Dieseli type H 36/45 stationary, four-stroke with inkjet spraying of fuel. These diesel engines are available in four-cylinder (4h 36/45 (M-60)) and six-cylinder (6h 36/45) execution. The specified diesel engines are designed to drive electrical generators and other mechanisms working in stationary conditions. 4h and 6h-36/45 diesel engines, but they have a direct connection with a synchronous generator shaft alternating currentCompleted with Diesel. The generator is set to a common with a Diesel foundation.
The core of these diesel engines consists of a foundation frame, block-cart and cylinder covers, tightly interconnected by studs. The foundation frame of the boxed rigid design is cast from cast iron. The nests of the indigenous bearings are cast for one tablet with the foundation frame, in which steel contributions are placed, filled with babbit.
The diesel engine cartridge is one cast-iron casting, fastened to the foundation frame with anchor bonds. The sleeves of the cylinders of a wet type, cast-iron, from below are sealed with rubber rings. Cylinder covers for each cylinder are individually cast from cast iron. Each lid are located: nozzle, intake and exhaust valve, airproof and indicator valves. The cylinder cover is installed on the brown of the sleeve along the ring sharing, sealing the copper gasket.
Crank mechanism. The crankshaft is made of high-quality carbon steel, solokovoy; Diesels 4h 36/45 (M-60) shaft has five indigenous sheks, and diesel engines 6h 36/45 - seven. In the first case, the connecting rod shafts are located in one plane at an angle of 180 °, and in the second - in three plates at an angle of 120 ° to each other. In each knee there is an oblique drilling directed from a rooted cervical neck; It serves to supply the oil to the rod cervix and through the rod rod to the top head of the connecting rod. The rear end of the shaft ends with a flange, the generator shaft is attached to the coerc. Between flanges crankshaft And the generator is fixed by a disk typewhew, cast from cast iron. The nearest native cervix is \u200b\u200bwider than the rest, since it is stubborn. At its expansion, it can be lengthened only to the side opposite to the flywheel. Between the flanges and the stubborn neck, the splitting gear of the camshaft drive is fixed. The location of the crankshaft from the frame is sealed by a casing having a labyrinth and gland seal.
The rod was stamped steel two-tailed cross-section with a removable bottom head. The lower head is made of two halves with steel liners, bobbite BN. It is centered in the rod rod with the help of the protruding spike on the upper half of the head inserted into the rod depression. Bronze sleeve is pressed into the top head of the rod. Piston cast from cast iron. The bottom of the piston from the outside has a concave form. The inner side is cooled by oil sprayed by a special fitting, screwed into the top head of the connecting rod. The piston has five sealing and four oil-circulation rings.
Piston finger hollow floating type; The surface of it is zepened and harvested by high frequency currents.
The gas distribution mechanism consists of a system of gear gear, camshaft, valve drives and fuel pumps. Camshaft Located on the shelf of the block cartridge in the bearings, the steel inserts of which are filled with babbit. The cams are attached to the shape of intake and exhaust valves fixed on it with swords. In addition, there are cams of fuel pumps connected to it using sleeves, which makes it possible to set the necessary fuel supply angle. The camshaft is driven against the gear of the crankshaft through the intermediate gears. For the smoothness of the engagement and silent operation of the drive gears are made with a slanting tooth. The valve drive is proceedined just as shown in FIG. 103.
The M-60 diesel fuel fuel supply system consists of fuel ones, pumping pumps, nozzles, fuel filters, connective pipelines.
Single sluple fuel pump, spool type. The operation of each cylinder is provided by its fuel pump and nozzle.
Gear-type pumping pump. It is equipped with a rebound valve. When the diesel engine is working, the pumping pump is supplied to the filter coarse, then the filter of cleaning, after which it is already in the high pressure fuel pump.
Filter of coarse fuel purification consists of two sections mounted in a cast cast-iron case. Each section has internal and external filter elements. The filter eleuer consists of a frame with a brass grid stretched. The crane can be disabled one of the sections for inspection and cleaning (with the operating second section).
Filter of fine cleaning two-piece, mesh-type, has internal and outer filtering elements inserted one in another. The brass grid of both filtering elements is stretched on corrugated leaf steel drums. Both sections of the filter are mounted in the housing, at the bottom of which there is a crane that allows you to turn off one of the sections from work or overlapping both sections, stopping the fuel access to the diesel.
Closed-type diesel engines with a slotted filter.
Motor regulator centrifugal one-dimensional. It is driven into rotation of a large conical gear, elasticly connected to the gear of the camshaft. The elasticity of the compound is achieved at the expense of springs through which the torque is transmitted and which mitigate the shocks that are raising from the uneven rotation of the crankshaft and the camshaft shaft.
Each position of the regulator clutch corresponds to a strictly defined fuel supply value. On the other hand, each position of goods, and consequently, the position of the coupling corresponds to a certain number of revolutions. Therefore, a change in the number of revolutions occurs with the change in the load. In order to have a definite number of revolutions with the changed, new load, you need to change the tightening of the springs, pressing the clutch of the regulator. This is achieved by hand or, with remote control, a reverse electromotor, which is equipped with a regulator.
Diesel has a shut-off mechanism that serves to communicate regulators and a diesel control handle with fuel pumps.
M-60 Mixed Diesel Lubrication System. Cylinder sleeves enumerate splashing, lubrication of all other rubber parts is performed under pressure. A small number of nodes that do not require circulation lubrication are lubricated periodically manually. All oil circulating in the engine is in the foundation frame and oil collector. When using a diesel engine, oil from the oil collection through the receiving filter is sucked oil pump, designed to move from the gear of the crankshaft, and is injected into the coarse filter, from where it goes into the refrigerator, and then to the main oil housing line. In parallel, the coarse filter includes a fine purification filter, which passes through itself a part of the circulating oil, which is then merged back into the oil separator. From the main highway, the oil enters the root bearings of the crankshaft, and then by drills in the cheeks and shafts of the shaft to connect the rod bearings and then to the top head of the rod.
For pumping the oil line before launching in the injection line, there is a manual pumping pump.
The mesh type receiving filter consists of two filtering elements placed in the oil collector. The filter element consists of a rigid metal frame wrapped by a brass grid.
Gear-type oil pump.
Filter coarse cleaning mesh type two-piece. Two fine cleaning filters have three filter elements of the aspho type.
Tubular oil refrigerator. Hot oil is washes copper tubes outside, and cold water proceeds inside them.
The cooling of the diesel engine is carried out with running water, subjugated from the water tank or water supply. Diesel water pump has no. From the supply pipe, the cooling water, washing the oil refrigerator, enters the lower part of the water shirt of each cylinder, then flows through the fittings in the covers of the cylinder. From here on overclocking pipes, water enters the exhaust manifold shirt and further into the drain pipe.
Diesel start is performed by compressed air. Before starting, the cylinders are filled with compressed air, an injected compressor. Compressor - vertical two-stage single-cylinder. It is located separately from the diesel engine and is activated from electrical control through a clinorem. The compressor at n \u003d 800 rpm has a capacity of 10 m3 / h. Operating pressure 60 at.
Starting valves are installed on all cylinder covers. Valves are controlled by compressed air entering through the disc-air distributor
Diesel 6chrn36 / 45 (G-70). Diesels 6chrn36 / 45 (G-70) - used as the main engines of marine and river vessels.
Figure 6.1 - Longitudinal Diesel section 6chrn36 / 45 (M-70)
Figure 6.2 - general view of the diesel engine 6chrn36 / 45 (M-70)
Design. The main details of the island of the diesel engine are the foundation frame and the cylinder block - the anchor bonds are pulled from the bottom of the frame to the upper plane of the block. The block has plug-in sleeves, which are based on cylinder covers. In the lids are placed one inlet and exhaust valve, starting and safety-decompression valves, nozzle and thermocouple. Indigenous bearings have interchangeable, thin-walled liners, filled with babbit. The cover of the indigenous bearings to the foundation frame is fastened with anchor studs. Steel rod bearings, thin-walled, with antifriction aluminum alloy. The lid of the bottom head of the rod is fastened with four bolts. Bronze sleeve is pressed into the top head of the rod. The piston is cast-iron, cooled by oil, which comes from the circulating lubrication system. Piston Floor Floating Type. Oil, water and fuel pumping pumps are given from the gear of the crankshaft. The camshaft drive is carried out through the system of cylindrical gears. The camshaft controls the operation of intake valves and fuel pumps and at the same time brings the speed controller, air distributor and tachometer. Fist inlet valves and fuel pumps are removable. Fuel pump cams can be rotated around the axis to control the moment of supplying fuel into the cylinders.
Fuel system Includes consumables fuel tank With a receiving filter, an intermediate mesh filter, two fine cleaning filters, a gear fuel pump, fuel plunger pumps of the spool type - one by one on the cylinder and the nozzles. Intermediate and fine filters - two-section. They can be cleaned without stopping diesel. Diesels (except G72M) can be equipped with an automated two-fuel (diesel, engine) fuel preparation system.
The fuel preparation system has two electric pump (one - backup), fuel separator, heaters and fuel distributor, control panel, additive dispenser, fuel cooler after nozzles, preliminary and thin cleaning filters. The constant frequency of rotation of the crankshaft is maintained by the precision regulator of the speed, which is connected to the fuel pumps. Controlling the velocity regulator local (handle) and remote (from the generator shield). Using the fuel pump control mechanism, the speed controller and control knob independently of each other are associated with fuel pumps. In ship diesel engines, the speed regulator is an all-mode that supports any specified rotational speed in the operating range, there is also a security regulator that automatically stops the diesel when the frequency of rotation of the specified limit is exceeded. Diesels are equipped with equipment and emergency protection and alarm mechanisms. With overheating of oil or water, the drop in their pressure, exceeding the permissible frequency limits from the corresponding sensor will receive a pulse to the executive instruments and mechanisms. When an emergency stop, air access to diesel cylinders is overlapped, and fuel pumps are turned on. Simultaneously from the network, the generator is turned off (in stationary diesel engines).
The lubrication system in diesel engines is circulating. The oil in the system serves a gear pump. In ship diesel engines - two pumps (injection and pumping), which are powered by the crankshaft damper gear. Cooled oil with flowing water in a tubular type cooler. Filter - two-section with mesh replaceable elements, thin cleaning Oil is carried out by a centrifugal filter that works under the action of pressure in the lubrication system. The system is equipped with a thermostat that maintains the oil temperature in a strictly installed interval. Before launching, the lubricant system is pumped and filled with an oil and autonomous electric gear pump. Ship diesel engines have two pre-purification pumping pumps, two pre-cleaning filters and one filter of centrifugal oil purification. A turbocharger is connected to the diesel lubrication system.
Cooling system of diesel engines is closed, two-contour. In the inner contour with a centrifugal pump, which caused from the crankshaft, circulates fresh water, which is cooled in a tubular type cooler. The water of an external contour through the cooler pumps the electric drive autonomous pump. In ship diesel engines, the flooded water pump is intense with diesel and is driven by the damper gear of the crankshaft. The temperature of the water in the internal circuit is maintained in the installed interval of the thermostat. To replenish leaks and evaporation of water, the system is equipped with a compensation tank.
Air intake system is equipped with air cleaner. Between the turbocharger TK-30 and the superior collector is the damper of the emergency protection system, which when it is triggered, overlaps air access to the collector. Advanced air before entering the cylinders passes through the cooler.
In the front of the stationary diesel engines, oil and fuel pumping pumps are installed, which are given from the crankshaft, the main starter valve, a tachometer with a drive and control handle. On the same side, a panel with measuring instruments is installed next to the diesel. In the front of the ship diesel engines there are post controls, a mechanism and device of the DOU system, a fuel pumping pump, water pumps (circulation and pumping), the damper of the steep oscillations (installed according to the calculation results) and the tachometer sensor.
Ship diesel engines are equipped with a system of pneumatic remote automated control (DAU), which allows you to control the work of a diesel engine from the chassis of the ship. Diesel can be launched and stopped by the headwall of the local control of the control on the diesel engine or from the chassis of the handle of the post Dau. Instrumentation are installed in the machine compartment on the remote panel and in the chassis on the remote control Dau.
The main parameters of diesel engines are 66/45 (M-70).
Table 6.1 - Basic Diesel Parameters 6HRH 36/45 (M-70)
Continuing table 6.1.
| Average effective pressure on nominal mode, 10ach x / m "- | 10,22 |
| Average piston rate, m, with | 7,5 |
| Fuel | |
| Basic | Motor DT (GOST 1667 - 68) |
| Auxiliary and substitutes | Diviesel C (GOST 305 - 62), DS and DL (GOST 4749 - 49) or TL (GOST 10489 - 69) |
| Specific consumption Fuel, reduced to the heat of the combustion of fuel, g, (kW h) [g (er. sch)], not more than: | |
| Motor | 220+5%; |
| (162+5%) | |
| Diesel | 213+5% |
| (157+5%) | |
| Lubricant: | |
| Basic | MI2B MTU 12 H 3-62 |
| Substitutes | DS-11 (M10B) GOST 8583 - 61; DP11 GOST 5304 - 54 (when working on fuel 0Gost 4749 - 49); MS-20 GOST 1013 - 49 (at elevated temperature ambient) |
| Foreign substitutes | SAE 30 USA STD M-1-1.-2104-B; |
| Marks | SAE BRIT (H VTD. DE F 2101-V |
| Specific oil consumption, | 5. 4 (4) |
| g (kW h) [g, (e. l. with h)] | |
| Dry weight of diesel, t | 29.0 |
| Gear ratio reducer; | - |
| Diesel resource to the first bulkhead (extracting pistons) | 7 000 |
| Diesel resource (motor test), h | 35 000 |
Diesel generator AD150 (YAMZ 238Di).
Diesels of type 6chrn 36/45 (factory brand g70, g60, etc.). The cast iron foundation frame and block carter (Fig. 124) are pulled by anchor bonds and bolts. Cylinder caps are fixed with studs. On the lids are intake, graduation and commissioning valves, a nozzle, a preservative decompression valve.
Inserts of frame and connecting rod bearings are interchangeable and installed without tank. Lubrication to frame bearings is supplied from above. Stubborn is the bearing closest to the flywheel.
Working sleeves cylinders cast iron. They have in the upper part of the pockets for the passage of the valves, and at the bottom - notch for the passage of the rod.
The crankshaft is made of carbon steel. Cracies are located at an angle of 120 ° and ensure the operation of cylinders 1-5-3-6-2-4. On one of the cheeks of each crank is a counterweight with the aim of facilitating the operation of frame bearings. Shaft frame cakes have oblique drills for supplying oil to rod cervice with a view to lubricating connecting rod bearings and cooling the pistons. The internal cavities of the neck are closed with plugs. The lubricant is supplied to the connecting rod for two holes in the cervice neck. The connecting rods of the 2-way steel are made of carbon steel. Bronze bushing pressed into the upper head.
The lower rod bearings are attached to four bolts made of chromonichel steel. The value of the initial length of the bolts is knocked out on their head.
Pig-iron piston, the bottom is cooled with oil. Piston rings Chrome, floating-type piston finger, the surface of it is cemented.
Reversing is carried out by axial movement of the camshaft. Fist washers are labeled, have a different internal (landing) diameter, the value of which is knocked down with the name on the body of the washer. The largest landing diameters in the middle of the camshaft. This facilitates the assembly of fist washers with switchgear. Valve drive washers have two working profiles (on the front and reverse), smoothly interconnected. Fuel pucks are made with one profile. The camshaft drive is on the flywheel side.
Fuel pumps of the individual execution of spool type with feed adjustment at the end of the injection stroke. To turn off the fuel pumps, handles ended with an eccentric finger are provided. The fuel pumping pump of gear reversing performance.
Fuel filter of coarse fuel, dual. The filtering element is a curtain from the filter, folded in an octaigrated harmonic. Flushing filter is carried out without stopping the engine and disassembling the filter itself by turning the switching crane. A slot filter is installed in the nozzle housing. Closed-type nozzle. The sprayer is cooled with diesel fuel.
Starting the engine is made with compressed air stored in the cylinders under a pressure of 30 kgf / m2. Start air distributor flat, spool type.
Combined lubrication system, with dry crankcase. For cleaning oil, except for filters, a centrifuges set is provided.
Two cooling system. The wicker circuit cools the air cooler and refrigerators of water and oil. The inner circuit cools the working bushings, cylinder covers and turbocharger. The water temperature of the internal circuit is supported by the thermostat. Wild Water Pump and Circulating Pump Centrifugal Circular Type, the same design.
The inner cavity of the water refrigerator, unlike the oil refrigerator, has a tin coating for corrosion protection.
The gas turbocharger is installed in the nose of the diesel. The gas supply to the turbine is produced in two heat insulated pipes. Each of them combines the exhaust pipes of three successively located cylinders. Gases from the cutter space are discharged through the oil collector and in the pipeline are summarized to the cavity of the suction of the turbocharger. Rotation frequency controller, centrifugal, indirect action, with hydraulic servomotor and isopromic feedback. Called from the distribution shaft of diesel. For an emergency stop of the engine, a security regulator is provided, which is triggered with a sharp increase in the speed of rotation (over 400 rpm). To speed up a diesel stop in reversing to the flywheel of compressed air, mechanical brake pads are pressed.
The engine is equipped with an emergency warning alarm controlling the cooling water temperature at the outlet of the engine, the oil temperature at the outlet of the engine, the oil pressure in the system and the air pressure in the cylinder Dau.
Number of equipment in the engine room. The scheme of the machine compartment plan with the specifics of all equipment.
№ 2 List the main technical and economic indicators of the main and auxiliary diesel engines. Used grade fuels and oils. Diesels type 6645/45 (g60, g70, g70-5) are designed to work as the main ship engines River and sea ships with power transmission either directly on the rowing shaft, or through a highly elastic tire coupling. Diesels are produced by two models: right (factory brand G60, g70, g70-5) and left (factory brand G60L, G70L, G70L-5). The design of them is identical, only the left model is a mirror image of the right model.
Specifications. 1. Factory brand (right model) G60; G70; G70-5. Factory brand (left model) G60l; G70l; G70L-5. 2. Diesel designation according to GOST 4393-74 6HRH 36/45 3. Advance and rated power on the G60; G70; G70-5. The flange of the column shaft in the forefront at a nominal number of revolutions, and a relative humidity of 70%, estimated exhaust no higher than 50 omi. - no more than 180mm water.st. In hp 900 - 1000 - no more than 180mm water.st. in hp 1200 4. Maximum power on front progress With the maximum number of revolutions for one hour, but not more than 40% of the total diesel operation with the intervals between overloads at least 5 hours in hp under conditions of paragraph 3. 990 1320 1100 5. Long power rear stroke With the number of turns of the column - 356 0b / min 765 1020 - 322 rpm - - 850 6. Nominal number of revolutions per minute 375 375 350 7. Number of clocks 4 4 4 8. Number of cylinders 6 6 6 9. Regulation Cylinders Vertical, inline 10. Diesel simple action, reversible, touch, with gas turbine superior. 11. Cylinder diameter mm 360 12. Piston stroke 450 13. Working cylinder in liters 45, 78 14. Compression ratio 11 15. Average piston rate at nominal number of revolutions, in m / s 5.63 5,63 5,25 16 . Direction of rotation. Diesels of right rotation crankshaft In the forefront rotates clockwise. In diesel engines of the left rotation, the direction of rotation is opposite. 17. Fuel: a) Basic motor DT according to GOST 1667-68C sulfur content of not more than 1.5%, cokusability no more than 3%. b) Replaysters: - Motor fuel of grade 4 and 5 "Light" according to the SpecificationASTMD39667 (USA), - Fuel 200 of Shelley. - Engine fuel according to standardDin51603Copm "L" (Germany). c) auxiliary: - diesel fuel according to GOST 305-73; - diesel fuel according to GOST 4749 - 73; - diesel fuel according to SpecificationsMF- 16884F (USA); - Diesel grade 47 / OdiesOs 47 / 2OdiesOPO SpecificationDef-24028 (England). 18. Specific effective fuel consumption on the rated power, powered by the calorific value of the fuel 10200 kcal / kg engine fuel 166 + 8.5 164 + 8.5 165 + 8.5 diesel fuel 158 + 8.0 157 + 8.0 158+ 8.0 19. An hourly consumption of fuel at the rated power (10,200 kcal / kg, kg / hour). Motor fuel 149,5 196 165 Diesel fuel 142.2 188.4 158 20. Oilmi0B2TY38-101-278-72 IMIOT2The - 101548 - 75 Oils of foreign firms -motoroil; -CastrolSrb; -Mobiloil;
№3 Features of the design of fixed and movable parts of the main diesel engines. Anchor tie diagram, diagram and description of piston in assembly and crankshaft. The foundation frame and the cylinder block are fastened with anchor bonds and bolts. Cylinder sleeves are built into the block. Top view of cylinders are closed with cylinder lids, which are strengthened on the diesel engines by studs, screwed into the block. Each cover is installed intake, graduation and commissioning valves, nozzles, safety - decompression valve. The crankshaft rotates in the seven bearings of the foundation frame. Inserts of frame bearings are filled with babbit. Inserts of connecting rod bearings are made of bimetallic stripes. The connection of rods with pistons is carried out with the help of floating fingers. Pistons are cooled by oil. The drive of the intake and exhaust valves, as well as the drive of fuel pumps, was carried out from the camshaft, which in turn, is driven by the crankshaft through the gear gear. On the side of the opposite distribution, accumulating and exhaust collectors are placed on the side and air cooler, the revolve number regulator. A flywheel is fastened to the crankshaft flange. To reduce the reversal time, diesel engines can be equipped with a clamp brake, affecting the rim of the flywheel.
Foundation frame.
Cylinder block.
Cylinder cover
Crank mechanism.
Silicone damper
№4 Describe the camshaft system. Distribution shaft drive diagram, circuit diagram of phases of gas distribution of the main diesel engine. Camshaft. Steel distribution shaft, rotates in seven bearings. In addition, there are two more bearings that cover the hub of the camshaft gear. The shaft on the side of the flywheel ends with a cone, to which with the help of a key, nuts 15 and washers 14 fastened the slotted sleeve 13, which connects the camshaft and the camshaft gear. The reversing of the diesel engine is made by axial movement of the camshaft. At the same time, the gear 10 is held with its bearings from axial movement. With gear 10, a conical gear 11 of the drive regulator drive is connected. For each cylinder on the distribution shaft, fist washers 2 and 9 inlet drives and exhaust valve and fist puck 6 fuel pump drive. The valve drive washers as well as the fuel washer sleeve are placed on the shaft with a small tension and are reinforced on the shaft with a pin and pins 3.
The fuel washer is dressed on its sleeve with a small diametrical gap and engages with it with teeth. The constant power closure of the bushings and washers is provided with nut 8. Such a device allows you to adjust the fuel advance angle. To facilitate the planting of fist washers, the camshaft is made steps with an increase in the seating diameters to the middle and decrease to the ends of the shaft. Accordingly, the diameter of the seating holes in the fist washers and in the fuel fluff sleeves are changed. Fist washers are made of chromium steel, cemented and hardened. Valve drive washers have two working profiles (for the front and reverse). Profiles are connected by a smooth transition. From the front end of the diesel engine, the camshaft has a special tear (20) for connecting to the platform housing, the servomotor of the local control station on the diesel. In the axial movement of the camshaft rollers, the valve drives are transmitted from one profile to another, sliding along the transitional surface of the fist washers.
The camshaft drive is carried out from the gear of the crankshaft. The gear 1 jars from an intermediate big gear 5, a small intermediate gear 7 is attached to the latter with the help of bolts 8. The small intermediate gear jars from the gear of the camshaft 10, rotating in the bearings 12 and 13. The intermediate gear unit rotates on the finger, which One side is attached and stitched to the cylinder block, and the other end is included in the hole of the traverse 6, installed and slept on the foundation frame. The camshaft drive is located on the side of the flywheel closed by a casing.
Distribution mechanism
The drive of the intake and exhaust valves is carried out from the fist of the camshafts. When the camshaft rotates, fist washers act on the roller 4 and through the slider 3, the bar 12 and the rocker open the valves. The closing of the valves is carried out by springs when the roller slider rises on the cylindrical surface of the fist washer. Roller 4 rotates on the sleeve 7, the latter rotates around the axis 5, which enters the hole of the slider 3. The rod 12 below rests in the tear 11, and on top into the pusher of the rocker. The lubrication of parts moving in the housing 2 is carried out like this: through nipple 8, the oil enters the ring of the housing 2, from where it goes to drilling axis 5, and from them to drill the sleeve.
№5 scheme and description of the fuel system.Filtered and heated to temperature 85 + 95 Motor fuel enters the main line, and from there to high-pressure fuel pumps 2, which in turn fill it through the nozzles 3 to the engine cylinders. The fuel, leaving between the plunger and the sleeve of high-pressure pumps, flows into the drain tank 5. Cooling the nozzles is carried out by diesel fuel, which pump 1 is supplied to the total highway. From the total highway, the fuel on the discharges comes to cooling the nozzles, after which it is sent to the external pipeline. The bypass valve 4 of the podcachu pump 1 serves to connect from the injection into the suction cavity of the fuel in the case of clogging the injector cooling pipe. When the engine is running on diesel fuelThe latter goes along the path of motor fuel.
№ 6 scheme and description of the lubrication system.Diesel lubrication system combined, with dry crankcase. Lubrication of all major components and aggregates are made by oil supplied under pressure on a special pipeline. Several nodes located in a diesel crankcase are lubricated with oil sprayed by moving details. A small amount of low-loaded parts are lubricated in manual.
Scheme of external lubrication pipelines.
Scheme of internal pipelines Lubrication system.
№7 Scheme and Description of the cooling system. The cooling system is a dual circuit. The water of the inner contour cools the diesel, and the outer contour serves to cool the water of the inner circuit and oil oil system Diesel. In the outer contour - wicked water. It is fed by pump 2, passes through the air cooler 16, then enters the water coolers and water-oil and merges back beyond. In the inner contour circulates fresh water. Circulation is carried out with the help of a circulation pump 1. Pump 1 supplies water to the main line, from which it goes to a block of cylinders 15 to cool the cylinder sleeves and covers. At the end of the main highway, the water was removed on the cooling of the turbocharger 10. Water, cooling cylinders of a diesel engine, and a turbocharger, by overflowing nozzles, which have adjusting valves and mercury thermometers 9 enters the drain highway 8. At the end of the drain highway, there is a thermostat 3, which sends a part Flood of hot water (depending on temperature) through the cooler 5, where it is cooled. The rest of the hot water is bypassed by the cooler. The cooled water is again sucking with a circulation pump and is fed to diesel. To compensate for the expansion and loss of water, the inner circuit of the cooling system must have an expansion tank 4. In the inner circuit, it is recommended to use soft fresh water with an additive of 1% chromium. The operation of the cooling system is controlled by the instruments placed on the 12 instrument panel. In addition, when the water overheating comes from a diesel engine, light and sound alarm is triggered. The temperature relay sensor is mounted on the drain line 8. The temperature of the water outgoing from the covers of cylinders is maintained from the average value. When performing a diesel engine to the cooling system with mercury thermometers in shanks of rolled rolled oil oil 1/2 of the shank volume.
№8 scheme and description of the compressed air system.Diesel start is performed by compressed air. The air is stored in starting cylinders 3, where it is injected with a compressor through the return valve 1. Air pressure in the cylinders is controlled by a pressure gauge 4. The air starting cylinders goes to the main start valve 5 and to the air gearbox 11 through the moisture separator 10. From the gearbox 11 with pressure 10 And he enters the local management of the management and to the Balon Dow 14, installed in the running chassis next to the remote post of management 18. The locking valve 36 is set to the power supply lifting highway, eliminating the diesel start after the limit switch is triggered. On the line of air supply to the distributor 9, the blocking of the mechanized grinding device 8 is set to the starting device 8. Starting accelerators 30 (in the diagram is not specified) serves to reduce air consumption upon starting due to the output of fuel pumps on the fuel starting. In the air supply pipe to the accelerator, the accumulatory balloon 12 with check valve 13 employees to lengthen the start time of start accelerator. During the start, the Pneumatic System Dau provides the control of the control air to the main start valve when turning the control helper on the diesel engine or the belt of the remote post to the "Start" or "work". Through the open main starting valve of 5 compressed air goes to the main line 37, from which 6 cylinders are supplied to the starting valves. The air distributor pneumatically controls the valves 6, opening them in order of operation of cylinders. As a result, the air rushes into the diesel cylinders and spins the crankshaft, providing a launch of a diesel engine. When supplying a diesel engine with mechanical brakes 28 air to the brakes comes from a speed relay 26 through a highway 57 Unloading is carried out by valve 27.
№ 9 Scheme and Description of the start - reverse device. Self-cleaning chokes 15 are installed in the control cavity of the starting valves, which connect control cavities with an extrasfer and reduce the reversal time of the diesel engine, because the unloading of the control cavity occurs simultaneously through the air distributor and throttle, and the start time of the start of the start valve closure is sharply shortened. Starting air supplied from the main start-up line to the inner cavity of the case 1, presses down to the valve plate and up on the valve piston, balancing the effort. In such a state, the valve is closed. The operation of the valve is controlled by the air distributor, which supplies controlling air into the epipartial space through nipple16. The control air presses on the piston 3 and opens the valve, the starting air enters the diesel cylinder. Unloading during reverse is carried out by self-cleaning choke 17. Compressed airremaining in the starter valve, the atmosphere is boosted and the starting valve closes. The spool compounds of the spool is sealing the spool lid 9, and the gasket 13. When reversing a diesel engine, the distribution shaft, moving along the axis, turns the roller with a pin with a pin, which is included in the spiral groove of the air distributor roller, and thus the spool will be set to a position that ensures the start in the opposite direction. Flange 6 serves for centering and installation of the air distributor.
No. 10 Management and regulation by ship engines. Kinematic diagram of the crankshaft rotation frequency regulator. When controlling a diesel engine from a remote control of the control, the revolve number knob works like all mode, i.e. any diesel speed specified in the operating range is supported by the regulator. When controlling a diesel engine from a local post, the revolve number regulator acts as an extreme, in this case, the turnover of diesel is dependent on the position of the control of the control post on the diesel engine, which, when managing from the post on a diesel engine (stewed), rigidly (one-sided) is associated with the shut-off mechanism. The regulator of the number of revolutions and the steering wheel of the fasting on the diesel engines are associated with plungers of fuel pumps with a shut-off mechanism. The speed control system supports the constant rotation speed of the crankshaft of the engine in accordance with the task (pneumatic signal value or the handle on the front panel of the regulator). Setting the speed mode of the engine depending on the job due to the reduction or increase in the fuel supply. This task performs a speed controller associated with the plunger and fuel pumps with a shut-off mechanism.
Speed \u200b\u200bregulator Fig
Depending on the task, the tightening of the controller of the regulator changes (using a hydraulic device built into the regulator), and, consequently, the position of the fuel pumps of the fuel pumps, and with an increase in the tightening of this spring, the fuel supply is increased and vice versa.
Drive regulator
№11. Scheme and description of ship pumps and ejectors in the presence.
Ship pumps for the appointment of systems serviced by them are divided into commonwide (firefighters, ballast, drying, sanitary, etc.) and pumps related to energy installations (nutritious, fuel, oil, circulating, condenser and D.R.)
On the principle of action, ship pumps can be: piston, in which suction and discharge are provided with a piston making a reciprocating movement;
Loposteen (centrifugal and propeller), providing suction and injection of fluid by rotating the impeller with leopards;
Rotary-lop and vortex, reaching the pumping effect with the help of rotating displacers (rotors);
Custom-free (gears), in which the suction and injection of fluid is carried out by means of a pair of gear wheels;
Screws, in which the pumping of the liquid is ensured by the rotation of one or more screws (screws);
Inkjet (ejectors and injectors) patching fluid by jet working fluid, steam or gas.
According to the type of energy used, the pumps are divided into manual, steam, electrical, hydraulic and motion internal combustion engines, turbines and steam machines.
By the nature of the pumped liquid, the pumps are water, oil, oil, fecal, and the like.
Piston pumps have a high suction ability, the possibility of regulating the supply without pressure, simple design and relatively low requirements for the purity of processing and fitting parts.
Rotary-blade and vortex pumps, yielding piston in suction ability and in some other qualities, have their advantages and electric drive Widely applied on modern ships.
Screw pumps are most effective when pumping pure viscous liquids.
Inkjet pumps, on the contrary, are very uneconomical, but indispensable for some of the reverection systems (water-trapping) and, differing simplicity of the design, are very convenient for pumping contaminated liquids.
Other types of pumps are also used, taking into account their specific advantages (gear-as lubricants, rotary-blade-in blowers, etc.).
№12Suda auxiliary boilers (steam, water-heating, utilizers). Scheme of boilers.
Auxiliary boiler is a heat exchange device in which water heats up to a certain temperature or steam is produced.
In the boiler installation, the fuel energy is transformed into thermal energy of water vapor. In this case, the processes of combustion of fuel, transmission of heat from combustion products to water and its vaporization. Such boilers are called steam.Shippers equip I. water boilersSatisfying ship needs in hot water.
The initial carrier of thermal energy in boilers along with fuel (such boilers are called autonomous) can also serve as exhaust gases of diesel engines. Subsequently, they are called boilers - utilizers.
The main characteristics of the settings are the nominal performance, rated power (heat performance), the working pressure of steam (water temperature) and the surface area of \u200b\u200bheating.
Boilers - utilizers.With the rational use of the heat of exhaust lawn, they allow you to increase the economy of the energy installation by 5-8%. The recyclars boilers in the SEU system also perform the role of noise silencers. The automated gas-tube water heating boiler-4.5 recycler with an area of \u200b\u200b4.5 m 2 heating area is included in the heating system and hot water supply of vessels and can operate in the modes of natural and forced circulation.
As steamthe ships were widely used by water-tube boilers 19/5 and 15/5 coupling with a nominal vapor produce 250 and 175 kg / h, an area of \u200b\u200bheating surface 19 and 15 m 2.
On the river courts as water Heatautomated gas-pipe boilers KOAIV 68 and KOAIV 200, which have the same design. Boilers are characterized by dimensions, the surface area of \u200b\u200bheating and power. The power boilest boilers 68 is 79 kW, and the boilers of CoA 200 is 232 kW.
№13.Vestrian installations.
Providing passengers and crew of a vessel drinking water is a very responsible task.
Wildwater without special processing and filtration, as a rule, is not suitable for drinking. Therefore, vessels are supplied with water from the urban water pipeline, or purify it from suspended mineral particles and disinfect. Drinking water pipelines are manufactured from steel galvanized pipes with a diameter of 55 mm - for highways and 13 - 38 mm for processes.
The water treatment plants of large modern cargo-passenger courts are a complex complex of elements. The composition of the sanitary system includes: a tank electrolyzer, serving for coagulation of wicked water, pressure sand filter, devices for sterilization (ozonation) of filtered water, tanks for storing filtered water, pumps for water supply to the system and for washing the filter, as well as instruments Automation.
From mechanical impurities, water is purified using filters (sand, quartz, ceramic). To combat pathogeful bacteria, water is chlorized, treated with silver ions, irradiated with ultraviolet rays or ion.
Ozonation allows you to obtain high water treatment efficacy with the help of relatively simple equipment and do without the strict dosage of the injected disinfection substances necessary with other methods of water treatment (chlorine, silver water and other reagents).
№14-describingactionwachdenmotoristaforlaunch, stop, servicemainengines.
Start of diesel.
To start a diesel engine from the machine compartment.
Disable remote control and enable the alarm and protection system;
Open a starting cylinder valve;
In diesel engines that run the pre-boom, in 30 seconds to the start, turn on the electrical heating spirals;
In diesel engines with separate control, set the handle (handwheel) of the ignite regulator to the position corresponding to the low speed of rotation; With manual adjustment of the fuel supply, put the control handle to the "Start" position towards the front or reverse (depending on the need) or press the starting device button and start the dyel start;
Diesels having a challenged control system, translate the handle (flywheel) of the control post to the "Start" position towards the front or reverse (depending on the need) and start starting;
As soon as diesel starts working on fuel, translate the handle (handwheel) of the control post to the "Work" position, in the presence of heating helix of the pre-target to turn them off;
If the start fails, put the handle (handwheel) of the control post to the "Stop" position, and then repeat the start;
Ensure hearing after launching a diesel engine in its normal operation, and in terms of devices - in the serviceability of lubricating systems and cooling systems. Be sure to check the uniformity of the turbocharger (on the hearing), the circulation of cooling water, the uniform heating of the surface of the turbochargeor body.
Stop diesel.
Before stopping the diesel, it is necessary to reduce the rotation frequency of the crankshaft. For diesel engines with a reverse gear after a reduction in the speed of rotation by 50%, it is necessary to turn off the reverse gearbox and give a diesel for 3-5 minutes at idle. You can stop diesel only after the temperature of the cooling water in a closed circuit will decrease to 60%
Diesel, operating on motor fuel, for 10 - 15 minutes before stopping, must be translated into diesel fuel.
If for any reason, diesel has been stopped from a full turn, it is necessary to ensure its uniform cooling to pumped with an oil with an oil pump with a backup oil pump and turn the crankshaft with a grinding mechanism, and the system of preparation of the motor fuel is turned on.
When a diesel stop is stopped for more than 2 hours, motor fuel fuel from the fuel system pipelines, fill them with diesel fuel and pump high pressure fuel pumps and nozzles.
If diesel stops for a long time follows:
In diesel engines with oil-cooled pistons, pump the lubricant system for at least 10 minutes;
Air starting cylinders replenish air, bringing pressure to normal;
Close the shut-off valve at launch cylinders and release air from pipes;
Open indicator cranes on working cylinders and turn the crankshaft for 2-3 turns;
Close the tap on the fuel line to the fuel pumps and the wretcher on the suction pipe of water cooling;
20-30 minutes after stopping a diesel engine to remove the covers from the hatches of the crankcase, check the temperature of the crankshaft bearings, the upper heads of the connecting rods, as well as the lower parts of the piston and the cylinder sleeves, the housing of the camshaft bearings, valve drives, and other driving parts and connections ;
Two-stroke diesel engines and dyssels with superior to open the trigger cranes on air receiver, to remove water and oils accumulated in them;
Turn off the oil supply through central oil distribution carnips from those diesel engines where they are;
Watch the diesel by setting the cover from the crankcase hatches to lubricate into manual parts that do not have centralized lubrication;
Eliminate all the faults discovered earlier when using a diesel engine and inspection.
