We all love our auto industry very much, straight souls in it are not tea. But many of us are not aware of the opportunities that Soviet engineers and designers were endowed. And they were almost limitless.
Here I made a list of rare, unique and just unusual soviet carsmobiles that you will never see with your own eyes.
I am proud of Soviet engineers and a random of Soviet officials who have been like a lot of promising developments.
And what technological root was lost in the end of the restructuring - just the mind is incomprehensible.
I promise, it will be interesting.
And let's start with state projects in the field of automotive industry.
Prototypes
GAZ-62 - Our answer to Americans
GAZ-62 (1952) - the prototype of the Army SUV, created to replace the well-proven in the troops during the war Dodge 3/4 (which was supplied to the USSR on the lend lodge).
The car had dimensional dimensions of 5000x2100x1800 mm and a wheelbase of size of 2850 mm, 12 people were designed for transportation or 1200 kg of cargo, the maximum loose of the all-terrain vehicle was 85 km / h. A 6-cylinder 76-strong engine was used as a power unit.
In the design of this car, a number of progressive solutions were applied: to prevent water, dirt and sand drum wheeled brake mechanisms were sealed, rubber pillows in the seals of the spring reduced the maintenance volume. Everybody was distinguished by comfort: there was a powerful heater with a blowing wind glass, and the rear springs had a variable rigidity, providing high smoothness.
In addition to the main passenger version, the cargo modification of the machine - GAZ-62A was developed with a body of an enlarged oxem and the horizontal arrangement of the spare wheel.
GAZ-62 passed the overhead tests and in 1958 was demonstrated as a promising model Gorky auto plant At the All-Union Industrial Exhibition in Moscow (later - VDNH), but it was not launched into production for incomprehensible reasons.
ZIS-E134 layout number 1
In the summer of 1954, in front of the JV ZIS, originally consisted of only 20 people, was tasked: in a short time, create a fundamentally new medium multi-purpose four-axle (8 × 8) Super high-pass car (it is the high-speed artillery tractor ATK-6) with a loading capacity of 5 -6 t.
Since there was no experience in the development of such machines, it was not for the study of the raising of wheel vehicles, as well as to assess the influence of individual design parameters on Pentility during July-August 1955, an experienced four-axle was built (8 × 8) SIS-E134 cargo car №1.
Experienced ZIL-E134 has proven its worth. Practically not inferior to the tracked tractor on the passability and strength of thrust, he had a number of significant advantages - above the speed of movement on the highway and the resource of the chassis, cheaper operation. The tests carried out allowed to identify the directions of further research. And the developer, and the customer wanted to see a more perfect car. According to the requirements of the military, its carrying capacity was to be at least 6 tons, the weight of the towed tool rose by half. Nevertheless, invaluable experience gained in designing, building and during the test of ZIL-E134 layout No. 1, gave confidence in the successful implementation of the new task at a high technical level.
ZIS-E134 layout number 2
In order to determine the parameters and structural solutions of the waterfowl on April 9, 1956, an experimental sample was built 8 × 8 ZIS-E134 layout №2. It was different from his predecessor with a displacement body, the absence of elastic wheel suspension (based on the experience of testing ZIS-E134 layout №1), the presence of a water supply (not immediately) with a swivel nozzle performing the functions of the water steering. The impeller of the water was borrowed from the PT-76 tank. According to the power plant, transmission, propulsion and control system new car No difference from the ZIS-E134 layout number 1.
MAZ-505.
MAZ-505 (1962) - an experienced all-wheel drive truck with an onboard platform created for the army. In mass production, this model did not go, most likely leaving another novelty of those years - GAZ-66.
ZIL-132R - SuperGruck for Agroprom
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The car, created under the leadership of the lead designer A. I. Filippov in the department of the chief designer ZIL, headed by V. A. Grachev, had a number of interesting features. The chassis had a uniform accommodation of three (2100 + 2100 mm) axes based on the database, force aggregate (Engine ZIL-130, forced to 165 hp) with a clutch and gearbox located between the first and second axes, and the fiberglass cabin with steel doors - in front of the engine. The transmission was performed according to the H-shaped diagram, that is, with the on-board distribution of the power flow so that the wheels of each side have a rigid (unadifferential) kinematic communication. Two-disc clutch was supplied with hydraulic drive, and a mechanical 5-speed gearbox - remote control. The cylindrical differential intercepted dispensing box was equipped with a locking mechanism. The gearbox was mounted for a power collection mechanism with hydraulic pump to drive a dump truck or equipment for applying fertilizers.
Changing the direction of movement was provided by turning the front and rear controlled wheels due to the hydraulic system without a rigid connection between the front and rear controlled axes. The tires 16.00-20 were installed on the car with a diameter of about 1400 mm, which in combination with independent suspension provided ground clearance From 480 to 590 mm, a centralized air pressure control system in tires and disc ventilated brakes with a double-circuit hydraulic conductor, which were placed not in the wheel hubs, but on the onboard gearboxes of the front and rear controlled wheels. Among the serial trucks ZIL-132 R at that time was not equal. Moreover, the car's passability indicators were so high that it competed freely, and in many cases and exceeded the caterpillar tractors used on the village.
But the car was built in a single copy.
ZIL-E167 - Snowmobile Hyperstability
ZIL-E167 (1963) is an experimental wheel all-terrain vehicle, designed for use in complete off-road conditions with an unfavorable climate situation. The machine was created using nodes and aggregates from almost the time the chassis "135l", the frame of which was additionally strengthened.
The superworthy movement was brought in two engines ZIL-375 to 118 hp Each power was passed on the side scheme. Places the motors behind, for better cooling, air intakes were provided on the bikes of the body. Huge wheels, trained in tires dimension 21.00-28 and diameter of 1790mm on unique fiberglass (!) Prefabricated disks with metal elements, weighed almost three times less than metal analogs. The road clearance of the machine with these wheels was 852 mm, the bottom was closed with steel sheets to protect the aggregates and better slip on the snow and dirt.
The driver's cabin and passengers was also made of fiberglass, longitudinal seats were installed in the cabin. Cabin, borrowed from ZIL-135L, and the salon was heated by independent heaters. Among other things, a winch with a traction force of 7 tons was installed on the car.
The suspension corresponded to 135l, drum brakes A hydropneumatic system was operated. During the test, the car showed itself perfectly, the maximum speed in the winter along the highway was 75 km / h, on snowy virgin 10 km / h. However, the route did not go into the series, since due to the complexity of the construct of the transmission inferior in terms of maintainability of the traccarticle tractor GT-1.
ZIL-49061
ZIL-49061 - a three-axis all-wheel drive floating vehicle on the basis of the Jil-4906 all-wheel drive. It is part of the search and rescue complex "Blue Bird".
On these amphibians installed ZIL-131 engines with mechanical transmissions; Applied independent suspension all wheels, two rowing screws; The front and rear wheels were made controlled, and the connection between those and others was provided by the hydraulic monitoring drive, due to which the rear wheel turn begins after turning the front to the angle more than 6 °. Very non-standard was the decision on brake mechanisms: They are disk, but not placed in wheels, but in the machine case.
Machines 490 successfully passed tests and serially produced for many years. These "blue birds" and today carry the service in the military-space. There are no replacements. Two cars of 4906 were sent to Germany during the flood covered in the summer of 2002, where they were very effectively used to evacuate residents from the areas of flooding. In Europe, there was nothing like that, which caused the Germans with the feeling of admiration and frank envy.
In addition, the complex "Blue Bird" was part ZIL-2906..
ZIL-2906 - a cunning snow-born snow-breeding ride, taken on the cargo ZIL-4906. After improving, the index 29061 was received.
The swamp is equipped with two rotary-piston engines of VAZ with the onboard transmission scheme, body and augers - from an aluminum alloy, a cabin - from fiberglass.
Such a unique complex possessing ZIL-29061, with almost one country in the world to this day, does not have any absolute crowd.
ZIL-4904.
The cunning snow-robbery all-terrain vehicle ZIL-4904 was built in 1972, is the largest in the world. Payload - 2.5 tons. However, he developed a very small speed - 10.1 km / h on the water, 7.3 km / h on the swamp, 4.45 km / h on Alloy, 10.5 km / h in the snow.
Light hollow or filled with a polymer (for example, foam) augers allow the car to sail on the water, crossing such gable places where any wheel and tracked technique is stuck or sink. However, since the augers are made of solid material, usually from non-ferrous metals, all-terrain vehicle all-terrain-rotary move is absolutely unsuitable for roads with solid coating. According to the asphalt, concrete and even the crushed such machine will have to carry on the tow truck.
VAZ-E2121 "Crocodile" - early prototype of legendary Niva
VAZ-E2121 "Crocodile" (1971) - Early prototype of experimental VAZ-2121, with a frame and open bodyDisconnected front and rear bridges. In the future, the design of the car was almost completely changed, two were released. experienced instance of this model.
AZLK-2150 - prototype off-road Muscovite
AZLK-2150 - Easy SUV from AZLK, created in the USSR in 1973, in the framework of the project to create a compact comfortable SUV. The aggregate part of the prototype was unified with the M-2140 model planned at that time to production. A total of two M-2150 prototypes with tarpaulin and tough riding were created.
The Moscow SUV turned out to be excellent on the concept of "Niva", more close to the "classic" SUVs - with a separate spar-frame, continuous bridges and rigid springs. In the competition of three plants (on AvtoVAZ - the future VAZ-2121 "Niva", and Izh-Masha - IZH-14) defeated AvtoVAZ, which was able to create the most comfortable and competitive on the world market, albeit less "off-road", design.
The M-2150 prototype became interested in the military department, formally from the Ministry of Defense received an order for the release of 60 thousand cars per year at the factory in the city of Kineshma, but did not come to production.
VAZ-E2122 - army SUV. from Tolyatti
VAZ-E2122 (1976) is the first version of an experienced, floating SUV, developed by the Orders of the USSR Ministry of Defense (initially the project was created on its own factory initiative). The car was designed with the use of nodes and aggregates of the Civil Car VAZ-2121 "Niva", which was preparing for production at the same time.
E2122 was different from the analogues primarily with an original design that did not give an amphibian in it, in small sizes and maneuverability (kinveyor radius of turn on water and land almost did not differ). The hermetic body allowed the car by rotating the wheels to move along the water at a speed of 4.5 km / h. 1.6 liter engine, permanent four-wheel drive, promoted good maneuverability of the car (on land and on water), which was completely not inferior to the "old man" UAZ-469. From the UAZ (for the purpose of unification), the prototype got a winch and a hitch, at the request of military bumpers were made as flat as possible, with lanterns recessed in them, so that you could push the car, the windshield and the side door frames were stuck. In addition, the "jeep" was equipped with two gas tanks, and the body design provided for the setting of the stretcher.
In the first version of the car, the awning did not have side windows, however, when testing it became clear that there were not enough visibility back and they were entered into the design. However, the tightness of the body badly influenced temperature mode The work of the "Nivov" aggregates, as a result of which they quickly faced, the light body did not withstand serious loads. But I liked the prototype to customers, it was decided to continue to work and construct the second version of the jeep.
VAZ-2E2122 - the second version of the floating jeep
VAZ-2E2122 (1977) - the second version of the floating SUV for the army, created on the basis of the prototype E2122. On this prototype, Vase designers tried to take into account all the wishes of the military department and get rid of the flaws of the first version: engine overheating and transmission, breakdowns in the graduation system, poor visibility, and also work out several other important moments, It seems to be launching at low temperatures.
UAZ-452K - three-axis loaf
UAZ-452K (1973) is an experimental sixteen-seater bus with a wheel formula 6x4. Based on this bus, the resuscitation cars "Medea" were developed for the needs of Georgian mountain sides. There was also an option with a wheel formula 6x6, later in Georgia, a small-sector pr-in reanomobiles from 1989 to 1994 was adjusted by about 50 pieces per year.
But this project was not buried - the car was produced from 1989 to 1994 by the cooperative "all-terrain vehicle" from the Georgian city of Bolnisi.
ZIL-4102 - the prototype of the last "membership"
ZIL-4102 is a perspective limousine, which was supposed to replace an outdated five-seater sedan ZIL-41041. In 1988, the sixth shop of ZIL made two prototypes of the car. The fundamental difference between the new model from others soviet limousines He consisted in the absence of a frame, in connection with this, ZIL designers had to do a great job on a decrease in the vibrations of the carrier body. The new sedan was half a meter longer than the "Volga", and weighed half a half than ZIL-41041. Roof and floor panels, trunk lid, hood and bumpers were made of fiberglass.
We are-0284 "debut" (1987)
The car is a concept car, as they wrote, "especially small class", built with the prospect of using some solutions for the CZ serial car.
The original body had good aerodynamics (the windshield coefficient of Cx - 0.23). Engines "Oki" (VAZ-1111 and VAZ-11113) were installed on the car, and at a later option with a somewhat modified finish ("debut-II") - MEMZ-245. Also planned car tests with VAZ-11113 engines with turbocharged and meme with a 16-valve block head. "Debut" was equipped with an electrovacuum clutch, cruise control system.
AZLK 2142 "Moskvich" - an experienced sedan
AZLK 2142 "Moskvich" (1990-96) is an experienced sedan created on the basis of AZLK-2141 and submitted to the general public in 1990. The car was completely tested and practically ready for production, it was planned to send the car to the conveyor in 1992, equipping it with a new engine Moskvich-414.
After the collapse of the USSR, the death of the then Gen.Director AZLK V.P. Kolomnikova, this plans were not destined to come true, but with various engines prototype was going for several more years. Moreover, in fact, who did not exist in the car later served as the base for the "Prince Vladimir" and "Ivan Kalita" and Ivan Kalita.
Project "Istra"
AZLK-2144, Istra - an experienced car AZLK plant, created in the mid-late 1980s. It was made in a single copy of about 1985-88, has never been serially produced.
Differed a number of unique solutions, including a duralumin body without a central rack; Two wide side doors opening up vertically up; diesel, rapid; Night vision device and indication of instrument readings on the windshield; unique automatic transmission.
"Istra" was in many ways ahead of his time. At the time, this car was much superior exceeded its predecessors.
The only sample previously stored in the AZLK Museum is now in the museum on the Rogozhska Val in Moscow.
UAZ-3170 SIBIR
In 1975, on the UAZ, with the main designer of Startsev, the development began, and in 1980 he saw the light layout of the "car general purpose of increased passability" of the UAZ-3170 "Simbir". The car had a road clearance 325 mm and a height of 1960 mm - both parameters differed from "469th" (215 and 2050 mm). The suspension was a dependent spring.
The lead designer of the topic "Gak" and the head of the test group was Alexander Sergeevich Shabanov. Military machine samples passed tests and project protection in MO in 1982-1983.
Subsequently, according to the results, the second version of the "Simita" was born - UAZ-3171 (1985-1987).
Aliabir 1990 Army
1990 Sixist Civil
Nami-LUAZ "Proto" - the ghost of the Russian court
We are Luaz Proto (1989) - a prototype created in the Leningrad separation by us in the framework of the competition announced by Maintoselchozmash, the team of designers and designers under the leadership of Gaginov. The body was a metal framework, which plastic panels were hung, which simplified the repair, the operational qualities of the car were improved.
As a power plant, a MEMZ-245 engine was used from Tavria, the transmission was developed almost anew: an unconnected cardan transmission, gearbox leading and connected front axle (without dispensing box). Transmission, Power Selection on Front Drive, Front main gear were collected in one block. Front suspension independent (Mac-Fersson), rear dependent (de Dion). The engine along with the front suspension and the radiator was mounted on a removable subframe, which facilitated the repair and assembly of the car.
The interior "Proto" is designed for four passengers, the seats were transformed, forming a single bed. The rear part of the roof was shot, the possibility of setting the awning.
In parallel with "Proto" on Luaz, within the framework of the competition, his version of the future car was developed, which had serious differences.
LUAZ 1301 (1984/88/94) is a prototype of a light SUV, which was supposed to replace the outdated model 969m on the conveyor. The first version of the car was constructed back in 1984 and was the same 969m with a new body. The 1988 prototype was distinguished by a frame-panel body (steel frame and plastic panels), pneumatic elements in an independent spring suspension, allowing to change ground clearance. As a power plant, an upgraded MEMZ-245 engine from "Tavria" was applied.
The drive of all wheels - permanent, in the transmission was blocked inter-seed differential. The roof and sidewalls were filmed, allowing you to easily turn the jeep into a pickup, the version was also planned and with a soft riding. Backdoor The cars were made of two sections - top and bottom, spare wheel And the toolkit was placed in niches under the front seats, thus fully freeing the luggage compartment.
But for incomprehensible reasons, no version of the car was chosen, and in a year it became quite not up to prototypes.
MAZ 2000 "Perestroika"
Capital name. Well, just dickly delivers.
MAZ 2000 "Perestroika" (1988) is a prototype of a trunk truck, which was distinguished by the original modular design: in the front, most of the aggregates were located in front of the engine, gearbox, drive axle and steering. If necessary, any of the "passive" carts was replaced by a similar set of aggregates, allowing you to build a road train of any length and carrying capacity.
It was the first Soviet car designed specifically for truckers. In the fall of 1988, this design was very high in the Paris Motor Show, but did not hit the production prototype, for obvious reasons.
Not that country was named Honduras.
Of course, this is not the entire list. There was another mass of interesting projects that remained in single copies. And even in the form of drawings.
Why were these projects were not implemented? That is, reasons. The Soviet system again was imperfect, it often gave birth to brilliant projects and revolutionary ideas, but immediately killed them.
What happened in our time with many of these exhibits?
Homemade cars
Why not? If you have a technical education, cooks the bowler, and the claws grow not from the ass - so why not build your own car?
In the USSR it was quite possible.
In the 1960s, the well-known magazine "Technique-Youth" was headed by the movement of amateur automotors in the USSR. For 20 years on the pages of the magazine, on the TV screens, during many road runs around the country, the eyes of millions of readers and viewers appeared dozens Homemade cars. The moment in the promotion of amateur automotors in the 80s made the transfer "This you can" (computer), which enjoyed nationwide attention. For each transmission, a long time for 45 minutes, television received up to half a million letters (!!!).
Of all the projects of this pore, I selected the most interesting.
Pangolina
Like the first products of Ford and Benz, the legend of the Soviet author's automotive industry - Pangolina, was designed and built with almost one person. Alexander Kulagin. Unlike funny "shelters" or "ant", Pangolina Kulygin was a full-fledged car created by an experienced and talented designer.
The main structural material of the body was steloplastic. The work on the creation of the Pangoline body began with the formation of a master model - plywood base for fiberglass. Basic operations were conducted in Moscow. After the departure of Kulygin to Ukhta, the master model was destroyed. The process of adaptation of the body under the chassis of a vase penny took place in the city of Ukhta. The engine used the original motor from the VAZ 2101 - a forced alternative to the planned opposite engine, which did not appear in the final version of Pangolines.
The experts argued that Sportor Lamborghini Countach was an inspirer. The body shape and the original execution of the opening-closing mechanism of the door - realized in the form of a moving cap, which is realized in the form of a moving cap, exciting part of the roof. A periscopic prism was used as a mirror of the rear view.
Our Internet Edition invites you to see the collection of photos of rare. We are confident, many of you are not familiar with some cars, whose photos, we found for you. Worldwide, our auto industry is a riddle. Maybe that is why many automotive plants trying to stand out on the world arena in the USSR, they created such.
Plant AZLK (currently closed). In Soviet years, cars Moskvich were a dream for many.
Model 1964 Moskvich 408 tourist. Maximum speed 130 km / h. Astonishing rare car In the body of a convertible. Unfortunately, at that time, the country's leadership decided that this model was too luxurious and did not correspond to the spirit of the Soviet proletariat.
The idea to make a Soviet convertible has passed into goods for children. It was possible to buy in many children's worlds of the USSR. Children's car was equipped with pedals from which children's transport He was driven. The dream of many boys and girls of the Soviet era.
AZLK 2139 Arbat (prototype 1987)
This should be a new revolution on the Russian car market in the 1990s. Unfortunately, with the collapse of the USSR, the project of this car was postponed on the shelf.
Alsoin the Soviet years, the prototype of the sport version was developed(Moskvich 2141 CR) with a capacity of 175 hp Maximum speed 200 km / h. But this project was also not implemented from events in the country in the early 90s.
At the same time, the AZLK plant tried to bring a luxury car to the USSR market, such plants like Gorky (gas) and Volzhsky (VAZ) developed a car amphibian.
AZ 2122 River . This car was developed in the late 70s early 80s commissioned by the USSR Ministry of Defense. This one could move around the water at speeds of up to 5 km / h. Unfortunately, for unknown reasons after successful tests, this project was closed.
UAZ 3907 Jaguar . The same fate waited for the car amphibian of the Gorky Automobile Plant. This machine was developed in the late 70s, which could move along the water using rowing screws. The car has accounted for up to 7 people with full equipment. This vehicle has demonstrated amazing characteristics of operation (the car could be used at temperatures from -47 to + 45 degrees Celsius). The project was also closed due to hyperinflation in the country, which was associated with the collapse of the USSR.
UAZ 3907 Jaguar was not single carwhich plant has tried to make gas for movement on water. In the mid-70s experimental Volga GAZ-24-95 which could also move around the water.
Volzhsky Automotive Plant (VAZ)i made attempts to produce your own sports cars. But, however, in partnership.
So in 1978 in Vilnius (Lithuania), VFTS produced a model Lada Samara Eva . The car was based on VAZ-2108. It was a sports car with rear wheel drive Power 300 hp
Also in Soviet years there was another modification of the Lada - Lada Samara. T3. . In fact, nothing Soviet in this car was not. The car was equipped with components from Porsche, the car was going to the French company. The car participated in various European Championships in the 1990-1991 season. Also, the car was a member of Rally Paris-Dakar in 1990.
Surprisingly, in the USSR, sports cars were also developed at the beginning of the 30s of the last century. On the basis of the ZIL plant (in the 30s of the ZIS), the development of sports vehicles was carried out. But the leadership of the country believed that cars should only serve as a civil servant, therefore, promising projects were not embodied.
The most famous sports car of Soviet times is the legendary ZIL 112-Swhich was released in 1961. The power of the machine was 240 hp Maximum speed - 240 km / h. Externally, the car resembled Ferrari Testarossa of that time. For production sports car The components of the model were used GAZ-21. .
By the way, the first in the history of KAMAZ was actually first developed and produced at the ZIL plant at the end of 1975. The model was called ZIL-175. Later, the model changed the name of the brand. Subsequently, KAMAZ cars more than once became the winners of the Paris-Dakar racing.
On the photo on the left you can see an experienced car sample M3MA 444 Moskvich 1957, which later became ZAZ-965. (Zaporozhets). In the photo of the car Zaporizhia Plant. 1960.
Cookt-car of the Russian SUV Lada Niva E2121 crocodile .
On the basis of this prototype, later in 1979, the first serial SUV 2121 was descended from the conveyor.
Prototype ZAZ 966 (Zaporozhets) . The machine was equipped with a front-wheel drive. Pay attention to the hood and wheels that resemble VAZ-2101.. Unfortunately, the ZAZ-966 model did not go into mass production in this form. As a result, the model "966" went on sale with rear-wheel drive and with a completely different appearance.
We tried to return many of you into the past, and you show more young people to show a small part of the history of the USSR automotive industry. We will try to periodically lay out similar collections about Soviet epoch Mechanical engineering. If you have some interesting photos with old Soviet cars in family archives, then send us, and we will definitely include them in our future collections.
In the early years after the revolution, the Soviet leadership encountered a number of serious problems, and especially the USSR lagged behind the developed countries of the West in the technological plan. One of the most important problems for the country's economy was a meager car park. Even the little Finland possessed a large number of cars at the beginning of the 20s, and it is not necessary to mention America or Germany at all. The problem of the backlog was solved as much as possible and already at the end of the 30s on the release of the USSR cars came out to one of the first places in the world.
Prombrograph C24 / 45
The first attempt to launch serial car production was taken back in 1921 at the plant 1st BTAZ in filia, he was the former Rousse-Balt, which was evacuated in 1916 from Riga, and in 1918 was nationalized. The power of the plant was idle 3 years, in the 21st year they began to repair here old technique And in parallel to make kits for new cars for old drawings. Five cars were collected next year, and the first car was presented by M.I. Kalinin, who traveled on it until 1945. In 1923, the All-Union Automobile Mileage was held, in which two cars prompted the Prombrograph C24 / 45, 38 kits for new cars were created and the launch of small-scale production was preparing. However, it did not work out to expand the release of cars, since the plant was reoriented to the release of aircraft. All available kits were transferred to the second plant Btaz and 22 cars were collected there, but also the plant was reprocessed and the release of passenger cars had to be postponed indefinitely.
AMO F-15
The first truly serial Soviet car was the cargo AMO F-15. He was produced at the IMO Pietro Ferrero (Automotive Moscow Society), the future of Zile. The development of a truck was carried out on the basis of Italian Fiat 15 Ter, the assembly of which from the finished kits was carried out from 1917 to 1919. In 1924, most drawings were obtained, as well as at the factory there were two finished Fiat trucks. The first 10 cars were collected from the finished sets of parts in just 6 days and was dedicated this event was to the proletarian demonstration on November 7. Immediately after that, the machines of AMO F-15 went to the test, during which high quality cars were confirmed and it was decided to establish a serial release on AMO capacities. In 1925, only 113 cars were collected at the factory, but every year the production increased and 7,000 copies were collected by all of the year. In 1931, new models of AMO-2 and AMO-3 came to replace it, and in 1933 the legendary ZIS-5 began to be produced.
AMO F-15 possessed pretty good technical characteristics For its time and for the emerging Soviet industry, the release of such cars was very important. His dimensions were not much more modern passenger cars. The length is only 5 meters, and the width is 1.7 m. The carrying capacity was only 1500kg, and the maximum speed did not exceed 42 km / h. Engine power was 35 hp at 1400 rpm
Nami-1.
It is us - 1 that can be called the first Soviet passenger serial car. Its development was not targeted, but was a draft student of the Moscow Mechanical and Electrical Institute of K.A. Sharapova who tried to connect the simplicity of motorcycle and capacity of the car in one product. His supervisor E.A. Chudakov appreciated the ideas of a young engineer and after passing the graduation project on his recommendation Sharapova, they were working in us, where, under the direction of Professor Brillling, a team was created to improve the project. The full set of drawings was made already in 1926 and the car was ready for the first pre-seventive parties. In 1927, two copies were released in different bodies, which went to the Rublegage of Crimea Moscow-Crimea and showed themselves from the best side.
However, problems arose with the launch of the series. At the Moscow State Automobile Plant No. 4 "AvtoTor" (subsequently "Spartak") simply lacked sufficient experience to establish mass production, as well as there were constant interruptions with the supply of components. The final assembly took place at the Spartak plant, and almost all the details were ordered at other enterprises or abroad. Also, workers lacked qualifications for high-quality assembly of machines, which subsequently affected the quality and ultimate price. We - 1 cost almost three times more expensive then in the USSR under the Ford-T license, and it was simply not bought even in conditions of deficit. According to various sources, everything was released from 350 to 512 cars, most of which bought autodor and distributed for government agencies.
However, despite the mediocre quality, Nami-1 had good characteristics. He could accelerate up to 90 km / h, his three-liter 22-strong engine consumed only 8-10 liters of fuel per 100 km, which was an excellent indicator for that time. Subsequently, at the beginning of the 30s, a strongly improved version of the car was created, but it did not go to the series, because in Nizhny Novgorod A new plant with design capacity is preparing for tens times more than the possibility of "Spartak", and its main model should be made under Fords licenses.
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GAZ-A and GAZ-AA
Soviet leadership understood the serious lag of the USSR in the automotive industry and anyone used for accelerated development available methods. One of the most successful steps was the signing on May 1, 1929 with Ford Agreement on the organization and establishing mass production of passenger and trucks. The plant was built in a record time and already January 1, 1932 it was discovered, and on its first launched conveyor under the license was established the release of the Ford-A truck and the Ford-AA truck. These two models have become truly the first mass cars In the USSR, and the receipt of all documentation for the manufacture has made it possible to begin the development of Soviet cars, modern and not inferior to foreign analogues. On the basis of the model A, a large number of modifications were created, and already in 1936 Gorky factory The main model was GAZ-M1. In total, 42 thousand machines of this model were built, not counting various modifications.
Together with the documentation for the Ford-A model, the Soviet Union was transferred to the cargo Ford-AA documentation, which was as unified in detail with the passenger car. The release of a 1.5 ton truck also began in 1932, in 1933 the first serial was created at its base. soviet bus GAZ-03-30. In 1938, the model received a new 50-strong engine and was produced in this form until 1949 and the total of 985 thousand of these trucks were issued. various modifications.
ZIS-5.
By 1930, a lot was produced in the USSR different carsHowever, lacked the most important thing. In all the factories, a manual assembly was followed, which naturally affected the price and on the number of products. The creation of the first five-year plan was laid in the creation of several automotive plants with a conveyor and the first was launched in 1931 at the IMO factory, and later renamed ZIS (Stalin's plant). At that time, not very successful models of AMO-2 and AMO-3 were produced, but by 1933 the models were fully refined and the new ZIS-5 went to mass production. On the full power The plant came out by 1934, when up to 1500 cars were produced monthly. But the main advantage of the new car was the fact that all the details were domestic production And it was not necessary to pay for licenses and assistance from foreign specialists.
The technical characteristics of the car also looked very worthy for their time. ZIS-5 was equipped with a 5.5 liter engine, which possessed with a capacity of 73 hp The carrying capacity was 3000 kg, while it could also be equipped with a trailer with a weight of up to 3,500 kg. The maximum speed is 60 km / h. The design was so successful that in various modifications was produced up to 1958, and 570 thousand copies were released.
I-5.
The leadership of the Soviet Union perfectly understood that if not producing the entire line of automotive products, it would have to buy abroad and depend on Western states. If there were fewer problems with light and middle trucks, then heavy trucks in the Union were not released by the 30s, and they were very necessary for the large-scale buildings of the first five years. The first heavy truck in the USSR can be called I-5, which was capable of transporting up to 5 tons. However, only 2200 pieces were released, since the American engines were installed on it, which had to be abandoned. Later began to install engines from ZIS-5, however, they did not give the necessary power and in favor of traction characteristics had to reduce maximum speed. On the basis of I-5, several models were created, including the most load-lifting, eightitonechnik Yag-12.
If in the mid-20s about the Soviet automotive industry we can say that it practically did not exist, then only a few giant plants were launched at all 10 years, which allowed us to become USSR with one of the leaders in the industry in the number of cars produced, and to 40- mu and managed to catch up in the quality, and new zis, gases, Yaroslavl cars were not a little worse foreign analogsAnd all the needs of the country were fully secured. During the first five-year plan, new Kim and Gas factories were built, and serious funds were invested in the modernization of such enterprises as an AMO (ZIS), Putilovsky plant, Yagaz and other smaller factories. According to the release of the USSR trucks and at all came to second place, yielding only the United States in this indicator. By 1941, 1 million cars were reached for all time different marksAnd in 1940 145 thousand different cars were released.
For a fairly long period of time, in our state there were two all known problems. One is associated with a certain category of compatriots, the other - with the ways for which our citizens are forced to move. But at the beginning of the last century, the third trouble was formed - the sphere of industrial production, which manufactures passenger cars.
Surprisingly, but in a country that can be proud of the production of a magnificent agricultural and military equipment, powerful trucks, space missiles, ships, airplanes and helicopters, still can not create one, really high-quality and interesting passenger vehicle on which they can see foreign citizens And immediately say - yes, this is really the best car I have ever seen.
Several possible causes of domestic failures in the field of passenger cars
The automotive industry of our country originated during the existence of the USSR. At that time, any production was designed to satisfy the needs of the whole society, and not the desires of one, separately taken. This confirms many famous slogan:
The car is not a luxury, but a means of movement.
The essence of this saying, some citizens are not entirely interpreted. They believe that in this slogan is the message - make a car accessible to every citizen of our country. On the one hand, this is true. On the other hand, the goal was to create vehicles. That is, purely functional systems capable of accelerating the process of moving a certain number of people from one point to another. Everything! About any exterior beauty, aesthetics and comfort of speech was not conducted!
That is, the state considered that they produced them absolutely not necessarily to be beautiful and most convenient for a simple consumer. This is the first factor that led to the stagnation of the industry, which could not achieve his heyday.
The second factor is the lack of competition. There were no foreign models in the country - they could be counted in large settlements literally on the fingers of two hands. The consumer took only what was offered to him in stores. There was not even the possibility of choosing among domestic options. If there is in the presence of Zhiguli - take Zhiguli, offered Zaporozhets - you have to take, otherwise it will not be!
Last factor - a small amount of models produced for enough large state, some of which were manufactured as special needs, that is, it was almost impossible to acquire them.
In the aggregate, this led to the fact that the leadership of this industry did not see the reasons to overturn, constantly improving and improving its products.
It would seem that the situation was supposed to change after the collapse of the Soviet Union, as the automakers appeared the opportunity to conduct a competitive struggle with other companies. But part of the domestic producers of passenger vehicles could not offer to the buyer something that would be better than foreign counterparts, flowing to Russia.
Today, the lion's share of the production of passenger cars is accounted for by AvtoVAZ. But even the permanent inflation of state money and the invitation to prestigious posts of famous foreign specialists could not change the situation. Many people associated their reliable with the concept of X-ray, proposed by Bu Anderssen. And the prerequisites for this were, especially after the concepts of concepts. But the first serial cars of this generation descended the dreamers from the sky to the Earth - the miracle did not happen.
Therefore, many prefer to nostalgic, remembering the best cars of the USSR, some of which really deserves separate attention, especially if we consider that people have no choice, and they could only appreciate what was in stock.
10 best cars of the USSR
Today, people who carefully follow the rapid development, notes with some evidence that the cunning Chinese often do not soar and tritely copy some more famous automotive brands. It is worth noting that the Soviet production of passenger cars worked on the same principle - almost every domestic model had its own analogue abroad.
Naturally, the usual Soviet consumer was little worried. He was proud of his country and domestic cargo production, in which there were sometimes really interesting specimens:
One of the most interesting cars produced by domestic auto industry. This model Produced from the 50th to the 60th year of the last century at the Gorky Automobile Plant. It turned out indeed, a very beautiful car, which, besides, was able to easily carry at the same time up to 6-7 passengers - such a huge salon in it. Today it is an exclusive retro, which can be found only from rich collectors of the Soviet and world classics of automotive.
The model was made from 1956 to 1972. Unlike previous modelThis option was accessible to the usual consumer. The car could boast popular at the time by the design, the foundations of which were used almost in the entire world automotive industry. It is not surprising that this model was at one time, caused some interest and abroad.
Years of release: from 1962 to 1992. The model was practically not available to conventional citizens, since most of the products were made for special orders. Officials, taxi drivers, law enforcement officers traveled on Volga.
In the people, this small machine received the nickname "humpbat". Although the model initially was developed by Moscow specialists at the ISP, it was later decided to begin production of this brand in Ukraine, in Zaporizhia. Due to this, two republics were in the USSR, in which passenger vehicles were manufactured - RSFSR and the USSR. The car was produced from the 1960s to 1969.
The more famous name is Zaporozhets. The release was adjusted in Ukraine in 1966-1974. main feature this model - the engine was not under the hood, but in a place traditionally used as luggage compartment On other automotive stamps.
Informal name - "Kopeika". The fruit of cooperation between the Italian company Fiat and the domestic automaker from Tolyatti. Actually full copy of Fiat 124th model. The domestic analogue was produced from 1970 to 1988. The feature of the model is the presence of rear drive.
One of the most popular car models in the USSR. Production was established from 1967 to 1976 on the Moscow Auto Plant. By the way, this car specially sent to France, where the model successfully passed the crash tests, which allowed it to fully comply with the international standards established at that time.
In fact, this car committed a small revolution in the production of passenger vehicles in the USSR. The eight received an innovative design that struck our compatriots. Aerodynamics of the body were significantly improved, compared with other soviet machines that time. In addition, the eight had excellent efficiency - only 5.4 liters of gasoline per hundred kilometers. Produced from 1984 to 2003.
In fact, the first domestic SUV, skillfully copied with the American Military Machine Jeep Willys, which also used two other famous world manufacturers - Toyota and Land Rover in developing their own options. The domestic analogue enjoyed good popularity not only within the USSR - Romanian manufacturers even turned to the Soviet leadership so that it allowed the basis of GAZ-69 to create its own national car. The model was produced from 53rd to 72nd.
One of the few Soviet cars, which has used their stable popularity abroad. The newest generations of this automotive brand and today represent the domestic industry in some European and Asian countries. By the way, the representative of the domestic auto industry used two famous foreign companies to release their own options - Suzuki Jimny. and.
The 10 best cars of the USSR are assembled on the list based on their popularity level at a certain period of time. Of course, other automotive stamps were also produced in the Soviet Union, which also enjoyed demand among the consumer. But it was these options that once deserved nationwide love and caused a certain development of the domestic automotive industry.
You can scold a Soviet car industry for the fact that the same cars were produced by decades, but there are no guilt of designers in this. They constantly fondanied ideas and were not afraid of internal competition. Remember unusual modifications Well-known models that did not give green light.
~ 1936 ~
Create a car of incredible passability, successfully pass with him all government tests, wait for the adoption of the model for weapons, and then ... to cancel all these decisions. This is madness? This is gas!
All my life, one of the greatest automotive designers Vitaly Andreevich Grachev devoted to the creation of a car of absolute passability. First on Gaza, then at Zile. One of the stages of this path and became experimental GAZ-21. Six wheels, four of which were leading, additional wheels on the bottom, helped rolling through irregularities, spare wheels, allowed to move from vertical walls, whether it is necessary to say that the "twenty-first" struck the imagination with his passability? The military was shoved, because they needed such a car. But Grachev has already created the all-wheel drive four-wheeled "EMCU", the passability of which was even higher: it was she who went to the army.
The rear trolley was accomplished by Gaz-aaa. Subsequently, domestic cardan hinge replaced imported.
The GAZ-21 chassis should have become the basis for the BA-21 armored personnel. He, like a pickup, was made in a single instance. The army had to start the war on the BA-20, built on the chassis of the usual Emki.
From this plan, small additional wheels on the bottom and spare tracks are perfectly visible. rear dimming Machines and magnifying geometric permeability.
Despite the magnificent "geometry", large corners of the crossing of the wheels and the traveler motor, another pair of leading wheels still lacked. At a truly complex soil had to wear on the driving axis of the chain.
On the basis of GAZ-21, a GAZ-25 sedan was built, which had seven seats: five in the cabin and two more on the folding place. Given that the number of the wheels increased, the stock also became more - two.
AZ-12A Faeton
~ 1949 ~
As you already understood, we love winters. Because it is big, beautiful and innovative. But before the conveyor, alas, did not react the most beautiful version GAZ-12 - PAETON. Let his massive top needed to be raised manually, let the roof bearing the carrying body crackled along the seams, and the power of the 90-strong motor was desperately lacked the sulking machine. But Faeton was damn attractive!
Open cars were demonstrated by Stalin along with closed and received the approval of the leader. But the tests that took place in Moscow, and in the Crimea, were where the merciless of Joseph Vissarionovich - did not go to the series.
Open winters was the most real phaeton without side windows. At this photo, celluloids are excellent visible.
Already during the tests, the side windows were made glass, but they still had to be installed separately. Thanks to the hard frame of the roof, the silhouette of the machines with a soft and hard ride almost did not differ.
During the tests in Crimea, Phaeton came to Artek. Entorary of pioneers was not limit!
Fortunately, one of the two prototypes reached the present day. Interestingly, over time, the number of phaetons even increased: in the regions in the field cars, the winters were redoned.
GAZ-12V and GAZ-12G "Seagull"
~ 1956 ~
No, we did not make a mistake of the digit when the model name was printed. Just in the 1950s in Gorky created new models as quickly as in Detroit. In the Soviet automotive industry, it was not accepted to spray resources: you or busy improving the existing model, or you work on promising. But tireless "Gas Suppose" did not know about it.
It does not matter that in 1956, the work was boiling on GAZ-13, and in 1957 the first rolling prototypes were built. Engineers have also developed a version of restyling winter! Updated sedan Got up to 110 forces engine, other design of the front and rear, new rear wings, automatic transmission from promising at that time "Volga" and the new name "Seagull". However, the ministry did not understand why one country at one plant is two cars of the same class. As a result, only a new name went to the series, but the project of a six-cylinder sedan to the stage below the GAZ-13 will return to the bitter.
The name "Seagull" car received for a characteristic overlay on the grille grille. This is the only element of the prototype design that has come down to the serial gas-13.
In the mid-1950s, in the last fashion, the bitter was actively experimented with a two-color color. Alas, the black color of the representatives of the representative class, as well as now, the revision was not subjected.
~ 1958 ~
At the rotational capitalist West, after the Sedanom of the Class Class Sedan, the coupe and convertible would be replenished, but the Soviet factories are known to be their own pride. Therefore, the next modification of "Volga" was a van.
However, the "21st" was difficult to spoil something, so the van looked great. Two-color painting, chrome, deer on the hood, - such and as personal transport is not a sin to use! As it often happens interesting car So remained only the project. In many ways, because it was built not on gas itself, but at the Gorky bus factory. Meanwhile, the demand for similar cars was. No wonder, many motor vehicles during the overhaul reworked GAZ 21 and GAZ-22 in vans and even pickups. It turned out this, however, not so elegant.
Work on the van was carried out simultaneously with the wagon and sanitary carBut the van was ready for half two years earlier.
Car carrying capacity amounted to 500 kilograms. To create a smooth cargo platform, the reserve moved underground, and the tank is in the middle of the bottom.
~ 1964 ~
Why in our reviews there are no "shishig"? Because in Gorky built a truck that was still cooler!
Since the 1930s, ZIS responded for heavy trucks, and gas was engaged in the steps below. That's just not going to put up in Gorky with this, so as soon as the directive was launched on the creation of a three-axis all-wheel drive truck New generation, built their own version. And do not care that such cars have already developed ZIL (model 131) and "Ural" (375). A truck from the banks of the Volga received the name GAZ-34 and was generally based on the units "Shishigi".
With the same carrying capacity that Zila, the "thirty-fourth" was 1.3 tons easier, half the meter in short, possessed a greater freight platform and consumed less fuel. But in 1967, at Zile, they finally launched a mass production of his all-terrain truck, and since the competition in the USSR could only be in the case of the patronage from someone from the ministers, then GAZ-34 did not hit the conveyor. Although it was recommended by the military to adopt.
As you can see, even for military trucks "Gasovsy" chose cheerful colors.
"Thirty-four" borrowed a gearbox along with the clutch at ZIL-131, and the rear bridges together with the suspension - at ZIL-157.
During the tests, five GAZ-34 passed the route from Moscow to Ashgabat and Ukhta, they drove soldiers (27 people could accommodate in the body), towed 122-millimeters, trailers, and even a plane.
~ 1965 ~
Okoy 408th "Moskvich" you definitely have not seen! However, it is not quite "Moskvich". In 1965, with active lobbying by the future Minister of Defense of Dmitry Ustinova, at the beginning of the 60s supervised everything national economyThe construction began in Izhevsk car factory. Moreover, the original car did not have: instead, it was planned to establish the production of the newest Moskvich-408.
However, the team of designers of the young enterprise is such a development of events not quite satisfied. Instead of leaving the Moscow baggage, in Udmurtia developed their own car, which received the name of winter-1. The compact coupe obtained a frame structure and body panelsmanufactured by bending and rolled products. From the 408th, only the engine, doors, hood and glass remained.
Soon the first prototype followed and the second - four-door sedan received a different grille of the radiator and the name of winter-2. But no arguments were able to translate outdated design, so the industry's leadership ordered Izhevsk, not to engage in nonsense, but to work on the development of the Moscow sedan.
The creators of the car claimed that winter was an abbreviation, which decoded as the "plant of Izhevsk major cars."
Winter-2 was a more familiar sedan. Please note what kind of winter light shoes have one of the women. Udmurt ladies are so harsh ...
Over time, Zima-1 has undergone a small restyling - the radiator grille has changed. Interestingly, she still remained original, and was not unified with the sedan.
The fate of both machines is unknown. Some time ago, at one of the exhibitions, a strongly "cracked" sedan appeared, which the owner gave out for Zima-2, but the plausibility of these statements raises questions.
~ 1973 ~
"Director Volga" GAZ-3102 Long 26 years old was the most steep Soviet car, which could buy an ordinary person. Meanwhile, only a small part of the design ideas reached the conveyor. V6 engines, automatic transmission, spring back and cordless front suspension, new front panel - all this on serial 3102 buyers did not see.
The fuel crisis of the 1970s, stagnation in the Soviet economy, the rejection of the production of Muscovites of the 3-5 series, with which the new Volga had to divide the automatic transmission, and, the main thing, the priority financing of the VAZ to the detriment of other plants forced Gorky engineers noticeably simplify the original project. As a result, GAZ-3102 received only a forced version of the old motor, disc brakes Front I. new design Interior and exterior. And again, AvtoVAZ is to blame ...
In 1967, the creation of 3101 was planned in Gorky in a completely new body, but the starting slowdown in the economy made them work on a new generation machine in the Body of GAZ-24.
Because of the tremendous costs that the new plant in Tolyatti demanded, gas was funded by the residual principle. "Gasztsov" had to carry the machine ready for production in all sorts of exhibitions in the hope of convincing the highest leadership. As a result, the money was allocated only to highly simplified GAZ-3102.
In the interior 3101, much more sport than in 3102. The front panel and the central console form a certain semblance of a cockpit around the driver. Pay attention to the ACAP selector on the central tunnel.
~ 1974 ~
The legend states that thanks for the birth of a all-wheel drive "twenty-fourth" we must personally, Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev. In reality, the reason is confused with a consequence. Experiments with the creation of passenger elevated passability were carried out in the bitter since the 1930s, but the serial was only the all-wheel drive "victory" of GAZ-M72.
The creative search did not bypass the second generation and "Volga". The recipe for cooking did not change: the body and the engine "Volga" "got married" with the elements of the IAZ-469 chassis. Five cars were built, one of which was presented to Brezhnev. Another car left at the factory for the needs of the company's director. These cars have lived to this day. The rest of the cars disassembled the Ministry of Defense and the Gorky Cours of the Party. And we disassembled, it seems, not figuratively - the trace of these machines is lost.
Despite the seemingly good prospects, production 24-95 never started. Obviously, stagnation, like devastation, arises in the heads, because in the 1950s, the factory began to establish production new modification did not have to.
That is the "Volga" Brezhnev. From other cars it is distinguished green color Body and green seat upholstery. It turned out very stylish. Now the car is located in the museum on the Rogozhskaya Shaft, which we have already mentioned more than once - there is probably the best collection of Soviet cars in Moscow.
GAZ-24-95 is a complete "Volga", and not metis with a "goat". From the latter only bridges, spring suspension and disposal box, and "self-blocks" swallowed with GAZ-41, better known as BRDM-2.
The glued "Volga" may not be too elegant, but for such a passability it was easily forgiven.
The Machine of the Secretary General served in the hunt in Zavidovo, but Leonid Ilyich did not like GAZ-24-95 - due to small windows. A large open window "Kozlika" was convenient to use as a support for shooting, but in the "Volga" it did not work.
VAZ-2103 Porsche
~ 1976~
In Zuffenhausen, long before the development of the G8, they looked at the Soviet car industry as a source of orders. It has not been three years since the beginning of the production of VAZ-2103, as the Porsche commissioned by the Soviet company "Vyshnunik" has already developed a project restyling of the most sporting "Lada". From the car removed all chromium, and steel bumpers were replaced by plastic, painted in the body color.
The project was rejected by Togliatti constructions
