An article on crossovers and universal are their advantages and disadvantages, comparisons for various parameters. At the end of the article - an interesting video about crossovers and universities on off-road.
The content of the article:
The choice of the car depends on many factors, individual for each driver: gasoline or diesel engine, urban or off-road purpose, color, technical stuffas well as body type. Even the same model can have several body variations, which sometimes confuses buyers. For example, the body wagon and crossover have many similarities, but no less and differences. How to compare them? How important are the shortcomings and outweigh the advantages?
The main features of crossover and universal
Crossovers Not in vain is also called "Parcattails" - these are urban SUVs, whose passability is good on the broken roads and when parking on elevations. However, if you find in a truly countryside, they will be as helpless as ordinary sedans.
The car has the North American pedigree, where they are equipped mainly by the front-wheel drive, and only some external signs associate them with severe SUVs.
In Russia, they traditionally mixed everything in one heap, making the parcktails all-wheel drive and attributing non-existent qualities.
Universals do not have such a high planting, passability and a combination of power with compact dimensionsAlthough in the automotive chronicle there are cases of transformation of the wagon in the crossover, which happened with the Audi A6 Allroad.
Universal - Combination of sedan with hatchback, rare long-lived in the car market. In the Soviet Union "Moskvich" presented his version of the wagon called "Combi". The VAZ 2102 appeared behind him, which can be fully called the first real domestic universal.
If the crossovers prefer young, daring people, then the wagon is spacious family car. The huge trunk will travel to the whole family with a mountain of things or go with a seedl of a cottage without losing dynamic qualities and external attractiveness.
So, Audi RS 6 will exceed not only sedans, but even a coupe with its high-speed indicators. Under the hood of this, it seems, the absolute "housewife helper" 560 horse powerwhich overcome hundreds for some 3.9 seconds.
Now we carefully consider the pros and cons of the representative of each of these families.
Crossover: Benefits
What qualities allow parquets to dominate all automotive markets from Russia and Europe and Africa and Australia?
Overview
Wide seats, high driver landing make driving process very comfortable and provide greater visibility, practically eliminating dead zones.
Safety
Studies of the Insurance Institute road safety It was shown that, despite the high rates of reliability of sedans and hatchbacks, they are very far from the safety demonstrated by crossovers. Even in the case of entering an accident, parkelive drivers get much less on their own injuries and damage by car.
Capacity
The crossover can accommodate passengers more than any other passenger car, excluding, of course, minivan. The car market offers models with 3 rows of seats, wide enough so that they are not only children or things, but adult people.
This indicator of the crossover breaks the stereotype that it cannot become a family car.
Trunk.
If even such a capacity of the cabin was insufficient for a holiday trip or the city of a large company, an enlarged trunk volume is at your service.
Big, but externally compact, very spacious, passable crossover becomes universal transport for all categories of drivers and any functional purpose.
Towing
For active people, the ability of crossover to transport sufficiently heavy loads will be indispensable. He is under the power towing a trailer with a motorcycle, snowmobile and a boat, even with a light camper. Of course, in everything you need to know the borders and do not use a parckarter as a cargo truck.
Ground clearance
The most significant advantage of this class of cars, allowing it to exploit it both in urban realities and on dirt roads. Especially noticeable this quality will affect winter timeWhen any tracks become impassable.
Economy
With all the above pluses crossovers - also quite economy carsIn some cases, small sedans are even superior to fuel consumption. Most models are equipped with turbocharged engines of a small volume, which together with a low air resistance coefficient will significantly save the budget of its owner on fuel.
Styling
Not the most basic characteristic, but also important. Modern passengers often lack some kind of originality, rough attractiveness, unique style. Crossovers last generation They inhaled novelty to a car design, which somewhat exhausted fantasy in sedans and universal.
The advantages of universal
The popularity of these bodies fell noticeably in recent years, but deserved?
Functionality
As we have already found out, crossovers are impressive, but the universals are not inferior to them in this characteristic. He has excellent salon comfort and a large inner space with a smaller weight compared to the competitor. And the big share of the models has additional feature By installing spare seats, if you need to carry a group of people over 5 people.
Dynamics
Compared to parquets, universals have a low center of gravity. Why is it necessary? The difference will feel when acceleration when with the same technical qualities and force aggregates The wagon will leave the opponent far behind himself.
Car enthusiasts mistakenly record wagons in the car for housewives and subsidiaries. The car market offers wide selection Powerful sports modelscomparable with sedans, for example, wagon Mercedes. AMG e-class.
Economy
Low landing less ground clearance Reduce air resistance, which contributes to fuel economy. Directly affects consumption and low weight of the car. If you purchase a diesel engine, then the economic benefit compared to the crossover will be just fantastic.
Four-wheel drive
As mentioned, Russia is supplied to Russia all-wheel drive crossovers, incredibly stable and reliable on the roads. But modern universals possess a similar parkettail all-wheel drive system. Here are just such models are at times cheaper crossovers with the same passability and maneuverability. BUT Audi Allroad. It has practically similar to the crossover road lumen.
By the way, experts argue that the handling of all-wheel drive universal is much higher than that of rivals.
Unusual
In the PARTNERS, every second car owner is now driving, so such a car will not surprise anyone. But it is impossible not to notice the wagon on the road. Thus, the consumer who has made a choice in favor of this type of body, not only get functional and reliable car, but also striking.
Crossover: Disadvantages
Did you really have any minuses with such quantities?
Cost
The first and main drawback. Of course, the price of crossovers significantly exceeds the cost of any wagon. This is explained by the higher strength of the parts of the chassis, the body design and in general the large number of material expended in production.
By the way, most of the partner owners are confident that strength guarantees them a low probability of breakdowns. It is important here to understand that chassis It has an enhanced design primarily in order to withstand the weight of the body.
Operating costs
Initially laying out a round sum for new car, the owner and then will have to pour impressive funds into it. He will have to overpay for petty and large repair, seasonal shift Rubber, oil replacement and other services. Even the evacuation of the crossover is estimated more than that same wagon due to its mass and sizes.
Fuel
Although it has already been stated about the economy of crossovers, compared with the universals they are much more voracious. The same engine on both cars will show absolutely different consumption - why? Because the crossover is heavier, diminished and by definition has a complete drive, which adds additional liters to the flow rate.
Minuses of universal
Status
Stereotypes are too strong in the minds of car owners, and since the universals have never been greatly blown in particularly popular, now they are displaced by sedans and crossovers. Even with all their advantages, the rare driver thinks about the acquisition of this particular type of body that seems to be unleashed and smooth.
Patency
Despite the fact that now universals come to the market increased passibility, according to general indicators, even the best representatives of their representatives are still worse than any medium crossover.
Parkovka
An elongated body will create difficulty in parking in urban conditions. Where the crossover takes one place, the wagon will be located on all two. In traffic jams, narrow alleys, in the residential zones forced by cars, the owner of the station wagon will have to work hard to find enough space for his "ship".
Definitely answer the question of what type of body is better, impossible. There is important purpose for which the car, the area and conditions in which its operation is supposed to be purchased. And, of course, the personal preferences of each particular motorist.
Video about crossovers and universal off-road:
An interesting fact: The term "universal" is used only in Russia and in some countries of the near abroad. And in the world this type of body has many other variations.
For example, in the UK, universals are known as it can be literally translated from English as a "hunting hat". This is a reference to the existed equestrian crews that were used during hunting. In France, a similar situation - there such cars are called "Break", which is a reduction from Break De Chasse - "Hunting Shave".
From the hatchback, the wagon can be distinguished by the long back scene and the roof, which has been extended to rear Gabarites and does not have a low-end line
Americans, Australians and residents of New Zealand talk about such a "Station Wagon" or just "WAGON". This name has come from crews, and later cars that served passengers at railway stations and delivered them together with luggage in the hotel. But in German-speaking countries, the term "Kombi" is used, or in English manner - "Combi".
FEATURES UNIVERSALA
Also, as, the universal differs from the sedan salon, combined with the luggage compartment. However, it is possible to distinguish it from the hatchback along the long back sap and the roof, which is extended to the rear dimensions and does not have a low-end line.
In Russia and Europe, the luggage door of the universal is considered for the fifth door. In the United States, on the contrary, only side doors are taken into account
Access to the trunk is carried out at the expense of the door located in the rear of the car. In Russia and Europe, it is considered to be for the fifth door. In the United States, on the contrary, only side doors are considered.
At the same time, the wagon salon is often fenced off from the luggage space of the grid - this safety measure is designed to protect the passengers from injuries transported cargo during the accident. In Europe, this precautionary measure is mandatory and included in the rules of the European Commission.
The trunk door can have several configurations. North American assembly cars are most often made bivalve. Such flaps open horizontally and independently of each other. In this case, the bottom is made of the same material as the body, and the top is made of glass and acts as a rear window.
Interesting fact: In the 70s, full-size North American Universals General Motors equipped with a double rear door with an electric drive. The lower part "retracted" inside the floor, and the upper was removed inside the roof.
The largest distribution of cars with the body type wagon received in the 50s
Since in addition to the transportation of passengers, the universal is used for transporting small cargo, manufacturers often equip cars with a transformable rear seats, which can be folded if necessary. And for greater capacity, the transformation is also susceptible to the front passenger chair.
The history of the development of universal
The largest distribution of cars with the type of body station wagon received in the 50s. , in Europe and Asia, the demand for universal was significantly less.
The development of suburbs in America was the impetus for the spread of universal. The Americans needed a family, roomy and, at the same time, a rather respectable car to ride the city to work.
At first, the body of the station wagon was made of wood, but the manufacturers quickly realized the impracticality of this material and began to use the metal. However, as a tribute of tradition, the board of universal placed the film "under the tree" - this style is called "Woodie". Cars decorated in "Woody" styles exist so far.
By the mid-70s, the universals began to be crowded out like Dodge Caravan and comfortable SUVs. At that time, several factors played at once against universal. The main one - the fuel crisis began in 1973 in 1973, which forced the authorities to think about saving fuel and limit the number harmful emissions and fuel consumption of cars. At the same time, minivans and SUVs were certified as low-profile trucks ("Light Trucks"), for which the requirements were less rigid, so their production was significantly more profitable.
If we talk about Europe and Asia, then with the beginning of the issue of universal demand for them was not the highest, but stable: after all, it was a spacious family car with a relatively small fuel consumption.
In Russia, universals also found buyers, but initially they were used mainly for commercial purposes - for the transport of small cargo. Over time, the universals began to be used as ambulance cars - in particular, the "ambulance" Volga in the body of the station wagon remained to our time, especially in small cities. True, for these purposes, the standard car was somewhat altered: lifted the roof level to make the car more capacious.
There are several varieties of universal. The first is, which differs from the usual absence of medium racks. The wagon with the "deaf" rear windows is often called "van" (in english language - "Van"). Universals built on the basis of SUVs are denoted by the term "Surban" ("Suburban").
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Closed body
It is characterized by a three-liter body, that is, you can highlight three components of the silhouette: motor compartment, Salon and trunk.The most common type of body in Russia.
Reason for popularity in Russia:
- Big trunk (unlike Hatchback for example), as a rule, in Russia, a family has one car and is used for all needs.
- The trunk is separated from the salon. The car heats up faster in winter, and the country is north.
Hatchback
Very common in Europe. The silhouette highlighted two compartments, the motor and passenger, which is combined with the trunk.
Since the main purpose of Hetchback is to transport people, the trunk is assigned auxiliary role.
If you need to transport the shipment, the rear seats can be folded, thereby increasing the volume of the luggage compartment.
Five-door hatchback Hatchback is three-door and five-door. In a particularly small hatchback class, almost everything is completely with three doors, and in the rest of the classes they are produced by a pair. Three-door is bought by people who value individuality, besides, he is more sporty. The five-door version is usually purchased as a family machine. Such a car is good for trips around the city. It is easier to park, and the big trunk is not needed. And more economical, and more for the city and do not need. Subcompact hatchback
According to the characteristics of the hatchback, but it is much shorter. Example: Daewoo Matiz.Especially small class
Example: SMART.This kind of cars buy not in order to save, but as a second car, more compact and maneuverable to drive in a big city.
The universal is called a wagon, because truly universal. The car with this body can carry passengers, passengers with cargo or only the cargo.
The load can be a refrigerator, a TV or a closet, and maybe a dog or a baby stroller.
It all depends only on how you use the car. Syrtoviversals (this group is emphasized sports machines, such as Alfa Romeo 156 Sportwagon, Audi S4 Avant, Lexus IS300 Sportcross or Subaru Impreza Sport Wagon) are usually transported by some kind of inventory, such as a cross-bike or snowboard. The supervisor has the same two-lifted body, like Hatchback, only an emphasis is on the transport of passengers along with the cargo.
Therefore, the length of the wagon is usually more than the hatchback, and the elongation falls on the body behind the rear axle.
Folding seats allow you to increase the volume of the trunk to two cubic meters, and the various mounts and grids will help to fix the cargo.
The number of doors from the machine with such a body type is usually five, but the occasionally appear machines with three doors.
The British are usually called Shooting Break, in particular, such a model produced Aston Marin.
The usual universals are called "Combi". Foreign automakers call similar cars in the same Combi (Kombi), "wagon" or "Station Wagon" (Station Wagon), or "Break".
This limousine differs from the sedan with increased attention to the safety of the negotiations of passengers in the backseat. Therefore, the limousine is a partition separating the driver and accompanying the seats from the rear row.
A typical example, which was seen by all - Limousine ZIL 41047. The partition is not limited to, limousines are more expensive than ordinary representation sedans not only because of her.
In the cabin necessarily present maximum amount devices providing comfort.
Sometimes such machines are made individually, and the machine's decoration is then limited only by the score of the bank and the flight of the future owner's fantasy. Frequent limousines make from ordinary sedans, stretching them at the expense of inserts in the middle.
Americans, big masters before increasing everything and all, came up with their name - "Stretch".
Such cases are engaged in special firms that specialize in the manufacture of limousines.
Sometimes it comes to extremes, and there are machines such as mini-limousine, or an 8-meter Hummer.
The top of the absurdity is the 20 meter machines of the Arab Sheikhs, which have to be done articulated to give them at least some maneuverability.
Machine with a two-door body. It was originated in the twenties, and it was from there that the roots of his three-tailed body stretch. In recent years, due to the global restructuring of the automotive industry, cross-grades and merger of classes, the coupe is getting closer to three-door hatchback, as an example is Mercedes SportCoupe.
But three-point pillars remain - BMW 3-Series Coupe or Volvo C70. The coupe is not too suitable for family trips, because only the largest passenger capacity is 4 people.
Usually there are "2 + 2" (this is when only 10 years old are placed on the rear seats), or in general there are only two places in the cabin.
Such cars are bought due to their sports image, because leading sports firms like Ferrari, Lamborghini or Porsche produce sports cars mainly in the body coupe. The company levels are also striving to make such cars, and as a result, the car with a body coupe is knowingly sporty than even its comprehensive sedan or hatchback.
The reverse side of the medal: the coupe is poorly suitable for driving around the city due to the rigid suspension, engine settings and gearbox. True, there are also a pleasure coupe, but their population is steadily reduced due to the rapprochement of the classes of the hatchback and the coupe.
For example, you can call three models: Hyindai Coupe, Opel Astra Coupe and Peugeot 407 Coupe.
Well, almost all American large coupe like Chevrolet Monte Carlo, Chrysler Sebring Coupe and OldSmobile Alero Coupe.
Although they are considered sports cars, the so-called Muscle Cars, but their chassis guarantees only sporting ride in a straight line.
But the comfort on the trip you are guaranteed! Recently, a trend has emerged in AvtoMyra to combine opposite concepts, mixing unseasonable.
A vivid example of this is the flourishing of the class of coupe-convertible. Take another rare while the type as a four-door coupe.
It would seem pure nonsense, the coupe only two doors.
But manufacturers with perseverance continue to call their creations to the same name.
So far, these machines on the market are two, it is Mazda RX and Mercedes CLS.But soon they will join the rest.
Porsche has already been adjusted by the four-door coupe Panamera +.
But in principle, you can divide them by classes on the signs of landing on the rear seats.
Mazda small rear doors Made to facilitate landing, and in Mercedes, as not twist, full-size rear doors are made for planting.
So RX-8 is a coupe, and CLS is a sporty sedan.
There is another body type as a hardtop. In fact, this concept indicates only the presence of a rigid roof at the car (Hardtop - Hard Top).
But it was so it was that Hardtops are only among the coupe and sedans, the reason is that Hardtop has no average body rack.
For the coupe, this example is the Mercedes-Benz CLK, and for the sedan - Rolls-Royce Phantom. The era of the heyday of Hardtop came along with the flourishing of America's automotive industry in the 50th.
Up to the oil crisis big cars With the body of Hardtop, it was possible to find in the range of any automakers ...
Venany
Minivan
Example: Ford Galaxy. The minivan is characterized by the most impressive dimensions (length of at least 4.5 m) and the mandatory presence of the third row of seats. In addition, most minivans can be distinguished by shifting side doors. The minivans appeared in the mid-80s and became the first representatives of the "single units".Komtel.
Example: Ford C-Max. The compactment is based on the microvain and minivan, length from 4.2 to 4.5 meters. At the same time, some compact holdes may have a third nearby seats. The first "compacts" saw the light in the mid-90s. In fact, it is a bit reduced (compact) version of the minivan.Mikrovan
Example: Nissan Note. Mikrovan is simply increased in size (height) hatchback with more spacious salon. In Microvane, there is no third row of seats. Length does not exceed 4.2 meters. The first microvans appeared only 5-7 years ago, but are already rapidly gaining popularity in Europe and even on our roads can be found more and more.
Universals of high capacity (MINIVAN) are adjacent to the cargo-passenger van. Minivan is different from the control of enhanced dimensions, but the essence of them is the same: the universal passenger vehicle With an increased internal volume, suitable for transportation and passengers and cargo.
Usually, minivans perform a single-boron body, but sometimes two-lifted machines are found.
In general, these cars are between cars and minibuses. Machines of this type appreciate those who have a big family.
In addition, there are excellent office cars.
Open body
Such body existed a great set.Unfortunately, for now, five to six types remained from force.
The reason is the impracticality of such a body and increasingly stringent requirements for the comfort and safety of cars.
After all, the absence of hard top means a sharp decrease in the rigidity of the body, and hence the bad comfort (strikes from the suspension begins to be passed on the body), and bad passive security, and a sharply declining car resource.
But there are vandals, birds, bad weather and other troubles. On the other hand, such a car never happens the only machine in the garage.
And how nice to go not in a close cabin, but under the affectionate rays of the sun, right with the wind!
Well, of course, prestige's considerations, they also play not the last role in choosing exactly this type of body.
The most common type of open body. Its from other bodies is distinguished by four.
Another, although the secondary, sign of the cabriolet is the ability to lower the glasses.
Since the convertible machine is four, then it should be big, no less than a car golf class. Golf class convertible are usually youth, and are bought up best.
A typical example - Volkswagen Golf. IV Cabrio.
Machines class above are made on the basis of mass coupe, such as BMW 3 Series, but still they become less common. Representative cabriolets are most rare.
Meet such a car means - to meet the head of the Ministry of Defense at the parade, and abroad - either the royal person, or (if the case is happening in the Arab country) Sheikh, who is lucky by a hired driver.
Such a body is a kind of cabriolet, the main difference is that side stool A manually removed. The name comes from the horse crew, from those times when any cleaning winds did not even think.
The first cars also did not particularly differ from the wagon, and Phaeton was in demand, but the progress inexorably displaces the old solutions.
As a result, an example of chapter is narrow specialized car - UAZ-31512.
Spider and Roadster
Roadster - Open Double Cars. From the gamma versions of one model on the total chassis are an open analogue of the coupe.
The whole difference is only in the presence of a roof: Rhodster is present, she is simply no spider.
The spider was initially a pure body type of body, so there were no various excesses on it.
Example - Renault Sport Spider.
Further continuation of the idea of \u200b\u200bSpider is the Barpleta - the passenger body without a roof with one side of the seats and two side doors. In separate structures, the side doors may be absent.
The windshield is performed minimal in height, folding or may not be installed at all.
Targa is something mean between the coupe and the convertible. The middle part of the roof is made removable, and in the open state of the passengers protects two safety arcs - front and rear.
This type of body first used Porsche, in model 911 Targa.
The most rare body type applied, which was still applied on caters. It is distinguished by removable top over the rear seat.
It is now almost forgotten, but occasionally placed on request for selected customers.
An example is the PEUGEOT 607 Paladine.
Cargo-passenger body
The machine with explicit division on the functional zones. Front of her from passenger car, the rear is usually performed in the form of a platform.
The machine cabin can be made with one or two rows of seats, with two or four doors.
The platform usually has a folding rear axle.
It is much stronger than the other machines in the model range due to exploitation in difficult conditions. Pickup class flourishing must be associated with the American style of life in which even truck May become the main star of the exhibition.
There, behind the ocean appears pickups with a Dodge Viper engine or on 26-inch wheels.
In the rest of the world, a pickup is an unpretentious machine for hard everyday work.
In fact, it is a closed pickup. In the body, three doors are usually done, two in the cockpit and one behind. If glass and seats are installed in the van, then we get a cargo-passenger van.
Such a class is also present on the market, and takes a lot of stake on it. Example: Peugeot Partner.
SUV
SUV (SUV, SPORT UTILITY VEHICLE, HOUSE NAME JIP) - a two-bit closed passenger body type, having five or six doors, of which one or two are rear, two or three rows of passenger seats. SUV distinguish large dimensions, square forms (non-streamlined), availability full drive, lowering and enlarged ground clearance, allowing the car to move along roads and off-road. In essence, the SUV is a wagon of increased passability. SUVs, as well as some pickups and vans have an unloaded frame body.PARQUITING
In essence, this is an urban version of the SUV. The SUV tried to remove everything that was not needed in the city, which made it cheaper more economical. Below ground clearance, no downward transmission, weaker engine And therefore more economical. More streamlined body.Crossover
The average between the PARTNER and SUV, because of the name Cross (intersection). It is primarily designed to drive in urban environments, but unlike the PARTNER, it can take off the off-road. However, the off-road is inferior to an SUV. Crossovers are based, as a rule, on golf class cars.Pseudocrossovser
As a rule, the main difference is not all presenters. Well, in fact, the name speaks for itself is a truncated crossover. Externally similar: type of body, high clearance. Suitable for those who like SUVs, but in fact such power is not needed and want to save.Cross-hatchback
Then, as well as a pseudo-schooler. In fact, it is a banal hatchback with an enlarged clearance and looks like a crossover.AllTrack
Sedan with all leading. That is, the pseudocrossover on the contrary. Pseudocrossover - Hatchback, which is issued for the crossover.And AllTrack is a crossover, which is issued for the sedan.
The section is very easy to use. In the proposed field, it is enough to introduce the necessary word, and we will give you a list of its values. I would like to note that our site provides data from different sources - encyclopedic, intelligent, word-forming dictionaries. Also here you can get acquainted with examples of using the word you entered.
The meaning of the word universal
universal in the Crosswordist Dictionary
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov
universal
universal, m. (from Latin. Universalis - Universal).
The name of decrees and letters issued for the general information Polish kings and Ukrainian hetmans, as well as declarations of the Ukrainian bourgeois-nationalist Central Rada in 1917.
Tool for measuring vertical and horizontal angles (ASTR., Geodes.).
A person who has versatile specialty (new). Tokari-universal.
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I. IGOV, N.Yu.Shvedova.
universal
An employee owning all the specialties in his profession. Tokar-y. Fressman.
The closed body of a passenger car with the trunk behind the seats, as well as (talk.) Himself such a car.
A new intelligent-word-formational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.
universal
m. The one who owns all or many specialties in his profession.
m. Tool for measuring horizontal and vertical angles (in astronomy and geodesy).
m. The closed body of a passenger car with a luggage compartment placed behind the back of the rear seat inside the passenger premises.
Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998
universal
the closed car body with two or three rows of seats, three or five doors (one of them is rear), with a luggage compartment placed behind the back of the rear seat inside the passenger premises.
Universal (Body)
Universal (from - "General") - Type of closed two-tailed cargo-passenger body of a passenger car. It is a variant of a sedan with an increased luggage compartment and an additional lifting door in the back.
In this meaning, this term is used only in Russia and a number of neighboring countries.
Universal (tractor)
The Tractor "Universal U-2" was the first tractor issued on the Vladimir Tractor Plant.
Also, the "Universal" tractor was the first soviet tractorsupplied from the USSR for export.
The prototype of the Tractor "Universal" was american tractor (Farmall F-20).
Universal (document)
Universal - written manifesto, legislative or administrative act of administrative and political content in the Commonwealth Speech (in the XV-XVIII centuries) and Hetmanshene (in the XVII-XVIII centuries). I was published by the kings of Polish, the Seimas, the Hetmans of the Crown of the Polish, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the troops of Zaporizhia. In the troops of Zaporizhzhya was sometimes published by representatives of the General Lady and Colonels. Have a higher legal force in relation to other legal instruments.
Usually the universal consisted of entry, protocol.
Universals could be as common related to the entire population and special, relating to individual organizations or groups of the population.
Universal (Club Hockey With Ball)
"Universal" - Hockey team with saratov ball. Speakers in the highest league of the championship of Russia in hockey with the ball.
Universal
- Universal - type of car body.
- "Universal" - a tractor produced in the USSR in the 1930-1940s.
- "Universal" - an enterprise in the city of Novokuznetsk, producing sanitary equipment.
- The Universal CPC is a Russian enterprise for the creation of parachute equipment and ground service facilities for the Air Force and Civil Aviation.
- "Universal" - the Saratov Club of the Higher League of Russia by hockey with the ball.
- Universal - a versatile developed person.
- Universal - gay, equally preferring both active and passive role.
- Universal - Universal Astrometric Cultural Tool.
- The universal is an assembly document in the Commonwealth and Ukraine to the XVIII century.
- Universals of the Central Rada are political and legal acts of a programming nature, published by the Central Rada of the Ukrainian People's Republic.
- The University of National Unity - the President of Ukraine President Viktor Yushchenko, proposed on July 27, 2006, a political document containing the basic principles of the external and domestic policy of Ukraine, which should adhere to the future government of the country.
- Universal - an artificial language project of the 1920s
Examples of the use of the word wagon in the literature.
Swarm himself could serve as an example universalBut he was far to Araki in this regard, a brilliant physiologist, a physiologist and a psychologist.
Any young man can, depending on the circumstances and their inconsistencies to become both the Balabol, and Vakhlak, and Yoga, and Universal, etc.
Assistants cut off from him: vibration-resistant factory manufacturers, rushed into a bare left universal, were met by firefighters and dropped back with powerful jets from the brand.
After edition of the 4th universal The Cabinet Vinnichenko resigned, and the General Secretariat was made up of the right-wing esices led by Golubovich.
Space laboratories and plants, orbital fortresses, thousands of small satellites, garbered, assembly universal, trunk liners and container shipments, spear tips of patrol frigates and a convincing linker iron at the horizon of visibility.
Some have become the supervisors of the Cossacks, and you consolidate our universal Their Maeity in Ukraine.
Exceeding power, half-thread, coupled with the elder, released universaldirected against the Malorossiysk College and demanding from the peasants of obedience to its landowners.
Our hetman Hmel universal He writes that again we, poor people, submitted to gentry.
In the meantime, the blacksmith whips down the saber hollow in battle, and universal Send obedience.
And already calmly began to argue out loud: - Well, our Mother Ukraine, did not save you universalnor the prayers of the Orthodox archpactors.
Shuisky will begin with the fact that the separation of Russia universalIn which the name of God will swear in constant loyalty to Slavs against the Tatar Hordes and the enemies of Russia - Swedes.
And when Royal came to Ukraine universal On submission of the peasants to the owners of the Earth - both new and the same, returned to their yards, - Hetman confirmed these universal And I demanded their implementation, threatening behind the riot karami.
He sent to Poland-border with Transylvania universal and genuine universal Hetman Khmelnitsky, calling the hills to arms.
My thoughts are lost in space, how all my letters lost and universalSo that then implanted and faked.
A worthless tacity of modern chroniclers, prudence of Cossack registers, forever lost my diarys and universal - This appears my story.
