Let's start with our pride. This truck knows and fear rivals. No one has won the "Dakar" as our KAMAZ. But it's not even in titles and ranks. Just look and enjoy. So fearlessly dubbed over the crossed terrain and only "KAMAZ" can smoke from the springboard! And now it is in modern appearance, the foundation of success was laid in the Soviet years.
2. "Zaporozhets"
Folk car - "Zaporozhets" - also can surprise. How many jokes are folded about non-zeyshiste with the appearance of "humpback" and "eared" models of the Zaporizhia Automobile Plant! Meanwhile, the rear-wheel drive ZAZ with a motor in the tail, thanks to the good loading of the leading wheels, demonstrated in the skillful hands of the wonders of Pentility.
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Who was the first applied four-wheel drive On the passenger sedan? Maybe Audi or Subaru? And here is not. Meet the GAZ-61 family created by the famous Soviet designer Vitaly Grachev. On the tests of his car easily took 40-degree lifts, climbed the stairs not worse than Sylvester Stallone as Boksor Rocky, and indeed it was very talented, especially in military affairs.
4. Ural
Off-road for our country has always been in the order of things. Those conditions that foreigners consider incompatible with life ordinary carsFor domestic technology - working days. Winter cold swamp, albeit on the belt, and on the back - a fresh forest? Nonsense! So we work every day.
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5. SNEEEKOSH SIL.
Forward, back and even sideways? There are no problems if instead of the wheel of a car - a cunning propeller. It is impossible to use such equipment on the asphalt, but it does not have equal on the virginity. In Russia, this design is known since the beginning of the last century, and in the mid-70s, in the middle of the 70s, he experimented with the screws mentioned above Vitaly Grachev mentioned above. Now such a car is part of the Blue Bird Complex, which helps to search and save astronauts after landing.
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6. Pneumatic
And this miracle of technology also built on the metropolitan plant named after Likhachev. Werethod PKU-1 - no longer a car in the usual understanding, but also not the tractor. After all, the caterpillars consist of pneumatic cylinders on the manner of ordinary wheels. What does it give? See and surprise!
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7. "Vityaz"
Yes, this is a tracked car. But we did not have the right to bypass it. After all, the supergoing "Vityaz" is apotheosis of the struggle of our equipment with off-road. Two-bedned all-terrain vehicles knows how to be bending, like a caterpillar, in all imaginable directions. After all, the trailer is active, also rows and pushes the car forward. Though by land, even by water. "Vityaz" passes where the tanks are stuck! Make sure you yourself.
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It is believed that the Soviet car industry as a whole was very scudy in all fronts. The Soviet motorist most often got the same type, stamped machines that could not boast of a refined design or technical component. But is it true? Few people know that sometimes on Soviet auto plants were created truly interesting models that for some reason were not launched into mass production.
On the other hand, periodically appeared news that someone has collected in the garage cars, which are capable of competing or even exceeded foreign concepts of that era. Like a lot in the Soviet Union, these events most often remained in the shadows, and only recently a photo of the conceptual Soviet cars of those times have become the photo that could reflect the genuine scale of this phenomenon.
Who did it?
And if in Western countries, tuning already existing cars has been popular, Soviet "self-herdes" preferred to create unique cars from scratch. Most often, such craftsmen created exclusive cars independently or in a team with like-minded people for personal use. Of course, there were those who tried to promote their creations, arranging demonstration races, thereby raising the culture of the Soviet car industry. Such races were not without attention - in the transit cities of following such cars, hundreds of enthusiastic spectators were collected. To some extent it was similar to modern auto show and exhibitions.
Those who did not want to attract widespread public attention, and mastered cars exclusively for personal use, was significantly more. In almost every more or less large Soviet city, it was possible to meet one, or even several cars that did not have analogues in the world. Created such cars ordinary citizens who were often not even auto mechanics. In order to make their own car from scratch, a person had to be at least talented and technically well littered. But the main thing that was moving such craftsmen, was the idea herself to realize his creative intent. But the fee for it was very large - several years spent in the garage and solid costs for components. Most often such designers had a detailed technical projectwhich they tried to stick throughout the production. In turn, many technical components and parts were often refined "on the go."
In general, the authorities were rather loyal to such activities, nevertheless, there were official " Technical requirements to the passenger cars made individually "who demanded the use of basic technological systems such as brakes, steering gear, Lighting equipment exclusively Soviet production.
How were they created?
Main problem when creating homemade cars There was a lack of workshops. Most of the creators of exclusive machines were the average people who lived in apartments. But it was not an obstacle for them - one of the rooms was converted to the workshop, and various technical nodes were created separately, and even the whole body. Against this background, the descent of the finished car from the balcony of the apartment seemed a trifle. There are cases when machines descended to earth with ropes ( sport car Schcherbiny brothers), sometimes a truck crane was used (concepts of Henry Matyegian from Yerevan).
Who concerned the technical part homemade machines, here you could also unfold. Install on the chassis of the Zhiguli, the exclusive body was too boring, so the designers created their own running part. Sometimes book ready Engine from the store was too long and obliging, so the masters created own engines. So in the 1980s, the spring "Spring" constructor Vladimir Mironova appeared in the 1980s, who had an automatic transmission with a wedgered variation of its own production at that time in the USSR. Of course, such a technology has long been applied in DAF cars, but few people knew about it in the Soviet Union, but to use automatic box Many wanted gears. Body of own production is usually made from fiberglass impregnated with epoxy resin. The body parts were adhesive to the dwelle of wood or gypsum, and in rare cases in the matrix. The matrix technology was more reliable and allowed to replicate the body with small series.
After the machine was created and ready to use, it was naturally necessary to register, get a supasport and numbers. To do this, it was necessary to provide in the GAI conclusion of the Technical Commission on the Security vehicle. Typically, such conclusions issued the All-Union Voluntary Society of Avtootoites. In addition, it was necessary to attach checks of all purchased technical details and materials confirming the legality of their acquisition. However, the eyes were often closed, and registration took place without much difficulty.
After the car received the room, it was often subjected to further restyling. There are cases when there was absolutely new on the basis of one car, the benefit of those passport was made with a photograph of the vehicle. Whatever it was, due to the fact that such cars were created with love, some of them are still on the go or rest in museums, while maintaining a decent technical and external state.
"Victory-Sport", 1950
In 1948, the Special Resolution of the USSR Government was published on the use of use overseas cars In intra-union car rosters. So, in 1951, on the basis of the bodies and units of the serial car "Victory" produced on Gorky automotive factory A group of engineers under the leadership of A. A. Smolina invents three sports-racing car "Victory-Sport" under the codenate name "GAZ-20-SG1" for the annular competition. These models have become the first truly successful Soviet sports cars. They were installed engines with rotary fluffers with a capacity of 105 liters. with. Due to which the car could develop a speed of 190 km / h. For six years, two more copies of sports "victory" were created. In total, three USSR Championships (1950, 1955 and 1956) were won on the Victory-Sport machines.
"ZIS-112", 1951
Simultaneously with the "Victory-Sport" at the Stalin factory, another interesting sports car was created - "ZIS-112", which saw the light in 1951. Due to the specific form of the face, he was also unofficially called "one-eyed" or "cyclop". The roaster body of the car was developed by the designer Valentin Rostchem, who inspired the design of the Biouse X90. In addition, ZIS-112 became the first Soviet car, in which the body was made of fiberglass material. The first model was not allowed to participate in races, since he had a length of six meters and the weight of almost three tons, which was why it was modified several times.
"Labor" 1964
A homemade car under the symbolic name "Labor" was created by the Moscow Engineer O. Kucherenko in 1964 The main feature The car was a metal body that amazes the working capacity of the work. All rounded parts Master made up of carefully fitted, and then cooked pieces of sheet steel. The engineer did not wait for the engine from the store and installed on the "work" of the 3rd cylinder motor of its own production.
Moskvich 408 "Tourist", 1964
In 1964 he saw the light very popular at the time Moskvich series 408, some copies of which are found on the roads so far. But simultaneously with the classic model, the variation of the 408th called "Tourist" was also released. The car was performed in an unusual for the Soviet man style of a coupe-cabriolet. The main disadvantage of the "tourist" was the fact that the folding roof was not fully fit in the trunk, because of which it had to be disconnected and stored separately. The main production facilities "Moskvich" were aimed at the production of the classical 408th model, and the Tourist model came out in all two copies and did not actually enrolled in mass production.
"GTSHK", 1969
Perhaps one of the most famous Soviet "Samavto", in the title of which the surname of the creators of the creators is encrypted - Gran Tourzmo Shcherbinin. 2.45 liters were installed on the car. The engine from GAZ-21 with a capacity of 75 hp, which accelerated the "GTSH" to a speed of 150 km / h. The frame of the car Anatoly and Vladimir Shcherbina was welded in the courtyard of a multi-storey house, after which they raised the floor of the apartment on the seventh and gradually weathered with panels sold out of fiberglass. After the body was ready, the car was again lowered into the courtyard and fully staffed him force aggregates, suspension, interior elements, etc. The victims of two restyling, the car is enough good condition Preserved to this day.
Pangolina, 1980
Another cult Soviet car, demonstrating the flight of the fantasy of the then engineers. And built it unusual car Alexander Kulagin on the basis of VAZ-2101. Futuristic, but at the same time relatively simple body design allowed to incur body panels on plywood blank. The car was decided to name "Pangolina" because of the remote similarity with the battleship. The car had a number of innovations, which at the time were in the Dick of Soviet people.
So, the role of the doors was performed with a roof rising with a pneumatic acting, and the engine started with the help of digital code. Pangoline Kulygin built throughout the year in the hometown of Ukhta along with a group of pioneer students from a circle of technical creativity. The finished car had to be transported to Moscow by railwaySince the bad roads of the northern city did not allow it to do it on their own.
Mercury, 1982
In the early 1980s. A group of enthusiasts from three people: the artist, sculptor and locksmith decided to create exclusive car Based on VAZ-2106. Locksmith, Vladimir Ivanovich Mishchenko, who headed the project, already had experience in building homemade cars. In 1982, a homemade passenger car "Mercury" appeared. In total, five copies of the car were built: three in Moscow and two in Tbilisi. First experimental model It was built in one of the Moscow basements, and one of the most preserved copies of Mercury was recently converted into an electric vehicle.
"Laura", 1985
In 1981, in Leningrad, a regular arrangement of self-made cars, organized by the magazine "Technique-Youth", was held. Impressed by this spectacle two comrades Gennady Khainov and Dmitry Parfinov decide to create own cars. The next three years, friends carried out at work in Saraj on the outskirts of the city, and here in 1985 two almost the same cars were created, which received the common name "Laura".
The highlight of the car was the self-made suspension of the type McPherson and a futuristic body, with a carrier frame of water pipes, which was placed by sandwich panels from fiberglass and foam. The engine for the "Laura" was taken from the VAZ-2105, the shruses were used from the Niva, and the checkpoint from the Zaporozhets turned backwards. Comrades' strength calculations were performed using a computer of one of the universities under the guise of laboratory work.
"Triton", 1985
"Triton" is a unique car amphibian, created by the Moscow engineer D. Kudryachkov. The car was simultaneously registered in the traffic police and in the State Inspectorate of small vessels. On Triton, the engine was installed from the Volga GAZ-21, and the transmission from the Zaporozhetz ZAZ-968. The car felt perfectly both on land and on the water. On the highway, he was distinguished by stability and smoothness. To move water, water can be taken by the designer, allowing to move in shallow water at a speed of 50 km / h. During movement on the water, the wheels rose up along the sides of the cable winch.
"Ohta" in 1987
In 1986, the Leningrad Laboratory of Perspective Maketling began work Passenger cars With us, where the Soviet prototypes of the auto-future were created. Dmitry Parfenov became the head of the laboratory, and his deputy is the most creator of Laura Gennady Khain. The laboratory's starting project was the creation of a promising minivan called "Ohta".
Already a year later the first experienced instance was completed. The seven-party car can be transformed - the front seats could be unfolded at 180ᵒ, and the middle row could be upgraded into the table. From under the front bumper on large speeds To increase the clamping force, a spoiler advanced. Unfortunately, the mass of the car was not destined to happen because of the quick collapse of the USSR.
1. Plastic Mammontock
Under this 12-ton gigner, the preschooler could stand in full heightAnd a truck and caterpillar tractor with the inhibited caterpillars could not hold the sixth board monster on the spot. The machine with the index "167" was built in 1963 at the ZIL plant. An experimental car for 5 tons of cargo or 14 passengers was planned to offer geologists and oil workers of the Far North. On the tests of ZIL-167 was rushed through a meter snow at a speed of 30 km / h, and even a swamp was not an obstacle for him.
They say, a bike was told at the plant, as if American satellites were defended by the rapid movements of the orange prototype on impassable virgin, the special services suggested that the USSR prepares the invasion of America through the North Pole. But in a series of interesting rear machine with plastic body, two 180-stronger engines (their own on each board) and automatic (!) Transmission never went ...
2. Off-road multihair and breaking frame
But this could be the king of all-wheel drives. We-058 had 12 wheels, and they were all leading! The secret is in an active semi-trailer, which on off-road not only did not interfere, but, on the contrary, helped push the long 17-meter "caterpillar" forward. The car has developed a traction force of up to 40 tons and at the same time dragged over 25 tons of cargo! Just see how in this video the test drives from the road to the dirt - fearlessly, absolutely not driving the move.
No less cool was and Nami-0127, which was built with an eye on the delivery of gas pipes into hard-to-reach areas of the taiga or desert. He also possessed phenomenal patency, but did not have ... swivel wheels! The machine has changed the course due to the "breaking" frame. How it worked, again perfectly shown in the video. Alas, before the conveyor, these all-terrain vehicles also did not get.
3. 25 years under the vulture "Secret"
Only in the early 1990s, the production of special all-terrain vehicles at the ZIL plant ceased to be secret. And then the world learned about the fantastic possibilities of the series of the search and rescue complex "Blue Bird". In order to promptly cut down the landed astronauts, these cars have taught to swim, throw trees, overcome the absolute off-road. And also the complex includes a SNEEKOS - the hero of the sensational selection "what they are capable soviet cars».
4. Land Dolphin
At first, it is difficult to believe that this awkward, the cumbersome car was called "Dolphin" - the nickname would be a nickname "nasty dot". Understanding comes when you see all her talents. ZIL-135P could even swim in a 5-point storm, breaking a thin ice in reservoirs, and when he was chosen on land ...
The video is shocking: a huge 14-meter amphibian, against the background of which even the armored personnel carrier looks baby, easily storms the crossed terrain and rushes along the highway at the speed of the usual truck! It seems that in our history, experienced ZIL-135P will remain the largest waterfowl ...
5. He was the first
In general, for creating most of the class Soviet all-terrains worth saying thanks to the legendary engineer Vitaly Grachev. For example, he first in the 50s of the last century began experiments with multicoles all-wheel drive cars. And the pioneer of this concept became ZIL-134, which was first "nosed" - with a capacitor cabin, and then received an innovative at that time a bad layout. And in general, it was a lot of advanced solutions: the engine V12 (240 forces), a box-machine, two dispensings, self-locking intercoles differentials, independent torsion pendants All the wheels ... The result - in the passability of ZIL-134 was not inferior to the tracked technique, being much faster, more economical and more.
6. Designers connected
Already noticed that in the total mass of Soviet all-terrain vessels looked utilitarian? And all the fact that only engineers - designers worked on them in an experienced cargo car industry then, in fact, there was no. Only in 1963 in us to create a model 076 "Ermak" attracted "specialists in artistic design".
And then let the car swore for the similarity with the French Berliet, but the 11-meter Ermak turned out to be rather elegant. In addition, he had a new tank V12 on 320 forces, an automatic, wheeled planetary gearboxes and could pull a 45-ton timber semi-trailer.
