons whose main category was acquired quite recently are not allowed even for training: driving experience must be at least a year.

There is one more exception, which is important to remember: the trailer can be over 750 kilograms, but if the mass of the entire road train does not exceed the permissible 3.5 tons, then the "BE" category is not needed. To do this, it is enough rights with the mark "B".

Responsibility for the absence of an open category

Every driver knows about the responsibility for driving without an open category. It is equated to driving without a license. The amount of the fine is from 5,000 to 15,000 rubles. But that's not all. Those who take risks will one day receive a set of punishments at once:

• fine;
• suspension from driving;
• the vehicle is seized and sent to the impound.

The punishment is quite serious, so it is worthwhile to understand the responsibility in advance. All fines and other penalties are governed by the relevant articles of the Administrative Code.

Additional categories, however, are not always urgently needed when driving. There are certain distribution rules. For example, if the driver has an open category "B", then the inspector does not have the right to impose a fine for the absence of category "M".

For those drivers who often use medium and heavy trailers, remember that the "CE" and "DE" categories are older than the "C1E" and "D1E" categories. Drivers with a senior category have the right to drive vehicles of a lower subcategory. The inspector will not impose a fine and remove a citizen from driving.

In addition to all of the above provisions, the driver should remember that there are towing standards for each specific vehicle. Do not exceed the weight of the trailer in this respect.

The maximum vehicle weight with a trailer is limited by law. Before considering the norms provided for in current laws, you should dwell on what exactly is the weight of the vehicle.

The term "curb weight" means the weight of an unloaded vehicle with full tank fuel and driver inside. This takes into account the weight of the average driver, which is 75 kilograms.

Under the term "maximum load" it is customary to mean the maximum permissible weight of cargo that the vehicle is able to transport. These data are indicated in the registration documents. To calculate the total weight, the curb weight must be added to the maximum load. The term "gross weight" means the actual weight of the vehicle at the current time.

Maximum permissible weight of a passenger car

It is important to remember that a passenger car can tow light trailers. To tow light trailers, you must have a category B license. A trailer is considered light if it meets one of the following requirements:

1. Its total weight is no more than 750 kilograms.
2. The total weight of the vehicle together with the trailer does not exceed 3.5 tons.

In this case, you can drive a vehicle weighing 3.5 tons with a trailer weighing 600 kilograms. This is due to the fact that according to the norms of the current legislation, the trailer will still be considered light, despite the fact that its total weight with the vehicle will exceed 3.5 tons.

It is important to pay attention to the technical documentation of your car, as it usually indicates the maximum weight of the towed trailer. Let's say your vehicle weighs 1.8 tons and you are going to tow a trailer with a total weight of 1.4 tons. If the technical documentation for your car indicates the maximum trailer weight of 1.35 tons, then you will not be able to tow the above trailer, despite the fact that the total weight of the car and the trailer does not exceed 3.5 tons.

Optimal hitch pressure

If you plan to use a trailer for transporting any goods, then you should distribute it so that the maximum pressure on the towbar is 50-80 kilograms. If this norm is not observed, you may experience significant problems with the grip of the front wheels, and your headlights will dazzle oncoming traffic.

If the pressure on the towbar is less than normal, then your car will have significant problems with the rear wheels.

According to the norms of the current legislation, if the weight of an empty trailer exceeds 400 kilograms, then it must be completed without fail parking brake... If the total weight of the trailer exceeds 750 kilograms, then it must be equipped with service brakes.

To provide required level safety en route, the following standards must be observed:

1. The load must be securely fixed with a rope or special straps.
2. The fasteners used to secure the load must be able to support its full weight.
3. Load distribution must be even. Do not allow the main load to fall on one of the axles or one side of the trailer. Otherwise, the likelihood of swinging and overturning of the trailer increases significantly.

Maximum weight of a truck with a trailer

The maximum permissible weight of a truck with a trailer is also regulated by law. According to applicable laws freight car can tow different types trailers. The category of the vehicle, as well as its design features, has a direct impact on its maximum permissible weight together with the trailer.

The total weight of two-axle vehicles with a trailer must not exceed 18 tons. For 3-axle vehicles with a trailer, the weight limit is 24 tonnes. If a three-axle vehicle is equipped with a drive axle with two pairs of wheels, then its maximum permissible mass with a trailer is 25 tons.

The maximum permissible weight for a vehicle that is equipped with two driving axles equipped with two pairs of wheels is 32 tons.

Source: www.mvd.ru www.gibdd.ru

First, let's understand the concepts. I will start in order, with the most, in my opinion, important.

The rules for passing qualifying exams and issuing driving licenses indicate that (see clause 4):

"Driving licenses with permissive marks in columns" A "," B "," C "," D "and" E "confirm the right to drive vehicles of the corresponding categories:

5) category "E" - combinations of vehicles with a tractor unit belonging to categories "B", "C" or "D", which the driver has the right to drive, but which do not themselves belong to one of these categories or these categories. "

In the forms of driver's licenses, as you have probably already noticed more than once, the categories are marked in the same way (with the exception of category A).

Trailer- a vehicle that is not equipped with an engine and is intended to be driven in a convoy with a power-driven vehicle. The term also applies to semi-trailers and dismantling trailers (SDA).

Comments to the traffic rules add: “A mechanical vehicle with a trailer (s) of any type is a road train or a set of vehicles, where a mechanical vehicle acts as a tractor. The trailer is characterized by the fact that it is attached to the rear of the vehicle by using rigid connecting pivot elements. When using trailers in all cases, it should be borne in mind that the actual weight of the trailer with the load should not exceed the corresponding parameter set by the manufacturer of the towing vehicle as the maximum permissible. "

Permitted maximum weight

Permitted maximum mass - the mass of the equipped vehicle with cargo, driver and passengers, set by the manufacturer as the maximum permissible mass. For the permissible maximum mass of a set of vehicles, i.e., coupled and moving as a whole, the sum of the permissible maximum masses of vehicles included in the composition (SDA) is taken.

I Comments to the traffic rules: “The permitted maximum mass consists of the mass of the equipped vehicle and the mass of the maximum permissible payload determined by the vehicle manufacturer and including the mass of the cargo, the mass (weight) of the driver and passengers.

The value of the maximum permissible mass for a particular vehicle model is indicated in the vehicle's passport, as well as in the certificate of its registration. "

Unladen weight of the vehicle

Unladen weight of a vehicle - vehicle mass ("own weight") s full filling fuel and lubricants and coolant, a set of tools, spare parts and accessories provided for in the instruction (manual) for vehicle operation and the Basic Provisions. (Comments to traffic rules. General provisions).

And now it’s time to start analyzing the decisions, orders and regulations of the government of the Russian Federation.

What do we have today? I will speak in an accessible and understandable language. Those who need the legislative part of this reportage will be provided with the necessary links and a list of documents.

So:

1. If you drive your l / car, truck or bus and a trailer attached to it, whose permissible maximum weight does not exceed 750 kg, then category B, C or D, open accordingly, is enough for you (clause 1.7. Of the Regulation dated December 15, 1999 N 1396 On the approval of the rules for passing qualifying exams and issuing driving licenses).

For instance.

Let's say I need to transport a snowmobile in my little car. The car weighs 1400 kg (that is, it belongs to category B). A small trailer weighing, say, 700 kg is quite suitable for this. When checking driving license, it is enough for the inspector to contemplate open category "AT".

2. If the permissible maximum mass of your trailer does not exceed the mass of an equipped vehicle belonging to category "B", and the permissible maximum mass of such a combination of vehicles does not exceed 3500 kilograms, when driving it you will need a driver's license of category "B" ( Clause 1.8. Resolutions of December 15, 1999 N 1396 On approval of the rules for passing qualifying exams and issuing driver's licenses).

where Mстс - Permitted maximum mass of a set of vehicles

For instance.

An example of such transportation: a trailer - 1000 kg, and a car - 2000 kg (belongs to category B). The trailer is over 750 kg. And, it seems, we need category E. But ... clause 1.8 of the Resolution, which many people forget or simply do not know about, allows us to transport such a train in the presence of only category B. After all, the mass of such a train does not exceed 3500 kg.

3. If you have a trailer with a permissible maximum weight of more than 750 kg, then make sure that your category (B, C, D) has category E.

where Мп - Permitted trailer mass (specified in PTS)

In special marks on your license, it should be noted: E to B, E to C or E to D (clause 34 of the Appendix to the Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated July 20, 2000 No. 782).

Yes, I would like to draw your attention to the following fact. According to the Federal Law "On the Safety of Road Traffic", the right to drive a set of vehicles (category E) is granted to persons with categories "B", "C" or "D" if they have a driving experience of the corresponding category of at least 12 months ...

Yes, and don't forget about age restrictions.

Overall dimensions

Many drivers are overcome by the issue of oversizing when transporting a particular cargo. So, traffic rules tell us that:

"23.4. A load protruding beyond the dimensions of the vehicle in front or behind by more than 1 m or to the side by more than 0.4 m from the outer edge of the parking light must be marked with the identification signs" Oversized cargo ", and in the dark and at in conditions of insufficient visibility, in addition, in front - with a lantern or light-reflector of white color, in the back - with a lantern or light-reflector of red color ”.

If the dimensions of your vehicle, with or without cargo, exceed:

2.55 m - in width,

4 m - in height (from the surface of the carriageway)

20 m - in length (including one trailer),

or the transported cargo protrudes more than 2 m beyond the rear point of the gauge,

then the movement of such a vehicle is carried out in accordance with special rules (clause 23.5 of the SDA).

Penalties

As for fines, the penalty for driving a vehicle by a person who does not have the right to drive this vehicle is a fine of 2,500 rubles (clause 12.7 of the Administrative Code).

My advice to you, and not only mine. During a conversation with a traffic police officer, I came to the conclusion that it is better to carry a copy of the Resolution with you.

As for the comments to the Traffic Rules, I will only say that they, as such, have no legal force. But for even greater confidence, comments edited by the head of the Department of Road Traffic Safety V.N. Kiryanov do not interfere.

Below is a list of legislative documents and necessary links.

1. DECISION of December 15, 1999 N 1396 "On APPROVAL OF THE RULES FOR DELIVERING QUALIFICATION EXAMINATIONS AND ISSUING A DRIVER'S LICENSE".

2. ORDER of February 19, 1999 N 120 "ON APPROVAL OF SAMPLES OF DIARY'S CERTIFICATES" (as amended by the Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation of July 20, 2000 N 782).

3. DECISION of October 23, 1993 N 1090 "ON THE RULES OF ROAD TRAFFIC".

4. Appendix to the Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia of July 20, 2000 N 782 "INSTRUCTIONS ON THE ORGANIZATION OF WORK ON RECEPTION OF QUALIFICATION EXAMINATIONS AND ISSUANCE OF DRIVING LICENSES IN THE UNDIVISIONS OF THE STATE SECURITY INSPECTION DEPARTMENT OF THE REGIONAL DEPARTMENT RADIO ".

5. FEDERAL LAW "ON ROAD SAFETY" (Adopted by the State Duma on November 15, 1995).

6. ORDER of June 8, 1999 N 410 "ON IMPROVING THE NORMATIVE-LEGAL REGULATION OF THE ROAD INSPECTION SERVICE AND THE ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE INSPECTION OF THE STATE ROAD INSPECTION."

7. CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION ON ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATIONS-VIOLATIONS (Adopted by the State Duma on December 20, 2001).

8. Comments to the Rules of the Road Traffic of the Russian Federation and to the main provisions on the admission of vehicles to operation and the duties of officials to ensure road safety (as of January 1, 2007, ed. By the Chief State Inspector of Road Safety RF General-Lieutenant of Militia V.N.Kiryanov).

What category of license is needed to drive a car with a trailer? Is category “B” sufficient? In what cases is it necessary to receive a subcategory "E"? In order to correctly answer the questions posed and not get confused, you first need to understand the terminology.

So let's start with the car:
Vehicle weight without load - unladen weight of the vehicle.
Curb weight- the mass of a fully fueled vehicle, including the necessary spare parts, but excluding the weight of the transported cargo, driver and passengers.
Permitted maximum vehicle weight - the mass of the equipped vehicle + the mass of the transported cargo, driver and passengers.
You will find the necessary information by looking at the vehicle registration certificate of your car.

The situation is similar with trailers:
Trailer capacity Is the weight of the cargo the trailer is designed to carry.
Unladen weight of the trailer- its own weight, including the necessary component parts and excluding the transported cargo.
Gross trailer mass(it is also the permissible maximum mass) is the equipped weight + carrying capacity.
In terms of gross weight, trailers are classified into the following categories:
О1 - light trailers with full weight up to 750 kg (inclusive)
О2 - trailers with a gross weight of more than 750 kg and up to 3500 kg (inclusive)
О3 - up to 10,000 kg (inclusive)
О4 - over 10,000 kg

Now let's move on to answering the question.

Let's start with the lightest trailers in the category О1 (up to 750 kg)... Since the total mass of the road train (car + trailer) in this case does not matter, the driver only needs to have a category “B”. The same rule applies to other categories - "C", "C1", "D", "D1".

A trailer with a gross weight of up to 750 kg - subcategory "E" is not needed.

For driving a car with a full weight trailer up to 3500 kg (О2), for all the above categories of rights, the subcategory "E" is required. But there is a small exception.
The category of rights "B" gives the right to drive a vehicle or road train, the maximum mass of which does not exceed 3500 kg. Therefore, if the sum of the maximum mass of the vehicle and the gross mass of the trailer is not more than 3500 kg, then category “B” rights are sufficient, provided that the gross mass of the trailer does not exceed the mass of the vehicle without load. The latter also applies to categories "C1" and "D1".

Gross trailer weight ≥ 3500 kg \u003d BE, CE, DE
(Maximum vehicle weight + (gross trailer weight ≤ vehicle weight without load)) ≤ 3500 kg \u003d V
Vehicle weight without load ≥ full trailer weight ≥ 3500 kg \u003d C1E, D1E

And finally, trailers of categories O3and О4... Their gross weight is more than 3500 kg and category "B", in principle, does not give the right to drive such heavyweights. For all other categories of rights - subcategory "E" is required. Note that for categories C1E and D1E, the total mass of the train should not exceed 12,000 kg, and the total mass of the trailer should not exceed the mass of the vehicle without load.

Gross trailer weight\u003e 3500 kg \u003d CE, DE
(Maximum vehicle weight + (gross trailer weight ≤ vehicle weight without load)) ≤ 12,000 kg \u003d С1Е, D1Е

Finally, one more important condition. When choosing a trailer, remember - the total mass of the trailer must not exceed the towing characteristics of the vehicle installed by the manufacturer.

For details see: Federal Law N 196-FZ "On Road Safety", Chapter IV. BASIC REQUIREMENTS TO ENSURE ROAD SAFETY, Article 25. Basic provisions concerning admission to drive vehicles.