Daily service.
Check the oil level in the hydromechanical transmission. Check when moving from place and in motion the work of the clutch, gearbox, cardan and main gearboxes. Make sure there is no leakage of oil from the cards of aggregates.
First maintenance.
Check the clutch crankcase mounting to the cylinder block, the state of the detentious and auxiliary grip springs, the fluid level in the main cylinder, the free and complete stroke of the clutch pedal, the fastening of the mechanical or hydromechanical box. Through one thing-1, check the correctness of the automatic gear shift modes, the starter lock operation, the automatic neutral switch and tighten all terminal connections of the Liaz-677 hydromechanical box. Check and tighten loosen bolts for fastening the support plates of needle bearings, flanges cardan shafts And intermediate supports: check the condition of the cardanov.
Check the fastening of the cover and crankcase gearbox and the absence of leakage on the connectors and connections; Lubricate the transmission switching roller and the clutch pedal roller with solidol (by bus LAZ-695).
Lubricate intermediate supports of cardan shafts with lubrication; Needle bearings of cardan hinges - oil TAP-15 or TAP-10; Bearings of the front support of the hydromechanical transmission -mad.
Check the oil level in the rear axle and the wheel transmission crankcase and, if necessary, to add oil PP-14, DP-11, or all-season TAP-15, and in the rear axle Carter PAZ-672 pour TC-14.5 oil with an additive chlorinef-40.
Second maintenance.
Check the condition and fastening of the clutch shutdown lever, fastening the clutch hydraulic cylinder, the clutch shutdown bearing status and the gap between the bearing and the clutch shutdown levers.
Check the condition and fastening of the gearbox caps, the gear shift lever bracket and the remote gear shift drive (on the LAZ-695N bus).
Check the adjustment of the mechanism of control of peripheral spools and the mounting of the bearings. Once a year, check the health of the temperature control lamp sensor in the automatic transmission system and the operation of electromagnets. After 15 thousand km of mileage, change the oil in the automatic transmission. Through one thing-2 check the tightening nuts flange of the leading conical gear the main transfer. Once a year, check the tightening of the nuts of the crown gears of side gearboxes, tightening the bolts of the fastening of the differential cups, the engagement of the gear gears.
Adjusting the free stroke of the LAZ-695N bus clutch pedal and Ikarus-260. The free move of the clutch pedal LAZ-695N buses and LAZ-695M fold from two gaps. The first clearance between the pusher and the piston of the main cylinder, equal to 0.5 mm, which corresponds to the free move of the pedal 6-12 mm, and the second gap between the bearing of the coupling and the extruded levers, which should be 3-4 mm, which corresponds to the free move of the pedal 35- 40 mm.
To adjust the first gap, you need to remove the exhaust spring, disconnect the shield from the pedal lever, unscrew the lock nut while holding the rod key from turning, and, turning the fork of the rod, install the free move of the pedal 10 mm until the stock stops in the piston of the main cylinder, tighten the lock nut and collect the entire node .
When operating the bus, the first clearance practically does not change, it is adjusted only when the parts is replaced. The clearance between the clutch bearing and the clutch shutdown levers is reduced by the wear of the friction linings, which leads to a clutch slip. To adjust the second, the gap is necessary: \u200b\u200bremove the clutch crankcase; disconnect the rod and the exhaust spring from the lever; Unscrew the locknut, holding the rod nut of the rod with a wrench (which when adjusting should be inserted into the cylinder until it stops); Changing the length of the rod to adjust the gap between the clutch bearing. Shutdown and extrusion levers, which should be 3-4 mm. After that, collect the whole knot. In the same way regulate the free move of the clutch pedal of the Ikarue-260 bus. The magnitude of the gap between the pusher of the working cylinder with the removed stretch spring should be 4-5 mm, and the free passage of the pedal 20-25 mm on the PAZ-672 bus is 25-30 mm.
On the Ikarus-260 bus, in addition to adjusting the free move of the clutch pedal, the position of the pedal is adjusted using an adjusting bolt of the preliminary compression bolt of the servo-free. Adjusting the position of the pedal is adjusted in such a way that the distance between the continuation of the bolt axis and the center of the pin shaft axis of the main cylinder was 5-1 mm. The preliminary tension of the servo is regulated by a bolt in such a way that when switching the supporting finger of the pedal lever through a dead turn point, the servo-suite did not close.
Removing air from hydraulic clutch of LAZ-695 buses, Paz-672 and Ikarus -260. The presence of air in the hydraulic drive of the clutch leads to incomplete clutch shutdown. To remove air from the hypreen of the clutch, you must: Fill the main cylinder tank in the brake fluid to a level of 10-15 mm below the top edge of the tank; Remove the shield cap from the head of the operating cylinder overlap valve and put on the head the rubber hose; Immerse the free end of the hose in the brake fluid, poured into a glass half-liter jar filled with half; Create pressure in the system dramatically by pressing 4-5 times with an interval of 1-2 s per clutch pedal; Holding the pedal is pressed, unscrewed onto ½-¾ turnover of the operating cylinder valve. Liquid with air bubbles will go out into the vessel; Upon termination of the outlet of air bubbles (there will be a clean transparent liquid to wrap the overhead valve thread fluid level up to the norm, remove the hose and put on the cap.
In the same way, air is removed from the hypreen of the clutch of the Ikarus bus-260. The difference is that the brake fluid is poured into a special tank connected by the pipe with the main cylinder. For air removal, bypass valves are installed in the main and working cylinders.
Adjusting remote shift drive. By bus LAZ-695M and 695N, the remote drive of the box is adjusted using traction. To adjust, it is necessary to put the lever into the vertical position and, changing the length of the thrust using the adjusting plug to achieve neutral position gears in the gearbox
Preparation for work and checking the health of the hydromechanical gearbox. Check the presence of oil with oil rod, start the engine, with a small opening of the throttle to slow down the bus and turn on the controller lever to the position A, warm the oil in the pallet to 40 ° C, put the lever to the position H and again check the oil level, translate the controller lever to And check the operation of the hydromechanical transmission at the low speed of the engine crankshaft in idling mode. At 450 rpm, the bus shaft bus should not touch. With an increase in the rotation frequency of the crankshaft motor, the field touch should be smooth. When overclocking the bus and, with an average opening of the throttle, the switching to direct transmission should occur at a speed of 18-20 km / h (felt on a light push), and blocking the transformer - at a speed of 28-30 km / h. Unlocking the hydrotransformer should occur at a speed of 23-25 \u200b\u200bkm / h, and the transition to downward transmission - at a speed of 14-16 km / h. When overclocking the bus on the full opening of the throttle, the inclusion of direct transmission should occur at a speed of 28-30 km / h, and the locking of the hydrotransformer-at a speed of 38-42 km / h, unlocking the torque converter - with a decrease in the speed of 35-37 km / h, and the transition On the first transmission - at a speed of 23-25 \u200b\u200bkm / h. To refuel the hydromechanical transmission, the oil of the brand A is used for automatic gear. The change of oil for the first time is carried out through 1000km of run, and follow-up - after 15 thousand km. To drain the oil, it is necessary to: Clean the pallet of the box and the torque converter from dirt; Install a special pallet under the box; Remove the magnetic cork and drain the oil from the pallet; Through the hole at the bottom of the crankcase alternately twist the two tubes of the pumping wheel and drain the oil from the torque converter. When refueling it is necessary: \u200b\u200bpour about 10 liters of oil through the hole of the oil rod, to maintain the engine and 2-3 minutes to maintain idle mode. After that, when working at the rotational speed of the engine crankshaft in idling mode, add to 5 liters of oil and waiting 1 min, turn off the engine and check the oil level. If necessary, add. Full filling capacity equal to 16 liters.
To check and adjust the peripheral valve control mechanism, remove the peripheral spool switch cover and take the leash with a finger to the first transmission position, towards the engine. Include electromagnet ML and check the gap between the end of the adjusting screw and the pusher of the ML electromagnet. The clearance must be 0.2 mm. If necessary, perform adjustments with screw. After that, turn off the first transmission magnet, translate the leash to turn on the second transmission and make the same check and adjust as the first transmission. When adjusting the peripheral valve must be located opposite the leash. After adjustments, correct the adjusting bolts and close the lid. The closure of the contacts of the automatic neutral switch should occur when the throttle control pedal is pressed and moving it within 10-15 mm. If you need to adjust, release the screw mounting screws, adjust it with its inclusion at the specified moment and secure again.
Adjusting the moments of automatic switching. The gears are carried out by a screw on the lever of the main spool. When screwing the screw, the spool is put forward from the sleeve. In this case, the gear shift occurs at greater speed of the bus. When screwing out the screw, the spool is moving and the transition to the following transmissions occurs at lower speeds. Significant screwing of the screw is unacceptable, as this can lead to the inclusion of direct transmission in the parking lot or when touching from the place.
Check the level and change of oil in the main program. To check the oil level in the main and wheel transmissions, it is necessary to unscrew the control plug of the main transmission of the main transmission and control tubes of wheel gear. The oil level should be by the lower edge of each hole of the control plugs. To change the oil, it is necessary when the car returns (bus) from the line to unscrew all the control plugs, having prepared a container under the oil, unscrew the drain plug of the main transmission and cork in each wheel transmission. After draining the oil to wrap drain plugs And pour oil through the control tubes of the wheel gear to the level of the lower edge of each filling hole, then wrap the plugs.
Check the serviceability of the cardan transmission. Checking the fastening of the flanges is carried out by bus with a deficited parking brake mechanism and the neutral position of the gearbox lever. If when swaying the flanges-forks of the cardan transmission, weakening the fastening of the flanges will be detected, it is necessary to disconnect the appropriate end of the cardan shaft, to sink the fastening nut of the flange, and then pull it up to refusing and chatting. All bolts of fastening the cardan shaft flanges must be carefully tightened to failure. Watching a cardan shaft around the axis, make sure that there is no backlash in the kardanov bearing.
When assembling a cardan shaft or replacing it on a new car, an arrow, knocked out on the tube of the shaft and on the sliding fork, is combined to prevent the balancing violation.
Maintenance of clutch.For EO Check: the adhesion action when the car starts from the place and switching gear in the motion mode; Liquid level in adhesion hydraulic tube.
For TO-1. Check: Drive action and free clutch pedal stroke (if necessary, eliminate malfunctions in the clutch drive and adjust the free stroke of the clutch pedal); The tightness of the hydraulic image of the clutch turning off (if necessary, eliminate leaks); Fastening the clutch pneumatic vehicle.
For TO-2 Check and, if necessary, tighten the fastenings of the clutch crankcase and cylinders of the clutch hydraulic drive.
Diagnosing clutch.Completeness of the clutch is checked with the engine running. Squeezing the clutch pedal, alternately include transmissions. If the inclusion of transmissions is difficult and accompanied by a grinding, then the clutch does not turn off completely ("leads"). The completeness of the clutch is inspected by tightening the handbrake. Then include the highest gear and smoothly release the clutch pedal, while pressing the throttle pedal at the same time. If the engine stops, then the clutch is properly. Continuation of the engine operation indicates incomplete switching on the clutch. Slobska manifests itself when driving a car (slow acceleration and insufficient car rod with a rated engine power). When checking the clutch, the following faults can be detected: sharp turn on, excessive heating of parts, noise, vibration and jerks when turned on. The clutch diagnosis can be carried out on the stand for checking the traction and economic indicators using a stroboscopic device.
Adjustment and clutch repair. Clutch adjustment. During operation, the clutch is adjusted, but before this check the free move of the clutch pedal. To do this, use a ruler with divisions and two engines. One end of the line is installed on the floor of the cab, and the upper engine is combined with a clutch pedal area. Then click on the pedal until the sharp increase in resistance when it is moved. This position is noted on the line with the second engine, and it corresponds to the sample of free stroke. The distance between the engines on the line and will be the value of the free stroke of the clutch pedal.
For mechanical clutch drive The free stroke of the pedals is regulated by changing the length of the main thrust, turning out or verses the adjusting nut along the load (when the nut turns out the free move of the pedal increases, when retarding - decreases).
For hydraulic drive The free stroke of the clutch pedal is made up of free moves and gaps in the mechanical and hydraulic parts of the drive. Before adjustment, the complete stroke of the pusher of the working cylinder is measured. If the pusher's stroke is less than the required value, this indicates a violation of the adjustment of the free stroke of the pedal or the air intake into the hydraulic system. In this case, it is necessary to pump the hydraulic engineering, and then adjust the free stroke of the clutch pedal. Hydraulic clutch is pumped in the following sequence: remove the cap from the scapper head on the working cylinder, the rubber hose is put on the valve, the end of which is lowered into a transparent container with a small amount of brake fluid. At the threaded tip of the main cylinder cylinder, the air pump hose is screwed down and, unscrew the bypass valve to the half-turn, create pressure inside the main cylinder pump. Pressure in the system can be created by pressing the clutch pedal. In this case, when you press the pedal, the valve turns away, and when they are released - wrap (it is necessary to avoid air from entering the system through the valve). Under the action of pressure, the fluid begins to flow into the container and the air in the form of bubbles is moving along with it. As soon as the separation of air bubbles stops, the pumping is finished, wrapped the bypass valve and put on it cap.
Next, check and, if necessary, set the desired gap between the pusher and the piston of the main cylinder. The pre-coarse gap installation is made by changing the length of the thrust, the final adjustment is the rotation of the eccentric bolt. An assessment of this adjustment is carried out along the pedal, which should be up to the pusher in the piston of 3.5 ... 10 mm. The gap between the release bearing and the squeezed levers is installed, changing the length of the pusher of the working cylinder. With a removed exhaust spring, the plug of its outer end should be within 4 ... 5 mm, if the adjustment is carried out correctly.
Faults of clutch, their causes and ways to eliminate. With intensive operation of the car there may be different clutch faults. There are faults of the adhesion actually and the clutch drive malfunction. Clutch faults include: wear and damage to the slave disk; deformation of the slave disk; grinding the lining of the slave disk; wear of the slaves of the slave disk; wear or breakage of damped springs; breakdown or weakening the diaphragm spring; wear or breakage of the clutch shutdown bearing; wear of the surface of the flywheel; wear of the surface of the pressure disk; Connecting the clutch turning plug.
The main malfunctions of the mechanical clutch drive include: jamming, elongation or cable damage; Damage to the lever system. The main malfunctions of the hydraulic adhesion drive include: clogging of the hydraulic line; Violation of system tightness ( leakage of working fluid, air availability in the system); Fault of the working cylinder ( damage cuff).
Wear and breakage of the structural elements of the clutch occur mainly due to violations of the rules of operation of the car: Tort from high speed, foot on grip pedals while driving. One of the reasons for breakdown or wear can be mARKING LIFE ORGANIZATION OF CONNECTION ELEMENTS. To a greater extent, it concerns the slave clutch disk having a limited resource. Upon compliance with the rules of operation, this item regularly serves over 100 thousand km of mileage.
The cause of the clutch breakage can be low quality components. When buying spare parts, preference should be given to original items. The grinding of the closed disk friction linings occurs when oil appeals from them due to wear or damage to engine glands or gearbox.
Clutch malfunctions are well diagnosed by external features. However, one exterior sign It may correspond to several clutch faults. Therefore, concrete clutch malfunctions are set, as a rule, when disassembly.
Characteristic configuration faults: incomplete switching on (slip), incomplete shutdown (logging "), sharp inclusion, jerk during the clutch operation; vibration when the clutch is turned on; Noise when the clutch is turned off.
Incomplete inclusionclutchit is characterized by the smell of burning friction linings of the slave disk, insufficient car dynamics, engine overheating, increased flow Fuel. The clutch slip can be caused by the absence of the free move of the clutch pedal, wear, warning, or grinding friction linings of slave disks, breakdown or weakening the pressure springs and the exhaust spring of the clutch off clutch.
Incomplete shutdown It is accompanied by a difficult inclusion of transmissions on a working engine, noise, crackle when switching gear, increasing the free move of the clutch pedal. The incomplete clutch shutdown is possible with an increase in the free move of the clutch pedal, blocking or disking, jamming the slave disks, breaking the friction linings, breakdown squeeze levers. In addition, on vehicles with clutch hydraulics, the incomplete clutch shutdown may be due to air in the hydraulic system, leakage of the working fluid, the destruction of the rubber sealing ring of the piston piston of the main cylinder.
Sharp inclusion The clutch occurs when the clutch shutdown coupling on the drive shaft of the gearbox, the loss of elasticity or breakage of the pressure springs, wear, or upload the work surfaces of the pressure disk or flywheel, with the wear of the closed disk friction linings or weakening rivets.
Heating parts, noises, vibration and jerks occur due to wear, destruction, or insufficient release bearing lubrication, loosening rivets of the slave disk lining, increased gap in the pairing of the hub of the slave disk and the slots of the drive shaft. The appearance of hissing high tone sound indicates bearing faults.
Table 20 presents the main features and the corresponding clutch malfunctions.
Table 20.
The main features and the corresponding clutch malfunctions.
9. Maintenance of the transmission and chassis of the car
Inappropriate car management, first of all, is reflected in the transmission state. Slow jet, overloading mechanisms during operation, poor lubricant lead to breakdowns and faults that are out of construction for a long time of a clutch fault. In the clutch mechanism, WHO can not have a malfunction: incomplete switching on (clutching) or incomplete shutdown (clutch leads), as well as a sharp gripping on the clutch. Clutch malfunction makes it difficult to control the car and thereby affect the safety of motion.
When the clutch runs, the torque from the engine shaft is completely transmitted to the drive wheels (especially when the vehicle moves with the load on the rise). With an increase in the rotation of the crankshaft of the engine when the clutch pedal is released, the car does not touch the vehicle at all, or its speed. Even slowly; Sometimes the car moves with jerks and in the cockpit is felt the smell of burned friction linings, driven discs. Causes of clutching:
the absence of a gap between the clutch bearing and the inclusion levers when the clutch pedal is released, as a result of which the drive disc is not fully pressed against the slave; To eliminate this fault, it is necessary to check and adjust the free stroke of the clutch pedal;
gripping clutch discs; This fault occurs with excessive lubrication of the bearing of the clutch off clutch when the lubrication is leaked through the rear root bearing of the crankshaft; In this case, the friction force decreases sharply and discs slip. To eliminate this malfunction, the clutch should be disassembled, rinse thoroughly, and skin friction pads are cleaned with a steel brush or rashpyl;
wear of friction linings; If wear lining is small, the malfunction is eliminated by adjusting the free move of the adhesion pedal; With a large wear of the linings, they must be replaced with new ones;
breakdown or weakening, pressure springs; Springs must be replaced.
The clutch does not completely turn off. The sign of this malfunction is the inclusion of transmission, accompanied by a sharp metal gear gear gear, and the possibility of their breakdown is not excluded. Such a clutch malfunction may occur for the following reasons:
big Clearance. between the stubborn bearing of the shutdown coupling and the internal ends of the shutdown levers; eliminate this malfunction to the adjustment of the free stroke of the clutch pedal;
dissoli or storage of driven discs and as a consequence - an unequal clearance between discs (and in separate places the absence of a gap); This malfunction most often occurs when the clutch overheating after slipping and is eliminated by the replacement of the victims;
breaking the friction linings, as a result of which the torn pad is encouraged between the slave and the drives and does not allow the clutch completely to turn off; The clutch must be disassembled and replaced;
pump disk skew; When the clutch is turned off, the drive disc partially continues to be pressed to the slave disk. Such a malfunction occurs when the inner ends of the clutch shutdown levers are not in the same plane; In this case, it is necessary to adjust the position of the clutch shutdown levers.
The grip sharply turns on despite the slow and smooth release of the pedal; The car begins with a jerk. Such a fault may be in the case of a shutdown coupling on the guide sleeve. When the coupling clutch pedal is released, it will move unevenly when the power of the springs will overcome the coupling, it will quickly move, dramatically freaking the shutdown levers, and the discs will quickly be warm. The sharp turning on the clutch can also be caused by small cracks on the host discs after their overheating. To eliminate the specified faults requires replacing the corresponding detailed.
Basic clutch maintenance work. EO. Check the action of the clutch mechanism by touching the car from the place and shift the gear when driving.
TO-1. Check the free pedal stroke (and, if necessary, adjust it), condition and fastening of the exhaust spring. Lubricate (on lubrication graph) Cushion pedal roller and clutch off clutch bearing. Check clutch operation.
TO-2. Check the full and free stroke of the clutch pedal and the action of the exhaust spring, the operation of the clutch drive and adjust the clutch and drive if necessary.
Bearing clutch clutch on GAZ-53A and ZIL-130 cars are lubricated from the oil filled with grease, for which it is necessary to wrap the oil cover for two or three turns. On ZIL-130 cars (last editions) in the bearing clutch clutch, lubrication is laid at the factory and not add during operation.
Clutch malfunctions make it difficult to control the car, distract the driver from observing the road, create interference in the movement of other vehicles.
Transmission and dispensing box faults. In a gearbox, a number of faults may occur: choke or breakage of gear teeth, spontaneous shutdown, gear noise when working, simultaneously turning on two gears and hindered transmission. All this worsens the conditions of safe movement.
Darking and breakdown of teeth gears can occur as a result of a sharp touch from the place of a loaded car, with inept to turn on gears and with a faulty clutch. The work of the gearbox with broken teeth is unacceptable, as it can lead to the destruction of the entire box.
Spontaneous transmission is possible due to uneven wear of teeth gears and a synchronizer coupling, incomplete gear gear and depreciation of the fixing device. The noise of gears when the gear is turned on due to the malfunction of OR irregular clutch adjustment and inept inclusion. A strong noise of gears when moving is caused by a lack of lubricant, a large wear of gears, or bearings.
Main work on the maintenance of the gearbox and dispensing box. EO. Check the operation of the gearbox when driving.
TO-1. Check and if necessary, tighten the mounting of the gearbox, if necessary, add oil to the level. Check the operation of the gearbox after service.
TO-2. Conduct an in-depth inspection of the gearbox. Check and, if necessary, tighten the gearbox mount to the clutch card and the gearbox cover. Check and, if necessary, pull the fastening of the lid of the slave and intermediate shafts.
Add or replace oil in the gearbox crankcase (lubricant graph).
Replacing the oil, lubrication of nodes and joints must be performed when not working engine. If the driver or a locksmith is under the car, then in the cockpit (on the steering wheel) there should be a sign "The engine is not allowed!" The car must be reliably inhibited so that it can not spontaneously move away.
V / malfunction of the cardan and the main gear, differential and "semi-axes. As a result of the operation of the car in the cardan transmission, wear of bearings, cardan crossbars and a sliding slotted clutch, bending or twisting of the cardan shaft are possible. The disconnection of the cardan shaft can lead to an accident. //" "
In the main program and the differential are possible: wear or breakdown of gear teeth; wear of the crosses of differential and bearings; wear or damage to the seals; Oil leakage in rear axle crankcase connections. In the semi-axes, their twisting, slot wear, weakening the fastening of the fastening flange of the semi-axis to the hub or breaking the studs. A sign of a malfunction of the cardan transmission is jerks and blows when driving a car from a place or switching transmissions on the go. The shaft beat during rotation indicates that the shaft is wondering. "
Malfunctions of the main transmission externally manifest themselves significant noise in the rear axle crankcase when the car is moving.
Malfunctions of the cardan transmission are eliminated by the restoration or replacement of worn items. The rumped shaft must be edited. Small gaps in bearings and between the teeth of the main transmission are eliminated by the adjustment, which should perform experienced mechanics. With large deposits of the details of the main Persian and differential, they must be replaced.
Wearing the glands of the semi-axle can lead to a lubricant in the brake drums and the failure of the brakes, so worn glands need to be replaced. In the event of a breakdown of the gear gears of the main transmission and differential, the independent movement of the car is impossible.
Major work on maintenance of the cardan and the main gear, differential. EO. Check the operation of the cardan and the main gear when the car is moving.
TO-1. Check and, if necessary, consolidate the flanges of cardan joints and semi-axes. Fasten the main transmission crankcase. Check the oil level in the leading bridge crankcase and, if necessary, add. Lubricate monitoring cards and suspension bearing (lubricant graphics).
TO-2. Check the availability of the back of the cardan joints. Secure the flanges of the semi-axes, cardanov and the reference bearing to the frame.
Check the tightness of the connections of the leading bridge. Check the level or replace the oil in the leading bridge crankcase.
Lubricate the cutting clutch of the cardan transmission (by lubricant graph). Cardanov crossmen lubricate summer or winter transmission automated oil according to the lubricant map (in the latest releases of ZIL-130 cars and KAMAAZ grease 158 or HS-1) using a syringe with a tip through the oil tap until the oil starts to get out of the opening, closed The valve with the opposite side of the Maslenka side (in the SIL-130 cars of the last issues and Kamaz - from under the seals of all four crossings).
The cutting coupling of the cardan transmission is lubricated with the lubricant of the US-1 or 1-13 (GAZ-53A and ZIL-130) at each third of the third. The lubricant in the slotted clutch should be supplied in moderate quantity to prevent the plug squeezing. "In the GAZ-53A cars, the intermediate reference bearing must be lubricated with lubricant 1-13 at each T-1, and in ZIL-130 - at the second-1. On dusty and dirty roads, the lubricant time is reduced by twice.
For lubrication of the main transfer of car ZIL-130, summer and winter autotractor transmission oil are used (TAP-15, TAP-10), GAZ-53A-Maslo TS-14.5 with an additive "Chlo-RF-40", KAMAZ -TSP-15K or TAP-15B.
The oil level in the leading bridge crankcase is checked after 3000 km of run. The oil level should be at the edge of the bulk hole. L1Alo in the leading bridge crankcase is changed according to the lubricant map and when changing the season of work. The long work of the main transmission and support bearings is largely depends on the quality and purity of the oils. It is not allowed to use other oils. Before the fill of fresh oil, the leading bridge crankcase is predetermined to rinse with liquid oil or kerosene. For this, after the exhaust oil drain (oil should be drained immediately after work) 2-3 liters of liquid oil or kerosene are poured into the crankcase, raise the drive bridge to goats, allow the engine and turning on the direct transmission, allowed to work 1-2 minutes, after What oil or kerosene is drained, close the plug hole tightly and poured fresh lubricant by the level of the filling (control) hole. In the car's rear axle carcase, oil is poured in an amount: ZIL-130-4.5 L, GAZ-53A -8.2 L, KAMAZ - 6 l in each leading bridge.
Faults of the chassis. As a result of overload and careless ride, the frame can be brought, cracks may appear and rivets loosened. The frame is repaired in the workshop, the frames of the rugs, oblamed the cord and the details of the frame, having cracks, replace.
The main faults of the anterior and rear axes include: the front axle, wear wear and pivot sleeves, incorrect adjustment or bearing wear, bearing breakage, the development of landing sites by rifle of bearings, breaking the threads of steps of semi-axes: the front axle, worn pivots and bushings, incorrect. The adjustment or wear of the hub bearings leads to an improper installation of the wheels, as a result of which the car control is difficult and the wear of the tires increases, which adversely affects the safety of the movement, the axis bends, it is necessary to edit, worn plumbing, sleeves and wheel bearings to replace.
The front wheel bearings are adjusted in the following sequence: raise and set to goats the front axle, remove the wheel, open the cap, they are lubricated and screwed off the nuts, remove the hubs, washed and inspired by the bearings (if there is a crack or significant wear, the bearings are replaced), fill the hub with lubricant and Installing stuck, install the washer and wrap the nut to the failure, and then rejected into the "turnover. The wheel should rotate freely, without jamming and not to have a backlash. After checking the nut glue and wrapped the cap.
On trucks, the rear wheel bearings are adjusted in the same sequence except that instead of the cap, it is necessary to unscrew the nuts of the semi-axes and remove the semi-axes, and instead of removing the pin it is necessary to unscrew the lock nut and remove the locking one. Faulty wheel hubs are repaired or replaced with new ones. Riding with defective hubs can lead to an accident.
As a result long work Spring sheets partially lose their elasticity, wear fingers and sleeves. With careless ride breaks the springs. Spring, who lost elasticity, begged more than usual, as a result of which the tires rub about the body and quickly wear out. In addition, such springs easily break.
The movement of the car with a broken springs can lead to a bridge overcast and the difficulty of control. Spring, lost elasticity or with broken sheets, replace.
The shock absorber wear the glands, hinged connections, valves and springs. As a result of wear of liquid salts. The bone flows and the operation of the shock absorber sharply deteriorates. Faulty shock absorber must be passed to repair.
As a result of careless driving in wheels, discs or rims can be cut. With incomplete studs and nuts of the wheels of the holes of the discs for the fastening studs wear and disks come into disrepair. Faulty wheels are repaired. Riding with faulty wheels is dangerous.
Basic work on maintenance of the chassis. EO. Check the inspection of the state of the frame, springs, proper, shock absorbers, wheels.
TO-1. Check and, if necessary, adjust the bearings of the wheel hubs; Check and, if necessary, fasten the stepladders, surfaces springs and nuts of the wheels. Lubricate (on lubrication graphic) Thumbs springs and pivot pivoting pin. Check the condition of the front suspension of the car.
TO-2. Check the inspection of the front axle beam. Check and, if necessary, adjust the magnitude of the forward wheels. With intensive wear of the tires, check the tilt corners of the poverty and the angle of rotation of the front wheels. Check if there is no front and rear axle skew (visually).
Check the condition of the frame and towing device, the springs condition, fasten the sprouting clamps, the string fingers.
Check the state of shock absorbers, disks and rims of wheels.
Lubricate (according to lubrication schedule) Pokvorni swivel pin and surfaces springs. Remove the hubs, rinse, check the status of bearings and, replacing the lubricant, adjust the bearings of the wheels.
The wheel alignment is checked with a ruler or on the stand. To check the wheel convergence, the car is installed on the inspection ditch so that the wheel position corresponds to the movement in a straight line. The line measure the distance between the tires or rims of the wheels behind the front axle; The ruler is placed below the axis of the wheels (at the height of the chains of the line) and notes »Hat | chalk point of touch. The car is then rolling so that the points marked with chalk are installed at the same height of the front, and again measure. The digit indicating the difference between the first and second measurements is the magnitude of the wheel convergence.
During the inspection, maintenance and repair of the chassis, it is necessary to perform safety regulations. When installing the spring, it is impossible to check the coincidence of the holes in the spring and the ears of the bracket with your fingers, as this can lead to injury. During the assembly of the springs after lubrication, it is necessary to correctly consolidate it in the vice, so that the sheets, straightening, have not caused injuries.
Tire malfunctions. Tires or tire punctures with sharp objects, bundle of the frame, the destruction of the tread, the destruction of the side rings, the puncture or break of the cameras - all these defects, as a rule, the result of a careless ride, non-compliance with the air pressure standards and non-fulfillment of service rules automotive tires. For the repair of tires on the road on the car should be a first-aid kit.
A damaged bus must be removed and thoroughly check. Stucking nails and other items need to be removed. For large holes in the tire, it is necessary to put a cuff, made of two or three layers of a piece of skeleton of the dumping pierce or from a piece of rim tape. Damaged tire on returning to the garage must be passed to repair. To restore the pro, the textors, tires that do not have bundles of the frame and through samples are taken. To detect small punctures of the chamber, it is pumped with air and immerse yourself. In the place of damage, air bubbles will be published.
Plugs or small damage in the way can be sealed from rubber. A section of the chamber within a radius of 20 ... 30 mm around the damage is cleaned with a rashpyl or steel brush and impose posboles from raw rubber, applied to a patron with a vul-enginate briquette and clamp clamp (Fig. 198). The briquette breaks and light up, after complete combustion of the briquette after 10 ... 15 minutes wech the clamp screw and take out the camera.
Temporary sticking of the punctures of the camera in the absence of vulcanization briquettes can be performed by a patch from the dump chamber using rubber glue.
The edges of the patch are cut into a cone. Patch and the camera area around the damage is thoroughly metallic cleaned with a rasp or steel tool with a vulcan-brush, dust are removed, washed with gasoline and dried, then double the rubber glue and dried after each missile for the camera 15 ... 20 min. After drying, the post is imposed on the damaged area and roll.
Main maintenance of tire maintenance. EO-1. Clean tires from dirt and check their condition.
TO-1. Check the status of the tires, remove foreign objects stuck in the tread and between double tires, air pressure in the tires and, if necessary, swing up air in them,
TO-2. Inspect the tires, removing stuck items in the protective. Check the air pressure and lead it to normal. Rearrange the wheels in accordance with the scheme. Damaged tires pass to repair.
The serviceability of the tire is a prerequisite for the safety of the driver on the line. The absence of a tread pattern worsens the brake possibilities of the car, so it is forbidden to use tires with a worn tread pattern.
Mandatory condition for the operation of the car is also the reliability of tires. Lubrels, as well as a starting frame, can lead to a tire break when the car and the accident is moving. Riding on semi-covered tires, in addition to their rapid wear, is dangerous because of the car in the direction.
Maintenance car The need for car maintenance
Safe, trouble-free operation of the car is largely ensured by the right maintenance. The novice driver should know how to take care of how to maintain, protect and, if necessary, repair the car to maintain it in a state of permanent readiness for operation and provide good, uninterrupted work All nodes, mechanisms and details.
It should not be thought that service and repair are too complicated. Such an opinion is far from the truth. Almost everything you can do with your own hands, my mind and not even without pleasure, however knowing what exactly should be done and how not to give yourself a bear service.
Do not interfere in the actions of working units and aggregates. Car care efforts are best concentrated in checks only those parameters that require attention and maintenance for a safe driving. For more thorough and qualified repair, refer to specialists. Regular maintenance also allows you to prevent serious faults due to the timely detection and elimination of small problems and not always noticeable manifestations. In addition, caring car care and its proper maintenance helps to increase the car's mileage between repairs and reduce oil and fuel consumption.
Particular attention in this chapter is given to those important elements of the design of the car, its details, mechanisms and nodes, from the correct operation and the state of which depends on the safety of the vehicle.
Rolling car and first departure
The service life depends on the mode of its operation during the period of the first 3-5 thousand km of mileage, since it is during this period that the surfaces of the parts are traveled. It should not be experienced on endurance, severeness and power, should not be fully loaded. Movement Start only after the engine is completely warmed, then the operation of the engine at idle during the drowned handle of the carburetor will be stable, without interruption. The load on the wheels and the speed should not exceed the values \u200b\u200bestablished by the manufacturer.
Before the first departure, the car should be checked and prepared for movement. To do this, tighten all the mounts, check the air pressure in the tires, the oil level in the engine crankcasers, the gearbox, leading bridges and the steering servosystem tank, if it is available, the coolant level in the cooling system, fluid in the brake system and the hydraulic clutch drive. Fill fuel to the tank. Check the electrolyte level in batteries and its density, connect the battery to the electrical system, set the brushes and check the operation of the wiper.
Before running the engine, you should swing up the fuel from the tank into the carburetor, then put the engine and carefully examine whether there are leaks of oil, gasoline or coolant; Let the engine work for some time at idle, then press the gas and listen to the sound with which it works. Hack all the noises arising from the operation of the car.
Automotive fuel, lubricants and technical fluids
Automotive gasolines that are fuel for carburetor engines must meet certain requirements, the main of which are: rapid formation of fuel-air (combustible) mixture of the required composition; combustion of the working mixture at normal speed (without detonation); minimum corrosive effect on the engine power supply parts; Small deposits of resinous substances in the engine power system; the minimum poisoning effect on the human body and the environment; The preservation of the initial properties for a long time.
The most important property of gasoline is the detonation resistance, which characterizes its ability to burn in the engine cylinders without detonation. Detonationit is called the combustion of the working mixture in the engine cylinders at a speed greater than the speed of the sound. In the working mixture, hydrocarbon peroxides are formed, which are self-proposal and burned with a supersonic speed of 1500-2500 m / s (with normal combustion of 10-35 m / s). This phenomenon is accompanied by sharp metal knocks, overheating and a drop of engine power. During detonation in the engine, shock loads occur, which can cause its destruction.
An indicator that determines the detonation resistance of gasoline is an octane number. The octane number above, the less likely to detonation. Besides octane number On the occurrence of detonation when the engine is running, factors such as engine overheating, a large load at a low crankshaft rotation frequency, an early ignition installation. From the constructive factors affecting the occurrence of detonation, it is necessary to note such as the shape of the combustion chamber, the location of the ignition candles, the diameter of the cylinder, and the very important engine parameter - the degree of compression.
For each type carburetor Engine It is allowed to use gasoline with a strictly defined octane number, which is determined by the degree of engine compression. The higher the degree of compression, the greater the octane number of gasoline.
The octane number is determined by the motor and research methods, the essence of which is to compare the operation of the single-cylinder engine on the test gasoline and the reference fuel, which is used as a mixture of two hydrocarbons - isochastane and heptane. The octane number of isochastane is taken equal to 100 units, and heptane is zero. If you make a mixture of these hydrocarbons in a certain percentage ratio, it will also characterize the octane number. Thus, a mixture of 76% isooctane and 24% heptane will be equivalent to gasoline with octane number 76.
For testing gasoline, the motor method is initially triggered by the engine on the test gasoline and bring it when it is loaded to the occurrence of detonation, then the engine power to the reference mixture, having an octane number, is about two units greater than that of gasoline. If the detonation does not appear in fixed load mode, the engine is transferred to another mixture, which with octane number is less than two units, and again observed the occurrence of detonation. When it appears, an octane number is calculated as the average arithmetic octane numbers of two reference mixtures taken. In order for the tests to be reliable, they are carried out three times.
The research method of testing gasoline according to the scheme is identical to the motor. The difference lies only in the mode of load on the engine, which is set slightly smaller than with a motor method. As a result, detonation occurs when using reference mixtures with a large content of isochastane, therefore, an octane number that is obtained by a study method will be several units higher. For example, an octane number of gasoline A-76, which is determined by the engine method, corresponds to gasoline AI-80.
When the test is carried out by the study method, then when marking gasoline after the letter A, meaning that gasoline is a car, follows the letter I. The absence of this letter indicates that the tests were carried out by the engine method. To increase the octane number, special additives are added - ethyl fluid with an anti-knock TPP (tetraethylswin). Gasoline with an anti-knock additive is called ethyl and, unlike conventional gasolines, painted.
GOST 2084-77 provides for the release of gasoline: A-72, A-76, AI-91, AI-93 and AI-95. In addition to the above GOST, there are several technical specifications (TU), according to which gasoline can be produced: AI-80, AI-92, AI-96 and AI-98. The release of gasoline is allowed: A-76, AI-80, AI-91, AI-92 and AI-96 using ethyl fluid.
Depending on the evaporation of gasoline can be summer, winter and empty.
In the designation of gasolines with improved environmental properties and additives, an ECP abbreviation is contained, for example AI-95 ECP.
To increase the competitiveness of gasoline and bring their quality to European standards in Russia, GOST R 51105-97 is introduced, which provides for the release of Normal-80 gasolines, "Regulatory-91", "Premium-95", "Super-98". Gasoline "Normal-80" is intended for use along with gasoline A-76. Neeterized gasoline "Regulator-91" can be used instead of eaten gasoline AI-93. Gasoline "Premium-95" and "Super-98" meet European standards and are intended for modern imported cars.
Diesel fuel
Diesel fuel is a relatively viscous yellowish liquid with a weak characteristic odor. Diesel fuels are subject to the same requirements as to gasoline, plus specific differences due to the features of mixture formation and ignition: preservation of fluidity and a certain viscosity at capability of lower temperatures in order to ensure reliable supply to the engine cylinders, good mixture formation and flammability when injected into the chamber combustion.
The flammability is a technical and operation of diesel fuel. It characterizes the ability of vapors under certain conditions to ignite without a source of ignition. The flammability indicator is cetane number. The cetane number has a decisive effect on the ease of start-up and the nature of the engine. The cetane number is more, the easier the engine start and softer work. The cetane number is equal to the volumetric content of cetane in such a mixture with Amethylnaftalin, which under standard test conditions has the same flammability with the studied fuel. The flammability of diesel fuel, as well as gasoline, is estimated by comparing the operation of a single-cylinder engine on the reference fuel and on the subject. As reference fuel, a mixture of cetane and A-methylnaftaline hydrocarbons is used.
The flammability of cetane is taken for 100 units, the flammability of A-methylnaftaline - for zero. By compiling reference fuel from these hydrocarbons in different ratios, it is possible when operating a single-cylinder engine on the test fuel and on the reference to achieve their equal flammability. In this case, the percentage of cetane in the reference fuel will be numerically equal to the cetane number of the tested fuel. The cetane number of diesel fuel is 45-58 units. Depending on the conditions of application, diesel fuels are divided into summer (L), winter (h), northern (c) and arctic (a). Summer fuels can be used at air temperature above 0, winter - from 0 to 20 ° C, northern - from 20 to 35 ° C, arctic - from 35 ° C and below. If there is no winter fuel for passenger cars, the use of summer fuel is allowed in a mixture with low-fledged gasoline (up to 30% of gasoline). However, the operation of the engine will be tough and wear and fuel equipment will increase.
In connection with the tightening of the norms on the environmental performance of diesel engines, currently in Russia was introduced into the produced diesel fuels. Such diesel fuels have the designations of DEC-L and DEC-Z. Diesel environmentally friendly fuels (DK) have a higher cetane number and smaller sulfur content. For example, in the Deck-l, the cetane number 49 (y dl 45), the sulfur content of 0.05% against 0.2% y dl.
Lubricants
Oils for engines
Naturethe safety and resource of the operation of modern cars is largely dependent on the quality and properties of the applicable lubricants.
Motor oils- These are oils intended for piston internal combustion engines. Their main function is to reduce friction and wear engine parts. However, motor oils should provide other no less important functions: preventing the breakthrough of gases from the alignment space in the Carter by sealing the labyrinth of the piston rings and ensure their mobility; Cooling pistons, crankshaft bearings and other parts; engine protection against corrosion; preventing the formation of nagar and lacifoxy deposits that violate the heat sink from the pistons and the mobility of the piston rings; neutralization of acids formed during oil oxidation and fuel combustion; preventing precipitation in the crankcase, oil harvesters, on the oil grid, under the lid of the gas distribution mechanism and the actuator of the aggregates; Ensuring a rapid increase in pressure in the lubricated nodes with a cold start of the engine.
In addition, motor oils should be compatible with the materials of the seals (rubber) and the catalysts of the exhaust gases, should not have a negative effect on the performance of the ignition candles and cause premature ignition of the working mixture due to the formation of ash sediments in the combustion chambers.
In modern high-mounted engines, only alloyed oils, that is, oils containing additives - synthetic additives to base oil, which give it the necessary properties and reinforcing the natural properties of base oil. The additive content is up to 10-15% of the engine oil. According to the composition of the base oil, three types of motor oils are distinguished: mineral, partially synthetic and completely synthetic.
Oils obtained by purifying appropriate oil fractions from unwanted substances, called mineral. Mineral oils consist of complex mixtures of hydrocarbons contained in oil. Currently, requirements for resistance against oxidation, evaporation, the viscosity-temperature properties of motor oils have been so increased that, even from the selected oils using the best technologies for cleaning oil fractions, it is not possible to produce mineral base oils that ensure the final product with the necessary properties and service life . This led to the use of synthetic base oils.
Synthetic basic oils obtained by targeted chemical reactions, as a result of which organic compounds with desirable properties are formed. These can be hydrocarbon liquids or ethers. They have a low temperature of frozen, racks for oxidation, less spent on the avgar.
The main advantage of synthetic oil is its ability to become more liquid at low temperatures and thick at high.
Synthetic basic components are often combined by constituting the mixture to improve the solubility of additives, compatibility with elastomers and other characteristics. The disadvantage of synthetic oils is the high cost. They are more precious than minerals several times. Compromise - partially synthetic oils in which the basis is a mixture of high-quality mineral base oil and synthetic basic components. The price of such products is significantly lower.
The main property of the engine oil is its viscosity at certain temperatures. Viscositycall the oil property to resist the mutual movement of neighboring layers of oil. The higher the viscosity, the clever oil, and vice versa. The viscosity affects the pumping of the oil on the system, on the ease and speed of starting the engine, the sealing of the piston rings in the cylinder, to the degree of oil purification in the filters, oil and fuel consumption; The cooling details depends on the viscosity. With increasing temperature, the viscosity decreases, and with an increase in pressure - increases.
The oil with greater viscosity is better compacted by piston rings in the cylinders and reduces the breakthrough of gases from the combustion chamber into the engine crankcase. It enters the combustion chamber in smaller amounts, which reduces oil consumption and nagaro-formation, and lesser extent leaks through the glands and sealing gaskets of the crankcases. An increase in the viscosity of the oil worsens its circulation in the lubrication system, the cooling of parts and clean the friction surfaces from wear products and other contaminants. Too viscous oil does not provide liquid friction due to difficulty income to rubbing surfaces. The higher the relative speed of moving the driving parts and the quality of the processing of their surfaces is better, the smaller viscosity of the oil is required. Therefore, for example, oil with a smaller viscosity is used for high-speed engines than for low-speed. When the load decreases, the viscosity can be reduced, and with increasing gaps - increased.
Oils for engines are denoted by the letter M and depending on the viscosity they are divided into classes. Conditionally oil separated on summer and winter. It is believed that winter oils are used at air temperatures below -5 ° C, summer - above 20 ° C. Summer oils for engines of passenger cars are considered the oils of high viscosity of the type M12G, winter - M8g.
When labeling oils apply the following notation:
M - motor oil; The numbers after the letter M (4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 12 ...) denote the viscosity class (for example, the 6th class means that at a temperature of 100 ° C, the oil has an average viscosity of 6 USD; sometimes the lower index can be used after the figure "S", which indicates the use of a thickening additive in this oil, while oil has a certain viscosity for minus 18 ° C; such an oil is all-season and has a double digital designation through oblique line); The letters after the numbers (A, B, B, G, D, E) indicate the oil belonging to a specific group of operational properties; Lower index after letters: 1 - oil is intended only for gasoline engines; 2 - oil is intended only for diesel engines; The absence of an index means that the oil is unified and can be used both for diesel and gasoline engines, for example M-10G, is a universal oil designed for both diesel and gasoline engines.
Given the large variety of cars of passenger cars and conditions of their operation, engine oils of foreign and russian manufacturers classified by three main features:
viscous temperature properties;
scope and level of operational properties;
the presence or absence of energy-saving properties.
Currently, the SAE J300 classification was generally accepted, according to which motor oils are divided into six winter (W, 5W, 10W, 15W, 20W, 25W) and five summer (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60) classes. In these designations, large numbers correspond to a large viscosity, the letter W means that the oil is winter. All-season oils suitable for year-round applications are denoted by a dual number, one of which indicates a winter, and another summer class, for example SAE 5W-30, SAE 10W-40, SAE 15W-40, etc.
The choice of viscosity-temperature properties of motor oils depends on climatic conditionsin which the car is operated. Operating Instructions prescribe oil application sAE classification In the real operating range of ambient temperature. If the use of seasonal oils is allowed, it should be borne in mind that low-grade Winter Winter Oils of Classes W, 5W, 10W cannot be used at air temperature above 10 ° C for the first and minus 5 ° C for the latter. Summer oils sAE class 30 and more viscous can not be used at air temperature below +5 ° C. Failure to comply with these conditions leads to increased engine wear due to the insufficient viscosity of winter oils at high temperature and difficulties with a cold start of the engine on summer oils having too high viscosity and insufficient pumping at low temperatures.
Unique viscous temperature properties and a wide temperature range have synthetic oils of the SAE 5W-50 and SAE 10W-60. It is recommended to use these oils in the regions with a sharply continental climate and in mountainous areas, that is, under extreme conditions in the field of low and high temperatures.
SAE classification applies only to the viscosity and temperature properties of motor oils. To classify oils in the field of application and the level of operational properties (quality), the API system is proposed (American Oil Institute). By aPI classification Motor oils are divided into two categories: S (Service) - for gasoline engines and C (Commercial) - for diesel. If the oil can be used both for gasoline and diesel engine, in which case it has the designation S / C. Currently, oil for gasoline engines is certified by SH and SJ classes, and for diesel engines - CF, CF-2, CF-4, CG-4 classes. With the release of better-quality oils, the following letters of the Latin alphabet can be applied.
Class SH oils are used for car gasoline engines issued until 1994. Class SJ oils differ from class S oils by energy-saving properties (fuel and oil savings) and the ability to withstand heating without forming deposits. CF class oils are used for diesel engines having a separated combustion chamber and fuel-based with high sulfur content (up to 0.5%). CG-4 class oils are used for all types of four-stroke diesel engines. These oils have detergent, anti-wear, anti-corrosion and less foaming properties. They are well combined with fuels having a small sulfur content (less than 0.5%).
Japanese and American automakers, cooperating within the International Committee on Standardization and Approval of Lubricants (ILSAC), have developed minimum standard requirements for engine oils for automotive gasoline engines. The classification of ILSAC contains two classes of oils, denoted by GF-1 and GF-2. For operational properties, they are almost identical to the oils of classes SH and SJ on the API, but necessarily have high energy-saving properties. Oils, certified APIs for compliance with ILSAC, labeled with a standard symbol.
Since 1996, European automakers have developed and introduced a new classification of motor oils, the requirements of which are significantly tougher than the requirements of the API and ILSAC for the purchase of oil to the novice driver should be familiar with the label on the oil package, where the manufacturer is indicated, the name of the oil, the quality group by the API classification , for example, SG - top quality oil for gasoline engines; CE - top quality oil for diesel engines; SAE marking (viscosity properties). For example, SAE 5W - purely winter oil, SAE 40 is a purely summer oil, SAE 15W-40 is all-season oil. Next, on the label indicate the base of oil: synthetic, semi-synthetic, mineral base; Room or Oil Party Index; date of manufacture. Car oil manufacturers necessarily lead all classifications and specifications that this product responds. Thus, the Motor oil Castrol GTX5 LIGHTEC has a marking of SAE 10W-40 API SJ / CF, ACEA A3-96, B3-96, VW 00, VW 00. This marking means that the oil has top class Viscosity 10W-40, quality class by API highest for gasoline SJ and diesel CF. Additionally, ACEA classification (Association of European car manufacturers, introduced from January 1, 1996). A3-96 - the highest class for gasoline, and B3 is the highest class for diesel engines. In addition, the oil complies with the latest requirements of Volkswagen VW505.00 and can be applied in all passenger cars "Mercedes Benz". In Russia, the standard "Motor oils for automotive technology. Classification, designation and technical requirements. " It shares oils on viscous-temperature properties, as well as on the SAE system, and in terms of quality groups - four groups (B1, B2, B3, B4) for oils of gasoline engines and three groups (D1, D2, D3) for diesel engines. B1 means that the oil is intended for truck engines, B2 - for passenger cars of release until 1996, B3 - for passenger cars release after 1996, B4 - for promising engines with improved environmental characteristics. Marking D1 means that the oil is intended for imperceptible engines of trucks, D2 - for jets with supervising and without it, working in difficult conditions, D3 - for engines with superimposses operating in difficult conditions, and promising environmentally friendly engines clean engines. With the designation of oils before the characteristics of the viscosity-temperature properties and the level of operational properties (quality), the trademark of the manufacturer ("LUKOIL", "Naftan", "SNSOL", etc.) and the packaging is applied to the packaging.
Transmission oils
For lubrication of high-loaded vehicles of the car (gearbox, leading bridge, dispensing box, steering) In order to reduce friction losses, heat removal from the contact zone, the protection of transmission parts from corrosion uses transmission oils that must have the following characteristics: have high antioxidant stability; not to provide corrosion properties on transmission details; possess the contimateweight, anti-wear, anti-attitude, viscous temperature, antiphen properties; have good protective properties when contact with water; have sufficient compatibility with rubber seals; Have good physical stability in long-term storage.
In the total volume of lubricants consumed by the car for the entire service life, the share transmission oils Just 0.3-0.5%, because the oil must be replaced after 60-150 thousand km of mileage or after 3-7 years, regardless of the mileage. Transmission oils are used in easier conditions than motor, but they experience high loads. Thus, the pressure in the contact zones of cylindrical, conical and worm gears can be from 500 to 2000 MPa, and hypoid - up to 4000 MPa; The slip speed of teeth relative to each other at the entrance to engagement varies in the range of 1.5-12 m / s in conical and cylindrical transmissions, 20-25 m / c and more in hypoid. The operating temperature of the oil in transmission units varies depending on the ambient temperature to 200 ° C, however, at the contact points of the teeth, a short-term local heating is often arising to 300 ° C and above. As a result, reinforced wear, jackets, squeaks of the teeth of gears (pitting) and others can occur.
Very high viscosity requirements, antifriction, anti-wear and antioxidation properties are presented to oils used in automatic transmissions. These requirements are much higher than the requirements for oils in other aggregates. Since automatic boxes include several completely dissimilar aggregates (hydrotransformer, gear gearbox and complex control system), the range of oil functions is very wide. Such oil besides lubrication and cooling should transmit torque.
Currently, transmission oils are used both on a mineral (oil) basis and on synthetic and semi-synthetic bases. To give the oils of specific properties, various anti-mailing, anti-corrosion, protecting additives are introduced.
The most important property of transmission oils is viscosity. The viscosity determines the anti-wear characteristics of the oil, resistance to turning, which is especially important in winter. Large importance is viscosity and for the operation of the seals.
For rear-wheel drive cars of Russian production, the main grade of transmission oil is the TM-5-18 universal oil, which has another designation of TAD-17. Oil is used for gearbox, main transmission and steering. It can be used as the all-season in the zone with a temperate climate.
TM-5-18 oil marking means: transmission oil; 18 - class viscosity, that is, at a temperature of 100 ° C this oil It has a viscosity of about 18 WST; 5 is a group of oil having antifoxy and multifunctional additives.
International SAE viscosity classification divides oil for seven classes: four winter and three summer. If the All-season oil, double marking is used, for example SAE 80W-90, SAE 75W-90, etc. Temperature ranges of oil applications are as follows: SAE 75W-80 from +30 to -40 ° C; SAE 80W-90 - from +40 to -25 ° C; SAE 85W-140 - from -12 to +45 ° C. The classification of the API on the operational properties shares oils into six groups, depending on the scope, which is determined by the type of gear, specific contact loads in the engagement zones and working temperature. GL-4, GL-5 oils make up a group of universal transmission oils that are used in the main gears of leading bridges. It is advisable to use one oil in the main program and other car transmission units, since the range of oils used is reduced and the possibility of refueling the node with an inappropriate variety.
TM-5-18 oil according to the SAE classification corresponds to the oil 80W-90, and according to the classification of the API - group GL-5. For automatic transmissions, Type F, DEXRON, MERCON, or by the factory specification "Mercedes-Benz", Toyota, etc. apply, and others. They differ in the main friction characteristics and represent mineral oils with good temperature fluidity. So as not to confuse oils for automatic transmissions with oils for mechanical boxes Transmissions, oils for automatic transmissions are painted in red.
Technical fluids
Cooling fluids
To remove heat from the engine cylinders and heating the body of the body at low temperatures, cooling fluids are needed. They must have a high heat capacity, thermal conductivity, a certain viscosity, have a high boiling point and low temperature freezing. Technical fluid should not form deposits on washelined walls and pollute the cooling system, cause corrosion of metal parts and destroy the rubber parts, cause the damage to the parts of the cooling system during frozen (it is possible to change the volume less when heated) and foam when petroleum products get toxic and raise Danger. With a positive air temperature, the listed requirements satisfies water. However, at a negative temperature, it freezes and presses with a force of almost 250 MPa, which can form cracks on the walls of the engine cooling shirt, fail the radiator, heating system, etc. This deficiency is excluded when used in the cooling system of low-chamber fluids.
Low-valve liquids based on ethylene glycol of alcohol and distilled water with a complex of additives like "Tosol" were obtained. For passenger cars produced "Tosol" of three brands: "Tosol A", "Tosol A-40" and "Tosol A-65". "Tosol A" is a concentrated ethylene-liqueur containing additives. A mixture of it with distilled water in a 1: 1 ratio has a temperature of the frozen -35 ° C. With a larger water, the temperature of the start of frozen will be less. To determine the temperature of the low-chamber fluid, densimeters are used, similar to densimetras used to determine the density of the electrolyte. An aqueous solution "Tosol A" with a temperature of frozen no higher than -40 ° C, labeled "Tosol A-40", and -65 ° marked "Tosol A-65".
In addition to the "Tosola", low-gas formation fluids of the Lena type (ож ож-40, ож-65 yellow-green) and other lifespans of low-chamber fluids production of the CIS countries are two years. Foreign manufacturers produce low-chamber fluids close to the composition to Tosol with a service life of up to three years.
Brake fluids
Brake fluids are in constant contact with various metal and rubber parts, of which hydraulic drive is made. brake system. Under the influence of fluid, metals are corroded, and rubber swells and destroys. During the operation of the car, the brake fluid in the working cylinders is heated to quite high temperatures. If the temperature reaches the boiling point of the brake fluid, steam plugs may form in it. In this case, the braking drive becomes militant (pedal fails) and the efficiency of the brakes is sharply reduced, which is of particular importance for disk braking mechanisms and high-speed cars.
The main disadvantage of brake fluids is hygroscopicity. For the year, the fluid in the brake system absorbs up to three percent of water, as a result of which the temperature is reduced by 35-55 ° C. Therefore, automotive firms recommend to change the brake fluid every two years. The quality of the brake fluid is better, the higher the following parameters and characteristics: the boiling point of the liquid itself; viscosity properties and their stability; Anticorrosive and lubricating properties; Compatible with rubber parts.
For brake fluids in the CIS countries, standards are not provided. Abroad, the most widely widespread the US standard - the DOT standards (Departament of Transportation). For passenger cars in the CIS countries, the following brakes of brake fluids produce: BSK, "Neva", "Tom" and "Ros". The BSK brake fluid has good lubricants, but unsatisfactory viscosity-temperature properties. In addition, it is corrosionactive to copper and brass. Brake fluid "Neva" with a boiling point of 200 ° C is intended for cars that are operated in a temperate climatic zone. When moisturizing, it has a low boiling point and corrosionagressive to metals. Brake fluid "Tom" with a boiling point of 205 ° C is used for passenger and trucks. Its operational properties are increased to the level of requirements of the American DOT-3 Standra. The "dew" brake fluid with a boiling point of 260 ° C satisfies rather high requirements of the DOT-4 standard.
Liquids for shock absorbers
In passenger cars there are hydraulic shock absorbers, from which the service life of the car, the smoothness of the stroke and permissible speed depend.
During the operation of the shock absorbers, the fluid under pressure with a huge speed flows through the narrow holes from one cavity to another, while absorbing the kinetic energy of the body oscillations.
The temperature of the liquid in the shock absorbers may vary from -50 ° C in winter in the northern regions to 120-140 ° C in the summer in the southern regions. The fluid pressure reaches up to 12 MPa. Shock absorbing fluids should have a low frosted temperature (up to -60 ° C) and good viscosity-temperature properties. As such a liquid, low-visual oils (AH-12T, IHP-10, MGE-10A) were most common. As substitutes, oil sprinkled AU and AUP and less frequently all-season hydraulic oil VMGZ. Currently, there is a new oil indexing system: MG-22A (old spindle AU), MG-15B (NMGZ), MG-22B (IHP-10, MG-46B). The letters mg mean belonging to hydraulic oils, the figure - the viscosity of the oil at 40 ° C, the letter at the end of the brand means the quality of the oil (and - without a additive, b - with antioxidant and antiposed additives, is the same as b, but with the addition Anti-virus additives).
Daily maintenance includes inspection before departure from the garage, refueling, controlling the work of the aggregates, car service after returning to the garage.
First inspect the tires, check the state of the mirrors, license plates and suspension. Then control the action of lighting devices and light alarms, sound signal, snowproofers, ventilation systems, heating, check the free steering wheel, tightness of the clutch hydraulic drive. The control is completed by testing control and measuring instruments and car systems. Check also, not "fails" if the braking pedal fails, that is, whether the hydraulic drive is working the working brake system. Inspection of the parking lot makes it possible to detect the leakage of oil, fuel, coolant. The sequence of examiner is shown in Figure 26.
Fig. 26.
After returning the car to the garage, check the oil level in the engine crankcase, fluid in the fueling system, fuel in the tank. The detected faults are eliminated and, if necessary, the car refires. All these operations must be performed if not daily, then every 500-700 km of mileage.
Maintenance of the car includes verification, adjustment and lubricating work, as well as replacing certain parts, which are produced periodically, after a certain period of time and mileage of the car.
Once a year or about 10-15 thousand km mileage follows:
replace the oil filter and oil in the engine crankcase; Check the oil level in the gearbox; check the condition and tension of the generator drive belt; Check the level and density of electrolyte in the battery, its fastening and clean the ventilation holes in traffic jams; Check the operation of the generator, lighting, light and sound alarm, control devices, heater, wipers, washers, ignition system; heating rear window; coolant level; check the tightness of cooling systems; nutrition and hydraulic brake drive; state of hoses and tubes;
check the presence of chips and cracks, as well as foci corrosion of the paint coating of the body, damage to the mastic of the arches of the wheels and the bottom, the operation of the door locks and the hood; Check the condition of the elements of the front and rear suspension, their rubber and rubberometallic hinges, bushings and pillows; the state of the steering and their protective caps; protective covers of the steering mechanism, wheel drives, ball fingers; state of hinges and protective covers of shift traction; state of protective covers of front-brake guide fingers;
rearrange the wheels; Balance the wheels; Check availability of outsiders and engine noise, clutch, gearbox, front wheel drive shafts;
check the backlash and state of the steering wheel damper; installation of the moment of ignition; check and clean the spark plugs; check the service life of the nodes and parts of the hydrocorrector of headlights; operation of an economizer forced idling starting device, carburetor and air filter thermostat;
check the efficiency of the front brakes and the state of the front brake pads; Regulation parking brake and the free move of the brake pedal; Check the brake fluid belt; the state of the gear timing belt of the gas distribution mechanism; adjust the tension of the gear timing belt of the gas distribution mechanism; Clear the filter element of the air filter; Check tightness fuel system; Oil level in the leading bridge crankcase; Clean the drainage holes of thresholds and doors; Grease door loops; Remove water from the fuel filter diesel engine.
Once every two years or about 20-30 thousand km of mileage, the following maintenance operations must be performed:
replace spark plugs new; pull the attachments of the units, nodes and parts of the chassis and engine; check the tightness of the seals of nodes and units; Clean and lubricate the conclusions and clips of the battery; Replace the fuel purification filter; rinse and blow the parts of the carburetor, the filters of the carburetor and the fuel pump;
check and, if necessary, adjust the fuel level in the float chamber; adjust the speed of idling with the control of the toxicity of the exhaust gases; Check the elements of the electronic injection system and replace replacement elements by analogy with the carburetor system; check the free stroke on the adhesion plug lever or clutch pedal stroke; check the performance of the pressure regulator;
clear and rinse the parts of the crankcase ventilation system; adjust the gaps in the gas distribution mechanism; adjust, if necessary, the gaps in the bearings of the wheel hubs; Check the effectiveness of the rear brakes;
lubricate rubbing door opening limiter, hinge and spring, hatch caps fuel tank, keyholes, fuel tank tubes and doors; coat with anti-corrosion material internal body cavities; replace fuel filter diesel engine; Lubricate the slotted connection of the cardan shaft from the side elastic coupling; Check the oil level in the servo drive tank.
Once every three years or approximately after 35-45 thousand km of mileage you need to do the following:
rinse the engine lubrication system; Replace oil in automatic transmission; Replace oil in the leading bridge crankcase; Clean the starter collector, check the wear and fitting of the brushes; Clear and lubricate the starter drive details;
check the performance of the vacuum brake amplifier; Adjust the direction of light beam headlights.
Once every four years or about 50 60 thousand km of mileage, the following maintenance operations should be performed: replace the cooling and braking fluid;
clean the generator contact rings;
check wear and adjacent brushes.
Once every five years or approximately after 60-75 thousand km mileage you need:
replace oil in the gearbox and toothed belt drive mechanism of the gas distribution.
Inspection of fixtures of parts, nodes and mechanisms
Weakened fasteners are easier to detect on a dirty, dry car. With this condition, the gaps are thrown into the eyes in the locations of the details. So, on splashing weak nuts fastening the wheels, a crack is clearly visible in the dried mud, formed as a result of the mutual movement of nuts and wheels disk. To identify weakened connections, you can also apply another method that is the knocked hammer in detail. In this way, the stepladders are tested connecting the springs with the rear axle, loosely publish a rattling sound. In addition, the disturbed compounds give detail the ability to move one relative to the other, which leads to the stacks and the screen.
Tightening various mounts on the car is performed in different ways. Some bolts and nuts are tightened at once, others in two receptions: first pre-triggered, and then finally with the application of a certain recommended effort. It is impossible to retreat from the method of tightening specified in the instruction manual. Large flat parts fixed with several bolts, for example, the head of the cylinder block are dragged from the center to the edges. In detail with bolts located around the circumference, two diametrically opposite bolts are in charge.
The length of the flat keys is designed to provide the necessary moment of tightening nuts and bolts, so when tightening it is not recommended to use the key extension, but it is possible to screw the nuts with an extension. To facilitate the rejection of bolts and nuts, you can slightly knock the hammer on the key. Never tighten the nuts with pliers. The adjustable wrench is used only for large square nuts. When tightening particularly responsible connections, you must use a torque wrench that allows you to attach a certain tightening torque to the nut specified in the instructions. If the key indicating the magnitude of the tension is not, then it is poisoned, to delay the connection with a normal key without an extension, so as not to damage the thread.
When assembling connections in which there are gaskets, it is necessary to ensure tightness, gaskets and the surfaces adjacent to them should be lubricated with special sealants. If there are no, you can apply oil or thin layer of salidol, technical vaseline. When tightening the fastening of the excess sealant, the necessary density of the connection is reached and thus achieved.
To facilitate disassembly and maintenance threaded connections, working under difficult conditions (water and dirt, exposure to high temperatures, etc.), when assembling they should be lubricated, otherwise, with the next disassembly, absolutely unable to nuts, screws and bolts. Bolts and nuts operating at high temperatures, such as the exhaust pipeline and the muffler pipe, can not be lubricated with conventional oil, as it burns, resulting in unscrewing the nuts becomes even harder. Such bolts and nuts are better lubricated with graphite-containing lubrication. It is worth lubricating insulators of spark plug insulators for the prevention, as they are also burning to the cylinder head.
Engine maintenance
Wash engine. The engine was washed for two reasons - first, due to the fact that the high temperature of the engine contributes to the formation of a durable and dense film from oil, dust and dirt, which disrupts the heat exchange between the engine and the surrounding air; Secondly, if you need to determine the locations of the looser through which the oil leaks.
To wash the engine, it is better to use an aerosol-cleaner for cold cleaning. Wash with gasoline or kerosene is too dangerous. The thoroughbuilder is applied to a brush, slightly wetting it in water and rubbing the surface cleaner. After a while, closing the ignition distributor and the generator with a polyethylene film, rinse the engine with water. If there is no auto cleaner, the washing powder is used (a glass of powder halfdered water). The engine is usually a strong jet from the hose, , before, as in the first case on the carburetor, the ignition coil and the dispenser of the bags of plastic film and closing the candle. The engine after washing, as a rule, does not start long.
One of the main conditions necessary for the proper operation of the engine and ensuring its full capacity is the absolute tightness of the combustion chamber of the cylinder. If the combustion chamber of one or more is non-grinding, the compression ratio of the mixture in the cylinders is reduced, and consequently, the engine power, which contributes to the non-production fuel consumption. Therefore, compression should be checked not only if the fuel consumption increases and the engine power drop, but also when replacing the oil. From measuring compression on the engine, heated to a normal operating temperature. To do this, turn the candle and instead the tip of the compressometer is screwed. Then they fully open the damper of the carburetor and for a few seconds turn on the starter to the maximum deviation of the arrow of the compressometer. Thus, the pressure is consistently measured to the end of the compression tact in all engine cylinders. Different engines the compression value is different and depends on the degree of compression. The driver must know the compression value, which indicates the car documentation to compare the measurement results with it. If there is no data on the compression value, you can, knowing the degree of compression of a new carburetor engine, multiplying it by 0.125 and to determine with sufficient accuracy (in MPa) the magnitude of the compression for this engine, if it is in good technical condition. A permissible is usually considered to be the difference in the end of the compression tact in individual cylinders, which is 0.1 MPa. The difference between the lowest compressometer index and the reference data for the engine, which is in good technical condition, should not exceed 0.15 MPa. Low compression in the cylinders indicates their leaks, the main reasons for the occurrence of which can be the wear of the inner surface of the cylinders and piston rings, the leakage of the valves, the occurrence or crack of the piston rings, damage to the block laying of the block.
Compression measurement is performed only with a fully charged battery. If it is discharged, the starter and crankshaft rotate slowly, it leads to incorrect, as a rule, understated measurement results.
The maintenance of the engine's cylindrophone group is made after the mileage of the first 2 thousand km, and in the future only after removing the head of the cylinder block or when signs of gases breakthrough or the leakage of the coolant in the compounds by tightening the nuts of the studs and the cylinder head bolts. After 10-15 thousand km, the mileage should be checked and, if necessary, tighten the bolts and nuts for fastening the engine supports, and their rubber pillows are made of dirt and oil.
Engine oil. The normal amount of oil in the engine is just below the top risks of the probe. The novice driver should know that the excess of the level of the upper risk for the engine is as harmful as lowering the level below the permissible, since the rise of the oil level leads to insufficient spraying of the oil with a crankshaft, and the overestimation is to extrude the oil through the oils and burning it in the cylinders ( Smoking from the muffler and the oil-colored neck).
At oil consumption of more than 2.5% of the fuel consumption, the engine needs repair. If, of course, there are no leaks or other damage to the lubricant system itself. It is a volunteer who can serve as the main criterion for assessing the engine work. The oil level at daily trips is necessary to check: once a week on a good engine; daily with suspected engine inclusion; After each trip over 50 km at high speed.
Oil consumption less than 2.5% of the fuel consumption is considered normal, so the gradual decrease in the oil level in the engine should not be disturbed. In addition, long-term movement at high speeds inevitably leads to oil overrun.
Special concern should not be reduced, but an increase in the oil level. This means that somewhere was disturbed by the tightness of the contacting systems (gaskets of the cooling system or the gas station membrane). It is possible to determine the malfunction if you sniff the probe - the smell of gasoline will indicate the need to repair the fuel pump. In the absence of smell 2-3 times a day, you need to get the dipstick and check the color of the oil. If it starts to brighten, you need to go to repair. One of the signs of disruption of the tightness of the cooling system can serve as a gases under the engine and a removed radiator stop.
Another way to determine the fault is to make the tip of the probe with oil into the flame lighter. Clean, high-quality oil does not burn; oil with admixture of gasoline immediately flashes; If, when applying the probe, cracks and bright sparks appear in the flame, it means that water falls into the oil or other foreign impurities.
The oil should be changed once a year, regardless of the mileage, since, hitting the engine, the oil begins slowly, but it is inevitably worsening its qualities - oxidize, dipray, polluted. In the end, it loses all its useful qualities, even if the car did not pass any kilometer during this time.
It should not be worried if the oil is filled into the engine rapidly on the third day of work. This testifies only to his good detergents. Anxiety should cause if you, crawling oil between your fingers, felt the presence of any grains.
Cooling system. Each engine is heated during operation, so any design of the motor assumes the presence of a cooling system. The cooling system is designed to maintain the temperature of the engine elements in a certain valid limits and to align the temperatures of various parts, otherwise overheating or engine supercooling can occur.
Engine overheating leads to self-ignition and detonation. In this case, due to the decrease in the filling of cylinders, the engine power is reduced and the fuel consumption increases. The engine supercool contributes to the condensation of a part of the fuel, which precipitated on the walls of the cylinders, dilutes the oil, worsening its lubricating properties, and this, in turn, increases wall wear. When the engine is reduced, the quality of the combustion process is reduced, the power decreases and the fuel consumption increases to 20%. In order to prevent it, modern engines are equipped with automatic thermostats that provide the most favorable thermal engine mode in various operational and climatic conditions.
If the engine is in good condition heats up too slowly, then this is a signal of damage to the thermostat (its valve does not close). If the valve opens at a lower temperature, the engine heating time is increasing to its operating temperature. In engines cooled air supplied by an air heater, the thermostat regulates the flow of cold air. The thermostat action can be checked by immersing it in water tank. Heated capacity on the electric tile, it is necessary according to the thermometer readings placed in the same container, to trace whether the thermostat valve operates correctly in the desired temperature mode. In the event of a malfunction, the thermostat is replaced.
In winter, the engine is cooled very intensively, so the radiator is partially or fully insulated. Some car models have radiators with blinds or dampers. The heater overheating leads to an acceleration of wear of its parts, a significant increase in oil consumption and fuel. Therefore, when carrying out daily maintenance of the engine, it is necessary to check the coolant level. The leakage of the liquid indicates the leakage of the cooling system. If the liquid flows into the locations of the connections, check and tighten the clamps. If it does not help, change pipelines. All looseness of the radiator is eliminated by soldering. In the event of a cooling fluid leak, it is necessary to immediately eliminate the fault, since in addition to the decrease in the coolant, there are disorders in the circulation of the liquid, its boiling, therefore, the engine overheating. In engines that do not have a closed cooling system, fluid decrease can occur as a result of its leakage through the radiator drain tube or due to its evaporation.
Tosol is used as a coolant. The level of toosol in the expansion tank is checked once a week. It is not necessary to pour the coolant into the expansion tank under the neck, because after warming up the engine, Tosol will rise in the tank and splashes over. It is enough if it rises slightly above the lower tank mark.
If when checking the level of coolant, the upper tank is full - everything is fine. If not - you should fill it, put the engine and see the radiator. Huming through the liquid gas bubbles will indicate the punched block, the crack in the block head or the cylinder sleeve.
Tosol has a strictly defined density depending on which minimal temperature it is designed. Check can be made using a special areaometer at maintenance station. Tosol does not freeze in the cold, its service life is on average for 2-4 years.
In the summer, on the way, clean water can be added to the cooling system, however, on return, it is necessary as quickly as possible to replenish it with the corresponding amount of coolant. If the water is used in winter (in the case of a long parking lot), it should be drained from the radiator, otherwise it will expand and destroy the radiator and part of the engine.
The coolant is drained through the holes in the radiator tank and in the cylinder block. For complete drain, you need to open a heater crane. Flowing the coolant of poisonous, it can not be drained into the soil and reservoirs. Before the fill of the new fluid should be washed with a solution with a solution to remove scale and rust.
During the operation of the engine, it is necessary to periodically check the tension of the vehicle drive belt and the coolant pump or an air heater. If the belt is tensioned weakly or dirty with oil, it slips, because of which the fan and water pump or the air heater rotate slowly, which leads to overheating of the engine.
Transmission maintenance
The condition of the clutch node has a great influence on the vehicle movement mode, which serves to instantly disconnect the engine from transmission mechanisms when switching gear, braking and stopping the car. In addition, the clutch is used for a smooth connection of the engine with transmission mechanisms when driving a car from a place and after switching gear. In the case of a sharp braking, the clutch protects the engine and transmission mechanisms from overload.
The average life of the clutch in foreign cars corresponds to 1000-1200 thousand km of mileage. Wear depends on the load and compliance with the driver of the correct movement mode. The adhesion of modern domestic cars and foreign cars in principle does not require special maintenance, for eliminating the adjustment of the clutch pedal, and in some cars, even the closure of the clutch is automatically adjustable. As the pedal wear is raised up towards the driver. In older cars, the liquid level in the clutch tank should be checked.
When servicing the car, it is necessary daily before departure to check the adhesion performance and control the fluid level in the tank for clutch with hydraulic drive. Every 15 thousand km of mileage or as needed to check and adjust the clutch drive. After 30 thousand km of mileage or in two years of operation, the brake fluid should be changed in the clutch hydraulic drive. Five years or after 150 thousand km of mileage, it is necessary to replace protective rubber covers and dampers that are used in the cable clutch drive, regardless of their technical status.
Characteristic clutch faults are:
clutch slip (cause - the absence of free pedal stroke or clutch shutting plug);
the clutch slip at a normal free course (the cause is the grinding of the closed disk friction linings, the surfaces of the flywheel and the pressure disk, the increased wear or burning of the ledged disc closure linings, clogging or overlapping the edge of the sealing ring of the compression opening of the main cylinder, swelling the cylinder and working cylinders due to applying inappropriate brake fluid varieties or pollution);
the incomplete clutch shutdown, accompanied by noise in the gearbox (the causes - insufficiently complete stroke of the adhesion pedal for clutch with an inseparable drive, an increase in the free stroke of the pedal, entering the air into the hydropolor, air leakage from the hydraulic system);
junction when starting from the place (the causes - wear disk wear, the release clutch on the guide sleeve, breakage of the damper springs, the wear of the hub slots of the slave disk or the primary shaft, the grinding of the spicial lining of the slave disk, the surface of the flywheel and pressure disk);
noise when the clutch is turned on (causes - breakdown or loss of elasticity of damper springs, insufficiently free stroke of the clutch pedal, breakage or loss of elasticity or jumping the exhaust spring forging the clutch shutting);
congestion pedal jammed position (reasons - breakdown or disconnection of the exhaust spring, clogging holes in a tank cover, jamming the hub of the slave disk on the slots of the gearbox of the gearbox, breakage of the ledged disk closet or loosening rivets, warp disconnection, clutch drive) .
The gearbox serves to change the thrust force on the driving wheels of the machine, and also provides the reverse of the car and disagreement of the engine and the clutch from other transmission units when switching the box to a neutral position. For the gearbox, two varieties are characteristic: mechanical and automatic, and most of the modern cars are produced with an automatic transmission, the use of which provides a decrease in fuel consumption, more high quality Shift gear, large selection of driving modes, such as winter, sports, economical.
When servicing an automatic transmission, the oil level must be checked at no less often than 15 thousand km of mileage. The oil replacement is made every three years, but no later than 45-50 thousand km of mileage. If the car works in rural areas or as a taxi, oil is replaced after 35 thousand km of mileage. For automatic transmission Apply only special oil.
When servicing the leading bridge and manual transmission daily before departure, it is necessary to make sure in the absence of leaking oil on the stains on the site of the parking lot from the gearbox and the leading bridge, noise on the operating gearbox and in the ease of switching gear. After 15-30 thousand km of the mileage, it is necessary to check the oil level in the cooled box and the leading bridge and add it if necessary. Approximately on the same time it is necessary to clean the gearbox of the gearbox on the front-wheel drive vehicles or the rear axle cake by car of the classic layout scheme. After 70-100 thousand km of mileage, replace the oil in the gearbox and the leading bridge.
When checking on the crankcase, there should be no cracks, and on the surface of the nests for bearings - wear or damage. On the conjugation surfaces of the clutch crankcase with the lid, there should be no damage capable of causeing the divergence of the axes and insufficient tightness, which can lead to oil leakage. On the working edges of the seals should be damaged and irregularities. Permissible wear of the working edge in width of no more than 1 mm. The glands should be replaced even with minor damage or loss of elasticity, but best when assembling the gearbox use new ones.
Damage and excessive wear are not allowed on the working surfaces of the slaves of the slave shaft. On the rolling surface of the bearings at the front end of the slave and in the leading shaft, there should be no visible irregularities. It is not allowed to be cut or excessive wear of the teeth of the intermediate shaft. Slots and grooves shafts should not have dents, scaling and wear, to provide a non-free planting of synchronizers. The surface of the axis of the reversing gear must be smooth, without traces of jealous. With high damage and deformations, the shaft is replaced by a new one.
Serving the gear selection and gear mechanisms, check the state of the gear selection lever, lock brackets, gear selection rod, the gland and the protective ring of the gear selection lever. Worn and damaged parts should be replaced. Check and landing the gear shift lever in the ball support, which should be rotated in the support freely, without jamming, and not have free stroke. It is not allowed deformation of the drive thrust and damage to the protective cover.
When inspecting the reverse lock mechanism check the axis of the lock mechanism. It should be tightly held on the ground, and the lever after its turn to each of the two extreme positions is returned automatically under the action of the springs to the original average. The lever in the initial position when swaying his hand should not have a free move.
When servicing the cardan transmission daily check the presence of funks, increased vibration and noise. The condition of the cardan shaft without its disassembly is checked with a raised car or on the inspection ditch. Inspect the cardan shaft for the presence of jar, cracks, cutting tubes of the shaft. If they are detected, the shaft should be replaced. To check the gap in the cardan hinge or a slot connection with one hand, take the shaft near the connection site, the other is trying to turn it on the side or shake, and also lift each of the sides of the hinge. Increased backlamps in the cardane transmission and in the remaining transmission units can be determined using the hinductors.
By external inspection, they check the state of the seals of cardan hinges and a slotted connection. Inspect the front elastic rubber coupling. It should not be damage and inflating rubber, splits around the mounting bolts. The presence of oil pollution indicates the wear of the rear seal of the gearbox, and on the rear cardan joint - about wear of the superpatch of the main transmission.
In the same way inspect the intermediate support. The intermediate support bearing is checked by lifting the shaft. If this fits moving (backlash), the bearing must be removed and check its condition, twisting the outer ring with hand. With a significant wear, the bearing should be replaced.
Every 10 thousand km of mileage should be checked and, if necessary, tighten the bolts and nuts for fastening the flanges of cardan hinges and the intermediate supports of the cardan shaft. After 40-60 thousand km, the mileage is lubricated by the consistent lubricant to the cutting shaft slot. When inspection, you must also check the tightening of all mounting blocks.
When servicing the drive of the front wheels every 15 thousand km of mileage, and when driving on the country roads without a coating or with gravel coating, it is much more often checked and the protective covers of hinges are cleaned.
When the rear leading bridge is running, noise, knocks, increased heating, oil leakage can occur. The main causes of constant noise and heating during the operation of the rear leading bridge can be the following: insufficient oil level or the use of its inappropriate variety; Incorrect adjustment of the engagement of the conical gears of the main transmission; wear or destruction of bearings of leading gears; Weakening the fastening of the flange of the lead gear; breakdown of teeth gears; wear of the slotted connection of the semi-axle gears; Deformation of the beam of the rear axle or semi-axes.
The main causes of noise when overclocking and braking the car engine can be: an increased gap in the bearings of the drive gear, their wear or destruction, the wrong side clearance between the teeth of the gear gears of the main transmission.
The main causes of noise when turning and sharp change in the rotation frequency of the engine of the engine crankshaft is: seeding the neck of the semi-axle gears, the satellite jamming, weakening of the bolts of the differential cup bolts, incorrect adjustment of the samples of the differential, tight rotation of satellites on the axis.
The noise from the back of the rear wheels can be caused by the weakening of the fastening of the wheels, wear or destruction of the ball bearing of the semi-axis.
The causes of noise and funks at the beginning of the car movement can be an increased gap in the slotted joint of the lead gear shaft with the flange, the hole wear under the satellite axis in the Differential Box, the weakening of the rear suspension bolts of the rear suspension bolts.
The causes of oil leakage - wear or damage to the seals, damage to the sealing pads, as well as the weakening of the crankcase fastening bolts.
If the cardan shaft rotates, but the car does not touch from the place, it either threw the mucts of the semi-axis, or a breakdown of the semi-axis.
Determining the state of the rear leading bridge without his disassembly
To check the performance of the differential, you can sang the rear wheels of the car, putting the gearbox lever to the neutral position. Rotating a hand one of the rear wheels are watching another wheel. If it rotates without a knock and noise in the opposite direction, then the differential is in good condition. The rotation of both wheels in one direction indicates differential faults.
One of the common faults of the leading bridge is the appearance of noise at various modes of its operation. To determine the causes of noise, the following tests should be carried out.
At the first test, in order to accurately determine the nature of the noise, the vehicle is developing at about 20 km / h and gradually increase it to 90 km / h, listening to various types of noise and noting the speed at which the noise appears and disappears. Then they should release the throttle control pedal and reduce the speed of the engine without slowing down. If noise arises, then most likely it comes from gear gear, as they are loaded. During a slowdown, follow the change in noise, as well as when the noise is enhanced. Typically, noise occurs at the same speeds both during acceleration and at a slowdown.
When performing the second test, the car accelerates up to 100 km / h, put the gear shift lever to the neutral position and, turning off the ignition, give the car the ability to freely roll up to the stop. It should be followed by the nature of noise at different speeds. When the ignition is turned off, it should be attentive and neat. You can not rotate the key more than you need to turn off the ignition, since with a further turn to the "Parking" position can work the anti-theft device.
The noise seen during this test and the corresponding noise at the first test, it does not come from the gear of the main transmission, since they cannot cause noise without load. The noise marked during the second test may proceed from the sizes of differential or bearings or differential.
To fulfill the third test, the engine is launched at a fixed and inhibitory car and, gradually increasing the frequency of rotation of its crankshaft, compare the arising noise with the seen in previous tests. Noise, similar to noises arising from the first test indicate that they do not proceed from the gearbox, but are caused by other nodes. To confirm that noises come from the gearbox, raise the rear wheels, the engine is allowed and include the highest gear. At the same time, you can make sure that noises really come from the gearbox, and not from other nodes, such as suspension or body.
More accurate data can be obtained when testing the leading bridge using the appropriate equipment.
Maintenance of the ignition system
For proper adjustment of the ignition advance angle in most ignition systems, there are three regulators: manual, centrifugal and vacuum.
The manual ignition advance controller, the so-called octane corrector, allows you to change the ignition advance angle depending on the octane number of the fuel used. The centrifugal regulates the ignition advance angle depending on the rotation speed of the engine crankshaft, regardless of its load. Vacuum - depending on the engine load and regardless of the speed of rotation of the crankshaft. Due to the interaction of centrifugal and vacuum controllers, an angle of fibergiation corresponding to the rotation speed of the shaft rotation and the engine load is currently.
The need for earlier ignition of the mixture is associated with the fact that the mixture should ignore and, if possible, to completely burn in a short time of one piston. Therefore, the greater the speed of rotation of the crankshaft, the greater the ignition leads should be. With too early ignition or its lateness, the engine works incorrectly, the result of fuel consumption increases up to 30%. Therefore, the ignition should be established in accordance with the data of the enterprise - the manufacturer of the engine. Ignition at maintenance station using a stroboscopic lamp. During the operation of the car there may be a violation of the ignition advance control. A beginner driver after some training can determine it for rumor.
If, when moving on a direct transmission with a low speed, a sharp press on the accelerator pedal causes a strong ringing, it means the ignition is too early. Complete absence The stall in this case testifies to the delay of the ignition. When the ignition is properly installed, a short, barely audible ringing should be heard.
In case, with all attempts to correctly set the ignition, this cannot be done, you should seek the cause of the malfunction in the ignition system. The main malfunctions of the ignition system include: violation of the adjustment of centrifugal or vacuum regulators, damage to the ignition apparatus.
The ignition interrupter consists of two parts: a fixed, which is called anvil, and a movable - hammer. It serves to interrupt the current in the low voltage chain of the ignition system into certain modes. Both contacts end with tips made of refractory metal. Movable contact directed by the spring towards the still contact, relies with a fiber and turbacked pad on the camshamber camshaft camshaft. If the interrupter is malfunction, the correctness of the ignition installation is disturbed, that is, its premature action or delay occurs. And in that, and in another case, the engine power drops and the fuel consumption increases. The greater the deviation from the normal ignition period, the more violates the process of combustion of the mixture in the engine and the fuel consumption increases. In the case when the low voltage circuit is interrupted until the interrupter contacts, a premature ignition of the mixture occurs in the cylinder. The cause of premature ignition can be the wear of contacts, due to which a large distance is set between the contacts, there is a weakening of the contact spring, which in this case does not provide an appropriate approach of contacts. In case of erasing fiber or turbacked pads, a later leading of moving contact from the fixed, which leads to the delay of the ignition of the mixture in the engine cylinder.
The uneven wear or burning of contacts, as a result of which they do not contact each other with the whole surface, is another characteristic failure of the interrupter. As a result of a malfunction, the current changes in the primary winding of the ignition coil, which leads to a decrease in the voltage in its secondary winding. When the voltage is reduced, difficulties occur with the start of the engine, as the spark plugs give too weak spark that does not provide the ignition of the mixture. In the ignition of the mixture there are breaks. If at a certain occurrence of the piston, the ignition does not occur, the unlaunted mixture comes out of the cylinder, and therefore the involuntary consumption of fuel increases significantly. Therefore, when maintained, the state of the ignition interrupter and its contacts should be checked, as well as the gap between them.
In case of a loose fit of contacts and if the sinks are small in them, then their surface can be aligned with supfil. With strong wear of the contacts, stop or loosening the spring, the interrupter is replaced.
In order for the contact system of the ignition to work normally, it is necessary to monitor the cleanliness of all the instruments included in it, for the fastening of the wires on the instruments, for the integrity of the protective caps on the high voltage wires. After about 10 thousand km of the mileage, it is necessary to remove the distributor cover, wipe it from the inside with a cloth moistened in gasoline, and if it will be detected, wipe the disk and contact the interrupter. Lubricate the axis of moving contact and the felt insert with an engine oil, since electrical discharges arising from the opening of the interrupter's contacts lead to their erosion and corrosion. Erosion is accompanied by metal transfer from one contact to another, corrosion - the formation of conductive films on them. Contamination of contacts, as well as a disruption of the gap between them, changes the process of sparking, and therefore causes ignition skipping in individual cylinders, which causes the unstable operation of the engine, especially in idle mode.
After 20 thousand km of mileage, it is necessary to pour 3-4 drops of oil used for the engine, into the oil hole on the ignition dispenser housing, having previously turned its cover before opening the fuel hole; Inspect the contacts of the interrupter and when oxidation, irregularities and burnings are discovered; Check and adjust the gap between the interrupter contacts, after doing the same operation with the ignition advance angle; Remove the candles, if you have a car, remove it and adjust the gaps between the electrodes of the candles.
After about 30 thousand km, the mileage of the candle is recommended to replace new. To avoid breaking the thread when turning, the candle should be installed in a special candle wrench, and then together with the key - in the hole of the cylinder head. To the easiest turn to the left, and then to the right without a large push, screw the candle until it goes easily on the thread, and then finally tighten with the use of turning. To facilitate the subsequent turning of the candles before turning them into the unit, it is advisable to grasp the threaded part by the graphite powder or a soft graphite rod. The thin layer of graphite will protect the thread and heads from the burning and thereby increase the service life of the head.
When maintaining the contactless ignition system, you must check the purity and fastening of all devices and conductors. It should be carefully wiped with a clean cloth moistened in gasoline, the outer and the inner surface of the distributor of the distributor and the rotor, to clean the electrodes of the side terminals and the rotor too-separated plate. It is also possible to wipe the electronic switch housing and the ignition coil, check the reliability of fastening the connections in the electrical circuits of low and high voltage and the integrity of the protective caps of all connections. It is forbidden to remove the tips of the candles from the wires and the high voltage wires, from the sensor cover of the dispenser with a hot engine to avoid breaking conductive veins, which becomes softer from heating. It is necessary to check the density of landing of the wires to the full depth in the tips of the candles and the sensor cover of the distributor.
Replacing the candles in the contactless ignition system should be more often compared to the contact - approximately every 15-20 thousand km of mileage.
To ensure a reliable engine start with a non-contact ignition system in winter, ignition candles, regardless of their condition, it is recommended to replace new ones, and the used working candles can then be used in the warm season.
When installing candles on the car, it is necessary to take into account the cali number of the candle, which is the most important characteristic, as well as the length of the threaded part of the case. So, in the marking of the candles of Russian production, for example, the A17DVR, the first letter indicates the thread of its screwed part (the letter A corresponds to the thread M 14 x 1.25); Two digits (17) - a calil number of candles; The second letter - the length of the threaded part of the housing (the letter D corresponds to the length of the threaded portion 19 mm, the absence of the letter D means that the length of the threaded part is 12.7 mm); The letter B shows that the thermal cone of the insulator acts beyond the end of the candle housing, and the letter P means the presence of an interference resistor.
Foreign firms apply another labeling. For example, the company "Bosch" marks candles as follows: WR7DCR. The first letter means the thread: W is the thread M 14 x 1.25 with a flat seal, SW 21 (where 21 is the key size under the candle); F - thread M 14 x 1.25 with flat seal, SW16; M - thread M 18 x 1, 5 with flat seal, SW25; H is the thread M 14 x 1.25 with a conical seal, SW16; D is the thread M 18 x 1, 25 with a conical seal, SW21. The second letter (R) is a candle with interference resistance. A number 7 is a calil number that can vary from 6 ("cold") to 13 ("hot"). The third letter (D) denotes the length of the threaded part of the housing (A - the length of the thread is 12.7 mm, in the length of the thread is 12.7 mm with a thermal body of the insulator, C - the length of the thread 19 mm, D - the thread length is 19 mm with a thermal extended Housing of the insulator). The fourth letter (C) denotes the material of the central electrode (the absence of the letter is the central electrode from the left alloy chromium, C is a copper-nickel electrode, P - platinum, S - silver, U - copper, O is a standard candle with a reinforced central electrode). The sixth letter (R) is the resistance of the burning, R \u003d 1 com. Berie's firm marks candles otherwise, for example 14k7dur. The first two digits (14) denote the diameter of the thread (M 14 x 1.25); The first letter (K) is a constructive feature: K is a conical landing surface, R - the presence of an interference resistor. Figure 7 corresponds to a calic part. The second letter (D) denotes the thread length. The third (U) is the electrode material, and the fourth (R) is the resistance to burning.
The value of a gallinal number depends on a number of indicators, engine design features and, mainly on the degree of compression and fuel used. On the high frequency of the crankshaft rotation and the degree of compression are candles with a large calil.
In order for the engine to work normally, the temperature of the lower part of the insulator should be within 500-600 ° C, which will ensure self-cleaning of the insulator, that is, the combustion of the undeclined car. At the same time, insignificant deposits of light brown or grayish color are formed on the insulator. If the temperature of the insulator is lower than normal (Cold Candle), there will be a thick layer of black nagar on it on the candle housing. As a result, current leakage occurs on the body, interruptions in the work of the candle or its full failure. If the temperature of the insulator is higher than normal (the candle is "hot"), the occurrence of a vibil ignition is inevitably before the sparks between the candle electrodes. Consequently, the higher the gallinal number, the more cold candle, the lower, the "hot". This must be taken into account when selecting and installing imported candles.
When operating a car malfunction, the ignition candles can be caused by nagar, splashing with oil and fuel. Possible cracks in the insulator, changing the gap between the electrodes and their burning. Nagar and sinking eliminate metal brushes and washed candles in gasoline with subsequent purge compressed air. It is impossible to remove the nagar with burning candles on fire, as you can damage the insulator.
The gap between the candle electrodes is 0.5-0.6 mm for the usual and 0.7-0.8 mm for the transistor ignition system. It is checked with a special round dipstick, and in the absence of - steel wire of the corresponding diameter. Adjust the clearance of the bending or reducing the side electrode.
The color of the insulator from light gray to a light brown, a clean housing and inhabited electrodes indicate compliance with the candles to the engine and its normal operation. Black Dry Nagar on the candle means that it is "cold" and does not correspond to this engine or is re-entered the working mixture. Purpose of the insulator and the body of the candle with oil or black wet nagar is a sign of the inconsistency of the "cold" candle with this engine or oil entering through the worn piston rings on the candle. The burnt electrodes indicate the overheating of the hot candles caused by its inconsistency with this engine, on the malfunction of the ignition installation, the use of low-octane gasoline.
To detect a faulty candle, you should sequentially turn off the candles when the engine is idling at idle. The candle turns off when the tip with a high voltage wire is removed. When the defective candle is disconnected, the engine continues to work with the same interruptions as before it is turned off. When the normal candle is disconnected, the uneven operation of the engine is enhanced. Remove candles only with a cold engine or at a motor temperature close to body temperature. If you unscrew the spark plugs with a hot engine, the thread of the candles on the head of the cylinder block can break the cutting. Typically, a special key is used for disintegration. Before removing the candles themselves, the high voltage wire plug should be removed. At the same time, it is impossible to pull the ignition cables.
The main malfunctions of the ignition coil are the buccles of the bakelite cover, the intervatite closure in the primary winding and the insulation test in the secondary winding. Damage to the windings of the coil usually occurs due to its overheating, and most often due to the operation of the ignition for a long time after turning off the engine.
To check the ignition coil, you should lend to the cylinder head for a distance of about 4 mm. The end of the wire, carved from the central socket of the cover, turn on the ignition and dilute the contacts of the interrupter. If there is no spark, the candle must be replaced.
To test the condenser, you need to disconnect its wire from the ignition distributor housing and connect it to the high voltage wire of the ignition coil. Then the ignition turns on, manually open the interrupter's contacts several times and then bring the end of the condenser wire to its body. Lack of spark indicates a condenser malfunction, which is replaced with a new one.
If there are cracks in the distributor lid, they are easy to detect when inspection; Punching current, as a rule, can only be seen in the dark. Damaged cover or distributor rotor must be replaced.
When inspection and maintaining a car, you should pay attention to the reliability of the fastening of the wires and the state of their isolation. Wires must be clean, flexible, securely fixed. They should not be traces of damage, corrosion and dirt. It is impossible that droplets of oil, gasoline or other technical fluids remain on their braid. If the braid is wet, it must be wiped with a clean cloth. When the cracks are detected on insulation, damaged spaces need to be wrapped with adhesive tape and replace the wire with the first feature.
During the movement of the car in poorly fixed wires, isolation is rapidly erased. Violation of the insulation of high and low voltage wires is also due to gasoline, oil, electrolyte droplets, hot water or due to mechanical damage. When damaged isolation in electrical circuits, closures occur. Of course, in this case, the sparks on the candlelight will not and the engine will not start.
If, after checking the entire ignition system, the engine still starts with difficulty, it remains to check whether the ignition lock is correct. To check the help of the ignition lock, you must connect one end of the wire lamp wire to the "mass" of the car, and the other to the ignition lock terminal and turn on the ignition. If the lamp does not burn or burns right - the ignition lock is faulty. It is not recommended to disassemble it.
When servicing and repairing a car equipped with an electronic ignition system, it is necessary to strictly follow the safety regulations:
disconnect the ignition systems, as well as the measuring instrument wires only when the ignition is turned off; It is impossible to touch the cable "Mass" or disconnect it when the engine is running; It is impossible when the engine is running, disconnect the wires from the battery terminals; It is impossible to connect an interference deviation capacitor to the negative terminal or any control lamp; Cannot be installed in contactless system Ignition the ignition coil of another model, and the more intended for the contact system of the ignition; It is impossible to check the performance of the system elements on the spark; The engine should be washed only when the ignition is turned off; It is impossible to lay in one harness of the wires of low and high voltage;
people who are used by the heart stimulator should not produce work with an electronic ignition device;
run the engine immediately after heating it to a temperature above +80 ° C (after painting, processing a jet of steam, etc.) is prohibited.
When checking compression before starting the engine starter, it is necessary to turn off the ignition, removing the high voltage cable with the ignition distributor, and connect it to the auxiliary wire. The auxiliary wire must have the same section as the ignition cable.
Steering maintenance
The amount of work when servicing steering mechanisms (Fig. 27) is determined by the maintenance type.
Steering malfunctions affect the controllability of the car and, accordingly, the safety of motion. These include: an enlarged idle, tight rotation of the steering wheel, the knob in the steering control, oil leakage from the crankcase, the poor stability of the car, self-excited angular oscillation of the front wheels.
Fig. 27.Steering mechanism
The causes of the increased idling are as follows: the weakening of the steering bolts (for the steering mechanisms of the worm-type only), nuts of the ball fingers of the steering tag; The increase in the gaps in the ball joints, the bearing of the hubs of the front wheels, in the engagement of the roller with the worm (for the steering mechanisms of only a roll type), between the axis of the mint and sleeves, in the Bearings of the worm, between the focus of the rail and the nut, the backlash in the rivet connection.
When the steering wheel is tight, the main reasons are: the deformation of the steering drive; Incorrect installation of the angles of the front wheels; Disrupting the gap in the engagement of the roller with the worm (for the steering mechanisms of only worm-type); hauling adjusting nut axis axis of a pendulum lever (for steering mechanisms of worm-type only); lack of oil in the steering mechanism; Damage to the parts of the ball joints, the bearing of the upper support of the rack, the support sleeve or the restraint stop (for the steering mechanisms of only a roll type), the parts of the telescopic suspension rack; Low pressure in front wheels.
The reason for the stews in the steering control is: in increasing the gaps in the bearing of the front wheels, between the axis of the pendulum lever and sleeves; In the engagement of the roller with a worm or in the bearing worm (for the steering mechanisms of only worm-type), in the ball joints of the steering rods, between the focus of the rail and the nut (for the steering mechanisms only roll-type); In the weakening of the nut of the ball fingers of the steering tag, the fastening bolts of the steering mechanism or the bracket of the pendulum lever (for the steering mechanisms of a worm-type), nuts of the ball fingers of rotary levers, the fastening bolt of the lower flange of the elastic coupling on the shaft of the gear (for the steering mechanisms of the rush type only); In the weakening of the adjusting nut of the axis of the pendulum lever.
The main causes of poor stability of the car can be: impaired installation of the angles of the front wheels; an increase in the gaps in the bearing of the front wheels, in the ball joints of the steering, in the engagement of the roller and the worm (for the steering mechanisms of the worm-type only); Weakening of nuts of ball fingers of steering, fastening of the steering mechanism or bracket of the pendulum lever (for steering mechanisms of worm-type only); Deformation of rotary fists or suspension levers.
The causes of oil leakage from the crankcase is: wear of the shaft shaft seals or a worm (for steering mechanisms of worm-type only); damage to sealing pads; Weakening of the steering crankcase cover bolts.
The main reasons for the self-excited angular oscillation of the front wheels are: in the weakening of nuts of the ball fingers of the steering, the bolts of the steering mechanism or the bracket of the pendulum lever; In the violation of the gap in the engagement of the roller with the worm.
For the installed operation of the steering mechanism, it is necessary: \u200b\u200bto inspect the locations of the attachments, whether to check whether the leakage is not allowed in the gearbox, check the backlash and resistance in the steering wheel. After the first 2-3 thousand km of mileage, and then every 10-15 thousand km, it is necessary to carry out overall steering checks, which is to test the fastening of the steering gearbox crankcase and steering wheels, gaps in rubber-metal and ball joints, tightening Fasteners of steering tag to rake, various hots, noise and knobs, the state of protective covers of the steering mechanism and ball hinges of the steering. After 60 thousand kilometers of the mileage or in case of leaking oil, check the oil level in the steering mechanism crankcase, and after five years of operation of the car and each time the steering gearbox repair should be changed. To drain oil from the power gear gear gear, weaken the lower gearbox cover or the worm bearings lock nut. After draining in the carving mechanisms of the worm-type steering mechanisms pour oil.
When servicing the steering with a hydraulicer, check and adjust the drive belts, checking the liquid level in the hydraulic tank tank, check the presence of leaks, hydraulic system, as well as the force of rotation of the steering wheel.
Belts are checked for cracks, bundle, wear and grinding, and if these defects are replaced. After 30 thousand km of the mileage, it is necessary to check and, if necessary, adjust the tension of the steering hydraulic power supply belt.
The deflection is checked in the middle upper part of the pump drive. It should not exceed 7-10 mm depending on the design. If necessary, the tension is produced by moving the pump housing.
The level of fluid in the tank is checked with a non-working engine. A low-viscosal oil is usually used as a working fluid for steering with a hydraulic fluid. The fluid level is determined by the rod installed in the hydraulic tank, or by tank marks. The notes scale corresponds to the temperature of the liquid from 50 to 80 ° C, and the GOLD scale is 0 to 30 ° C.
After 30 thousand km, it is necessary to check the hoses for leaks, cracks, weakening fastenings, destruction, etc. After the external check, the engine is allowed and maintained the rotational speed of the crankshaft between the minimum and 1000 rpm. The engine and working fluid in the steering system are heated to 60-80 ° C. The operating temperature is achieved when the engine is operating in idling mode with turning the steering wheel for 2 minutes or after 10 km of mileage. The steering wheel turns several times from the stop until it stops. Holding it in each of the extreme positions of 5 seconds, check if there are liquid leaks. During the verification, hold the steering wheel in the extreme position more than 15 C is impossible.
Before starting checking the hydraulic system, check the tension of the pump belt, drive pulley and tire pressure. The hydraulic system between the pump and the drive is connected to the valve pressure gauge, after which it pumps the system to remove air. Then the engine is started and the temperature of the working fluid is adjusted to 60-80 ° C. The engine warms with a fully open crane, heating with a closed crane can lead to an increase in temperature. Turning the steering wheel until it is left left and right when the engine is running with a crankshaft rotation frequency of 1,000 rpm, determine the pressure developed by the pump developed by the pump.
If the pressure is less than 78-84 cm 2, the tap is slowly closed on 15 s and again check the pressure. Increased pressure indicates good operation of the pump and the steering mechanism malfunction, low pressure when the crane is closed - the pump fault. Increased pressure in the system when checking indicates a malfunction of the pump safety valve. After checking the hydraulic system, the pressure gauge is disconnected and, if necessary, fasten the working fluid, after which the air is removed from the system.
To check the force of rotation of the steering wheel, the car is installed on a flat dry surface, slowing down its parking brake, tire pressure is adjusted to normal. Start the engine, warm the working mixture to 60-80 ° C. Using a dynamometer, the force of rotation of the steering wheel is measured after the rotation of it 360 ° C from the neutral position. One effort should be no more than 4. If the force above this value is checking the rack shift force (for steering wheels of the rush type). To do this, disconnect the lower steering shaft hinge from the steering mechanism and steering thrust from swivel fists.
Run the engine and warm the hydraulic fluid to the operating temperature. Attachping the dynamometer to the steering rod, slowly shifts it from a neutral position by 11.5 mm in both directions. The average rack shift force is 15.5-24.5. If the rack shift force is not within the specified limits, the steering mechanism must be repaired; With a normal shift force, check the steering column.
A general verification of the technical condition of the steering should be carried out by the total magnitude of the backlash and the effort required for turning the steering wheel. If necessary, or to control perform the overall steering check using special equipment. If the technical status of the steering is unsatisfactory, the elementary check is required, which is carried out by direct inspection and testing under load.
Maintenance of the chassis
The technical condition of the car significantly worsen various malfunctions and failures of the chassis. Thus, in the front suspension there are bends of beams, upper and lower levers, wear of the upper and lower ball fingers, superstars, liners, rubber bushings. All this leads to a change in the angles of the installation of controlled wheels, which causes the deterioration of controllability by a car, overcurrent fuel, tire wear. The problems of the suspension elements affect the smoothness of the stroke, the resistance of the car during the movement.
The most frequent malfunctions of the chassis is: deviation and partial deviation of the car from the direction of the straight movement, the so-called "Visible", in the range of speeds from 50 to 90 km / h; Rocking the front of the car when driving on an uneven road; knock in front suspension; weak knock transmitted to the steering wheel; knock in the rear suspension; Increased wear of the inner part of the tire tread; increased wear of the extreme parts of the tire tread; uneven wear of the tread; Pilotous wear of tire tread in the transverse direction; One-sided tire tread wear; wheelbeat; Do not be adjusted to wheel installation angles; The car throws from side to the side on the road with longitudinal wave convexes and depadies.
The reasons for the deviation of the car from the direction of the straight movement are: various corners of the longitudinal and transverse inclination axes of rotation of the left and right wheels; Different collapse of the left and right wheels; unequal air pressure in the tires of the left and right wheels; It is possible to pull one of the bearing front wheels, which leads to an increase in resistance; deformation of the lower and top levers of the front suspension; violation of the parallelism of the axes of the front and rear axles; Turning one of the wheels of the car on the go due to the lack of a gap between the brake drum and the friction lining; Increased front wheel imbalances; unequal elasticity springs suspension.
The causes of the partial deviation of the car from the direction of the straight movement - "Visors" in the range of speeds from 50 to 90 km / h are: large gaps in Silent-block sleeves, steering hinges, in the bearing of the front wheels; increased gaps between ball fingers and liners, fingers and bearings; weakening fastening in the steering control; Wear a pendulum lever bushings.
The main reason for swinging the front of the car when driving around the uneven road is the unsatisfactory work of the front shock absorbers.
The reasons for the knock in the front suspension is: large wear of the elements of hinged connections; lack of lubricant in hinge compounds; weakening fastening bolts; precipitate, breaks, depletion of rubber from the support housing of the rack; wear of the rubber sleeves of the shock absorber Weakening the tank of the shock absorber tank nut; Increased clearance in wheel hub bearings; Increased wheel imbalance; deformation of the rim or wheel; sediment or breakage of the spring; destruction of compression buffers; malfunction of suspension racks (for automobiles with front-wheel drive); the weakening of the bolts of fastening the brackets of stretch marks or bolts, fastening the rod of the transverse stability stabilizer to the body; wear of rubber pillows stretch marks or rods (for vehicles with front-wheel drive); Weakening the mounting of the top support of the suspension rack to the body (for cars with front-wheel drive).
The causes of a weak knock transmitted to the steering wheel can be deformation of the front wheels and a large imbalance of one or two front wheels.
The cause of the knock in the rear suspension lies in the rear axle overload; wear of shock absorbers; Weakening fastening places.
Wear of the inner part of the tire tread can occur due to overpressive air pressure in the tire;
increased wear of the extreme parts of the tire tread - due to insufficient pressure in the tire; uneven wear - due to large gaps in the hinge compounds of the steering drive and the front suspension, malfunction and shock absorbers, the large residual imbalance of the wheels; Pilotless tire tire wear in the transverse direction - due to improper convergence of the wheels, and the cause of one-sided wear of the tire tread is the deviation of the corner of the collapse of the wheels from the nominal value. The main cause of wheelbeat is a balancing violation.
The reasons for the impossibility of adjusting the angles of the wheel installation are: deformation of the axis of the lower lever; The deformation of the crossing of the suspension in the zone of the front bolts of fastening the axes of the lower levers; deformation of the rotary fist, pendant levers or elements of the front of the body; wear of rubberometallic hinges.
Consequence of a car throwing from side to side on a road having longitudinal bulbs and depressions are: wear of the sleeves or a weak tightening of the axis of the axis of the pendulum lever; Large backlats in the hinge joints of the steering trapezoid and the bearing of the front wheels.
When servicing the technical condition of the chassis of the car, we also check the tightening of bearings, the backlash of the front suspension and steering. To do this, with the help of a lift or jack, the wheel is hung, take it over the edges from above and below and shake along the vertical axis, reducing the backlash of the bearing. The magnitude of the backlash should be close to zero. After determining the back of the vertical, they take the edges of the wheel in the upper part of it, located in the horizontal plane, applying the effort variables, reduce the backlash before the steering wheel starts. The magnitude of the vertical vertical characterizes the bearing tension, and with a larger force applied to the wheel, shows the wear of the upper and lower hinged connections, horizontally in the middle part of the wheel - the degree of tight of bearings, with an increased force applied to the wheel, shows the wear of the steering connections .
To determine the cause of the back of the front wheels, the rotation of the wheels is also used. If the backlash is felt, it means that it is the cause of steering.
The rear wheels of the hollows vertically and horizontally are approximately the same, and the change in their values \u200b\u200bcharacterizes the degree of wear of bearings. If front wheel The backlash is missing, it is necessary to give the wheel to the rotation and the time to stop it to determine the resistance arising when scrolling. In the case of a quick stop of the wheel, you should weaken the bearing tension.
Checks for the magnitude and nature of tire wear, car drift when moving, noise and knock, vibrations, and heating make it possible to judge the technical condition of the car's chassis.
During each maintenance, the state of protective covers of the chain joints of the suspension is checked, paying particular attention to mechanical damage; It is necessary to find out whether there are no cracks on the suspension items or traces of hooking for traffic obstacles, the deformation of the swivel fist, the axis of the lower arm, the levers of the suspension and the elements of the bodice, and also check the gap in the upper ball joint and the state of the lower ball hinge. The deformation of the lower lever is determined by inspection.
Analysis of the state of rubberometallic hinges has its own sequence. If there is no deformation of the suspension levers and the axis of the lower lever, the front wheels of the car are hanging; Visually determine the radial offset of the outer sleeve relative to the inner sleeve and the appearance of the hinge. In case of swelling, breaks and cracking, the hinge is replaced. Rubberometallic hinges are also replaced with the impossibility of adjusting the collapse of the wheels when all the washers are removed from the lower lever axis.
Cars with rear-wheel drive To check the wear of the top ball hinge, the front wheel chain must unload the wheel, for which the focus is substituted under the bottom ball hinge. The wear of the upper hinge is determined by swaying the wheel in the vertical plane, while the clearance in the hinge should not exceed 0.8 mm.
On the front-wheel drive vehicles check the condition (sediment) of the top support of the suspension rack as follows: the car with a static load 320, uniformly distributed by the body, is installed on a flat platform; Turning the steering wheel, set about the same gap between the compression limiter and the rubber part throughout the circumference; This gap is measured by a template or caliper. It should not exceed 10 mm. If the gap is more, you should remove the rack, check the status of its parts and the faulty details are replaced.
When servicing and checking the status of the suspension parts, removed from the car, it is necessary to thoroughly inspect and make sure that the suspension levers, cross, swivel fists And the springs are not deformed and have no cracks. If there are any details to replace.
Checking the technical condition of the ball joints, first of all, it is necessary to make sure that the hinge covers are preserved. Ripples, cracks, detachable rubber from metal reinforcement, traces of lubrication leakage are not allowed. Then it is necessary to check whether there is no wear of the working surfaces of ball joints, turning the ball finger by hand. Free, without resistance, the course of the finger and his jail is unacceptable.
The stabilizer bar is tested for deformation and flatness. With a minor deformation, the bar is straightened, with significant - replace.
Check the safety of the pillows in the mounting brackets to the body and to the lower levers of the suspension and in the case of wear are replaced.
When servicing a telescopic rack, all parts are checked and dried. They must meet the following requirements: the working surfaces of the piston, piston Ring, guide sleeve, rod, cylinder, return buffers and valve parts should be without scaling, dents and traces of wear; discs of compression and recoil valves, as well as a disk valve plate should not be deformed; The non-transcendence plate of the bypass valve is allowed not more than 0.05 mm (check the dipstove on the plate); The working edges of the gland must be without damage and wear; Risks, jads and detachment of the fluoroplastic layer on the rod guide sleeve are not allowed; springs of recoil and compression valves, as well as the return buffer must be intact enough; The inner surface of the rack housing should be clean, without drawing and damage, thread - in good condition; The tightness of the rack housing is tested by air under pressure; Case stand, bracket, cup of spring, swivel lever, compression buffer and protective casing should not have destruction and deformations. On the rack it is impossible to keep welding work, as this can affect the change in the angles of the wheel installation and the performance of the rack itself.
Carefully examine the springs of the suspension. If the cracks or deformation of turns are detected, the spring is replaced. To check the sediment of the spring it is three times compressed to contact turns. Then the load 325 is applied to it. The spring is compressed by its axis. Supporting surfaces must correspond to the surfaces of the support cups on the telescopic rack.
Check the condition and flatness of the stabilizer of the test stability. If deformation is insignificant, the bar is straightened, it is replaced with a significant deformation. Pay attention to the condition and preservation of pillows in the bar brackets; When wear and damage, they are replaced by them. If your fingers do not enter the opening of the rack, it is replaced.
Analyzing the characteristics of the top support of the telescopic rack. The detachable of rubber, gust, cracks and a large precipitate of the supports are not allowed.
By performing the maintenance of the chassis, daily before departure must be followed by the state of the wheels and the tires: there is no damage that are stuck out of foreign objects in the tire protective, there are caps on the valves. In addition, tested tire pressure. Through each 1000 km of the air, the air pressure should be checked with a tire pressure gauge and, if necessary, bring it to normal. After the first 2 thousand km of run, and then every 10-20 thousand km of mileage, as well as after strong blows of the obstacles on the road (hitting in the pit, strikes about stones, etc.) should check the status of the front suspension parts, examining the car On the bottom after installing it on the lift or the observation pit.
It should be checked if there are no cracks on the details of the suspension of cracks or traces of hooking for road obstacles, deformities of levers, stretch marks, stabilizer rods, its racks and elements of the body front in places of attachment of nodes and pendant parts. The deformation of the suspension parts, first of all, stretch marks, jet rods, and the parts of the bodice, disrupts the angles of the wheels and can lead to the impossibility of their adjustment. When such problems are detected, it is necessary to check the wheel installation angles.
If the car has a tire with a diagonal cord, then every 10 thousand km of mileage to increase the uniform wear of the tires and their service life should be rearranged by the wheels. If on a tire car with radial cord, the permutation is made only when the front wheels tires are discovered and uneven wear of the front wheels as a result of the disruption of the angles of the wheels. In this case, check the angles of the wheels of the wheels and change the rear and front tires, while maintaining the direction of their rotation, the front tire changes in places with the rear tire from the same side of the car.
Every 10-15 thousand km of mileage should check the wheel balancing, the state of the ball joints of the suspension, control the gaps in the hubs of the front wheels and, if necessary, add lubricant to them, and replace lubrication with disassembling hubs and washing every 20-30 thousand km details. After 30 thousand km of the mileage, it is necessary to check the condition of the transverse stability stabilizer.
Brake system maintenance
Due to the faults of the car brake system, road traffic accidents constitute almost 45% of all accidents taking place by technical reasons. In order not to replenish the sad rows of statistics, the novice driver must know the main malfunctions of the brake system to which include: increased working brake pedal; Insufficient braking efficiency; incomplete disbursement of all wheels; slow motion of one of the wheels when the pedal is released; Pisk when brake vibration; drift or remove the car aside during braking; Increased effort on pedals when braking.
Basic reasons increased working stroke brake pedal are: leakage of brake fluid from wheeled cylinders, through sealing rings pusher pressure regulator; The presence of air in the brake system; Increased ending of the brake disc constituted more than 0.15 mm; Damage to rubber seals in the main brake cylinder, rubber hydraulic hoses of the brakes.
Insufficient braking This is the result of grinding the adjustments of the block of brake mechanisms; piston jamming in wheeled cylinders; complete wear of the layers of brake pads; overheating brake mechanisms; Applications of pads with non-compliant lining; loss of tightness of one of the contours, accompanied by a partial failure of the brake pedal; Incorrect adjustment of the pressure regulator drive.
Reasons incomplete disbuting of all wheels are: the absence of the free stroke of the brake pedal; Increased speech of the adjusting bolt of the vacuum amplifier rod relative to the mounting plane of the main cylinder; jamming the main cylinder piston; The swelling of rubber seals of the main cylinder due to falling into fluid of gasoline, mineral oils, etc.
Cause primoring one of the wheels when the pedal is released lies in: jamming the piston in the wheel cylinder due to corrosion; breakdown or weakening the coupling springs of the rear brake pads; swelling of the sealing rings of the wheel cylinder due to the burning of fuel and lubricants; improper adjustment of the parking brake; Violation of the position of the caliper relative to the brake disc with the weakening of the fastening bolts of the guide pad to the twilty fist.
Basic reasons picture or vibration brakes can be: grinding friction linings; weakening the coupling springs of the brake pads of the rear brake; Excessive oval brake drums; excessive (more than 0.15 mm) brake discing or its uneven wear, which is felt by the vibration of the brake pedal; Wearing overlays or ingress of foreign bodies.
Reasons drift or lead Car in the direction when braking are: clogging any steel tube due to dents or clogging; jamming the piston of the wheel cylinder; pollution or grinding of disks, lining and drums; Pressure regulator fault; One of the brake system circuits does not work; Violation of the wheel installation angle; Miscellaneous tire pressure.
Result increased efforts on pedals When braking, a malfunction of a vacuum amplifier is becoming; damage to the hose connecting the vacuum amplifier and the inlet tube of the engine, or attenuating its fastening on the fittings; The swelling of cylinder seals due to fuel and lubricants into the liquid.
The brake system consists of two main nodes: the brake mechanism acting directly on the wheels, and the system leading this mechanism into action during the movement of the car or in the parking lot. Modern cars Tools in the brake mechanisms with hydraulic drive. They, in turn, depending on their designs are divided into drum and disc. In some models of cars on all wheels, drum brake mechanisms are installed, in others - disc brake mechanisms, thirdly - on the front wheels - disk braking mechanisms, and on the rear - drums.
The hand brake acts on the rear wheels through the cable.
Between the friction pads of the brake pad and the brake drum or disk there is an appropriate gap, the value of which is usually adjustable automatically.
Before maintenance of the brake system, clean each brake from dirt, rinse with warm water and dry with compressed air. Gasoline, diesel fuel and solvents can not be applied, as they are corrosive cylinders and hydraulic cylinder seals. The surface of the friction pads of the brake pads must be clean, without traces of dirt and lubrication. Contaminated overlays are cleaned with a rigid brush and washed with White spirit. When lubricant is detected on the linings, check whether there are leaks or brake fluid leaks through seals.
Daily before departure it is necessary to check the tightness of the brake system and the effectiveness of its action by trial braking. With a working brake system, complete braking should occur after a single press on the pedal approximately half of its stroke, while the driver feels great resistance to the end of the pedal. If resistance and braking occurs when the pedal is pressed for a greater value, this indicates an increase in the gap between the brake drums and pads. If the resistance of the pedal is weak, it springs and easily pressed, but not complete braking occurs or occurs after several consecutive clicks, it means the air penetrated. In this case, it is necessary to immediately determine and eliminate the causes of air into the system, since even the slightest disorder of tightness can lead to hazardous consequences if necessary to brake. The proceedings should occur quickly and completely, which is determined by the automobile counterattail after the brake pedal is released.
During maintenance it is necessary to protect the brakes from the oil from entering them. After the first 2 thousand kilometers of the run, and then once a year (every 10-15 thousand km), the system's tightness should be checked, the level of brake fluid in the brake hydraulic pipe tank and the operation of the fluid level, the condition of pipelines, hoses and connections; efficiency of brake mechanisms of wheels; Status of the pads of the front brakes, adjusting the parking brake.
After the first 2 thousand km of run, and then every 20-30 thousand km it is necessary to check the analysis of the free movement of the brake pedal, fastening all parts and nodes, the performance of the rear brake pressure regulator, the state of the cable drive brake (integrity of rubber protective covers, cliffs Wire cable). The performance of the vacuum brake amplifier should be checked every 30-45 thousand runs (every three years).
Flexible hoses regardless of their condition are replaced by new after 130 thousand km of mileage to prevent sudden gaps due to the aging of the hose. Every five years change the brake fluid. The replacement is necessary due to the hygroscopicity of the fluid, that is, due to the saturation of water vapor, which in the hot season can lead to the formation of air traffic jams due to water evaporation.
When servicing the anti-lock system, it is necessary to know that the efficiency of the anti-lock system largely depends on the technical state of the usual braking system. For total check The anti-lock system is recommended the following inspection order: reset the pressure in the system by 25-30 times the press on the brake pedal; Check the level of fluid in the tank; inspect the brake pipes and hoses, the main brake cylinder, brake caliper and cylinders for leaks; Make sure that the pipelines and hoses do not come into contact with other elements; Check the reliability of clamps and holders; Check by external inspection of calipers and work cylinders when you click on the brake pedal; check the status of the dentition (rings), the reliability of its attachment; make sure that there are no bumps; Check the condition of the wheels and tires (type and sizes for this vehicle) and air pressure in them; to inspect the wiring and wheel speed sensors; Make sure that the sensors are installed correctly and securely, and the wiring is not converged. In most cases, the cause of the anti-lock system is not the element of the system, but its poor connection, corrosion or dirt on contacts.
To determine the other system malfunctions, special equipment is needed.
Power maintenance
The maintenance of the body is to maintain it clean, as well as caring for a paint and varnish. Dust from the upholstery of pillows and seats should be removed by a vacuum cleaner, special thoughts will help to get rid of oily spots on the upholstery. To preserve a good look of the car, you need a constant prophylactic body covering. To avoid scratches you can not remove dust and dirt with a dry cloth. The car is better to wash to dry the dirt of the jet of the water of a small pressure using a soft sponge and auto-pump. The body can also be washed with a jet of steam (including the motor compartment), except when the bottom is mothballed by wax-based protective mastic. This method is widely used in maintenance garages and stations. It is good because it allows you to remove oil pollution in separate hard-to-reach places.
In the summer, the car is desirable to wash in the shade. If it is impossible, then the washed surfaces need to be brutally wiped dryly suede to give the body the brilliance, since when dried droplets of water in the sun on the painted surface, spots are formed. The applied layer of the wax coating will give paintwork coating of the body more shine and protect it from harmful chemicals contained in the air. If the body is not quite clean, use special detergents, which simultaneously give the shine and have a polishing effect.
After washing in the winter in the warm room in front of the departure, dry the bodies, door seals and the hood should be wiped, and also blow the locks with compressed air to prevent them from freezing. When washing the car, it is necessary to ensure that the water does not hit the electrical equipment components in the engine compartment, especially on the ignition coil and the distributor. It is recommended to periodically inspect and, if necessary, clean the drainage holes of thresholds and doors, as well as the sewage parts of the heating and ventilation system to provide a quick water flow.
Hurt harm to the car can be applied even minor damage to the paintwork. It is not too late, damage and chips after appropriate training must be painted. To perform this operation, the car can be given to professional cuzers, or, concerning patience, acquire the appropriate formulations, tools and repair themselves. The first way is preferable for those who have a car strongly rusted and in many places the paint peelled. If there are insignificant damages or point, with the help of modern repair products, the body can be completely professionally repaired independently.
To restore the paint coating with ice, pick up the paint of the same shade, in which the car is painted (the color of the paint color is shown on the tablet on the car). However, if it is "metallic", it is better to trust painting by a specialist, because enamel in the aerosol packaging, as a rule, it is not possible to achieve an identical shade of the coating. Then it is necessary to prepare a scraper, a knife or a small screwdriver, which will be needed to stripping the area of \u200b\u200bdamage to the metal; Buy primer and main paint (enamel) that you will paint damage. The necessary paints are available not only for the body, but for bumpers, tires and even elements of the release system.
The freshly stained surface can be dried using any type heaters, but cannot be used to accelerate the fans, as the coating will be clogged with dust. After complete drying of the painted surface, it is necessary to carefully polish it and apply a preservative.
In order to preserve the glitter of painted surfaces, especially in the car stored in the open air, the auto-polyarols should be regularly applied. They close the microcracks and pores that appeared in the paint coating, which prevents the occurrence of corrosion under the layer of paint. Polishing can be performed by special paste manually or an electric drill with a nozzle. To preserve the brilliance of the body, you should not leave the car for a long time in the sun, allow the acid to enter the surface of the body, solutions of soda, brake fluid and gasoline. You should not wash the car with a soda or alkaline solution.
Chrome body parts require the same care as the paintwork. Details from plastics must be wiped with a wet cloth or a special tacifer. So that plastic parts do not lose glitter, gasoline or solvents should not be used.
Glasses in the car are cleaned with soft linen fabric or suede. Dirty glasses need to be pre-washed with water with the addition of a special glass washing fluid or a refiner for glass. With the appearance of lobby glass Weaves or small scratches are removed by crushed and sifted pumice powder, mixed in water to the state of a thick solution. Rubber seals twice a year handle special paint in order to give them shine and extend the service life.
To remove with ice glasses and defrosting door locks, it is recommended to use the removers in the aerosol packaging, the ingestion of the locks can be administered to the brake fluid. In winter, an aqueous solution of special non-freezing fluid or other compounds in accordance with the recommendations for their use.
How to protect the body from corrosion
The body of the car has a significant amount of hidden cavities, the gaps, in which favorable conditions are created for the occurrence and development of corrosion, which is the result of poor ventilation and lure of moisture. Corrosion is also subject to the bottom of the body, the lower parts of the doors, racks, parts connections, including spot welding location. Often and cooked seams do not have sufficient sealing and are foci of accelerated corrosion. Therefore, during the operation of the car requires checking the state of anti-corrosion coating, and if necessary - additional protection, especially hidden cavities, by applying special anticorrosive compositions, and components of parts by applying sealing mastic.
To introduce anticorrosive formulations in hidden cavities, the manufacturer's technological holes or openings are provided through which the tips of the guns with extension hoses can be skipped. If there are no such holes, in separate elements of the body, the holes are drilled with a diameter of no more than 12 mm that provide the necessary access. After the composition of the opening is closed with rubber plugs. Special attention during the operation of the car must be paid to integrity protective coating On the bottom of the body, which is subject to more intensive external influences, and therefore corrosion.
For anti-corrosion treatment, the following materials are used:
the Movil autoconservant (the diluent or solvent is the White spirit, gasoline);
protective lubricant NGM-ml low (diluent or solvent is the White spirit);
the protective film coating of the NG-216B (the diluent or solvent is the White spirit or gasoline);
polychlorvinyl plastisol D-11A or D-4A (diluent or solvent is utteral spirits or gasoline);
the mastic is low-drying 51-M-7 (white spirit or gasoline is diluent or solvent);
mASTASTIC OF CONSTRUCTION BPM-1 (diluent or solvent is xi, solvent).
The protective lubricant NGM-ml is taken to process hidden cavities. They processed the cavity of all new cars.
The Movil autoconservant is used to process hidden cavities during operation. It is allowed to apply on the surface previously covered with oils, as well as on rusty surfaces. It is recommended to process cavities every two years. The disadvantages of the autoconservant are unsuitable for open sources of body and weak penetration in Rust.
The protective film coating of the NG-216B is used to cover the nodes and parts of the car under the body for the period of transportation.
Plaserisol D-11A is used to protect the bottom of the body from corrosion, abrasive wear, as well as for noise insulation of new cars. The thickness of the covering is 1.0-1.5 mm. Mastic anti-shirt Bituminous BPM-1 is used to protect against corrosion of the bottom of the body during the operation of the car. It is applied by a layer with a thickness of 1.0-1.5 mm. It reduces the noise well, but does not have sufficient anticorrosive properties and cannot withstand salts, abrasives and other substances for a long time. More qualitative to the masses "TECTUL" and "DINITROL", manufactured on a highly organized basis. They are not cracking and do not solidify in the process of aging, which beneficially differs from mastic on a bitumen-polymer basis and is very important in the thermodynamic and physical mobility of the body metal.
D-4A plastisol is used to seal the welds and joints of parts on the outer and internal surfaces of the body.
A low-drying mastic 51-M-7 is used to seal the joint joints, angular joints and gaps.
Anticorrosive formulations must be applied evenly, they should not contain pores. In order to apply them in hidden body cavities, cro-1 type pistols are used with a special elastic tubular plastic extension, which is connected by one end to the pneumatic equipment using a cape nut, and on the other it has a nozzle creating a torch sprayed. Due to its elasticity, the extension agent ensures the penetration of spraying nozzles in inaccessible places Body. Anticorrosive composition is applied to the surface by air or airless spraying.
For anticorrosive treatment of the inner cavities of the body (Fig. 28), it is necessary to install the car on the lift, open the holes, closed with plugs, remove parts and upholstery, interfering with access to hidden cavities, rinse the cavity with warm water through drainage and technological holes until it starts to flow clean water And then blow air from the pump and dry.
Fig. 28.Places in the car requiring protection against corrosion:
1 - Headlight Case from the inside; 2 - front panel body; 3 - the hood amplifier; 4 - front suspension beam; 5 - Front Rack; 6 - box amplifiers of mudguards; 7 - cavities in the back of the front wings; 8 - front racks; 9 - front spars; 10 - front side panels; 11 - the inner surface of the doors; 12 - middle racks; 13 - Brackets under the Dombuatny Lesshina; 14 - Front bottoms of the rear wings and arches of the wheels on the joint with wings; 15 - trunk spars; 16 - trunk lid amplifiers; 17 - the brackets of the lower and transverse reactive levers of the rear suspension; 18 - thresholds; 19 - rear spars; 20 - the bottom and arches of the wheels (open all over the surface)
The coating of the body with anti-corrosion materials when rust or detachment appears, the destruction of the old coating is the most reliable means of combating corrosion.
To restore the anti-corrosive and anti-coating of the bottom of the body and the arches of the wheels, the processing must be produced on a lift or overpass, the wheels are better to remove. Before processing, wash the car from below the weak jet of water from the hose, trying so that the water does not get inside the body, then remove the dirt and moisture remaining after washing and dried out the car. Drums and protective disks of the brakes are closed with protective covers, and the cardan transmission, silencer, cables, hoses, and others not to be treated with mastic mastic adhesive tape or tight paper.
Before anti-corrosion treatment, remove traces of rust and exhausting parts of the old coating. Rust falls are removed by abrasive skins or a washing composition, which is applied to the place of corrosion by the hair brush, then the treated surface is degreased by a solvent.
To finally remove rust, use a special soil or cleaner. After the time-consuming rust removal operation, the plots are necessary to be primed to metal. Soil applies only to a brush. After drying, the primer on the treated surface can be applied with anti-free bitumen mastic. Very thick mastic should be heat, putting a jar with mastic in warm water. The layer of mastic should be a thickness of 1-1.5 mm. They apply it to a spatula, brush or hand in a mittens or a mitten. From the painted surface, mastic can be removed by gasoline. In summer, mastic will dry over a day.
coupling box cardan transmission
Preparation for work and maintenance procedure
Preparation for maintenance is to carry out the necessary work related to the transfer of the car into the proper form. The required list of works for each type of maintenance is set out in the next section of the manual. Maintenance is carried out at the items or fields of maintenance or in specially equipped premises providing service personnel necessary working conditions.
Maintenance on the frequency, the volume and complexity of the work performed is divided into the following types:
Daily maintenance (EO);
First maintenance (then - 1);
Second maintenance (then - 2);
Seasonal maintenance (CO).
The frequency of the first and second maintenance depends on the category of operating conditions of the car, defined by the type and condition road roads. Characteristics of categories of operating conditions and the frequency of carrying out - 1 and then - 2 are held in Table 1
Table 1
For daily maintenance (EE) checked clutch, gearbox, cardan shafts And consist in cleaning from dirt, tightening bolted connections, adjustment and lubrication. After driving on dirty roads, clean the hole at the bottom of the clutch crankcase. It is possible to lubricate the clutch shutting bearing through the cap oil, located on the right side of the clutch crankcase.
For That is 1.every 4,000 km run, or annually, with an elevated noise level, when the leak occurs, the oil level in the gearbox is checked.
To check the oil level in a manual transmission, you must install the car to the observation hole, clean the zone around the plug of the fuel neck, turn out and remove the plug. Oil must reach the lower edge of the hole. If you need to check the oil level, you can enter the pure piece of flexible wire inside the box.
With a reduced level, you need to add special oil for mechanical gearboxes. It is undesirable to exceed the level, since it can flow through the edge of the holes.
It is necessary to drain the oil in the event of a replacement in the hot state, unscrewing the plug hole and pre-putting the capacity of the desired volume under the gearbox. After that, you should set the plug hole in place, replacing the sealing washer when necessary (it is desirable to change the washer with each plug in the plug). Then pour new oil and set the plug in the plug.
For TO - 2.the clutch mechanism is checked when the clutch pressure disk is removed in the following sequence:
1. It is installed between the stove and the pressure disk template of the slave disk in the form of a rings with a thickness of 9.5 mm.Fastened for the casing assembled pressure disk on the plate with six bolts.
2. Adjusts the conversion and unscrewing bolts until size 51.5 ± 0.75 mM.- The distance of the heads of the bolts from the surface of the plate (Fig. 13). The difference in the distance from the slab to the heads of the bolts should not exceed 0.2 mm.
3. Strip after adjustment of the bolts of the levers, the edge of the lever in the groove of the shank of the bolt is rejected, as shown on (Fig. 14)
The clutch shutdown drive is reduced to adjust the free move of the shutdown pedal, under the holding of the working fluid level in the tank of the main hydraulic cylinder.
The front axle maintenance consists in maintaining the required oil level in crankcasers and its timely change, checking seals, timely detection and elimination of I axial gaps in the main transmission gears, in the periodic cleaning of the safety valve and in the suspension of all fixings.
Removing flange 35 (Fig. 12) is made by the same bolts, which it is attached.
In the main transmission cards and wheel gearboxes, pour only the recommended oil and change it in strict accordance with the lubricant table.
Follow the oil level in the crankcasers at the lower edges of the fuses.
The oil is merged through the drain holes located "the bottom of the crankcases, while turning the plugs of the fuses.
Fig. 12.
1 - clutch cover; 2 - Purpose spring; 3 - pressure disk; 4 - thrust bolt; 5 - Exhaust Lever
Fig. thirteen.
With seasonal maintenance (CO).Before the summer season of technical operation, make a replacement of oils in the gearbox, front and rear bridges for flight grades, similarly to replace oils in winter.
