Approximately thirty years ago, the famous American manager Lee Yakokka said that by the beginning of the XXI century, only a few players will remain on the world automotive market. The ex-president of Chrysler and Ford Thrust seen the trend of the further development of the auto industry, so it is not surprising that its predictions are confirmed.
The largest world autocontracers and alliances
At first glance, it may seem that there are many independent automakers in the world, but in fact most autocompany are included in various groups and alliances.
Thus, whether Yakokka looked like in the water, and today there really remained only a few automakers who share the entire world car market among themselves.
What brands belong to Ford
Interestingly, the companies that he headed - Chrysler and Ford are the leaders of the American car industry, during the economic crisis suffered the most serious losses. And in so serious redirects they did not have ever before. Chrysler and General Motors became bankrupt, and Ford saved only a miracle. But for this miracle, the company had to pay a too expensive price, because as a result of Ford lost his premium subdivision Premiere Automotive Group, which included Land Rover, Volvo and Jaguar. Moreover, Ford lost the Aston Martin - the British supercar manufacturer, the Mazda stake controlling stake and eliminated the Mercury brand. And today, only two brands remained from a huge empire - Lincoln and actually Ford himself.
What brands belong to Avtocontracena General Motors
General Motors suffered no less serious losses. The American company lost Saturn, Hummer, Saab, but its bankruptcy still did not prevent the Opel and Daewoo brands. Today, as part of General Motors, brands such as Vauxhall, Holden, GMC, Chevrolet, Cadillac and Buick. In addition, Americans belong to the Russian joint venture GM-AvtoVAZ, which releases Chevrolet Niva.
Autocontracene Fiat and Chrysler
And the American concern Chrysler now acts as a strategic partner of Fiat, who gathered under his wing brands like Ram, Dodge, Jeep, Chrysler, Lancia, Maserati, Ferrari and Alfa Romeo.
In Europe, things are somewhat different than in the United States. Here, the crisis also made their own adjustments, but the position of the monsters of the European auto industry has not been shaken.
What brands belong to the Volkswagen Group concern
Volkswagen still accumulates brands. After the purchase of Porsche in 2009, the Volkswagen Group grows nine brands - Seat, Skoda, Lamborghini, Bugatti, Bentley, Porsche, Audi, SCANIA truck manufacturer and VW itself. There is information that SUZUKI will soon be in this list, 20 percent of whose shares are already owned by Volkswagen Group.
Brands that belong to the concern Daimler AG and BMW Group
As for the other two "Germans" - BMW and Daimler AG, they cannot boast such an abundance of brands. Under the wing of Daimler AG, the SMART, Maybach and Mercedes stamps are labeled, and the BMW history has MINI and Rolls-Royce.
Automotive Alliance Renault and Nissan
Among the world's largest automakers, it is impossible not to mention the Renault-Nissan Alliance, owning such brands like Samsung, Infiniti, Nissan, Dacia and Renault. In addition, Renault is the owner of 25 percent of AvtoVAZ shares, so Lada is also not independent of the French-Japanese alliance.
Another major French automaker is the PSA concern - belong to Peugeot and Citroen.
Japanese autoconecern Toyota
And among the Japanese automakers, boast the "collection" of brands can except Toyota, which belongs to Subaru, Daihatsu, Scion and Lexus. Also in line Toyota Motor Hino truck manufacturer is listed.
Who belongs to Honda
Honda has more modest achievements. In addition to the motorcycle office and the ACURA brand, the Japanese has nothing more.
Successful Handai-Kia
Over the past years, the Hyundai-Kia alliance is successfully breaking into the list of world car industry leaders. Today, he produces cars only under the brands of Kia and Hyundai, but Koreans have ever seriously engaged in creating a premium brand, which can get the name of Genesis.
Among the absorption and mergers of recent years should be mentioned under the wing of the Chinese GEELY VOLVO brand, as well as the purchase of English premium brands Land Rover and Jaguar by the Indian company TATA. And the smaller case is the purchase of a famous Swedish brand Saab tiny manufacturer of Spyker supercars from Holland.
Once a powerful British auto industry ordered a long time to live. All famous British car manufacturers have long lost independence. Their example followed small English firms that have passed to foreign owners. In particular, the legendary Lotus today owns Proton (Malaysia), and the Chinese SAIC bought MG. By the way, the same SAIC before it was sold by Korean SsangYong Motor Indian Mahindra & Mahindra.
All these strategic partnerships, alliances, associations and absorption once again proved whether Yakokki is the right point. Single firms in the modern world survive is no longer able to survive. Yes, there are exceptions, like Japanese Mitsuoka, English Morgan or Malaysian Proton. But these companies are independent only in the sense that nothing depends on them an even account.
And in order to have annual sales, calculated by hundreds of thousands of cars, not to mention millions, without a strong "rear" can not do. AT alliance Renault-Nissan Support to each other provides partners, and in the Volkswagen Group, the mutual execution is provided by the number of brands.
As for such companies as Mitsubishi and Mazda, there are still great difficulties in the future. While Mitsubishi can get the help of PSA partners, then Mazda will have to survive alone, which in the modern world is becoming more difficult every day ...
German cars are known for their functionality and practicality worldwide. The BMW brand is especially allocated, which makes not just technological, but also truly luxurious cars. She has a fairly interesting and difficult story that extends for a period of more than a hundred years. Each fan of the brand will be useful to find out. The path from the production of aviation motors to the manufacture of high-tech supercars admires.
The appearance of the company
BMW firm is located in Munich. Here is the headquarters, where research occurs and develops. The beginning of history also began in this city. In 1913, Karl Rappa and Gusto Otto opened two small firms with workshops on the northern outskirts of Munich. They specialized in the production of aircraft workers. A small enterprise is poorly suitable for competition in the market, so soon the firms were merged. The name for the new production sounded like Bayerische Flugzeug-Werke, which means "Bavarian Aviation Plants". The founder of BMW - Gustav Otto - was the son of the inventor of the internal combustion engine, and the rape knew a lot about, so the enterprise promised to be successful.
Change concept
In September 1917, the legendary white-blue round-shaped emblem was invented, until now used BMW. The history of the creation refers to a taxable past: the drawing symbolizes the aircraft screw, depicted on the background of heavenly blue. In addition, white and blue are traditional Bavaria colors. As mentioned earlier, the concern was originally created for the production of aircraft engines, there was no even modern BMW name. The history of the brand went on another path after the First World War. According to Germany, it could not be engaged in the production of aircraft, and the founders had to re-refill production. Then the brand and received a new name. Instead of aviation, the word Motorische appeared in the center, marked the origin of the equipment of another type. Under this name, fans know the company to this day.
Motorcycles brand
At first, the plant began to produce brakes for trains. After that, BMW motorcycles appeared: the first came from the conveyor in 1923. The firm aircraft were previously successful: one of the models even broke the height record, therefore it is natural that the new brainchild conquered the public. Motomalone 1923 in Paris became his starry hour: BMW motorcycles turned out to be reliable and high-speed, ideal to participate in racing. In 1928, the founders acquired the first auto plants in Thuringia and decided to make a new production - the production of machines. But the production of motorcycles did not stop, on the contrary, the new models remain in demand and today, just the automotive sphere is much larger and is more important for the development of the concern. Nevertheless, brand fans who prefer an extreme ride on a two-wheeled horse are monitoring motorcycles, and such a means of movement on the roads are not at all uncommon.
Salt pot DIXI
BMW was produced in 1929. The new model was small - similar was made in England called Austin 7. In the thirties, such cars enjoyed incredible demand from the European population. Economic problems led to the fact that the stagnation became the most reasonable and affordable choice. The first unique model from BMW, fully developed in Germany, was submitted to the public in April 1932. Machine 3/15 PS was distinguished by a motor in twenty horse power And developed speed up to eighty kilometers per hour. The model has become successful, and it has already been finally clear that the BMW sign symbolizes impeccable quality. The situation will remain unchanged throughout the history of the Bavarian brand existence.
The appearance of characteristic details
In 1933, the passengers were already known, but not yet easily found. Model 303 helped change the situation. This car with a powerful six-cylinder engine was supplemented with a characteristic radiator grille, which in the future will be a typical element of the brand design. In 1936, the world learned the model 328. First BMW There were ordinary cars, and this car was a breakthrough in the sphere of sports cars. Her appearance helped to formulate the concept of the brand, relevant and now: "Car - for the driver." For comparison, the main German competitor - Mercedes-Benz - follows the idea of \u200b\u200b"car - for passengers". This moment became key to BMW. The history of the brand began to develop at an accelerated pace, demonstrating success for success.
The period of the Second World War
Model 328 became a winner on races of different types: rally, ring, contests on the rise on the hill. Ultralight BMW cars were the triumphas of Italian competitions and left behind all other brands that existed at that time. All this led to the fact that by the time of the beginning of the Second World BMW was the most famous and developed firm in the world with the orientation of sports models. The engines of the Bavarian Plant put records. Motorcycles and BMW cars developed an unprecedented speed. But the post-war period created critical conditions for the concern. Many prohibitions for production undermined his economic situation. Karl Rappa resolutely began everything from scratch and engaged in creating bicycles and light motorcycles that were collected practically in handicraft conditions. The result of the search for new solutions and mechanisms was the first post-war model 501. It did not bring success, but the subsequent version of the number 502 was much more technologically technologized due to the aluminum alloy engine. Such a car enjoyed incredible demand: he was a maneuverable, spacious enough for his time and was offered at an affordable average German buyer.
New ascent to the top
In 1955, the release of small-caps called "Isetta" was established. It was one of the most bold creatures of the concern - a mixture of a motorcycle and a car on three wheels, with a door opening forward. In the poor, after the war, the country affected by the car made a real extension. But rapid economic growth led to the emergence of demand for large cars, and the company again was threatened. Mercedes-Benz began to build plans for buying a concern, but this did not happen. Already in 1956, a sports model 507, created by designer Hertes, comes from the conveyor. The market was proposed several options for configuration: with a rigid roof and in the rhodster format. The eight-cylinder engine with a power of one hundred and fifty horsepower allowed the car to accelerate to two hundred twenty kilometers per hour. A successful model returned to the firm success and is still considered one of the best and expensive collectible cars. The activities of the BMW company, whose history has already included several difficulties, continued again successfully.
New models and class cars
The BMW sign was associated with success, and with defeat. The beginning of the sixties was not cloudless for the concern. Acute crisis after failures with the sector large cars Replaced with stability after the appearance of the model 700, first using the air cooling system. This car has become another major success and helped the concern to finally overcome the difficult period. In the version of the coupe, such BMW cars helped the brand to return and records: sports victories were not far off. In the 1962th concern issued a new class model that combines sports and compact options. It became a step towards the top of the world automotive industry. The concept of 1500 was adopted with such demand that production capacity simply did not allow to supply new cars to the market on time. The success of a new class led to development model Row: In 1966, a two-door version of 1600 was presented. It was followed by a successful series with turbocharging. Economic stability allowed the concern to restore the first BMW options. The history of the models began with six-cylinder engines, and in 1968 their release began again. The public was presented 2500 and 2800, which became the first sedans in the brand line. All of this made the sixties most successful period in the entire previous history of existence. german concernBut ahead remained numerous deserved triumphs and further growth.
Development in the 70s and 80s
In the year of holding in namely in 1972, the concern developed new BMW cars - the fifth series. The concept was revolutionary: first-brand was best of all successful sports cars, but the new approach made it possible to succeed in the segment of sedans. Models 520 and 520i were presented at Frankfurt Motor Show. The new car was distinguished smooth, elongated lines, large windows and low landing. The recognizable body design developed the Frenchman policiously. The deformation process was calculated using computer technologies in the BMW Concern. The history of the models of this series continued with the release of 525 - the first model of a comfortable sedan with a six-cylinder engine, obedient and powerful, possessing 145 horsepower.
The new chapter began in 1975. The first BMW in the segment of compact sedans in the sports style was presented in the line with the number three. A stylish design with a characteristic radiator does not disturb the compact look, while the car looks extremely serious. Under the hood of the novelty there are four-cylinder engines newest models, and after a year later, the leading experts called this car as best in the world. In 1976, a large coupe was presented in Geneva, to work on which the marriage was raised again. The predatory outlines of the hood provided a novelty nickname "shark".
By the beginning of the eighties, a complete set of cars of the Bavarian concern included a new anti-slip system and automatic boxes, as well as electrically regulating seats. The seventh series with a six-cylinder engine with injection appeared. For two years, more than seventy five thousand models were sold. Updated the third and fifth series by issuing the most popular options in new configuration. High power, excellent aerodynamics, functional capacity and the ability to select engine variants and body design excellent ways Improving successful models.
In 1985, a convertible was released. The technological novelty was the suspension that allows for comfortable travel for long distances. By the end of the eighties concern BMW, whose history was already known to the whole world, began the production of four new models with gasoline engines and electronic injection and one on the diesel. A new leader - a gifted designer and simply the talented control claus of Lute - was able to preserve the characteristic type with recognizable details like present in models for several decades, with its constant modernization and embody the most actual technological solutions at once in several series existing in the production series of the Bavarian firm .
Production course in the 90s
In the 1990th, another new car from BMW was presented. The third series history included ups and downs, but the novelty was definitely the first. A roomy car conquered customers with elegance and technological. In 1992, the public was presented a somewhat compartment with improved engines with six cylinders. After a few months, a new convertible and sports model M3 appeared. In the middle of the decade, each concern appears in the lineups was complemented by unique details. Reviews of BMW cars celebrated the perfect equipment corresponding to the class: climate and cruise control were presented in the models, they were equipped with onboard computers and electrofolding with glasses and mirrors, power steering and many others.
In the 1995th, there were significant changes in the fifth series in the model of the fifth series: dual headlights appeared under a transparent cap, and the salon was even more comfortable and more comfortable. Model 5 Touring was released in 1997 and was distinguished by a multifunctional steering wheel, active seats, navigation and dynamic stabilization. The following year, a number was complemented by diesel options with six and eight cylinder engines, moreover, they could be ordered in elongated bodies. In addition, the Z3 model appeared on the screen in the same Bondian films, and the concern once collided with demand exceeding production capacity.
First SUV BMW
The history of the creation of many models is far away in the past decades. Only SUVs appeared in the rules of the concern relatively recently - at the junction of the millennium. Sports car debut for active restThe first in the history of the automotive industry occurred in 1999. In the same period, the company returned to the Formula 1 races and declared herself a few options for the coupe and wagon, and also introduced the car for the new part of Bondiana. The last year of the twentieth century has become a truly record one only russian market noted the growth in demand for eighty-three percent.
The new millennium began for the brand of the premiere of an upgraded model of the seventh series. BMW 7 opened a new horizon for the famous Bavarian Concern and allowed him to claim first place in the luxury class segment. Once the sphere of executive limousines has undermined its development by the situation of the company and led him to the worst position in history: the company was on the verge of selling. Now the BMW auto conquered it, remaining impeccable recordsmen and in all other areas and continuing endless work on improving and modernization, as well as the development of new technologies inaccessible to other brands around the world.
The principle of "car - for the driver" remains the main thing that designers and concern engineers are focused on, which provides popularity from buyers: the unique comfort of the movement justifies the price of each of the available models and conquers all new and new motorists. The regular appearance of the new brand on the movie screen allows you to draw attention to even those who still do not appreciate the amazing beauty and the manufacturability of German cars glorified for the whole world.
Around the world there is no such person who did not hear anything bmw. It is one of the best organizations that specializes in the production of German cars. BMW car brands fascinate male floor, starting with adolescence, moreover, even women do not remain indifferent to them.
Almost throughout the 21st century, managers and employees of the company rejoiced us with a variety of and high-quality release of cars. Due to this, the company and the crowds of fans from around the world gathered. BMW branches are located in many countries, each of them is successful. Have you ever wondered what kind of difficult path was the leaders and working personnel of this company in order to achieve the necessary result, to preserve it for many years and to locate customers? Let's find out what the history of the company BMW.
History of the emblem BMW.
BMW's history begins with her emblem, let's find out what this emblem means and why it is? BMW is one of the most popular companies that produces bikes, motorcycles and high quality machines. Decipher the name can be as the Bavarian Motor Plant (BMW). The central office is located in Munich. The BMW emblem tells us about the distant past, when the company produced aircraft engines - this is a propeller of an airplane, which rotates against the blue sky. The shades of blue and white color look at the emblem, besides, it is the colors of the coat of arms of Bavaria. BMW leaders hide about the origin and real decoding of the emblem, it is worth noting that for all the years of the existence of the company, the emblem has practically not changed.
Where does the company take bMW names for manufactured equipment? While the production of aircraft engines was chosen as in ancient times. Aviation German case for distinguishing aircraft engines indicated Roman numbers. Under these figures, the concepts of engine function were hidden. After a while, many manufacturers before 1932 began to use this way. Cars and motorcycles had personal trademarks "Bayern-Motor", together with which their capacity was highlighted.
Thus, the names of M4A1 and M2B15, having a mysterious look, were published, but everything is quite simple for motorists. For example, the decoding of M2B15 is such: a two-cylinder engine B series with a project 15. Over time, it was decided to make names easier and accessible to people, so the syllables and numbers have no longer indicated in the notation. The system decided to simplify in mid-1920. From mentioning the number of cylinders and the series had to refuse at all.
Numbering arrangement depending on the type of transport:
100-199 - denoted aviation engines.
200-299 - Motorcycles.
300-399 - Cars.
The designations that have already been appointed, had to change a little, adhering to new changes.
History BMW.
Founders of the company BMW - Karl Rappa and Gustav Otto (son of Nicolaus August Otto, inventor of the internal combustion engine). In 1913, Karl Rappa with his partner Julius Auspitzer Booked out the company "Flugwerk Deutschland" and organized their aircraft company "Karl Rapp Motorenwerke GmbH". Gustav Otto also had its design plant. In 1914, the First World War began, German State very needed aircraft. For this reason, two firms had to be connected together. In 1917, as a result of such an association, a company appeared under the official name of BMW. Although until today, the history of BMWI, this topic causes many discussions, most people believe that the company began its existence long before official registration.
In 1919, the first world record in the company BMW was installed by Franz Dimer. He rose 9760 meters from the land at airplane, the engine of which was made by BMW. After the war ended, the German state took the defeat, and the founders of the company BMW waited for failure, as it became forbidden to produce aviation engines. All production actions had to be stopped, but thanks to the perseverance and perseverance of managers, the plant did not stop his work, but on the contrary, it took a new level. Now BMW specialized in motorcycle technology, and began to produce two-wheeled vehicles. BMW R32 is one of the first motorcycles that entered the story and was released in 1923.
In 1926, the BMW engine was installed on the hydrosapol in which the BMW engine was installed. In 1927, 87 records were recorded in aviation and 29 of them were installed on aircraft with BMW engines. In 1928, the company was purchased car factory In Eisenach and gets permission to produce passenger cars.
DIXI is the very first vehicle that produced at the BMW plant. Affordable price And the reliability of the car brings companies, large financial income.
In 1929, Ernst Henne participates in a motorcycle competition from BMW and knocks out the leaders of the races, which brings him fame as the most successful motorcyclist in the world. World War II, as the first undermined the company's production, BMW again returned to the production of aircraft. Motorcycle production was transferred to Eizenakh, and it was more difficult with cars, their production had to freeze because of the ban on the release and sale of cars. In 1945, the Second World War ended, BMW organizations were destroyed, lost both plants in Aisenach, Dürrherhof and Basdorf. During this period, the company gained experience and became the first of the firms around the world, which took up the production of jet engines.
When the war ended, BMW was again in a step from the collapse, some share of companies occupied, moreover, they declared her taboo on any production, due to the supply of aircraft engines during the war. The leaders who are striking their perseverance decided to start all over again.
In 1954, BMW became the leader worldwide in motorcycle competitions with wheelchairs and retained his title champion for 20 years. In 1956, two sports cars were added to the company 503, 507. In 1959, the car "700" models raised the popularity of BMW vehicles. At the expense of high demand for motorcycles, BMW in 1969 resumed the production of two-wheeled vehicles. Motorcycles were produced in Berlin.
The first models were significantly different from the previous ones, their originality. The general forces were released by the R24 motorcycle, and the passenger car 501 appeared. In 1995, the company produces several models of R50, R51 motorcycles, and then unusual for everyone, a hybrid with three wheels. Due to unstable income, the company becomes bankrupt, then an option was considered about its sale "Mercedes", but shareholders in every way prevented this and broke the transaction. In the 1970s, the first models of the 3rd series, the 5th series, the 6th series and the 7th series were famous until today. In 1983, the BMW car participated on the Formula 1 races, which also won. In 1995, airbags were absolutely installed in all cars.
To date, BMW is a popular company around the world, which despite many difficulties, was able to achieve results and became a powerful manufacturer. Now the company's income has become regular and increases annually. The company consists of 5 organizations located on the entire German state and from 22 subsidiaries that are located in the territory of the whole world.
Owners and executives BMW
Karl Friedrich Rappa is the most important and first founder of the company. Under his control was carried out aviation engines.
In 1917, the place of Karl Rappa took Franz Joseph Pop from Austria, with his leadership, the company began to produce cars.
In 2011, the shares were distributed among shareholders:
Stephen Kvandt - 17.4%.
Suzanne Clutten (sister) - 12.6%.
Johanna Kvandt (Mom) - 16.7%.
The remaining 53.3% traded in the market.
Norbert Righthofer - is the chairman of the company today (2016).
Activity BMW.
In 2008, 1,203,482 cars were produced and released. Such a number is significantly less compared to production last year. In 2007, it was produced by 7.6% more road transport. The number of employees who worked in the company in 2008 - 100 041. Cash reversed from sales for 2008 - 53.2 billion euros, given all costs (taxes, materials for production and other) net financial profit of the company, - 330 million Euro. The main organizations are located in Germany (Munich, Dingolfing) and America (Spartanburg). In the Russian Federation, BMW production can be found in Kaliningrad.
Basic BMW Car Sales Markets:
1. Germany is approximately 80 thousand.
2. America - 30 thousand.
3. United Kingdom, England, Italy, France, Japan, China, Russia - 20 thousand.
All official data are indicated for the year of sales.
A special Museum of BMW products opened in Munich, in which all car enthusiasts, revered BMW products, will be able to learn about the history of the company's creation. In addition, it contains models of cars and motorcycles that were produced for the entire period of the company.
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In 1913 on the northern outskirts of Munich Karl Rappa and Gustav Otto, the son of the inventor of the internal combustion engine of Nicolaus August Otto, create two small aircraft company. The first World War started immediately brought numerous orders for engines for aircraft. Papes and Otto decide to unite in one aircroof pottery. So in Munich there is a factory of aviation engines, which in July 1917 is registered under the name Bayerische Motoren Werke ("Bavarian motor plants") - BMW. This date is considered to be the year of the founding of BMW, and Karl Rappa and Gustav Otto its creators.
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1917: Rapp Motor Company renamed BMW Bayerische Motoren Werke
Although the exact date of appearance and the moment of the company's foundation and today is the subject of disputes between car historians. And all because the officially industrial BMW company was registered on July 20, 1917, but long before that, in the same city, Munich existed many firms and associations, also engaged in the development and release of aircraft engines. Therefore, in order to finally see the roots of BMW, you must be transferred to the last century, the territory of the existing thing has existed so long ago. It was there on December 3, 1886, the involvement of today's BMW for the automotive case was illicified, and it was there, in the city of Aisenach, from 1928 to 1939. There was a headquarters of the company.
One of the local attractions of Aisenach became a reason for the appearance of the name of the first car (Vartburg), who saw the light in 1898 after the creation of a number of 3- and 4-wheeled prototypes. Wartburg-primacy represented itself that neither there is a short-sided wagon, equipped with a 0.5-liter engine capacity of 3.5 hp There were no hints for the presence of anterior and rear suspension. Such a maximally simplified design has become a good stimulus for more progressive work of local engineers and designers who have already created a car that has been accepted by up to 60 km / h. Moreover, in 1902, Vartburg appeared with a 3.1-liter motor and a 5-speed gearbox, which was enough to win the race in Frankfurt in the same year.
Very an important point In the history of the BMW company and the plant in Aisenach, 1904 was, when the Motor show was put up on the Frankfurt Motor Show called Dixie, testifying to the good development of the enterprise and the new production level. In total there were two models - S6 and S12, the numbers in the designation of which indicated the number of horsepower. (By the way, the model S12 was not shot from production until 1925.)
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1919: Franz Xeno Dimer (center) with his record plane
Max Fritz was invited to the position of chief designer in Bayerische Motoren Werke, who worked at the Daimler plant. Under the leadership of Fritz, the Aviation Engine BMW IIIa was manufactured, which in September 1917 successfully passed bench tests. The aircraft equipped with this motor at the end of the year has established a world record, rising by 9760 m.
At the same time, the BMW emblem appeared - the circle, separated into two blue and two white sectors, which was a stylized image of a propeller, rotating against the sky. Recovered and the fact that blue and white - National Color Label Bavaria.
After the end of World War I, the company was on the threshold of collapse, since, according to the Versailles Agreement, the Germans were forbidden to produce engines for aircraft, namely the engines at the time were the only BMW products. But enterprising Karl Rappa and Gustav Otto find a way out of the situation - the plant is replicated to release at first motorcycle engines, and then the motorcycle themselves. BMW's first motorcycle R32 comes from the BMW plant. On the motorcycle of 1923 in Paris, this first BMW motorcycle immediately conquered a reputation as high-speed and reliable carWhat was confirmed by absolute speed records on international motorcycle racing of the 20s-19th.
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1923: First BMW Motorcycles
In the early 20s, two influential businessmen appeared in the history of BMW - Gotier and Shapiro, to which the company has fallen into the abyss of debt and losses. The main reason for the crisis was undeveloped automotive productionAlong with which the company, by the way, was engaged in the release of aircraft engines. And since the latter, unlike cars, brought the main part of the means for existence and development, BMW was in the wrong position. The medicine came up with Shapiro, who was on a short leg with the English automotiveman Herbert Ostin and was able to negotiate with him about the beginning of the mass production of Ostinov in Eisenach. Moreover, the release of these machines was put on the conveyor than by that time, except BMW, only Daimler-Benz could boast.
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1928: Logistics in a factory in Aisenach.
The first 100 licensed octins, who used incredible success in Britain, came up from the conveyor in Germany with the right steering wheel, which was for the Germans to the novelty. Later the machine design was changed in accordance with local requirements, and the cars were produced called Dixie. By 1928, more than 15,000 Dixie (read - Ostinov) were manufactured, which played a decisive role in the revival of BMW. For the first time, it became noticeable in 1925, when Shapiro became interested in the possibility of producing cars of his own design and began to negotiate with the famous designer and designer by Wuinibald Kamm. As a result, the agreement was achieved, and another talented man turned out to be involved in the development of now known automotive brand. For several years, Camm has been engaged in the development of new nodes and aggregates for BMW.
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1929: The first BMW car: BMW 3/15 PS.
In the meantime, a positive for BMW was aware of the approval of the company trademark. In 1928, the company acquires auto plants in Aisenach (Thuringia), and with them and a license for the production of a small car DIXI. On November 16, 1928, Dixie ceased to exist as a trademark - it was replaced by BMW. DIXI is the first BMW car. During the period of economic difficulties, the small car becomes the most popular car in Europe.
As of April 1, 1932, the premiere of the First Real BMW was scheduled, which later earned the recognition of the automotive press and became the starting point for the release of the machine of his own design. This car with a well-thought-out body obtained from the side and a well-thought-out body was a combination of new ideas and developments with already well known and used on Dixie models. The power of the motor was 20 hp, which were enough to ride at a speed of 80 km / h. A four-stage gearbox has been a very successful development that has not been offered anymore on any model until 1934.
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1930: Trip around the world On the hydrosaps equipped with BMW motors.
By the beginning of World War II, BMW is one of the most dynamically developing firms in the world, producing equipment with sports orientation. In its assets, several world records: WolfGAng von Grona on the open hydrosapol DORNIER WAL, equipped with a BMW engine, crosses the North Atlantic from East to West, Ernst Henne on the R12 motorcycle, equipped with a cardan drive, hydraulic shock absorbers and a telescopic fork (BMW invention), establishes world Motorcycle speed record - 279.5 km / h, not exceeded by anyone over the next 14 years.
Production receives an additional impetus after concluding a secret agreement with Soviet Russia on the supply of new aircraft engines. Most of the Soviet record flights of the 30s were performed on aircraft equipped with BMW engines.
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1933: Beginning of the tradition of six-cylinder engines BMW: BMW 303.
In 1933, the release of the model "303" - the first car of the BMW 6-cylinder engine, debuting on the Berlin automotive exhibition. His appearance has become a real sensation. This row six with a working volume of 1.2 liters allowed the machine to move at a speed of 90 km / h and became the basis for many subsequent sports projects BMW. Moreover, it was applied to the new model 303, which became the first in the history of the company, on which the radiator grille was installed with a branded design, expressed in the presence of two elongated ovals. The 303rd model was designed at the plant in Eisenach and was primarily a tubular frame, an independent front suspension and good controllability, reminding sports.
BMW-303 perfectly approached for actively built in Germany autobahn. Immediately after the presentation, it was performed on the territory of the entire country, and in this promotion the car has established itself only with a good side. People were ready to pay for this car installed by the manufacturer. Moreover, the secured fans of BMW chose the 303rd model with a sports double body Roadster.
For two years of production of BMW-303, the company managed to sell 2,300 such cars, which, by the way, later followed their fellow, distinguished by more powerful motors and other digital designations: 309 and 315. Actually, they became the first samples for the logical development of the models designation system. BMW companies. On the example of these machines, we note that the figure 3 indicated a series, and 0.9 and 1.5 - the operating volume of the engines. The symbol system that appeared then successfully exists to this day, with the only difference that it has been replenished with such numbers as 520, 524, 635, 740, 850, etc.
The BMW-315 was far from the last in a series of externally similar cars, since BMW-319 and BMW-329 became the most bright and notable among them, related to sports cars. The maximum speed of the first, for example, was 130 km / h.
Along with all previous cars, I simply looked gorgeous model 326, which appeared on the Berlin automotive exhibition in 1936. This four-door car was far from the world of sports, and its rounded design was already then belonged to the direction that came into force in the 50s. Open top good quality, chic salon and a large number of new changes and additions set the 326th model in one row with Mercedes-Benz cars, whose buyers were very secured people.
With a mass of 1125 kg, the BMW-326 model accelerated to 115 km / h and at the same time consumed 12.5 liters of fuel per 100 km run. With similar characteristics and with your external species The car hit the list best models Companies have been produced until 1941, when the volume of production BMW amounted to almost 16,000 pieces. With such a number of BMW-326 issued and sold, it became the best pre-war model.
By logic, after such a loud success of the 326th model, the following logical step was to be the appearance of a sports model made at its base.
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1938: BMW 328 dominates races.
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1940: Again the victory in Mille Miglia: BMW 328.
In 1936, the famous "328" is produced on BMW - one of the most successful sports cars. With its appearance, the ideology of BMW was finally formed, to this day, the defining concept of new models: "Car - for the driver." The main competitor, "Mercedes-Benz" should be a principle: "Car - for passengers." Since then, each company goes its own way, proving that it is its choice.
The winner of the great set of competitions - ring races, rally, competitions in lifting on the hill, - BMW 328 was addressed to the connoisseurs of a sports car and left far behind all serial sports cars. A two-door, double, a truly sports BMW-328 was equipped with a six-cylinder engine and accelerated to 150 km / h. This model allowed the firm to take part in many pre-war racing and conquer recognition in the new capacity. With the 328th model, the BMW company became so famous in the second half of the 30s, that all subsequent cars with the company two-color sign were perceived by the public as a symbol of high quality, reliability and beauty.
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1943: Arado 234 aircraft is one of the first aircraft equipped with a BMW 003 reactive engine.
The war began to suspend the car. Priority is again given to aircraft engines. In 1944, BMW first in the world begins to issue reactive
Engine BMW 109-003. Tests of rocket engines are also conducted. The end of World War II became a catastrophe for the concern. Four plants found in the eastern occupation zone are destroyed and dismantled. The head plant in Munich is dismantled by the British. In connection with production during the war of air traffic and missiles, winners make an order for prohibiting production for three years
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1944: The head of the rocket test department began Helmut Graf von Zborovski (left)
The Second World War inflicted great damage to the automotive manufacturers of Germany, and the BMW company did not exception. Plant in Milbertshophene The liberators bombed the premissance, and the enterprise in Eisenach was in the territory controlled by the Russians. Therefore, equipment from there was partially exported to Russia as repatriations, and the fact that remained was involved for the release of BMW-321 models and BMW-340, which were also sent to the USSR.
The only more or less suitable for life remained two plants in the city of Munich, around which shareholders and focused their main efforts. By the way, I had to support the German National Bank: Thanks to her, the company returned to life the concept of the BMW-328 sports car and in the period from 1948 to 1953. released on its basis a few new sports models.
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1951: Conrad to Adenauer, the first Chancellor of the Federal Region, show the BMW State Sedan sedan, created on the basis of 501.
The company was not in the best position, but in 1951 introduced the prototype of the future BMW-501 car, which was distinguished by a large four-door body sedan, drum brakes and a 65-strong motor, which had a working volume of 1971 cc. The novelty was perceived by bicon - with interest and with surprise. The second, most likely, was caused by the fact that the company even could not fully provide a mass release of the 501th model, and in connection with which in 1952 only 49 cars were collected. By 1954, production reached 3410 copies that were bought only by real and secured adherents of the BMW brand.
But that is the most amazing, so this is the idea that at that time he matured in the minds of designers and designers BMW. They conceived to release a luxurious model.
In the same postwar years, the BMW company thought about the lack of necessary motors. This was especially evident after the existence of weak and netyagovityh engines beginning to affect the sales of cars. As a result, designers have developed a long-term project for the release of a new eight-cylinder power unit. The first samples appeared in 1954 and had a volume of 2.6 liters and power of 95 hp, increased to 100 hp. in the 60s.
Simultaneously with the installation of eight-cylinder on the BMW-501, the appearance of the car has changed a bit: the side chrome moldings appeared, which added a car of elegance. Equipped with a new engine 501 - I could get used to 160 km / h. Naturally, the fuel consumption of the car with an eight-cylinder engine was significantly different from the pre-war indicators, but this was worried about the management of the BMW company the least.
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Isetta: a link between motorcycles and cars. They were built more than 200,000.
In 1955, the release of models R 50 and R 51 begins, opening a new generation of motorcycles with a fully tighted chassis, incoming the "Isetta", a strange symbiosis of a motorcycle with the machine. The three-wheeled car with a door opening forward on the move, had a huge success in the refinement of post-war Germany. At the Frankfurt Motor Show in 1955, she became the absolute opposite of models at that time. The tiny BMW isetta resembled its appearance bubble with small traditional parchments and side mirrors. The rear inter-track distance was much smaller than the front. The model was equipped with a single-cylinder engine of 0.3 liters. With power 13 hp The isetta was as much as possible to 80 km / h.
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1956: Today is a rare collective car: BMW 507.
Along with the baby, the BMW company presented two luxurious coupe 503 and 507, created on the basis of the sedan of the 5th series. Both cars treated at that time to sufficiently sporting, although they had a civil appearance. For example, the maximum speed of the 507th varied somewhere in the interval between 190 and 210 km / h. A similar result was achieved thanks to a 3,2-liter motor with a compression ratio of 7.8: 1, maximum power 150 hp at 5000 rpm and 237 nm at 4000 rpm. On all wheels there were drum brakes with a servo drive, and the average fuel consumption per 100 km was 17 liters.
But because of the continued limousines that followed by large limousines and the losses associated with these losses turns out to be on the verge of collapse. This is the only case in the history of BMW, when the economic situation was incorrectly calculated and the cars thrown into the market did not have demand.
The models belonged to the 5th series did not improve the BMW position in the 50s. On the contrary, they began to increase their debts rapidly, sales decreased. To correct this situation, the Bank provided the BMW assistance and who was one of the largest shareholders of Daimler-Benz, proposed to establish the production of a small and not very expensive car Mercedes-Ben at the factories in Munich. Thretening the existence of BMW as an independent company, which produces original cars with its own name and trademark. Against this proposal was actively made by small shareholders of BMW and dealer offices throughout Germany. Common efforts Annal amount of money was collected, which was required to develop and start the release of a new Middle class BMW model, which was to significantly improve the company's position in the 60s.
Rebuilding the capital structure, BMW manage to continue its activities. The third time the company starts all over again. The middle class car was supposed to become a family machine for the average (and not only) Germans. As the most suitable option, a small four-door body sedan, a 1.5-liter motor and independent front and rear suspensions, which at that time were not at that time were not in all machines.
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1962: Dealers get cars for their salons.
Rebuilding the capital structure, BMW manage to continue its activities. The third time the company starts all over again. The middle class car was supposed to become a family machine for the average (and not only) Germans. As the most suitable option, a small four-door body sedan, a 1.5-liter motor and independent front and rear suspensions, which at that time were not at that time were not in all machines.
To launch a car into production by 1961 and at the same time to present it on the Frankfurt motor show it was almost impossible: it's simply lacked time. Therefore, under pressure from the sales department urgently, several prototypes were prepared for the exhibition designed to attract future customers. The rate was made and mostly justified. During the work of the exhibition and in the next few weeks, it was done ... about 20,000 orders for BMW-1500! Try to imagine the situation in which the company turned out to be released for 1962 only 2000 cars! In general, the production of model 1500 for all the time of its existence on the conveyor was 23.000 copies. It was the beginning of the rise to the top of the automotive industry.
In the midst of the production of model 1500, minor engineering firms began to refine the car and increase the power of the motor, which, naturally, could not like the BMW guide. The response was the release of the model 1800 with a 1.8-liter engine. Moreover, the version of 1800 Ti appeared a little later, which corresponded to the class of Grand Trampimo class and accelerated to 186 km / h. Externally, it was not very different from the basic version, but, nevertheless, became a worthy addition to the already replenished families.
BMW 1800 Ti Although it was released in an amount of only 200 copies, still became an extremely popular model. By 1966, on the basis of the car, designers created a worthy follower - BMW-2000, which is perceived today as a 3rd series ancestor, released to now in several generations. Then the coupe with a 2-liter motor and 100-120 hidden under the hood horses was the subject of particular pride of BMW.
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1966: BMW 1600.
In fact, the BMW-2000 in the basic and other versions refers to one of the most successful models in the entire history of the BMW Company. Requires a lot of time to count the number of body options that appeared then power aggregates different power and with different maximum speeds. All together they have formed a series that received the designation 02. Its representatives could satisfy the inquiries of almost all motorists who were asked to choose from the simplest and modest coupe to tricky high-speed cabriolets with cast discs, automatic boxes and motors of 170 horses.
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The world's first mass production car with a turbo video: BMW 2002 Turbo.
The last thirty years has become for BMW with thirty-seater victories. New plants are opened, the world's first serial turbogo-model "2002-turbo" is produced, an anti-lock brake system is created, which now all the leading automakers are equipped with their cars. The first electronic engine control is being developed. Almost all those who brought the automaker, four-cylinder engines were installed so much the popularity of the models of the 60s. but guide BMW He still remembered the powerful and reliable units, to revive the release of which intended for 1968 simultaneously with the release of a new model - BMW-2500. The single-row six-cylinder used in it, which was constantly subjected to modernization, was produced over the next 14 years and managed to become the basis for the same reliable and more powerful 2,8-liter motor. Together with the last four-door sedan switched to a number of sports cars, because Only a few serial vehicles in standard equipment could exceed a high-speed mark of 200 km / h.
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1970: BMW headquarters near the Olympic Center in Munich.
The building of the concern headquarters is being built in Munich, and the first test test site opens in Ashheim. Research center has been built to design new models. In the 1970s, the first cars of the famous BMW series - models of the 3rd series, 5th series, 6th series, 7th series appear.
After the production of the model 2500 and its main followers, the appearance of the 6th series was the appearance of the 6th series, the first representative of which in 1978 was a luxurious coupe of 635 CSI in 1978. Its 3.5-liter engine has become a new symbol of technical perfection and even began to be installed on the 5th series machines. The five, equipped with such a motor (power 218 hp), received the designation M, confirmed by the exclusivity and sports of the car. And truly this motor showed himself to the 5th series of the second generation, at the so-called. Transitional models that seen the light in 1983.
In the year of German reunion, the concern, founding the company BMW Rolls-Royce GmbH, returns to its roots fleeing the Niva aircraft industry, and in 1991 presents a new BR-700 aircorder. In the early 1990s, sports appear on the market compact cars The third generation of the 3rd series and coupe of the 8th series.
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1989: New coupe BMW 850i.
A good step for the company was the purchase in 1994 for 2.3 billion German brands of the industrial group Rover Group (Rover Group), and with it and the largest car in the UK complex for the production of cars Rover, Land Rover and Mg. With the purchase of this company, the BMW list has been replenished with the missing supermarital cars and SUVs. In 1998, the British company Rolls Royce was acquired.
Since 1995, the serial configuration of all BMW cars includes an inflatable airbag for the front passenger and the anti-theft engine blocking system. In March of the same year, a station wagon (Touring) of the 3rd series is launched.
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BMW plant in Eisenach. Work on the eighth factory began in 1990.
Among the latest motorcycle models of the 90s, the tourist motorcycle R100RT CLASSIC should be highlighted, equipped with luggage worsens and heated steering wheel. Another model from this family R100GS PD is also designed for tourists. These motorcycles won four victories in the International Rally Paris - Dakar. The popular model was F650, issued in 1993. In addition, it turned out to be quite competitive compared to japanese analogues. In 1993, BMW starts developing new "opposites" R1100RS. (This motorcycle was performed for the first time the height of not only the steering wheel and the footnight, but also the saddle), R1100GS (one of the most powerful motorcycles in the world). In 1994, identical models R850R and R1100RT were issued. The most popular BMW's 4-cylinder motorcycle was the model K1100RS -Turist motorcycle with a sports type fairing. But the most representative and equipped motorcycle is a model K1100LT, equipped with a huge detergent with an electric drive, adjustable windshield, large luggage boxes and anti-lock brake system.
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Since 1995, BMW plant in Spartanburg (USA) begins
produce bmw z3.
Currently, the BMW, which began with a small aircraft plant, produces its products at five plants in Germany and twenty two subsidiaries scattered around the world. This is one of the few automotive firms that does not use robots at plants. All assembly on the conveyor is only manually. At the output - only computer diagnostics of the main parameters of the car.
Over the past 30 years, only BMW and Toyota concerns manage to work with annually increasing profits. The Empire BMW, three times for his story, rendered on the verge of collapse, rose every time and achieved success. For everyone in the world, BMW concern is a synonym for high standards in the field of automotive comfort, security, equipment and quality.
The full story of the BMW Concern from the day of foundation.
BMW cars, thanks to their memorable appearance, became the most recognizable cars on the streets and in transport, urban streams.
"Powerful", "elegant", "stylish" - all these epithets, the history of BMW cars, has numbered a lot. How rarely happens, the history of the company BMW and, especially in the post-war years, developed quite exactly, "in German", without special attacks and falls, but about everything in order.
History of creation
The foundler of the company is considered to be RAP Karl Friedrich ( interesting fact - RAPP for a long time worked as a technical director in Daimler - Benz), which in 1913 began to master aviation engines and in 1916 a contract was signed for the supply of engines of the Austro-Hungarian coalition.
But after the change of leadership in 1917, Franz Joseph PPP, gave the basic name of the brand - "BMW AG" (Bavarian motor plants). After prohibiting the release of aircraft in Germany (Versailles, the end of the First World War), the history of development BMW tells us how the company switched to the production of locomotive brakes, for railway transport.
History of motorcycles
After numerous achievements in aviation, it was decided to "go down to Earth" and in 1923 the first BMW "R 32" motorcycle was released, then the sports "R 37".
BMW motorcycle history amazing imagination, a huge number of records, victories and prizes, for all the time of release, BMW motorcycles are put on one step with more narrow-controlled companies (American Harley Davidson, Japanese Cavasaki). An estimated indicator of achievements that the motorcycle history of BMW models can be proud of, serves as the cost of rare motorcycles. Even pre-war specimens are distinguished by the high quality of management comfort and speed characteristics.
Pre-war story
The company released its first car in 1928, after purchasing the plant in Aisenach. The first car was a DIXI, absolutely answering the requirements of those times, a special excitement, on this model, was in the UK, and the company had to produce cars with the right wheel. Perhaps this is this "success" caused the renaming of the car: instead of "Dixie, he began to be called" BMW ", from that moment the legendary procession of the world of" White-Blue Propeller "begins.
In 1933, BMW has released the following iconic model - six-cylinder BMW 303. The famous "nostrils" began to decorate the front panel of the car, "nostrils", which "wore" almost all BMW generations.
The company's next car became practically legendary, with him BMW won almost all possible prizes and awards at that time - BMW 328. The first serial roadster, created and designed during one, 1936, BMW 328 became a real pride of the company.
By the beginning of World War II, BMW was on the tops of air, auto and motorious construction, unfortunately, on the side of the Nazis.
In the second world
In second world company entered as a manufacturer of weapons.
First of all, these were aircraft engine, for "Luftwaffe".
After 1943, the company creates the first turbojet engine BMW - 003, and successfully introduces it on the AP - 234. The height achieved was 12,800 m, which is undoubtedly a record for that time, even for the country located on the verge of defeat.
In general, in military history BMW, many white spots and gaps, but, undoubtedly, the fact that the labor and prisoners of concentration camps were used at the concern factories. After the defeat, in the Second World War, the BMW plants were dismantled and exported by allies including in the USSR (an interesting fact - Cars of AZLK, "Muscovites", of that time were symbiosis of BMW and Opel).
Post-war
Since BMW was recognized as a supplier and manufacturer of weapons, it was prohibited to create and produce equipment. Exceptions were motorcycles, with a volume of up to 250 cubic meters, see also the company was forced to produce "lots" necessary for the revival of the country from the ruins, pans, pan, reinforcement, and the like. Resolution to produce bicycles turned out to be a sign for the company.
Since all technicians and factory capacities were destroyed, everyone had to be created from scratch. Even the bike was "invented" and projected again, as access to the technical information was closed. Essential achievement was the solution to establish low power engine On the bike, it was because of this, a permit for the production of motorcycles was given low power And in 1948 the first post-war R24 \u200b\u200bwith 250 cubic cube was released. And 12 LS. Then the R25 2-cylinder appeared, and by the end of 1950 more than 17,000 copies were released.
In 1952, the company got the opportunity to return to the automotive industry, and a luxurious BMW 501 was released, which was immediately able to return the BMW in the industry.
An interesting fact - about the post-war BMW there is no little confused. For example, the Aizenakh factory, which previously belonged to the concern, and then departed to the USSR, produced BMW 321 cars, and then BMW 340 (though the icon - propeller, was replaced with red) up to 1953.
Return and the history of the development of BMW. "Eggs on wheels"
Despite the release of good luxury cars BMW 501 and BMW 507, in the conditions of the post-war crisis, not everyone could afford to afford such cars and companies to survive it is descended in the "bottom". A license for a tiny car "Ietta" was bought, nicknamed "Egg on wheels", but as nor strange it worked, "eggs" diverged a huge circulation and the company slowly began to turn into a concern.
This success almost destroyed the company, as the only erroneous decision was made - the return to elite cars. "Jump" immediately from the "eggs" to limousines is not allowed to anyone, even BMW and in 1959 received a proposal from the main and permanent competitor of BMW, Daimler - Benz, about buying a company.
We can safely say that it was the workers who saved the company from absorption, thereby not having degraded us, descendants, observe the amazing peripets of two auto gigances BMW and Mercedes-Benz. Workers and engineers believed in the potential of the company and convinced the leadership not only not to sell the company, but also confidently and repeatedly expand production. There were sponsors and funds and the next milestone development was chapter, with the name "Success".
Success on all "fronts"
Until 1975, BMW confidently gained points in various directions of automotive industry. Numerous positive results were achieved by the method of trial and error, both in sports and in civil industries. The concern increased the capacity, built the laboratory, the construction of the famous "BMW headquarters" a hanging house was started. After a motorcycle burst of the 60s and 70s, BMW finally became legs, and began to exercise a "cunning" plan to "capture" the planet.
Checkmate
In 70s. The BMW concern released the most famous two series - Troika and the Pyater, which still remain sales leaders, all over the world. The unique design created by a great sculptor and a big lover of racing, by and large, exactly then defined the sports future of cars, even in civil execution.
The story of the BMW 5 series is especially deserved. It was this series that played a major role in the company's success. It was on it that all innovative projects and technological innovations were implemented. Tha 520 Model1995 asked security standards to the whole world and through the use of special materials, reached a level of recycling by 85%. Many this fact will cause a grin, but know, to achieve such an effect, the world manufacturers have spent 33.3 billion dollars, is still funny?
BMW X5
Although almost all BMW cars are successful and in demand, BMW X5 is a mansion.
Long the company was not solved on the issue of an SUV, but in 1999 (for reference - the main competitor Mercedes-Benz released ML -CLASS in 1996, 3 years earlier) went into the light X5 and without understood, produced a furyor in world markets. No wonder he is nickname "impeccable", X5 surpassed its competitors.
The lineup
Although all the years have been released a huge number of models, the main ones can be considered those that began to be issued by the series. There are 1st, 3rds, 5 - Taya, 6 - Taya, May 7 and 8 series, as well as M- Class, X - Class and Z - Class. A huge number of engines, more than any other manufacturers, deserve the writing of a separate article.
Outcome
Of course, the story of BMW is worthy of respect and admiration, even despite explicit communication with the fascists, during the war years. The manufacturer of one is best cars The planets showed various examples of "survival", in crisis and failures, having proven to the world that without technological solutions and new developments, even in the presence of perfect management, it is impossible to develop.
Mercedes-Benz and BMW The History of Competition Creation deserves separate thanks, as it is clear that without BMW there was no Mercedes-Benz today and vice versa.
