Remember the famous thesis expressed by Ostap Bender: "A car is not a luxury, but a means of transportation"? Nowadays it can be supplemented with the words "people and cargo".
While most motorists do not have any questions about the rules for the carriage of passengers, not everyone is familiar with the nuances associated with the carriage of goods. A whole section is allocated to this issue in the Traffic Rules.
Traffic requirements
IN Traffic rules for transportation cargo is devoted to section 23, consisting of five points, in which the legislator has provided for all possible situations that arise during their transportation by car.
Section 23.1 deals with the permissible values \u200b\u200bfor the mass of the cargo. 23.2 instructs the driver to control its placement and fastening.
23.1. The mass of the transported cargo and the distribution of the axle load should not exceed the values \u200b\u200bestablished by the manufacturer for this vehicle.
23.2. Before the start and during the movement, the driver is obliged to control the placement, fastening and condition of the cargo in order to avoid it falling and interfering with movement.
Paragraph 23.3 of the SDA explicitly indicates when the carriage of goods is allowed and has five paragraphs, of which one should mention a rather unusual thing for modern drivers that many drivers forget about: placing the load should not interfere with the perception of hand signals.
23.3. Carriage of cargo is allowed provided that it:
- does not limit the driver's view;
- does not complicate control and does not violate the stability of the vehicle;
- does not cover external lighting devices and reflectors, registration and identification marks, and also does not interfere with the perception of hand signals;
- does not create noise, does not generate dust, does not pollute the road and the environment.
If the condition and placement of the cargo does not meet the specified requirements, the driver is obliged to take measures to eliminate violations of the listed transportation rules or to stop further movement.
Permissible dimensions of cargo for transportation by road
What is considered a bulky cargo, the transportation of which does not require receipt special permits, but has strictly defined transportation rules specified in the traffic rules?
23.4. Cargo protruding beyond the dimensions of the vehicle in front and behind by more than 1 m or to the side by more than 0.4 m from the outer edge side light, must be marked with identification signs "Oversized cargo", and in the dark and in conditions of insufficient visibility, in addition, in the front - with a lantern or a reflector white, behind - a lantern or a red reflector.
By lenght
If the load protrudes beyond the dimensions of the vehicle in front and behind by more than 1m, but not more than 2m. It should be noted here that despite the presence of the letter "and", you can read "or". Let's say the load is extended by more than a meter only for rear clearance the car, but there is no front, it is already becoming large.
By width
It is also indicated how much the load can protrude across the width of the car - no more than 40 cm.
ATTENTION. Unlike the first case, where it is necessary to measure the length of the protruding part from the extreme point of the car, here the measurement is taken from the edge of the rear parking light, which means that it will actually protrude slightly less than the prescribed 40 cm, since the indicated lamp is always slightly deeper than the extreme lateral point car.
If, after measurements, at least one parameter exceeds the above norms, it should be marked with the “Oversized cargo” sign, and in the dark or with insufficient visibility, also with lanterns or reflectors: white in front and red in the back.
Height
Despite the fact that clause 23.4 of the SDA does not say about the height of the cargo, it should be remembered that the load should not exceed four meters up from the surface of the carriageway (clause 23.5 of the SDA).
Consider this situation: the load does not protrude beyond the dimensions of the car, but reaches 3 meters 85 centimeters from the roadbed, the sign “Oversized cargo” is not required.
Sometimes it happens.
Clause 23.5 of the SDA defines goods and vehicles for transportation or passage of which you will have to obtain a special permit:
23.5. Transportation of heavy and dangerous goods, the movement of a vehicle, the overall parameters of which, with or without cargo, exceed 2.55 m in width (2.6 m for refrigerated trucks and insulated bodies), 4 m in height from the surface of the carriageway, in length ( including one trailer) 20 m, or the movement of a vehicle with a load protruding beyond the rear point of the vehicle's dimensions by more than 2 m, as well as the movement of road trains with two or more trailers are carried out in accordance with special rules.
International road transportation is carried out in accordance with the requirements for vehicles and transportation rules established by international treaties Russian Federation.
Transportation rules
On the territory of the Russian Federation, the transportation of oversized cargo is regulated by a number of normative legal acts, in addition to traffic rules, this includes:
- Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 15.04.2011. No. 272 \u200b\u200b"On approval of the rules for the carriage of goods by road";
- Order of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation of July 24, 2012 No. 258 “On Approval of the Procedure for Issuing a Special Permit for Movement on Highways of a Vehicle Carrying Out the Transportation of Heavy and (or) Oversized Cargo”;
- Order of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation of January 15, 2014 N 7 "On approval of the rules for ensuring the safety of transportation of passengers and goods by road and urban land electric transport and a list of measures for the training of employees of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs carrying out transportation by road and urban land electric transport, to safe work and vehicles for safe operation ”.
The documents are quite voluminous and informative, affecting not only the topic under consideration, therefore we will consider them in the part concerning.
You should start with the loading rules, the basic norms of which are spelled out in sufficient detail. This includes sorting cargo by weight, namely, the heavier ones are located at the bottom to maintain the stability of the vehicle while driving, the cargo must be uniform, well fixed. It is also prescribed not to allow gaps between loaded products, instructing them to fill them with gaskets.
Homogeneous piece loads in the body of a vehicle must be stacked in compliance with the same number of tiers and ensuring reliable fastening of the upper tier of the stack (clause 36 of the Order of the Ministry of Transport No. 7 of 15.01.2014).
Here we are talking about the need to attract escort vehicles, justifying this with an increased danger when transporting bulky goods (clause 52 of the Order of the Ministry of Transport No. 7 of January 15, 2014).
Clauses 53-58 of the Order of the Ministry of Transport No. 7 of 15.01.2014. establish escort rules and requirements for escort vehicles. Tractors and (or) cars of the State Traffic Inspectorate can be used as these vehicles (clauses 53-58 of the Order of the Ministry of Transport No. 7 of January 15, 2014).
Clauses 59 and 60 of the same Order of the Ministry of Transport No. 7 dated 01/15/2014 provide an exhaustive list of situations and conditions under which the transportation of such goods is prohibited:
- deviate from the route specified in the special permit;
- exceed the speed specified in the permit;
- carry out movement during ice, snowfall, as well as with meteorological visibility less than 100 meters;
- drive along the side of the road, if such a procedure is not determined by the conditions of carriage;
- stop outside specially marked parking lots located outside the carriageway;
- continue carriage if technical malfunction a vehicle that endangers the safety of traffic, as well as when the load is displaced or loosened
If, during the movement, circumstances arose that require a change in the route of movement, the subject of transport activity is obliged to obtain a special permit for the new route in the prescribed manner.
As indicated
In view of the increased danger for road users, these cargoes must be marked with the sign “Oversized cargo” (clause 23.4 of the SDA). The indicated sign is installed directly on the cargo itself at the extreme protruding point.
Therefore, if the load exceeds the established norms behind the vehicle, it is installed at the rear. If in front and behind - in both places, respectively. The same applies to the designation of the protruding parts on the sides of the vehicle.
In addition to the sign, it may be necessary to install white and red lamps or reflectors, respectively, in the front and rear, but this requirement is appropriate when transporting at night or in conditions of limited visibility.
Oversized cargo sign - dimensions according to GOST
Sign " oversized cargo", As it is often called by drivers, does not exist in the legal field of the Russian Federation, since this is a vernacular and simplified name for the identification mark" Oversized cargo ".
The dimensions of the sign are defined in the form of a square with a side of 400 mm and alternating oblique red and white stripes, each 50 mm wide.
The above parameters are provided by the state standard GOST R12.4.026-2001, therefore, they are mandatory.
It is allowed to apply this sign directly on the cargo itself in the form of a sticker or drawing corresponding to the specified GOST.
IMPORTANT. The sign is made of light-reflecting materials!
This mark can be purchased or made by yourself. The only difficulty that arises is that the sign must necessarily be retroreflective.
There are two ways to solve this problem. The first is to purchase a special paint, which will hardly be cheaper than buying a ready-made sign. The second is to fork out a sticker for the sign and stick it on any solid base, such as a sheet of tin or a PVC panel. The main thing is to observe the dimension, do not take risks, do not make the sign less than that provided by GOST.
Transport permit
Until now, many motorists who have not encountered the problem of transporting bulky goods believe that a permit should be obtained from the traffic police. In fact, this is not the case.
The State Traffic Inspectorate provides for an approval procedure and it is connected with the duty of this service to determine whether there is a need to escort the cargo and in the form of escort (by the carrier special car or an official traffic police car).
Permits for transportation are issued by a number of authorized bodies, depending on which roads the route is agreed on: international, federal or municipal. Recently, it has also become possible to obtain the specified permission from the owner of the road, if it is his property.
|
Transport Authorities |
|
| Categories of roads along which the route runs | Authorized body |
| Federal significance or their areas, the territory of two or more constituent entities of the Russian Federation; international traffic | Rosavtodor |
| Inter-municipal or regional significance or their plots, local significance, located on the territory of two or more formations (districts, districts of the municipality) | Executive body of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation |
| Local significance, on the territory of two or more settlements within the boundaries of the district | Self-government body of a municipality |
| Local significance, within the boundaries of one settlement | Settlement self-government body |
| Local county city | City district self-government body |
To start the procedure for obtaining a special permit, you must submit an application to the authorized body (see the table above), a package of documents is attached to the application: for the car that will participate in the transportation, for the cargo, the route diagram. Also, the authorized body has the right to request additional documentation related to the forthcoming transportation.
The terms for consideration of the application are spelled out in the administrative regulations and, depending on the number of approvals and related actions (assessment of the condition of the road or the need for strengthening or reconstruction), from five to thirty days.
Obtaining a special permit is a shareware procedure. The authorized body does not have the right to demand a fee for issuing a permit. But the applicant is obliged to pay a state fee in the amount of 1600 rubles (subparagraph 111 of paragraph 1 of article 333.33 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation (part two) of August 5, 2000, No. 117-F3, as amended by Federal law of 21.07.2014 No. 221-FZ ).
Additionally, you may need to pay for the assessment road for the suitability for transportation of the cargo in question, as well as for the strengthening or reconstruction of road sections and engineering structures (for example, bridges) along the planned route. As well as compensation for damage caused by transportation to road and communications.
In what cases such transportation is prohibited
It is forbidden to transport bulky cargo, if there is a possibility for separate transportation without depriving the cargo of its operational properties, it is also forbidden to transport this category of cargo in organized columns (clause 51 of the Order of the Ministry of Transport dated January 15, 2014, No. 7).
A ban may be issued if there is no technical capability on the route to carry out the declared transportation.
What is the penalty for violation
Liability for violation of the rules for the carriage of goods is provided for by two articles of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation.
Article 12.21 - Violation of the rules for the carriage of goods. Sanction: warning or fine in the amount of 500 rubles.
This article applies to goods that do not require special permission and liability may arise in approximately a number of cases: the absence of the “Oversized cargo” sign, the cargo is noisy, dusty or unreliable, making it difficult to view.
IMPORTANT. There are no sanctions for deprivation of the right to drive the vehicle, but according to Article 23.3 of the SDA, further movement until the violations identified are eliminated, and registration of the violation does not give the right to continue the trip.
Article 12.21.1 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation provides for liability for violation of the traffic rules of a large-sized vehicle. And here we are already talking, namely, about goods requiring special permission. In total, the article has 11 parts:
| 1. The movement of a heavy and (or) large-sized vehicle exceeding the permissible dimensions of the vehicle by no more than 10 centimeters without a special permit, or exceeding the dimensions specified in a special permit by no more than 10 centimeters, or exceeding permissible weight vehicle or permissible load per axle of a vehicle by more than 2, but not more than 10 percent without a special permit, or with an excess of the mass of the vehicle or the axle load of a vehicle specified in a special permit, by more than 2, but not more than 10 percent | driver in the amount of one thousand to one thousand five hundred rubles; on officials ten thousand to fifteen thousand rubles; on legal entities - from one hundred thousand to one hundred and fifty thousand rubles for the owner (owner) of the vehicle in the amount of one hundred and fifty thousand rubles. |
| 2. The movement of a heavy and (or) large-sized vehicle exceeding the permissible vehicle dimensions by more than 10, but not more than 20 centimeters, or exceeding the permissible vehicle mass or permissible axle load of a vehicle by more than 10, but not more than 20 interest without special permission | shall entail the imposition of an administrative fine on driver in the amount of three thousand to four thousand rubles; on officials from twenty five thousand to thirty thousand rubles; on legal entities — from two hundred fifty thousand to three hundred thousand rubles, and in the case of fixing an administrative offense by those working in automatic mode special technical meanswith the functions of photography and filming, video recording, - for the owner (owner) of the vehicle in the amount of three hundred thousand rubles. |
| 3. The movement of a heavy and (or) large-sized vehicle exceeding the permissible vehicle dimensions by more than 20, but not more than 50 centimeters, or exceeding the permissible vehicle mass or permissible axle load of a vehicle by more than 20, but not more than 50 interest without special permission - | shall entail the imposition of an administrative fine on driver in the amount of or deprivation of the right to drive vehicles for a period of two to four months; on officialsresponsible for transportation - from thirty-five thousand to forty thousand rubles; on legal entities - from, and in case of fixing an administrative offense by special technical means operating in automatic mode, having the functions of photography and filming, video recording, - |
| 4. The movement of a heavy and (or) large-sized vehicle exceeding the dimensions specified in the special permit by more than 10, but not more than 20 centimeters, or exceeding the mass of the vehicle or the axle load of the vehicle specified in the special permit, by an amount more than 10, but not more than 20 percent | shall entail the imposition of an administrative fine on driver in the amount of three thousand to three thousand five hundred rubles; on officialsresponsible for transportation - from twenty thousand to twenty-five thousand rubles; on legal entities - from two hundred thousand to two hundred and fifty thousand rubles, and in case of fixing an administrative offense by special technical means operating in an automatic mode, having the functions of photography and filming, video recording, - for the owner (owner) of the vehicle in the amount of two hundred and fifty thousand rubles. |
| 5. The movement of a heavy and (or) large-sized vehicle exceeding the dimensions specified in the special permit by more than 20, but not more than 50 centimeters, or exceeding the mass of the vehicle or the axle load of the vehicle specified in the special permit, by an amount more than 20, but not more than 50 percent | shall entail the imposition of an administrative fine on driver in the amount of four thousand to five thousand rubles or deprivation of the right to drive vehicles for a period of two to three months; on officialsresponsible for transportation - from thirty thousand to forty thousand rubles; on legal persons - from three hundred thousand to four hundred thousand rubles, and in case of fixing an administrative offense by special technical means operating in an automatic mode, having the functions of photography and filming, video recording, - for the owner (owner) of the vehicle in the amount of four hundred thousand rubles. |
| 6. The movement of a heavy and (or) large-sized vehicle exceeding the permissible dimensions by more than 50 centimeters without a special permit, or exceeding the dimensions specified in a special permit by more than 50 centimeters, or exceeding the permissible vehicle weight or permissible load per axle of a vehicle by more than 50 percent without a special permit, or with an excess of the mass of the vehicle or the load on the axle of a vehicle specified in a special permit by more than 50 percent | shall entail the imposition of an administrative fine on driver a vehicle in the amount of seven thousand to ten thousand rubles or deprivation of the right to drive vehicles for a period of four to six months; on official forty-five thousand to fifty thousand rubles; on legalpersons - from four hundred thousand to five hundred thousand rubles, and in case of fixing an administrative offense by special technical means operating in an automatic mode, having the functions of photography and filming, video recording, - for the owner (owner) of the vehicle in the amount of five hundred thousand rubles. |
| 7. Violation of the rules for the movement of heavy and (or) large-sized vehicles, with the exception of cases provided for in parts 1 - 6 of this article | shall entail the imposition of an administrative fine on driver vehicle in size from one thousand to one thousand five hundred rubles; on official persons responsible for transportation - from five thousand to ten thousand rubles; on legal persons - from fifty thousand to one hundred thousand rubles |
| 8. Providing by the consignor of inaccurate information about the weight or dimensions of the cargo in the documents for the cargo transported or the failure to provide information on the number, date or duration of the special permit or on the route of transportation of such cargo in the waybill when transporting bulky or heavy cargo, or on the route of transportation of such cargo, if this entailed a violation stipulated part 1, 2 or 4 of this article | shall entail the imposition of an administrative fine on citizens in the amount of one thousand five hundred to two thousand rubles; on official persons - from fifteen thousand to twenty thousand rubles; on legal persons - from two hundred thousand to three hundred thousand rubles. |
| 9. Providing by the consignor of inaccurate information about the mass or dimensions of the cargo in the documents for the transported cargo or the failure to indicate in the waybill when transporting bulky or heavy cargoes information about the number, date or duration of the special permit or the route of transportation of such cargo, if this entailed a violation provided for part 3, 5 or 6 of this article | shall entail the imposition of an administrative fine on citizens at the rate of five thousand rubles; on official persons - from twenty five thousand to thirty five thousand rubles; on legal persons - from three hundred fifty thousand to four hundred thousand rubles. |
| 10. Exceeding the permissible vehicle mass and (or) the permissible axle load of the vehicle, or the mass of the vehicle and (or) the axle load of the vehicle specified in the special permit, or the permissible dimensions of the vehicle, or the dimensions specified in the special permit , legal entities or individual entrepreneurs who have loaded cargo into a vehicle | shall entail the imposition of an administrative fine on individual entrepreneurs in the amount of eighty thousand to one hundred thousand rubles; on legal persons - from two hundred fifty thousand to four hundred thousand rubles. |
| 11. Failure to comply with the requirements prescribed by road signs prohibiting the movement of vehicles whose total actual mass or axle load exceeds those indicated on road signif the movement of such vehicles is carried out without special permission | shall entail the imposition of an administrative fine in the amount of five thousand rubles. |
| Note. Per administrative offensesprovided for by this article, persons engaged in entrepreneurial activities without education legal entity, bear administrative responsibility as legal entities. | |
As you can see, the types of punishments are quite harsh, and parts 3.5 and 6 of Art. 12.21.1 provide for the deprivation of the right to drive the vehicle for various periods.
Overall dimensions of the main types of trucks
In this section you can familiarize yourself with the technical characteristics of the main types trucks... First of all, these are the following parameters: length, width, height, volume, carrying capacity. Also, distinctive features are given different types a / m, their specificity for consumers of transport services, application areas, etc.
Gazelle
In terms of their main consumer qualities (tonnage, volume, overall dimensions), Gazelle cars can be classified as different models domestic and imported trucks. The cargo compartments of these vehicles may differ slightly in overall dimensions and, accordingly, volumes.
Approximate specifications cargo compartment car Gazelle:
| Length: | 2.8 - 3.2 m (available extended up to 4.5 m) |
| Width: | 1.8 - 1.9 m |
| Height: | 1.7 - 2 m |
| Volume: | 9 - 11 m3 |
| Carrying capacity: | 1.5 - 1.7 tons |
Cars of this class are actively used on intracity and intercity routes of short and medium range (500-700 km). Technical characteristics allow to guarantee a sufficiently high average speed (up to 100 km / h), and the cabin layout provides space for one or two passengers (forwarders).
The tarpaulin version of the cargo compartment implies the ability to curtain and get an open cargo compartment. The car can be equipped with lashing straps and other additional equipment (lift, rigid sides).
ZIL-Bychok
According to their main consumer qualities (tonnage, volume, overall dimensions), various models of domestic and imported trucks can be classified as ZIL-Bychok class vehicles. The cargo compartments of these vehicles may differ slightly in overall dimensions and, accordingly, volumes.
Approximate characteristics of the cargo compartment of ZIL-Bychok vehicles:
| Length: | 3.7 m |
| Width: | 2.1 m |
| Height: | 2.2 m |
| Volume: | 17 m3 |
| Carrying capacity: | 3.5 tons |
Cars of this type are actively used on intracity and intercity routes of short and medium range (500-700 km). Technical characteristics allow to guarantee a sufficiently high average speed (up to 80 km / h.) Low axle load allows this vehicle to drive freely in areas with restrictions on the entry of trucks
ZIL
In terms of their main consumer qualities (tonnage, volume, overall dimensions), various models of domestic and imported trucks can be attributed to the ZIL class cars. The cargo compartments of these vehicles may differ slightly in overall dimensions and, accordingly, volumes.
Approximate characteristics of the cargo compartment of ZIL vehicles:
| Length: | 3.5 - 4 m |
| Width: | 2-2.3 m |
| Height: | 2.45 m |
| Volume: | 14-21 m3 |
| Carrying capacity: | 5 tons |
Cars of this type are actively used on intracity and intercity routes of short and medium range (500-700 km). Often used for transporting personal belongings, moving, etc.
10-ton tilt truck
The class of 10 ton cars with a curtain body can be attributed various cars domestic and imported production.
Approximate characteristics of the cargo compartment of a car with a carrying capacity of 10-15 tons:
| Length: | 5.0 - 8.0 m |
| Width: | 2.4 - 2.5 m |
| Height: | 1.8 - 3.0 m |
| Volume: | 25 - 60 m3 |
| Carrying capacity: | 5-15 tons |
* A significant variation in parameters is due to the large number of options for cargo compartments.
Trucks of this class are actively used on intercity and international routes. Usually the cab is equipped with a berth and provides space for the forwarder. IN standard configuration the machine is completed with fastening belts (up to 6 pieces). The cargo compartment is adapted to various loading / unloading options (top, side). Imported truck models can be equipped with air suspension, which significantly improves ride comfort and ensures better safety of lightweight cargo. Cars can be equipped with a lift.
10-ton thermal
The class of 10-ton vehicles with an insulated body includes various cars of domestic and imported production.
The class can be split into several subclasses:
- Cars with a carrying capacity of up to 5 tons with a body volume close to the volume of a 10 ton vehicle (36 m3)
- Cars with a carrying capacity of up to 10 tons with a body volume of up to 56 m3.
- Cars with a carrying capacity of up to 15 tons with a voluminous (50-60 m3) and long body (up to 8m).
Approximate characteristics of the cargo compartment of a car with a carrying capacity of 10-15 tons *:
| Length: | 5.0 - 8.0 m |
| Width: | 2.4 - 2.5 m |
| Height: | 1.8 - 3.0 m |
| Volume: | 25 - 60 m3 |
| Carrying capacity: | 5-15 tons |
* The significant variation in parameters is due to the large number of options for cargo compartments.
Distinctive feature the cargo compartment of the "thermovan" type is the ability to maintain for a long time (10-20 hours) the temperature at which the loading was carried out, provided the external temperature is from -10C to + 20C. In addition, on some models, there is the possibility of heating the cargo compartment, which allows for a longer time and at lower external temperatures to maintain the internal temperature.
The sides of the cargo compartment are made of sheet metal sheathed foam. The cargo compartment doors are equipped with a seal. There are ventilation holes. As a rule, the cargo compartment is equipped with an additional side door to facilitate loading / unloading. Imported truck models can be equipped with air suspension, which significantly improves ride comfort and ensures better safety of lightweight cargo. Cars can be equipped with a lift.
10 ton truck with 20 'container
In terms of consumer qualities, a car with an installed 20-foot sea container is close to a 10-ton car with a tarpaulin or insulated body.There are various types of sea 20 'containers (for more details, see the main characteristics of large containers). The most commonly used types are shown below Common 20ft container.
- 20 ft. thermal container (similar to an isothermal van)
- 20 ft. refrigerated container (isothermal van with built-in refrigeration unit)
- 20 ft. container with tarpaulin roof
- 20 ft. platform with fixing posts
dimensions 20ft container:
| Length: | 6.0 m |
| Width: | 2.4 m |
| Height: | 2.4 m |
| Volume: | 34 m3 |
| Carrying capacity: | 10-20 tons (limited by vehicle carrying capacity) |
All types of sea containers are used, as a rule, for the carriage of goods in intermodal traffic (using various types of transport). All containers have unified external dimensions. In Russia, there is a category of vehicles with containers of various types installed on a frame platform for permanent use in road transport.
2 0 tonne with 40 'container
In terms of consumer qualities, a car with an installed 40-foot sea container is close to a 20-ton car with a curtain-sided or insulated body (Euro tent).There are various types of 40 'sea containers. The most commonly used types are listed below:
- Normal 40 ft. container
- 40 ft. thermal container (similar to an isothermal van)
- 4 0 ft. refrigerated container (isothermal van with built-in refrigeration unit)
- 40 ft. container with tarpaulin roof
- 40 ft. platform with fixing posts
Overall dimensions of a 40-foot container:
| Length: | 12.0 m |
| Width: | 2.4 m |
| Height: | 2.4 m |
| Volume: | 68 m3 |
| Carrying capacity: | 20-28 tons |
All types of sea containers are used, as a rule, for the carriage of goods in intermodal traffic (using various types of transport). All containers have unified external dimensions. In Russia there is a category of machines with containers of various types installed on a frame platform for permanent use in road transport.
20 ton truck with isothermal semi-trailer
The isothermal semitrailer with a volume of 82 m3 has similar consumer properties with the smaller isothermal vans. There is a large number of modifications of semitrailers (for more details see the catalog technical characteristics trucks), among which the most common ones can be distinguished: semi-trailers with a volume of 76-78 m3 - has a shorter length (12.5 - 13 m) and semi-trailers with a standard or greater length, width and height (13.6 m, 2.5 m, 2.7 m). Main consumer characteristic this semi-trailer is the volume or number of pallets that can be loaded.
Overall dimensions of the isothermal semi-trailer:
| Length: | 13.6 m |
| Width: | 2.45 m |
| Height: | 2.45 m |
| Volume: | 82 m3 |
| Carrying capacity: | 20-25 tons |
| Euro pallet capacity: | 33 pcs |
Suspension of semitrailers is made in a spring or pneumatic version. Air suspension guarantees a smooth running of the road train, ensuring the safety of lightweight cargo.A distinctive feature of the cargo compartment of the "Thermovan" type is the ability to maintain for a long time (10-20 hours) the temperature at which the loading was carried out, subject to the external temperature from -10C to + 20C.
In addition, on some models, there is the possibility of heating the cargo compartment, which allows for a longer time and at lower external temperatures to maintain the internal temperature. The sides of the cargo compartment are made of sheet metal sheathed foam. The cargo compartment doors are equipped with a seal. There are ventilation holes. As a rule, the cargo compartment is equipped with an additional side door to facilitate loading / unloading.
20 ton refrigerated truck
The refrigerated semi-trailer is cargo semi-trailer the temperature in which can change from minus (-7-12C) to plus (0-10C) regardless of the outside temperature. This ability of the cargo compartment is provided by an autonomous refrigeration unit. Modern refrigeration units have different levels of protection against emergency temperature changes, which ensures the safety of the cargo.
Installations can be recorded temperature regime on specialized "blanks". The main field of application of these semi-trailers is the transportation of perishable goods or goods requiring a special temperature regime (see temperature regime when transporting perishable goods by road). The semitrailer has the following dimensions:
Refrigerated semi-trailer overall dimensions:
| Length: | 13.6 m |
| Width: | 2.45 m |
| Height: | 2.45 m |
| Volume: | 82 m3 |
| Carrying capacity: | 20-25 tons |
| Euro pallet capacity: | 33 pcs |
There is a large number of modifications of semi-trailers, among which the most common ones can be distinguished: Semi-trailers with a volume of 76-78 m3 - have a shorter length (12.5 - 13 m) and semi-trailers with a standard or greater length, width and height (13.6 m, 2.5 m, 2.7 m).
The main consumer characteristic of this semitrailer is the volume or number of pallets that can be loaded. Suspension of semi-trailers is made in a spring or pneumatic version. The pneumatic suspension guarantees the road train a smooth ride, ensuring the safety of lightweight cargo.
Tilt eurotruck
"Eurotent" - a conventional concept denoting a truck with a semitrailer with overall dimensions close to the specified characteristics. The eurotruck, as the euro tent is also called, accommodates 2 euro pallets, 120 cm long, placed across the width.
Overall dimensions of Eurotent:
| Length: | 13.6 m |
| Width: | 2.45 m |
| Height: | 2.45 m |
| Volume: | 82 m3 |
| Carrying capacity: | 20-22 tons |
| Euro pallet capacity: | 33 pcs |
Semi-trailer (Eurotrailer, Megatrailer).There are a large number of modifications of tilt eurotrucks, among which one can distinguish semi-trailers with a length of 12.5 to 13.6 m, a width of up to 2.45 m, a height of up to 3 m and a useful volume of 78 to 120 m3. Due to its excellent cross-country ability and maneuverability, the truck can deliver up to 20 tons or up to 120 cubic meters of cargo to the specified address. The truck delivers consumer goods, industrial cargo, food, long or bulky cargo, etc.
One of the advantages of truck transportation is the ability to load and unload the machine from the top, side and rear. Loading and unloading can be done by a truck crane, a loader or using the forces of loaders. The awning of the truck is removable, which allows loading non-standard cargo from the side, pallets in the amount of 30 to 34 pcs.
Euro truck with hard van
A hard wagon van is not as comfortable as a curtain-sided one. Because of design features this body, only rear loading and unloading is possible.
| Length: | 13.2 - 13.6 m |
| Width: | 2.35 - 2.45 m |
| Height: | 2.30 - 2.50 m |
| Volume: | 82 - 86 m3 |
| Carrying capacity: | 20-22 tons |
| Euro pallet capacity: | 33 pcs |
IN In transport logistics, a eurotruck with a volume of 82 cubic meters is considered the most demanded and widespread vehicle. If there is a need to transport cargo in a rigid van, then a furniture van exists for these purposes.
Hitch 110, 120 semi-trailer + trailer (road train).
Road train is a hitching of two truck trailers , usually with a volume of 60 m3. In general, a road train-coupler can transport 110-120 cubic meters of cargo on general roads without obtaining special permits. But the carrying capacity of the coupling, as a rule, does not exceed 20 tons. A wagon of 120 cubic meters is most suitable for the transportation of bulky and light cargo.
110-ka, 120-ka, coupling - this is the name of trucks that allow you to transport the maximum volume (110, 120 cubic meters) of cargo on general roads without special permits. This road train (hitch), in contrast to the eurotruck, consists of a car and a trailer of the same or different volume and carrying capacity, it depends on the design features of a particular vehicle. At the same time, the total characteristics remain 120/110 cubic meters / 20 tons. Advantages: fast loading (unloading) and large useful volume. Disadvantage: not suitable for transporting long loads.
Isothermal automatic coupler
Car with a body on one frame + trailer. It can hold a certain temperature for a long time. Advantage: fast loading (unloading) and large usable volume.
Automatic coupler dimensions:
| Length: | 13.2 - 13.6 m |
| Width: | 2.35 - 2.45 m |
| Height: | 2.30 - 2.50 m |
| Volume: | 1.0 - 120 m3 |
| Carrying capacity: | 20 tons |
| Euro pallet capacity: | 34 pcs |
Yumba or mega (Jumbo, Mega)
Another type of transport designed for the transportation of bulky goods is "yumba" and « mega » . Suitable for the transportation of high, cubic cargo. A semitrailer with a larger capacity than a Euro trailer. This is achieved due to a special "L" -shaped floor and a reduced diameter of the semi-trailer wheels.
The peculiarities of these types of semi-trailers, volumetric, reduction of wheel diameters, due to this, the height of the semi-trailer increases, here it can reach 3.2 meters. They have one difference, for the "yumba" a conventional tractor is suitable, because the floor height of the semi-trailer is "L-shaped". The main part of the semi-trailer is 3-3.2 meters high, and the part that falls on the tractor's saddle is less high.Minus the semi-trailer " yumbs»(Jumbo or even jumbo) uneven floor height, difficulty in loading, long loads cannot be transported.
Dimensions:
| Length: | 13.2 - 13.6 m |
| Width: | 2.45 m |
| Height: | 2.30 - 2.50 m |
| Volume: | 96 - 120 m3 |
| Carrying capacity: | 20 tons |
| Euro pallet capacity: | 34 pcs |
| Yumba main body size | |
| Length: | 9.2 m |
| Width: | 2.45 m |
| Height: | 3.15-3.2 m |
| Yumba Step Size: | |
| Length: | 4.4 m |
| Width: | 2.45 m |
| Height: | 2.5-2.7 m |
The next option is the mega tent semitrailer. Here, both the semi-trailer and the trailer have smaller wheels. By reducing the wheel diameters, the maximum permissible useful height of the semitrailer is achieved. The volume of these semi-trailers volumetric from 100 to 115 cubic meters. This type ideal for transportation of almost any type of cargo: pipes, all pallet cargo, special equipment and many, many others. The downside is that in the event of a tractor breakdown, the semitrailer is practically not transported by other tractors.
Onboard wagon
An on-board truck is often used to transport building materials, equipment that is not afraid of atmospheric precipitation.
Overall dimensions of the side truck:
| Length: | 11.7 - 13.6 m |
| Width: | 2.35 - 2.45 m |
| Carrying capacity: | 20-25 tons |
| Euro pallet capacity: | 34 pcs |
Loading is mainly done by crane or manipulator. The most optimal mode of transport for transportation of building materials, heavy machinery and equipment, container, lining and any other cargo, are onboard, open cars, they are often called scow.
Open platform (Container platform)
Low loader container chassis semitrailers are designed to transport two 20 'containers or one 40' high / standard container. The weight of the transported cargo on low loader semitrailers can reach 30 tons.
Overall dimensions of the container ship:
| Length: | 12.65 m |
| Width: | 2.50 m |
| Carrying capacity: | 30 tons |
It is used for the transportation of goods resistant to external weather influences. It can also be used to transport oversized equipment. This cargo platform can accommodate two 20 'containers or one 40' container.
INTERIOR DIMENSIONS OF A TENTED CARGO COMPARTMENT WITH A LOADING CAPACITY OF 10-15 TONS
The class of 10 ton cars with a tilt body includes various cars of domestic and imported production.
The class can be split into several subclasses:
Cars with a carrying capacity of up to 7 tons with a body volume of up to 56 m3
Cars with a carrying capacity of up to 15 tons with a voluminous (50-60 m3) and a long body (up to 8m)
Approximate characteristics of the cargo compartment of a car with a carrying capacity of 10-15 tons *:
Length: 5.0 - 8.0 m.
Width: 2.4 -2.5. m.
Height: 1.5 - 3.0 m.
Volume: 25-60 m3
Trucks of this class are actively used on intercity and international routes. Usually the cab is equipped with a berth and provides space for the forwarder. The machine is supplied as standard with lashing belts (up to 6 pieces). The cargo compartment is adapted to various loading / unloading options (top, side). Imported truck models can be equipped with air suspension, which significantly improves ride comfort and ensures better safety of lightweight cargo. Cars can be equipped with a lift.
INTERIOR DIMENSIONS OF LOAD COMPARTMENT OF A VEHICLE OF CLASS "ZIL"
In terms of their main consumer qualities (tonnage, volume, overall dimensions), various models of domestic and imported trucks can be classified as ZIL class vehicles. The cargo compartments of these vehicles may differ slightly in overall dimensions and, accordingly, volumes.
Approximate characteristics of the cargo compartment of vehicles of the ZIL class:
Length: 3.5 - 4 m.
Width: 2-2.3m.
Height: 2-2.3 m.
Volume: 14-21 m3
Carrying capacity: 5 tons.
Cars of this class are actively used on intracity and intercity routes of short and medium range (500-700 km). Often used for transporting personal belongings, moving. 
INTERNAL DIMENSIONS OF THE LOADING COMPARTMENT OF A VEHICLE OF THE "ZIL-BYCHOK" CLASS
According to their main consumer qualities (tonnage, volume, overall dimensions), various models of domestic and imported trucks can be classified as ZIL-Bychok class vehicles. The cargo compartments of these vehicles may differ slightly in overall dimensions and, accordingly, volumes.
Approximate characteristics of the cargo compartment of vehicles of the class "ZIL-Bychok":
Length: 3.7 m.
Width: 2.1m.
Height: 2.2 m.
Volume: 17 m3
Carrying capacity: 3.5 tons.
Cars of this class are actively used on intracity and intercity routes of short and medium range (500-700 km). Technical characteristics allow to guarantee a sufficiently high average speed (up to 80 km / h). A low axle load allows this vehicle to drive freely in areas with restrictions on the entry of trucks.
INTERIOR DIMENSIONS OF THE TINTED CARGO COMPARTMENT OF THE GAZEL VEHICLE
In terms of their main consumer qualities (tonnage, volume, overall dimensions), various models of domestic and imported trucks can be classified as vehicles of the "GAZEL" class. The cargo compartments of these vehicles may differ slightly in overall dimensions and, accordingly, volumes.
Approximate characteristics of the cargo compartment of vehicles of the "Gazelle" class:
Length: 2.8 - 3.2 m. (There are extended versions, up to 4.5 m.)
Width: 1.8 -1.9. m.
Height: 1.7 - 2 m.
Volume: 9-11 m3
Carrying capacity: 1.5-1.7 tons.
Cars of this class are actively used on intracity and intercity routes of short and medium range (500-700 km). Technical characteristics allow to guarantee a sufficiently high average speed (up to 100 km / h), and the cabin layout provides space for one or two passengers (forwarders).
The tarpaulin version of the cargo compartment implies the ability to curtain and get an open cargo compartment. The car can be equipped with lashing belts and other additional equipment (lift, hard sides). 
INTERNAL DIMENSIONS OF ISOTHERMAL LOADING COMPARTMENT OF A CAR WITH A LOADING CAPACITY OF 10-15 TONS
The class of 10-ton vehicles with an insulated body includes various cars of domestic and imported production.
The class can be split into several subclasses:
Cars with a carrying capacity of up to 5 tons with a body volume close to the volume of a 10 ton vehicle (36 m3)
Cars with a carrying capacity of up to 7 tons with a body volume of up to 56 m3.
Cars with a carrying capacity of up to 15 tons with a voluminous (50-60 m3) and long body (up to 8m).
Approximate characteristics of the cargo compartment of a car with a carrying capacity of 10-15 tons *:
Length: 5.0 - 8.0 m.
Width: 2.4 -2.5. m.
Height: 1.5 - 3.0 m.
Volume: 25-60 m3
Carrying capacity: 5-15 tons.
* A significant variation in parameters is due to the large number of options for cargo compartments.
Imported truck models can be equipped with air suspension, which significantly improves ride comfort and ensures better safety of lightweight cargo. Cars can be equipped with a lift. 
CHARACTERISTIC OF 20 FEET CONTAINER
In terms of consumer qualities, a car with an installed 20-foot sea container is close to a 10-ton car with a tilt or insulated body.
Exists different kinds sea \u200b\u200b20 foot containers. The most commonly used types are listed below Common 20ft. container.
20 ft. thermal container (similar to an isothermal van)
20 ft. refrigerated container (isothermal van with built-in refrigeration unit).
20 ft. container with a tent roof.
20 ft. platform with fixing posts.
Dimensions 20 ft. container:
Length: 6.25
Width: 2.4
Height: 2.5
Volume: 34 m3
Carrying capacity: 10-20 tons (limited by the car's carrying capacity). 
CHARACTERISTICS OF 40 FEET CONTAINER
In terms of consumer qualities, a car with an installed 40-foot sea container is close to a 20-ton car with a curtain-sided or insulated body (Euro tent).
There are various types of 40 'sea containers. The most commonly used types are listed below: Normal 40 ft. container.
40 ft. thermal container (similar to an isothermal van)
40 ft. refrigerated container (isothermal van with built-in refrigeration unit).
40 ft. container with a tent roof.
40 ft. platform with fixing posts.
All types of sea containers are used, as a rule, for the carriage of goods in intermodal traffic (using various types of transport). All containers have unified external dimensions.
Overall dimensions 40 ft. to-ra .:
Length: 12.5
Width: 2.4
Height: 2.5
Volume: 68 m3
Carrying capacity: 20-28 tons (limited by the car's carrying capacity). 
INTERIOR DIMENSIONS OF THE TILLED LOAD COMPARTMENT "EUROTENT"
"Eurotent" is a conventional concept denoting a truck with a semitrailer with overall dimensions and characteristics close to the following:
length - 13.6 m.
width - 2.45 m.
height - 2.45 m.
volume - 82 m3
carrying capacity - 20-22 tons.
There is a large number of semi-trailer modifications, among which the most common ones can be distinguished:
A curtainsider semi-trailer can have various additional equipment (belts, lift-shovel, fastening handrails), which significantly expands its scope.
The design of the semitrailer allows the tarpaulin to be removed and thus enables loading / unloading from the side or from above. In addition, a semitrailer without an awning allows the semitrailer to be used as an open area with a side height of 35 to 50 cm.
INTERNAL DIMENSIONS OF ISOTHERMAL SEMI-TRAILER WITH A VOLUME ~ 82 M3.
An isothermal semi-trailer with a volume of 82 m3 has similar consumer properties with smaller isothermal vans. The following dimensions can be considered as standard for this type of semitrailer:
length - 13.6 m.
width - 2.45 m.
height - 2.45 m.
volume - 82 m3
There is a large number of modifications of semitrailer semitrailers, among which the most common ones can be distinguished:
Semi-trailers with a volume of 76-78 m3 - has a shorter length (12.5 - 13 m)
Semi-trailers with standard or larger length, width and height (13.6 m, 2.5 m, 2.7 m.)
Suspension of semi-trailers is made in a spring or pneumatic version. The pneumatic suspension guarantees the road train a smooth ride, ensuring the safety of lightweight cargo.
A distinctive feature of the cargo compartment of the "Thermovan" type is the ability to maintain for a long time (10-20 hours) the temperature at which the loading was carried out, subject to the external temperature from -10C to + 20C. In addition, on some models, there is the possibility of heating the cargo compartment, which allows for a longer time and at lower external temperatures to maintain the internal temperature. The sides of the cargo compartment are made of sheet metal sheathed foam. The cargo compartment doors are equipped with a seal. There are ventilation holes. As a rule, the cargo compartment is equipped with an additional side door to facilitate loading / unloading. 
INTERNAL DIMENSIONS OF REFRIGERATED SEMI-TRAILER WITH A VOLUME ~ 82 M3.
Refrigerated semitrailer is a cargo semitrailer, the temperature in which can change from minus (-7-12C) to plus (0-10C) regardless of the outside temperature. This ability of the cargo compartment is provided by an autonomous refrigeration unit. Modern refrigeration units have different levels of protection against emergency temperature changes, which ensures the safety of the cargo. Installations can be able to record the temperature regime on specialized "blanks". The main field of application of these semi-trailers is the transportation of perishable goods or goods requiring special temperature conditions. The semitrailer has the following dimensions:
length - 13.6 m.
width - 2.45 m.
height - 2.45 m.
volume - 82 m3
carrying capacity - 20-25 tons.
There is a large number of modifications of semitrailers, among which the most common ones can be distinguished: Semi-trailers with a volume of 76-78 m3 - has a shorter length (12.5 - 13 m) Semi-trailers with a standard or greater length, width and height (13.6 m , 2.5 m, 2.7 m.)
The main consumer characteristic of this semitrailer is the volume or number of pallets that can be loaded.
Suspension of semi-trailers is made in a spring or pneumatic version. The pneumatic suspension guarantees the road train a smooth ride, ensuring the safety of lightweight cargo.
Size classification is made according to the characteristics listed in table. 2.
By designation, the sizes are subdivided into executive and reference ones.
Executive (working) dimensions are subject to mandatory execution according to this drawing.
Reference dimensions are indicated in order to improve the convenience of using the drawing: their presence in the drawing depends on generally accepted (but not always written) rules and on the wishes of the draftsman.
Reference dimensions can be:
one of the dimensions of a closed dimensional chain;
dimensions carried over from other drawings;
dimensions in the assembly drawing, which characterize the limiting positions of the elements, the course of moving parts, determine the position of the fastening holes already made according to the drawing of the part;
overall dimensions on the assembly drawing transferred from the detail drawings;
sizes of parts elements, if they are elements of long products and are not processed according to this drawing, etc.
Overalldimensions are the dimensions that determine the limiting internal or external outlines of the object.
Installation and connecting dimensions call the dimensions of the elements of the product, according to which this product is installed at the installation site or connected to: another product.
Examples of the dimensions considered are shown in Fig. 57.
Reference sizes are distinguished from the executive by an asterisk (*). If there are only reference dimensions in the drawing, then the asterisks are not put, but in the technical conditions they leave the entry "Dimensions for reference".
Geometrically, dimensions are subdivided into linear ones, which determine the length of some segments, including the length, width and height of the object, diameters, fillet radii, and angular, which determine the angles between the surfaces of the elements and the angular coordinates of the position of the elements (Fig. 58).
According to the function performed, sizes are distinguished that determine:
the size of the product or its elements;
position of the product or its elements (coordinating dimensions).
These two groups of dimensions are always present in the drawing of a part, and the same dimension can simultaneously perform both functions.
In terms of time and method of execution, sizes are distinguished:
● performed when forming a blank;
● workpieces performed during machining;
● performed during assembly, assembly or installation operations.
Table 2 Size classification
|
Classification ethical feature |
Sizes |
Definitions and explanations |
|
Appointment |
Executive Reference |
Dimensions to be made according to this drawing Sizes indicated for convenience |
|
Geometric feature |
Linear |
Dimensions that determine the length, width, height, diameter, rounding radius, arc length Dimensions defining angular values \u200b\u200bof elements and angular coordinates of position |
|
Determining the value Coordinating |
The size of the item or its element Dimensions that determine the position of the product or its element |
|
|
Method and time of execution |
Performed when forming a blank (without removing a layer of material) Performed during machining Assembly, assembly, installation |
Dimensions related to foundry, stamped and pressed surfaces Dimensions that remove a layer of workpiece material Dimensions for assembly, installation and installation work |
|
Record form |
Complex Unspecified |
The vast majority of sizes Dimensions that comprehensively determine the parameters of standard threads, corrugations, etc. Executed by default or by indirect instructions |
Figure: 57. Examples of overall, installation and connection dimensions:
29.6 * min, 27.1 * max - overall dimensions; 12 ± 0.5, 10 ± 0.5 - installation dimensions;
65 ± 0.2, 8 ± 0.2, 15 ± 0.2, 30 ± 0.1 - connecting dimensions
Figure: 58. Examples of linear (a, b) and angular (e) dimensions
According to the form of recording in the drawings, the dimensions are divided into two groups:
● dimensions plotted in the usual form in accordance with the type of element being determined;
● dimensions that give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe size of an object or its element using a conditional notation (symbol) that defines a complex of dimensions. Some of these dimensions (for example, standard thread designations) can partially define the geometry of an object or its element.
The latter dimensions will be called complex.
Table 2 refers to dimensions that are not specified, i.e. the dimensions of the radius of the roundings not shown for the inner corners and outer edges. These dimensions should not include the dimensions of the depicted elements, the size of which is specified in technical requirements drawing with records like " Unspecified radii 2 mm», « All chamfers 2 45º».
Record type " Blunt all edges with a radius of 2 mm»Also excludes the display of fillets on edges. If the word "radius" is present in the technical requirement record, then the radius sign in front of the dimension number is not put.
In this subsection, it is recommended that you familiarize yourself with the following ESKD standards: GOST 2.307 - 68 "Application of dimensions and maximum deviations", GOST 2.109-73 "Basic requirements for drawings", GOST 2.318 - 81 "Rules for simplified application of hole dimensions".
