Of course, car mirrors are one of the main security points. When the mirrors are not installed on the machine, it is impossible for a full, secure control of the car.
Without rearview mirrors, the driver does not see the situation that happens behind him and it can provoke emergency situation. Incorrect adjustment of the car mirrors also complicates normal car control, so the setting of the rear-view mirrors has always been a mandatory procedure.
History
For the first time, the lateral mirrors began to install in the 20s of the past, the 20th century. At first, the mirrors put in the car's salon, then, after the development of the automotive industry and the appearance of 2 or more lanes, there was a need for a better review, and first "tuning" enthusiasts, and then the automakers began to install side mirrors on the machine. Then still adjusting the side mirrors of the car - was absent, and the driver needed to constantly change the situation that, something to see in the mirror.
Fortunately, soon appeared manual adjustment And setting up the mirrors, then in the 50s - 60s, a mechanical adjustment of the side mirrors appeared (controlled from the cabin with the help of cables, without opening glass), and, in the end, in 70s. - 80s. For years, the electric setting of the car mirrors has become widely used (with the help of electric motors and the joystick, adjustment of the side mirrors of the car is performed in seconds).
What are the mirrors on the car
As a rule, there are three types of rear-view mirrors:
- Salon (it is best to install panoramic (curved) mirrors in a car salon, such a mirror best Overview);
- Right, passenger mirror (must have an anti-glare and removal effect, may have an additional, parking mirror, heated and overall pointer)
- left, driver (standard, with zero or minimal distortion coefficient, can also have a parking miner, heating, envelope or (s) rotation);
In most, even the factory mirrors have a foldable form, to reduce the size of the car, but after decaying the mirrors are required.
There are still tuning options for rearview mirrors. They can differ from the factory, colorful ("chrome", "nickel" and so on), in the manner according to which the vehicle mirrors are adjusted by various electrical and (or) electronic add-ons.
Setting
Setting the rearview mirrors, as practice shows, the procedure is almost daily. Each manipulation with mirrors (folding, wiping and so on) requires subsequent adjustment.
Setting the car mirrors, is as follows:
- the setting should produce a person who will drive a car;
- First, the seat and position of the driver is configured;
- Then the mirror in the cabin is adjusted, with a quick look at it, the mirror must wrap everything rear glass;
- setting the side mirrors, the next stage of adjustment;
- Setting the right mirror, in the absence of adjustment from the cabin, you should charge the assistant if the adjustment is there, then execute yourself.
For proper adjustment The right mirror must necessarily be visible to the handle of the right, front door, in the left side of the mirror, in the middle.
- Setting up the left mirror is carried out from the cabin, the driver itself. Adjust it is necessary so that the pen driver's door It turned out to be in the right, lower square of the mirror.
Blind zones
Blind zones are places that are not visible in the rearview mirrors, even with proper adjustment. To detect them, it is enough to ask the assistant to walk in a circle of the car. Where it disappears from the field of view of the mirrors, there is a blind zone. It will not be possible to completely avoid them, but knowing where they can and need to take into account this when driven by car.
Technology and modern progress do not stand still and soon adjust the side mirrors do not need, so what completely replace the rear view cameras. They are deprived of such flaws as the blind zones, the need for constant regulation, driver blinding with light and so on.
Let's make an excursion in the history of reflections: What were the mirrors in the XIII century, which happened to them in the XVII. As it changed to the attitude towards them in different era, in different countries.
- 1 of 1.
On the picture:
2
Generous thanks. The most expensive mirror in the world once belonged to Mary Medici, and now stored in the Louvre. A luxurious copy, decorated with Onyxes and Agatars, she was presented by the Venetian masters in gratitude for the order - the wayward queen wished to arrange 119 cabinet mirrors. She invented replacing palace stained glass on the mirrors. On the unthinkable spending of state money was the whole of Europe.Question price
1 Precious fragments.The history of the mirror in Europe began about 1240. The Romans blown out glass balls, filled them with tin and broke, and fragments were used as mirrors. To afford the luxury of possessing the mirror only very wealthy people. The reflection was obtained far from the ideal, but it was still better than looking into a mountain crystal or polished metal plate. But this is exactly what our distant ancestors came seven thousand years ago.
3 More expensive Raphael. In the XVI century, when the flat mirrors began to produce mercury, the product of 1.2 meters by 0.8 meters could do the customer twice as expensive than the Rafael canvas.
4 Course on savings.The subject of the mirror was the mirror in Louis XIV. The king-sun lured several Venetian masters and opened the Saint-Gobain manufactory, as a result of which the prices for mirrors fell significantly.
Examples of modern wall and outdoor mirrors.
Business in size
5 Palace of Mirages.The history of the mirror knows examples of using both tiny copies and as well as reflective cabinets. The event of the year can be considered the "Mirageen Palace", shown at the 1900 Paris exhibition. In every corner of the mirror hexagonal hall, placed in the picture, and as a result, the "Palace of Mirage" began to resemble a mirror kaleidoscope.
6 For home and life. Mirrors, which can be found today in the design of interiors, appeared in France in the middle of the XVIII century. At the beginning of the next century, the Fashion salons flooded the mirror-psyche with candelabras and side cabinets. Sometimes the ladies noticed that they look more attractive in oblique reflection. This technologist still does not lose popularity in fitting boutiques.
7 Mini-product. In the XVIII century, European ladies started wearing small mirrors with them on a chain. Another popular item was an oval mirror on the handle. His form of something resembled Ankh - ancient Egyptian symbol of life.
8
Mirror - weapons.The mirror can really be dangerous. So, during the thirty-year-old war, the soldiers blinded opponents with sun bunnies.Door to the mirror world
9 Superstition.In Russia, the mirror until the XVII century, on the contrary, did not associate with anything good. It was believed that copying the Western habits against mirrors is a great sin.
10 Mirror geography. In Asia, the history of the mirror also consisted in a special way. So, in Japan they do not sell and do not buy antique mirrors, because the soul is enclosed in them previous owner. But in Georgia, on the contrary, the mirrors have always appreciated and willingly repeated the saying: "In a house where there are less than 12 mirrors, the beauty will not grow."
11 Source inspiration. Obviously, people were always afraid to see something in a mirror, so many legends have developed around this interior. Artistic works on the topic also a lot - to recall at least "Alice in the castorgal" of Carroll, the "kingdom of the curves of the mirrors" of Gubareva or the "mirror" of Tarkovsky.
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On many cars, on the right side mirrors of the rear view, the inscription is often found. Objects in Mirror Are Closer Than They Appear "that translated from English means" Objects in the mirror closer than they seem "Many car enthusiasts are surprised, why many automakers mark the right-wing marking? If you think that this is a unprotected element of the automotive company designers, this is not the case. In fact, this is done for security.
The reason why automobile companies Apply the warning inscription on the mirrors, are simple laws of physics (Optics section). After all, in contrast to the left side mirror, the right mirror is much further further and the driver sees at all at a different angle.
So, according to the laws of physics, the light is reflected from the smooth surface under the same in the same angle under which the beam of light falls on the surface. That is, if the outgoing light falls at an angle of 45 degrees, then your eye will be able to see this light if your eyes are located there, where the reflected light will also take place at an angle of 45 degrees. This is called a "focal point" or just focus.
Automakers have long used these physical properties of light, making flat. Mirrors are made flat to reflected lights just repeated an angle of outgoing light that comes to the plane. True, the mirrors are made several with a changed point of focus. This reduces the angle for the review. The driver, being in a driver's seat, sees an acceptable image in the right mirror.
The distance from the eye of the driver to the left mirror is usually no more than 90 cm. It's not so much. The fact is that in the left mirror we look at a completely different angle. That is why in most cases the left mirror is practically flat. Another thing is the right mirror, whose distance from our eyes is two times more than before the left mirror. In addition, it is carried out under a different, more acute angle, which does not provide a clear visibility of reflected objects, in case the surface is completely flat.
Therefore, right side mirrors in many cars (depending on the country of production) are not flat, since otherwise we would have seen in it only a small portion of the road and a small part of the car. It would have formed a "blind spot", in which even a heavy truck car would be impaired.
To compensate for the wrong corner and a large distance to the right mirror from the driver's chair manufacturers produce right mirrors with a convex form. As a rule, the mirror in the center has a small bulge, which expands the focus so that the light falling on the curvilinear surface is going in the center and was available almost completely for the driver's eye at a certain angle.
But, despite the fact that manufacturers have come up with how to solve the problem of optimal visibility through the right mirror, there are cons. While the flat surface generates an exact image of the reflected objects, the curved surface of the mirror offers a wider field of sight, but to the detriment of visual reflection clarity. Since the right rearview mirror has a convex form, the image in the center is first compressed, and then increases due to the reflection, which makes the reflected image less and on the location further than it is in fact. That is why the warning is written on the mirrors about the fact that the reflected objects in the mirror are actually closer than they seem.
On the other hand, convex mirrors, eliminating many blind zones inaccessible to the review, which makes convex mirrors with a better alternative compared to flat mirrors. It is worth noting that in all countries automakers use convex right mirrors. That is why there are no such warning inscriptions on some cars.
In conclusion, we would like to note that, despite the advantage of the convex right side mirror, which, unlike the flat, has a wider field of view, while rebuilding, we still recommend that you look at the right shoulder to make sure that you do not create someone That interference.
Exploring the history of the car mirror of the rear view, you need to name several names. First of all, to mention Ray Harrown's car drivers and Sairus Hatchka. The idea to establish a mirror, which allowed not turning around to see what was going on behind, painted them before the start in the race "500 miles of Indianapolis" in 1911.
Who is the inventor?
Harrown won, but the mirror was not perceived as an important factor to achieve victory. Ray himself admitted that the mirror was strongly vibrated - the coating of the famous oval route in Indianapolis then served as a brick (hence the nickname of the car - "old brick"). Because of this, it was possible to consider little in it.
On ordinary roads, motorists then really no need to look back. The idea, however, took note of the specialists, but only in 1921 the American Elmer Berger patented her, along the way, putting the production of automotive mirrors - they became in demand on the conveyors.
There is also a version that even before that rearview mirrors on some instances in 1906 installed Rolls-Royce. At well-known photos of those years, alas, this is not visible. Also mention the English book "The Woman And The Car" of 1906 (written by a woman): it was announced in it by the Council by motorists on the use of a conventional pocket mirror - with the right goal to look at the back. An obvious element of the equipment of the car, it is, of course, was not there. And most often, the "inventor" of Berger is "inventor", although the mirror serial cars have been put in 1914 - even if not all.
In the early era, motorism was content with the installation of one mirror - the salon, the fact that now is attached to windshield. But road traffic The cities quit quickly, therefore it soon needed outdoor - to the left of the driver. Foreign cars of the 1940s in large weight Equipped with two mirrors. In Russia, the retardation of twenty years is traditional for our auto industry, but in this case it is at least justified by the low flow density.
The third mirror was the world in the post-war time, but many manufacturers have long considered him unnecessary excess. Especially long - domestic factories. The legislation of the USSR did not require a mandatory outer mirror on the right side, although it allowed its installation. Therefore, in particular, "Oka" almost until the XXI century accounted for two mirrors (external left and intra-alone) in the standard configuration.
Variations on the topic
Of course, the rear-view mirrors were constantly improved - first of all, to improve the review and decrease in blind zones. Experimentalized with form and materials, the optical element was curved and tinted. It is clear for what: increased viewing angles and prevented blinding through the mirrors.
In 1958, Chrysler first suggested a salon mirror with the possibility of switching the "Day - Night" modes. Gradually, the optical element with a prismatic form in cross section was becoming the norm (front and rear surfaces of unparallel mirrors). When the angle of inclination of such a mirror changes the reflection coefficient.
With increasing facilities and speeds in the process of evolution of the mirrors, aerodynamics intervened - unscrewed flat "Kreagins" and "Lopuhi" stopped laying first engineers and designers, and then buyers. Mirrors began to give streamlined aesthetic forms.
The electric drive adjustment of the side mirrors appeared in 1982, but for a long time, many manufacturers believed that the mechanics are easier and better. Today, as you know, even on inexpensive models Mirrors can independently develop / fold out. For many owners, this feature is still excessive, but it is no longer necessary to choose.
In addition, the lateral mirrors got autonomous heated and built-in repeaters of the turning signal, gradually ceasing to be a simple and maintainable thing. Today it is a rather complicated optical-electrical node. On some advanced models, it is complemented by camcorders, transmitting a picture of what is happening on the screen, located on the instrument panel.
And the cabin mirrors reached electronics and digital technology. One of the first electrochromic car mirrors in 1987 was proposed by GENTEX - but it was still a mirror, the necessary brightness of the image on which controls the control unit using two sensors.
Sharp down
The market has always had enough spectacular suggestions for replacing the standard salon on a mirror with improved properties - starting with panoramic mirrors. "Panorams" eventually became a regular equipment, but they can be improved. To our services - mounted "multi-profile" gadgets, combining the functions of the radar detector, a video recorder, navigator, speakerphone via Bluetooth, automatic opening of the garage door and ... transmission of the image from the rear view camera. Not counting all sorts of alarm clocks-thermometers.
One of the pioneers of refusing to use the mirror in the design of the mirror should be considered Nissan. The Japanese company in 2014 introduced an adaptive combined inner rearview mirror in which the LCD display was used for the first time in the world. A year later, the Pioneer started its version on sale: Internet access, the Navigator-recorder, voice command recognition, the built-in cellular module plus a plus entertainment feature. The "mirror" is equipped with a gyroscope and an accelerometer that helps the device first examine the master of the owner, and then warn it about the selected unsafe control method. We arrived: the mirror is managing the driver!
Now there are similar developments in most automakers, but they all rest in the overall problem. And this is not the problem that the mirror is overloaded with capabilities requires non-verbal communication and distracts the driver from control.
Change laws!
Six years ago, when Google began to create a prototype of a unmanned car, she was forced to equip cars with mirrors, although the "drone" still nothing to look in them. But otherwise the project could not be tested on public roads.
Equipment of cars by mirrors, and not something else, rigidly spelled out in laws and standards. All of them are together forbidding the car without rear-view mirrors with certain parameters set in agreed places - this is the real problem! Therefore, to replace the mirror with the camera, the auto industry is forced to achieve changes in existing standards. So we are now on the threshold of a new era! Era mescles.
In Japan, it has already begun: in June 2016, the authorities officially allowed the country to operate on the roads of cars with cameras and displays instead of the rear-view mirror. According to the forecast of Ichikoh Industries, the leading manufacturer of such equipment, by 2023, about 30% of new cars in Japan will be sold with rear-view monitors.
In Europe, they first took up the lobbying of the mirrors of the new type of plants "Big german Troika" The argument takes into account European features and is approximately such: if you guys are really for the environment, then let's give up obvious anachronism - outer mirrors. Modern camcorders are more efficient, that is, increase safety. And it is possible to establish them so that by improving aerodynamics will decrease fuel consumption - and with it harmful emissions.
In the concept of an electric vehicle, the Audi E-Tron Quattro (serial release is scheduled for 2018) the side mirrors are not. Instead of them - cameras, folding and advanced driver. The picture is displayed on the display. dashboard. Looks like it's not optimal option - To track the "Rear View", the driver has to suggest a look down. In a similar development of the Mercedes applied on the IAA concept, the image enters the side screens of the salon mirror - just more convenient, but something is not something too. Maybe just unusual? For a hundred years, it is painfully everyone got used to mow on the sides!
It's time to dispub: it is expected that in 2018 the European Union and the United States will cancel the mandatory use of mirrors for their manufacturers and that China will slightly lagging behind them. And now it was quite formed an objective view that cameras "see" better and wider. Goodbye, rearview mirror? It must be assumed only in the sunscreen visors of the mirror for a while we fear. While someone does not come the idea to replace them with the "self-camera" with the display. So here they will definitely not fill with reagents. By the way, it is not entirely clear how to deal with the natural pollution of the "sore" surface of the chambers and, accordingly, the deterioration of the image quality during the movement. On the same concept of IAA, they are strange enough - in the arches of the front wheels. What do we, with this design, then see on the display, having left the risks of the hut on the highway? Soon we will find out.
Side mirrors - our best friends!
Constantly, in his practice, come across one an important point in teaching driving. People come to me for additional classes in front of the traffic police exam, the route is examining, to recall the skills, and the side mirrors do not look at all, or, look at times. Meanwhile, the use of side mirrors when driving a car is a fundamental skill of the driver, without which the entire system of interaction with the car begins to "chrome" very much.
Dimensions of the car.
More often to look into the side mirrors - this is, in fact, the only way to start feeling the dimensions of the car. All novice drivers feel poorly feeling their left envelope and do not feel right.
Indeed, when looking forward, it is incomprehensible to the distance from the right side of the car to the curb.
But, if you look at the right side mirror, then you can see the board of your car and the location of other items and elements of the road, in relation to it. The picture is very clearly visible from the side of the car to the roadside. It is not enough to determine the distance to a centimeter, but this is enough to navigate in the strip.
The same applies to the left side mirror. We do not understand where you are in the lane - immediately look at the mirrors, if the distance from the sides to markup and on the right and left is the same, then, bingo, we are exactly in the middle.
Every time driving any bottleneck On the road (parked car, entrance gate and other obstacles), look at the right mirror and remember the distance from the side to the object. The brain will start to compare what you saw when looking forward, with what was in the rearview mirror. So you travelery your eye and start feeling the right gapritis of the car.
During rebuilding.
There is a clear algorithm for rebuilding. There was a desire or the need to change the strip, turned on the turnover, looked into the side mirror, made sure the safety of the maneuver, looked again, and only then rebuilt! Always look in the mirror several times, so you can evaluate the speed vehicle In the next strip. They saw a car in the mirror at a safe distance, after a second, see again if the car remained at the same distance, then its speed is equal to yours and can be rebuilt. If, when re-glance in the mirror, moving behind the back, the car approached significantly, which means its speed more than yours and stands to miss it. The main thing is not to rush.
This applies not only to the full rebuilding from the strip in the strip, but also of any movement to the side. Want to drive around a hatch or a pit in the middle of the strip - be sure to look in the mirror! Remember the motorcyclists who love to move in a bent.
Initially, it seems difficult and not clear, it takes a lot of time to see anything to see in the mirrors, but this skill is really very important for the driver. Over time, you will "shoot" and the process will be automatic. I often catch myself thinking that, moving along the street on foot, I am looking for eyes the side mirrors of the rear view and very upset, finding them no.
Yes, I forgot to say about another important point ...
Both mirrors are equally important!
Pupils and novice drivers love the left rear-view left mirror and do not like the right. Right is located farther from the driver, and turn his head too lazy. Do not be lazy please, the neck is a very convenient and useful tool, use equally and right and left mirror, and you will be happy.
Good luck on the roads.
