In the early 80s, the agrarian sector of the USSR demanded a multifunctional four wheel drive truck, which would equally well be able to transport agricultural products directly from the field to warehouses, as well as from the village to processing enterprises. Moreover, the terms of reference dealt with the special adaptability of the truck to work in tandem with agricultural machines - tractors, combines - directly in the field. That is, I needed technology vehicle with off-road and asphalt capabilities. NAMI engineers, together with specialists from the Kutaisi Automobile Plant, in 1982 developed the KAZ-4540 dump truck, which was put into production two years later. The car was really new, original and - unconventional for the Soviet industry - had a very low interest unification with already produced serial equipment.
The alleged competitor to Colchis could be the British universal Bedford TM 4-4 of 1981, which was created for the armies of NATO countries, but was able to do everything the same as our agricultural dump truck.
KAZ-4540
Externally, the cars are quite similar: the same flat "licked" cabins of a cabover layout, round headlights in the bumper, single-tire tires with off-road tread and high ground clearance. Visually, due to the narrow cabin with a smaller glazing area, the foreign car seems higher, although our virtual competitors are almost the same in height. The carrying capacity of Colchis according to the passport was 6 tons. KAZ-4540 was mainly equipped with a dump body with three-way unloading, but in small batches at the plant, and then, and in artisanal conditions, various specialized equipment was installed on its chassis. Bedford TM most often served as a carrier for special installations or as a tow truck for light armored vehicles and other trucks and was able to carry loads weighing 6.5-8 tons (depending on the version).
There is not much to say about the interior of the compared trucks. And in our KAZ, and in the "Briton" torpedo, wheel and door cards are made of "oak" plastic, round large appliances are simple and informative, the control of many functions is "delegated" to unified rectangular switches, and the double cabins of both cars did not receive berths - after all, they are designed to travel along local routes.
Bedford TM
The all-wheel drive KAZ-4540 was equipped with an eight-cylinder production diesel engine, the power of which was 160 hp. Power unit was placed not strictly under the cab, but with a slight offset towards the body. An eight-speed manual transmission combined with a single-stage "razdatka" worked in tandem with a diesel engine. Interestingly, to simplify maintenance, the box is not rigidly connected to the engine, but through an intermediate cardan shaft... A specially designed gearbox allows the truck to move along the arable land for a long time parallel to the combine at a minimum speed of 2 km / h. Of the off-road "gadgets", the dump truck could boast of blocking the rear axle differential.
Hidden under the Bedford cab was a 206 hp 8.2-liter turbodiesel. in combination with a six-band mechanical transmission, a "razdatka" was located behind the box. The suspensions of the cars are structurally the same - on four longitudinal springs. Due to the unimportant off-road passability and low reliability of engines, NATO abandoned British vehicles by the end of the 80s.
KAZ-4540
GAZ-4301 - Renault Midliner S100
Since the 60s, the creators went to the creation of medium-duty delivery trucks in two ways - either along the American, with a bonnet layout, or along the European, with a cabin above the engine. In the USSR, preference was always given to the bonnet layout, and the new GAZ-4301 of 1984, which replaced the GAZ-53, became the same. In the same years in Europe, Renault, together with Saviem, Volvo, DAF, and Magirus-Deutz, created the "Club of Four", cooperated and by 1980-81 they had constructed a single universal model, which was called Renault Midliner S100 in the "renault" version.
New truck from Gorky, the designers made out in the same style with the more lifting ZIL-169: the GAZ-4301 is related to the square grille, the headlights in angular fenders and the front end tapering to the nose. The cabover midliner also has an angular cockpit and an unpainted plastic grille, but overall looks more modern as it looks like cabover cars from the 90s and early 2000s.
GAZ-4301
At first glance, the interiors of the compared cars look similar. They are related by cheap coarse plastic, simple round instruments, a whole panel of indicator lamps, air vents and a spacious glove compartment. But a closer look shows that the foreign car offers more comfort to the driver. Its steering wheel is soft, and not made of hard plastic, the gearshift lever is located closer to the driver's workplace, the seats have armrests, there is a regular place for the radio and audio preparation. For an additional fee, Renault could be purchased with an extended cab with a berth. GAZ-4301 with a driver's resting place was not mass-produced.
"GAZon" was equipped with a 6.2-liter six-cylinder diesel engine GAZ-542 with 142 hp. from air cooled, which was a universal solution for a country with a large number of climatic zones. The motor was a licensed copy of a Deutz unit, and its resource before overhaul was calculated at the level of 300 thousand km. Five-step mechanical box programs developed on their own. For trouble-free use of the truck paired with agricultural machines at ultra-low speeds ratio the first gear was great. The drive was traditionally on the rear axle.
Renault Midliner S
The Renault Midliner is based on a 5.4-liter, water-cooled in-line diesel engine with a capacity of 150 hp. Together with her, a five-band manual gearbox developed by ZF Friedrichshafen. The springs handle loads and unevenness on the four wheels of both trucks. Despite its versatility, GAZs were more often used in rural areas, and Renault worked more in cities between warehouses and factories.
MAZ-5432 - Mercedes-Benz NG 80
Trunk tractors with a high level of driver comfort were absent as a class in the Soviet Union until the early 80s. It was not in vain that the USSR purchased foreign-made tractors for flights to Western Europe. But in 1981 the situation changed: production of the MAZ-5432 truck tractor started in Minsk. A year earlier, Mercedes-Benz renewed its “New Generation” family of long-range vehicles, which received the NG 80 index.
MAZ-5432
The firstborn of the fourth generation of tractors of the Minsk Automobile Plant received a cardinally new design - definitely at the level foreign analogues... In general, these two cars are similar in appearance, but each has small character traits... So, MAZ stands out due to the side lights and direction indicators located high along the edges of the cab. Mercedes is not to be confused with anything because of the wedge-shaped front panel of the cab, the shape of which is caused by efforts to improve the streamlining of the car. For the convenience of getting inside the cabs of both cars, they were equipped with wide steps and handles on the sides of the cab. The maximum weight of a semi-trailer for MAZ was 21 tons, and for Mercedes-Benz - 15.5-16 tons, depending on the version.
Mercedes-Benz NG 80
"German", of course, offered its crew even more different "chips", ranging from air conditioning and sleeping places with fall protection in the form of nets and ending with electric windows. Nevertheless, MAZ was also quite cool - its high level of equipment and performance is evidenced by the fact that it became the first domestic car, which passed homologation tests at a research center near the capital of France and was allowed to operate on all European roads.
Mercedes-Benz NG 80
The Minsk tractor was equipped with a modernized 12-cylinder diesel engine YaMZ-238M2 with a volume of 14.86 liters and a capacity of 280 hp. A dedicated eight-speed mechanical transmission, equipped with a demultiplier, allowed to significantly reduce the truck's appetite, so that on one full tank a loaded car could drive about 1,000 km. On german cars installed several eight-cylinder diesel engines from 280 to 375 hp Maximum speed the tractor from Minsk was 85 km / h, while the Mers with the most modest engine could accelerate to 110 km / h. Both cars had power steering, pneumatic power brakes, but in addition, a foreign car could be equipped with an anti-lock braking system for a surcharge. MAZs were equipped with a spring suspension on all wheels, and on the Mercedes-Benz NG 80 it could be different: the cheap versions were also equipped with good old springs, but on the rich trim levels, pneumatic cylinders were installed on all wheels.
MAZ-5432
Epilogue
Concluding a series of materials on comparing domestic and foreign cars from the 80s, it should be noted that most of them lived a successful conveyor life, and some designs after deep modernization produced to this day. But for a number of Soviet car factories, it was this successful decade that became a swan song. After that, due to political cataclysms, our car industry began a steep dive downward, and only the strongest came out of it.
Popularity is a normal state. These powerful machines have always been and remain in demand, especially in those regions where it is better not to meddle with ordinary transport. It is pleasant to state that the production of such cars is well established in the Russian automobile industry. Those. at each of the factories producing trucks (KAMAZ, GAZ, ZIL, Ural, etc.), they must produce and all-wheel drive models trucks.
Today, motorists honor large and "skillful" off-road vehicles, but for those who are particularly interested in such characteristics of a car as carrying capacity, cross-country ability, aggressiveness on the road, the description of Russian four-wheel drive trucks will appeal to their liking.
Trucks from foreign manufacturers are trying to dominate the modern commercial vehicle market. However, it tries quite successfully to withstand competition with imported trucks. The proof of this is that the brand maintains its leading position in terms of sales of these cars in Russia. Onboard four-wheel drive car KAMAZ (4x4) is one of the leading models in the sales of equipment of the Kama Automobile Plant. This car harmoniously combines advanced innovative design solutions with many years of experience in the technology of the global automotive industry.
Still, the most legendary all-wheel drive truck is the GAZ-66, representing the family of trucks. high cross-country ability... Its main purpose is use in heavy road conditions for confident off-road driving. The presence of a self-locking differential of the rear axle and a large ground clearance of the all-wheel drive truck GAZ-66 make it possible to quickly and easily overcome the most difficult sections of the track absolutely regardless of environmental conditions.
It is impossible to ignore the Turkish manufacturers, who have established the production of good multi-functional light all-wheel drive SUVs. For example, the Hisar Group company, which previously produced components for buses and work equipment, today produces the Turkar SUV, which was originally developed for the needs of firefighters and rescue servicesas well as for the army. Turkar belongs to the category N1G, 4x4, is equipped with 116 strong turbo diesel engine F1A. Many European, American and Middle Eastern mining and oil companies are showing interest in this truck. 
There are many Chinese Howo trucks on the market, which represent a new branch of development lineup famous trucks of the CNHTC Sinotruk association. Sinotruk Howo's CNHTC cab owes its comfort worldwide famous company Volvo: manufactured in China under license from this company. These trucks are distinguished from the standard version by an updated recognizable design. Equipped with WD615 series engine complying with Euro-2 and Euro-3 standards.
January 29, 1932 on Gorky Automobile Plant the first truck rolled off the assembly line GAZ-AA, the legendary "lorry". He became one of the first legendary Soviet trucksthat our country can be proud of. Many of these cars still drive the streets of Russia.
The first ten copies of the AMO-F-15 took part in a demonstration on Red Square, timed to coincide with the anniversary of the Revolution. And three of them were sent to a test car rally in a few days. russian off-road... During this long drive, the trucks showed their best side, so the plant began their serial production. In total, in the period from 1924 to 1931, 6285 copies of the AMO rolled off the assembly line.
GAZ-AA - the legendary "lorry"
This car received its nickname "lorry" (as well as "half-lorry") due to the carrying capacity of 1.5 tons, for which this truck was designed. Initially, GAZ-AA was created on the basis of a car Ford model AA, but then it was modernized several times, eventually becoming an independent vehicle.
GAZ-AA was produced from 1932 to 1950, eventually becoming one of the most massive trucks in the history of the USSR (985 thousand copies). Finest hour "Lorries" fell on the Second World War - this unpretentious, simple, but reliable truck became the main "horse" of the Red Army. Including during the breakthrough of the Blockade of Leningrad, when relatively light "gaziks" in large quantities transported food to the besieged city on the ice of Lake Ladoga.
ZiS-5 - three-ton
Another legendary participant in the Great Patriotic War was the ZiS-5 truck (aka "three-ton", aka "Zakhar", aka "Zakhar Ivanovich").
Serial production of the ZiS-5 began in 1933. In fact, this truck became the heir to AMO-3. It was assembled entirely from domestic components, and during the war its design was simplified as much as possible - in the harsh years, quantity was more important than quality. By the way, the legendary "Katyusha" was also created on the basis of this truck, albeit a little modernized (officially called ZiS-6).
GAZ-51 - truck for virgin lands
The first copy of the GAZ-51 truck was created and shown to the public back in 1940, but the war prevented its mass production. So the serial production began only in 1946, when the country needed equipment for post-war reconstruction.
Having become the most massive truck in the country in the fifties, the GAZ-51 was actively used in the development of the Virgin Lands - untouched fertile steppes in the north of Kazakhstan. For the participants in this "great march" he became one of the symbols of a new era, the growth of the economic power of the USSR in those years.
A successful design and a fairly low price turned the GAZ-51 into an export product that the Soviet Union supplied abroad. Moreover, not only to the countries of the Eastern Bloc, but also to the capitalist states.
ZiS-150 - a successful "clone" of the American truck
Externally, the domestic truck ZiS-150 is very similar to american car International Harvester K-7, but it cannot be considered a "clone". In fact, the American car had only a cabin - during the war, Soviet representatives were able to negotiate with the United States on the supply of body stamping presses. The technical basis of the novelty is local development and production.
At first, the body of the ZiS-150 was made partially made of wood - the country ravaged by the war did not have enough metal. However, over time, this flaw was corrected. The truck was produced from 1947 to 1957. A total of 771,883 units of this car were produced.
ZIL-130 - a universal truck
ZIL-130 is probably the most versatile truck domestic production... On the basis of this machine, over its half-century history, not only trucks, in fact, were created, but also dump trucks, tractors, fire and snow removal vehicles, garbage trucks, etc. The secret of this versatility is a successful design that allows you to change the purpose of the vehicle without changing it. technical part, relatively low manufacturing cost and reliability, allowing the truck to operate for decades.
Trucks are still produced on the ZIL-130 chassis. True, now they are called AMUR. However, hundreds of thousands of Soviet-made ZILs still drive along the roads of Russia and other countries. In total, more than three million copies of this truck were produced.
GAZ-66 - cargo SUV
GAZ-66 was created for travel under the most extreme conditions, where no other transport will pass. The four-wheel drive allows the vehicle to drive over mud, rough terrain, rocks, rocks and other unpleasant surfaces. This is the reason why the GAZ-66 has become almost the main army truck.
Why are there Soviet and Russian armies! Even the character of Jean-Claude Van Damme in the action movie "The Expendables 2" drove the GAZ-66! Isn't this real worldwide recognition?
Ural-375 - six-axle off-road vehicle
Ural-375 is another all-wheel drive truck, which was massively used not only for civilian, but also for army needs. Three driving axles and huge wheels, as well as a large carrying capacity made it possible to carry on it on the worst roads and in the absence of these, not only people and goods, but even the Grad multiple launch rocket system. However, significant technical flaws, for example, unreliable, but costly gas engine, as well as problems in the braking system led to the fact that the Ministry of Defense already in 1982 began to replace this truck with the Ural-4320.
In the civilian sector, the Ural-375 truck, produced until 1992, is still used in the oil and geological exploration industries.
KrAZ-255 - Ukrainian hero
KrAZ-255 is a real legend of the Ukrainian and Soviet automotive industry. During its existence (since 1967) it has received from the people, probably, more nicknames than any other domestic machine, for example, "bast shoe", "bast shoe" and even "lunokhod". This truck is legendary about the pulling power and the widespread cross-country ability of this truck. It is considered that this car can pull seven carriages loaded with coal straight along the sleepers.
Another interesting fact - individual models KrAZ-255 can be refueled not only with gasoline, but also with kerosene. Partly because of this, it was used as a tractor at airfields. However, being the driver of this truck is a real torment (which is just the lack of a power steering!). No wonder another of his nicknames is "cannibal".
In principle, the KamAZ brand itself can be called "the main Soviet truck"! Indeed, since the mid-seventies, it was these machines that took over a significant part of the civilian cargo transportation in the country. And the first model produced by the plant in Naberezhnye Chelny in 1976 was KamAZ-5320.
KamAZ-5320 did not have a berth in the cockpit, which later became a brand element of this brand, but was a reliable and powerful truck. In subsequent models, such a constructive addition appeared, which turned the truck not just into a car, but into a real home on wheels.
GAZ-63 is a Soviet 4x4 truck whose history began in 1938. Over the entire period of serial production, more than 450 thousand copies were produced. The main feature in the late 30s of the twentieth century was the carrying capacity of the machine, which was 2 thousand kilograms.
History of creation
Car design began in 1938. The engineers assembled the first prototype a year later, after which they immediately sent it to numerous tests. There was no time to create a unique design. The specialists were faced with the task of creating a car that can go through the off-road to any part of the country. The cab was taken from other GAZ cars, undercarriage developed from scratch. In the line of the enterprise, he became the first transport with all-wheel drive and single-tire tires.
Together with the 63rd model, a civilian truck was being developed, which received the index "51". It was based on the military version, technical units were unified by 80%. This reduced the cost, dropped the load on production lines, since the civilian and military trucks were assembled on the same conveyor.
Some of the technical units were unique, they became an innovative breakthrough of their time. The motor was placed over the front axle. Thanks to this, the dimensions of the car were reduced and the carrying capacity increased. The basis braking system put a hydraulic drive.
Both versions passed all tests successfully. The plant's management recommended the management to launch soon mass production... This was prevented by the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War. The project began in 1943, which became a turning point in the war.
The problem was the scientific progress that took place in 4 years. By this time, Soviet manufacturers got acquainted with the American transport, which was going to Gorky car factory... The engineers took some technical components from American products and some improved from existing models.
Design features
The design solutions of the cab were taken from foreign analogues. The hood became shorter, the fenders received an L-shaped formula, the headlights were protected from damage by a grill. At first glance, it was difficult to distinguish between Soviet and American designs. The final version also received design changes. It was based on the GAZ-51 cabin - lighting devices were built into the wings, their shape became more rounded. Despite this, the similarities in appearance remained.
The first assembled transport GAZ-63 received cabins made of wood. In those years, the Union experienced a shortage of sheet metal. In 1950, the cabin became wood-metal (doors were made of wood). It became all-metal in 1956, when the country's economy began to choose from the post-war crisis. The interior arrangement of the cockpit corresponded to the military purpose: there is little free space, the driver's seat is hard, heating system appeared 4 years after the start of mass production.
The body was designed to transport various cargo and soldiers. The bots were equipped with high wooden boards. Folding benches made of wood were used for planting. The package included an awning that was installed on a frame consisting of four metal arcs. The maximum carrying capacity on asphalt roads is 2 tons; when driving off-road, it decreased to one and a half tons. The versatility was added by the ability to transport trailers, the mass of which did not exceed 2 tons.
Technical characteristics of GAZ-63
Carburetor power point equipped with six cylinders. Fluid system cooling coped with the tasks assigned to it. The GAZ-63 engine is a mixture of GAZ-11 and Dodge D5. Developed to 70 horse power, which in those days was an acceptable indicator. The maximum speed is 65 kilometers per hour and the power reserve is 650 kilometers.
The maximum filling is 195 liters. Such a volume contained the main and additional tanks. Gasoline A-66 was used for refueling. Average fuel consumption per 100 kilometers is 25-30 liters. A few years after the start of production, independent designers assembled diesel unit for the car.
The mechanical GAZ-63 gearbox had 4 speeds, the GAZ-63 transfer case had two speeds and a range. The clutch is dry and has one disc. The front axle is based on the ball joints of equal angular velocities... Both bridges were suspended by semi-elliptical leaf springs.
The characteristics of the GAZ-63 made it possible to use the chassis to create special vehicles. The manufacturer installed military and civilian equipment for various purposes. A mobile workshop and a fire engine became the pearls. The bulk of the released copies went on state orders for military needs. Thermal and sound insulation was performed at a high level, communication equipment worked without interruptions.
General specifications:
- Overall length - 5.525 meters;
- Overall width - 2.2 meters;
- The total height in the cabin is 2.25 meters;
- Ground clearance - 27 centimeters;
- Weight - 3.2 tons;
- The weight of the loaded machine is 5.35 tons;
- The maximum speed is 65 km / h.
Graduation ended in 1968. More than 450 thousand copies were produced, which went to the needs of not only Russia, but also countries Soviet Union... Exports to Asia, Africa and the Middle East were also established. Some GAZ-63s are in operation today. Sometimes you can find offers on secondary market... Cars are offered in different quality. There is a good one. These are the specimens that have been preserved for many years. The average price ranges from 20 to 150 thousand rubles.
Scope of application
An experimental batch for passing the final tests was created in 1945, after which it received approval from I.V. Stalin and the entire leadership of the party. Serial production began in 1948, two years after the civilian model. The machine has received high marks and good reviews from thousands of consumers across the country.
GAZ-63 is able to overcome various obstacles. Off-road, ditches, water barriers depth no more than 80 centimeters, loose snow and many others. It is widely used for the delivery of goods, equipment and people to remote and inaccessible regions of the Union.
Military vehicles have gained demand among the civilian population. The application was not as wide as in the army. Most often, small batches were purchased for agricultural service. The transport was overloaded, so it quickly fell into disrepair and required frequent repairs. All-wheel drive was considered an indisputable advantage in rural areas, but many were not satisfied with the lean-to. According to customer reviews, the plant has developed modifications with a dual-tire tire for the rear axle wheels.
The car showed poor roadholding. This was due to the narrow potassium of the wheels and a large ground clearance... It was not often that the structural lowering caused the machine to overturn. Special care when entering a turn was required from the drivers who drove special vehicles. The self-pulling problem was solved in the model with the index "A", which was equipped with a winch.
Modifications
Many models have been developed based on the standard version.
The most popular was the truck with the index "A". He got a winch. The designers placed it behind the front bumper located at the front of the frame. The winch worked at the expense of cardan shaft from power take-off. The length of the cable is 65 meters, its carrying capacity was 4.5 thousand kilograms. A towing device appeared on the rear frame. The cab and body structures have not been changed.
Other models
In addition to GAZ-63A, there are other versions:
- "E" - received shielded electrical equipment;
- "AE" - combined the innovations of the two previous modifications;
- "U" - the version was developed for export to other countries;
- "AU" - export model with a winch;
- "EU" - model for delivery to other countries with shielded electrical equipment;
- "Yu" - a car for operation in a tropical climate;
- "EH" - similar previous model machine with shielded electrical equipment;
- "P" - a sit-on tractor with dual-tire tires.
There are several more uncommon options, which are fire trucks, tank trucks, etc.
What can be done?
GAZ-63 is a legendary car with a rich history. It has brought a lot of benefits not only to our country, but also to foreign countries to which it was exported. The high quality of the car is confirmed by the fact that some of the cars are in operation in our time, practically 50 years after the completion of production.
If you have any questions - leave them in the comments below the article. We or our visitors will be happy to answer them
The version of the mod for the Industry DLC has been completed. Added downloads for new products. I added pictures at the end of the feed (you can see what was added from the visual uploads). In this version, trucks transport all cargoes in the game (all cargoes are fully animated). Those who use the mod for the "New Industry": sell all available cars (Urals and UAZs), save the game, deactivate the mod in the game mod manager, exit the game, remove the old mod, install the "Truck_Ural375_Industry_DLC_1" mod, continue playing with the full range cargo. This will be the third link from the top.
The second link from the top is a simple version of the mod, but tailored for the PostMod mail mod. In my opinion, it is in the postal version that it is much more interesting than the postal branch in the Industry. And he, by the way (mod), is fully compatible with the Industry. The only thing is that the pack of our mail trucks will not work with this mod ... it requires a small tweak. I have a pack of our postal equipment, the trucks in which are adapted for PostMod. I also have PostMod. I translated it thoroughly, corrected minor jambs. It works great, but to post it here - you need to ask the author's permission. If you are interested, let's move this issue forward.
All Ural 4320 models have been available in the game since 1977.
Simple version
Version for PostMod mod
Version for Industry DLC
Free-standing asset UAZ "Safari"
Note!!! Mod for "DLC Industry" is not suitable for mod " New industry"Since the" DLC Industry "has much more cargo than the" New Industry ", which means that if you put the" Ural for DLC Industry "mod in your game, only the" New Industry "mod - the game will crash, since the mod will request cargo in the game that is not in it.
Installation:
you do not need to delete anything. Roll on top ( new version to the old one ... if you update the mod, and do not install it again), we agree to replace the files, we go to the garage to buy new cars. Third link from the top.
Update 1.4 screenshots
Screenshots of version 1.5 update.
Ural 4320 (most likely the last mod for this):
Version 1.6 update
Bugs and minor bugs were fixed in all three versions of the mod. In the DLC industry and the PostMod version, two 4320 vehicles were added: a tarp-sided postman, and truck tractor with a healthy tank. In the simple version, only the tractor was added. This time, before installing the final version, you need to remove the old mod (having sold all the trucks and UAZ-iki before that ... so that the save game does not break).
Screenshots of version 1.6:
And one more thing: UAZ-iks that drive down the street instead of Trabants will now be of all sorts of different colors (in all versions of the mod).
Version 1.7 update
In a coupe with a modern trailer from version 1.6, the same (modern) semi-trailer container ship was added, plus the files for these two modern the car's wheels began to turn quite adequately (without the fanaticism that the wheels became almost across the road ... at very sharp turns).
If you are updating from version 1.6, you do not need to delete anything. Just roll the new version onto the old one, agreeing to replace the files. If you are updating from an earlier version, then you must first remove the old version of the mod, and only then install this one.
Screenshots version 1.7
