Tires resistant to punctures. Tires Runflat: Features of the newcomer technology

Important indicators of tire reliability are maintainability and resource. According to forecasts in the near future two hundred kilometers Reaching knowledge tires, st kilometers - passenger tires and 70-80% - their maintainability. Since the requirements for tire tires are increasingly tightened, we should expect an increase of 15-20% of their strength properties and wear resistance and a decrease of 10-15% hysteresis losses. Tire's durability depends on the conditions of their operation, with more than 73% of destruction falls on the tread wear due to insufficient quality of the tread rubber. The materials for the tire are chosen depending on the mode of operation of its elements, its design and operating conditions, and the main material is common rubber-based rubber capable of working from -50 to +150 aboutC. Improvement of the recepting of tire rubber is in the direction of reducing the filling by carbon and oil, increase the degree of crosslinking, using methods of multi-stage mixing, the use of mixtures of polymers and modified rubbers. General requirements for them are high fatigue endurance and small heat generation.

Fatigue endurance b (fatigue) is expressed in changing the rigidity, strength, wear resistance and other rubber properties when exposed to a tire of multiple cyclic loading, leading to a decrease in its service life. Multiple cyclic loading differences in the form of deformation, the magnitude of the amplitude (greatest) voltage, frequency of loading, the form of cycles (voltage dependence) and the duration of the interruptions between them. Fatigue endurance is evaluated by the number N. Cycles of periodic loading with a given amplitude voltage U to the destruction of the material as a result of the thermoflookuational decay of chemical bonds activated by a mechanical field. Fatigue strength is the voltage of N. in which the destruction goes after a given number of cycles. Dependence between N. and u N. In mode \u003d const, express graphically in the form curves fatigue or analytically: N. \u003d W. 1 N. - 1 / B.where u 1 -Reading voltage at one sample loading cycle (the initial strength of the rubber), B \u003d 2-10 is an empirical rate of stamina rubber. The formula involves a linear dependence of the fatigue endurance curve of multilayer rubber and rubber-smelting materials before peeling in the LGU coordinates N. - LG. N..

Heat formation (temperature increase) is due to high internal friction in filled rubber and manifests itself in the transition of a significant part of the mechanical energy of deformation into heat, called hysteresis losses. With multiple cyclic loading due to low heat conduction, high hysteresis losses lead to it self-Jewish and thermal destruction, which reduces fatigue endurance. At the same time, internal friction contributes to the attenuation of free oscillations in rubber, the stronger, the more hysteresis losses. Therefore, rubber with high internal friction are quenched and blows, i.e. are good shock absorbers.

Rubber tread In addition to general requirements for tire tires, there should be high values \u200b\u200bof wear resistance and weather resistance, tensile strength and resistance to tear. There are three types of rubber wear, which are easily determined visually and significantly affect the dependence of its intensity from the friction coefficient:

• · Rocking (sequential ripping) of a thin surface layer;
• · Abrasive scratching on solid protrusions of the surface of the abrasive;
• · Massigative destruction of mechanical losses and heat generation during sliding and rolling over the irregularities of the surface of a solid counter. Requirements for protector tires are contradictory, and those that are indicated above do not coincide with the requirements of providing good technological properties, a high coefficient of friction and fatigue endurance. In each case, these requirements are differentiated depending on the type and size of the tires and the conditions of their operation. To increase the resistance of radial tires to mechanical damage It is advisable to use more harsh rubber. With increasing tire size, the effect of heat generation on their performance and reliability and in heavy-loading tires it becomes decisive. When working in the mines, the protector should be resistant to punctures and cuts of cutting edges of rocks, and in roads, wear resistance is determined by elastic properties.

The feature of the domestic tire industry is the use of 100% SC, therefore, they use their combinations that compensate for the disadvantages of individual rubbers and in some cases ensuring improvement of the properties of the compositions (Table 1.3). Ski and SKD rubbers increase the fatigue endurance of the tread. The additions of BSK to SKI increase the resistance of the mixture to the reversion, and rubber to thermo-oxidative aging, and improve the adhesion of it with the road. SKI-3 additives to BSK and SCD increase the confectionary mixtures of mixtures, the strength of their connection with the breaker and the strength of the tread joint, and additives up to 40 mas Ch CCD - wear resistance, resistance to cracking and frost resistance of tread rubber. The plasticity of mixtures increase the addition of the softener of ASMG-1 - the product oxidation product after a direct distillation of oil, on the surface of which 6-8% of the carbon is applied. The content of vehicles and softeners is determined by the requirements for the processability of mixtures and the elastic-tough properties of vulcanizates.

Table 1.3.

Typical recipes for tread rubber mixtures (MAC H)

Name of components	Top tires	Freight	Passenger	Sidewalls r. type tires
	NK or ski 3	30,0-
Vulcanization accelerators
Zinc oxide
Stearine technical
Sublocation retarders
Modifying group
Antioxidants
Microcrystalline wax
Soft devils
SIMERS OF ASMG-1 or X
Active technical carbon
Semi-active carbon black

Rubber for carcass Must have the highest elasticity, which is achieved by the use of industrial activity of medium activity and structurality and a decrease in its number. Rubber for breaker Must have small hysteresis losses and good heat resistance, since in this zone the tire temperature reaches maximum values. Obtaining rubber mixes Must have a high adhesive contact between the duplicate elements in the manufacture of semi-finished products, assembly and vulcanization of tires, as well as having high plasticity, stickiness, cohesion strength and long to stay in a viscous state at the beginning of the vulcanization. Rubber should have high strength and low hysteresis losses, and isoprent rubbers (Table 1.4) are better suited for them. Frame rubber for diagonal tires is made of a combination of SKI-3 with SCS-30ArCM-15 in a ratio of 1: 1 or combinations of isoprene rubber with an ACC to increase the frost resistance and dynamic endurance of rubbing systems or with a BSK to reduce their cost. Technological properties of mixtures improve up to 5 mas Ch Aromatic softeners (plastic 37), and adhesion properties - thermoplastic softeners (rosin, hydrocarbon resins). To protect rubber from aging, combinations of diapane FP with naphtam-2 or acetonanyl P in a ratio of 1: 1 are used.

Table 1.4.

Typical recipe for shell rubber mixtures (MAC H)

Name of components	Top tires	Truck tires type r	Passenger tires type p
NK rubbers, ski-3 or ski-3-01
Vulcanization accelerators
Zinc oxide
Stearine technical
Modifiers
Sublocation retarders
Rosin
Self-definition ASMG or X
Antioxidants, anti-stratifiers
Active technical carbon
Semi-active carbon black
White Sale

Insulating rubber are semi -bonites with hardness 65-70 second and go to the manufacture of a filling cord and isolation of wire or braids, so they must provide good grip Rubber with metal and firmly connect wires with each other. Rubber mixtures are prepared on the basis of combinations of ski-3 and SCMS-30ArCM-15 (3: 1) with additive up to 40 wt.ch. Regenerate with elevated sulfur content (up to 6 mas Ch) and carbon (up to 70 mas Ch). High filling of rubber determines the need to increase the silt content, and the adhesion properties of the mixture increase the introduction of the modifying system from the combination of RU-1 and hexole in the ratio of 1: 1 (Table 1.5). Proser rubber mixes To cut the wing and onboard tape tissues (Cefera and Boszya), there should be large plasticity and good stickiness, no high-strength rubber is required from them, and heat resistance should be high. Rubber mixtures prepared on the basis of cis-1,4-polyisoprenes (more often than NK) or a combination of NK with SCMS-30ArCM-15, satisfy these requirements. Rubbers hydrocarbon reduce the introduction to 60 mas Ch Regenerate, and the features of the filling of the mixture - up to 40 mas Ch Mineral fillers with a small addition of semi-active carbon and large quantities (up to 30 mas Ch) Softeners.

Table 1.5.

Typical formulation of insulating and interruption rubber mixtures (MAC H)

Name of components	Insulating mixture	Promapive mixture
Regenerate
Accelerators
Zinc oxide
Stearine technical
Sublocation retarder
Antioxidants
Modifiers
Soft devices
Bitumen petroleum
Rosin
Mineral Fillers
Active technical carbon
Semi-active carbon black

Rubber for driving chambers and sealing layer of tubeless tires Must have low gas permeability to preserve the internal pressure in the bus and be resistant to the breakdown and thermal aging. Chamber rubber should have high elasticity and low module values \u200b\u200band residual deformation to reduce their discernment, as well as high durability of the joint, resistance to the puncture and cracking of cracks. Chamber mixes should be well agreed and have a small shrinkage. Abroad produces freight chambers from BK (Table 1.6). Domestic mixtures for profiling of passenger and cargo chambers of the mass assortment, the manufacture of the heel of the valve and the glue prepare on the basis of combinations of ski-3 with SCMS-30Ark or 100% BK-1675T with the addition of two mas Ch HBC. For tires with adjustable pressure and frost-resistant, a chamber rubber mixture based on SKI-3, SCMS-30Ank and CCD is recommended. The cohesion strength of mixtures increases the introduction of promoters, and technological properties are improved by a large assortment of technological additives. The sealing layer of inflow-chamber tires is made using halogenated BCs, for example: HBC - 75, epichlorohydrine rubber - 25, technical carbon N762 - 50, stearic acid - 1, alkylphenol formaldehyde resin - 3.3; Dibutyl-dithiocarbamate nickel - 1, magnesium oxide - 0,625; zinc oxide - 2.25; di- (2-benztiazo-lil) disulfide - 2, sulfur - 0.375; 2-mercapto-1,3,4-thiodiasis-5-benzoate - 0.7. Rubber has been developed based on a combination of HBC and SKI-3 in a 1: 1 ratio.

Table 1.6.

Recipes of chamber rubber mixtures based on BC of foreign firms (MAC H)

Name of components
Esso Butyl 268
Polisar-Butyl 301
Technology N762 / N550
Technology N660
Technology N330
Paraffin oil
Paraffin-naften oil
Stearine technical
Alloy Ambol St-137x with Stearin (60:40)
Zinc oxide
Sere / Tiram.
Altaaks / Kapaks.

Whole rubber mixes Go to the preparation of 20% of gasoline glue, which, when the gauge rubber flange, is formed with a high adhesive film and a small shrinkage, capable of reliably connect it to the surface of the chamber and to comply with duplicate rubber. The domestic adhesive mixture is prepared on the basis of 100 mas ChbC-2244 bromboutyl rubber with an effective vulcanizing group of sulfur, thiazole and tiurama d and 60 mas Chsemi-active technician. The company "Esso" recommends a similar composition of the BC-based adhesive mixture ( mas Ch): Butyl 218 - 100, Technologies N762 - 40, Technology N550 - 20, paraffin oil - 20, zinc-5 oxide, resin ST-137X - 20, sulfur - 2, Tiurura d - 2, Mercaptobenztiazol - 0.5. ST-137X resin increases the outage of glue.

Gear rubber - High-modulus with increased hardness, are used to insulate the heel of the valve, providing a durable connection with the brass body of the valve and the coilization of duplicate rubber with a glue rubber mixture. The domestic valve rubber is prepared on the basis of SKI-3 and chlorobutyl rubber in the ratio of 3: 1, and foreign - based on the BC (Table 1.7).

Table 1.7.

Recipes of valve rubber mixtures (mass hours)

Diaphragm rubber Must have high values \u200b\u200bof tensile strength and dreamer at high temperatures, elasticity, thermal conductivity and fatigue properties. For them, they take a BC with low viscosity and increased disabilities (BK-2045, BC-2055) with the introduction of 10 mas Ch Chloroprene rubber (NIRIAP A) as an activator of vulcanization alkylphenol-formaldehyde resin (SP-1045, USA). Rubber mixes for rims manufactured based on 100 mas Chrubber SCMS-30ArCM-27, and to reduce the cost of the cost of recycling of worn tires: regenerates and elastic fillers - rubber crumb and dolls.

Technological properties of tire rubber mixtures Include rheological to which their volcanizability should also be attributed, and adhesive Properties, and their behavior in molding is evaluated by the ratio of plastic and highly elastic parts of general deformation. Plastic characterizes the ease of deformation of rubber mixtures and the ability to maintain the form after removing the deforming load, and elastic recovery (Reversible part of deformation) - resistance to an irreversible change due to their viscosity. The change in the plasticity of the material depending on the temperature determines its thermoplasticity and moldability. Full view of O. playstroistic properties The mixtures are obtained from their dependencies on the temperature and the rate of deformation.

When vulcanization of rubber mixtures plastic decrease and high-elastic properties grow, therefore vulcanizability And evaluated by changing them when heated. When processing on technological equipment and storage, an undesirable change in their plastic elastic properties, called subwoocanization or premature vulcanization . The tendency to the subwoocanization is characterized by time during which the mixture at 100 aboutC does not change plastichelastic properties, and evaluate:

• · By changing the height of the sample during compression between the plane-parallel plates in the conditions of testing on the compressive plastometer;
• · According to the resistance of the sample, the shift between the moving and fixed surfaces when testing on the muni viscometer at 100 or 120 aboutWITH;
• · By expiration rate under pressure through calibrated holes;
• · Pressing the speed under the load of the solid tip.

Rheological properties of rubber mixtures Estimated when conducting scientific studies of their viscosity at various temperatures, stresses and shift speeds. For this use the method of capillary viscomemetry and determine the rate of expiration under pressure through the calibrated holes. Melt flow rate (PTR) characterizes the mass of polymer material in grams, which is extruded for 10 min. through the capillary hole with a diameter of 2,095 mM. and 8 length mM. Standard appliance at a given temperature (170-300 aboutC) and load (from 300 g. up to 21.6 kg). To assess the tendency of rubber mixtures to the subwoocanization apply rotary viscometers Muni. , and for rocokinetic studies - vibrating Riometry . Highly elastic properties before, during and after the vulcanization of one sample of the mixture are studying on recycling Analyzer Rubber RPA-2000, developed by Alpha Technologies.

Truck mixtures - an adhesive property characterizing the ability to a solid compound of two samples, which is necessary in the manufacture of products from individual non-carbonated parts ( product conflexes ). The external gluing ability due to the forces by which heterogeneous bodies are connected, called adhesia . With different nature of contacting surfaces talk about outgeezia. , and the clutch macromolecules of one nature under the action of attraction forces - about kegezia . The stickiness is evaluated by the power required for separating samples duplicated under a certain load for a specified time.

An important feature of the mechanical properties of rubber is stress relaxation manifested in reducing the voltage in the sample in time with the constant value of the deformation to the final value - equilibrium tension w. ? which is determined by the thickness of the volcanization grid. The rate of relaxation of the voltage is determined by the ratio of the energy of the intermolecular interaction in the rubber and the energy of the thermal motion of the macromolecule segments. The higher the temperature, the most powerful thermal movement of the macromolecules segments and the faster the relaxation processes in the deformed rubber proceed. Since the balance between deformation and voltage is set slowly, the rubber usually works in non-equilibrium state , and voltages in its deformation with a constant speed will depend on the deformation rate.

Rubber deformation with infinitely low speed at which relaxation processes have time to pass, describes the linear dependence of the true voltage from the deformation value. The coefficient of proportionality between true voltage and relative deformation is called equilibrium module (high elasticity module), which does not depend on time: E. ? =P. e. about / S. about (e. -e. about - the initial cross-sectional area of \u200b\u200bthe sample; e. about - the initial length of the sample; e. - The length of the deformed sample. The equilibrium rubber module characterizes the thickness of the vulcanization mesh: E. ? =3SRT / M. c. where M. c. - molecular weight of the segment of the macromolecule, concluded between the nodes of the spatial grid; with - polymer density; R. - gas constant; T. - absolute temperature. To establish true equilibrium in rubber requires a long time. Therefore, determined conditionally equilibrium module by measuring the voltage at a given degree of deformation after the completion of the main relaxation processes (after 1 c. at 70. aboutC) or measuring the deformation of the sample at a given load after the end of the creep (after 15 min. After loading).

Rubber Tests spend standard method of one-time stretching samples in the form of double-sided blades with constant speed (500 mm / min) Before the rupture at a given temperature for a visual assessment of its specific properties. The dependence of the stress from deformation with a constant speed is complex and decreases during re-deformation, showing its kind of "softening" - the effect of Patrikeev-Malnet. Tensile tensile strength f. p. calculate as a load ratio R r who caused the sample gap to the original area S. o. cross section in the gap site: f. p. \u003d R. r /S. o. . Relative extension at break L r express the attitude of the percentage of the working area at the time of the break ( e. r -E. about) to the initial length e. about : l. r =[(e. r -e. about )/e. about ] . 100% , but relative residual elongation after gap - the ratio of the change of the length of the working section of the sample after the gap to the initial length.

Conditional voltage with a given elongation f. e. characterizing the stiffness of rubber when tension expressed the value of the load at this elongation R e. referred to unit square S. o. Initial sample cross section: f. e. \u003d R. e. / S. o. . Typically calculate the conditional stresses during deformations 100, 200, 300 and 500% and called rubber modules For given elongations. Additional Characteristics of Rubber - true tensile strength , calculated taking into account the change in the cross-sectional area of \u200b\u200bthe sample by the time of the break, provided that the deformable sample is unchanged. The effect of temperature is evaluated ratio of indicators strength with elevated or lowered and at room temperature, which is called respectively coefficient of heat resistance and frost resistance . The heat resistance coefficient is determined by the ratio of tensile strength indicators and relative elongation, and frost-resistance - the ratio of the stretching indicators at the same load.

Work deformation It is measured by an area under the sample load curve and turns into the energy of the elasticity of rubber, part of which relaxes and is irreversibly dissipated as heat of internal friction. Therefore, work when unloading the sample will be less than the work spent on its deformation. The relationship of the work returned by the deformed sample, to work spent on its deformation, determines useful elasticity of rubber , and the attitude of scattered energy to the work of deformation - energy loss on hysteresis which are proportional to the area of \u200b\u200bhysteresis loop. For different rubber, hysteresis losses can range from 20 to 95%. The ability to absorb and return mechanical energy is one of the distinguishing properties of rubber. Hysteresis losses more often evaluate the value elasticity by rebound which represents the ratio of energy returned by the sample after the strike on it of a special striker, to the energy spent on the blow. The expendable energy is determined by the mass and height of the installation of the pendulum coach relative to the sample, and the return energy is measured by the height of the bounce of the bridge after impact.

Resistance rubber Ringing characterizes the effect on its destruction of local damage and is a discontinuous load at the rate of deformation 500 mm / minRelated to the thickness of the outcropped sample standardized thickness, shapes and depths of the cuts.

Sliding rubber It characterizes its ability to resist the introduction of a solid indenter under the action of a given effort. The most common method consisting in indulging in the standard needle hardwerker Shora. BUT In the sample rubber thickness of at least 6 mM. Under the action of a spring designed for a certain effort. The test results are expressed on a scale in the conditional units from zero to 100. With high hardness (indicator 100), the needle is not immersed in the sample, and the solidness of rubber fluctuates wide limits: 15-30 - very soft, 30-50 - soft, 50-70 - Average, 70-90 - solid and more than 90 - very solid rubber. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) recommended a method that takes into account relaxation processes and friction in which hardness is assessed by the difference in the depths of the immersion in the ball sample with a diameter of 2.5 mM. Under the action of contact (0.3 N.) and the main (5.5 N.) Loads. Immersion depth is measured in international IRHD units or hundredths mM. From zero, which corresponds to the solidity of rubber with the Young module (the value close to the equilibrium module), equal to zero, and up to 100, with the Young's module, equal to infinity. Hardness indicators are close to conditional hardness units for Shore BUT. The hardness is quickly measured, and its indicators are very sensitive to change and composition, and rubber manufacturing technology.

Dynamic properties of rubber determine their behavior with variable external mechanical influences. An important indicator of ribbon ribbons with periodic harmonic loading is dynamic module E. dean - The ratio of voltage amplitude f. about To the amplitude of deformation e. about (E. dean =f. about /e. about). Determine also relative hysteresisG. - share of total energy W. for deformation q. per cycle scattered in the form of mechanical losses: R \u003d. q./ W \u003d 2 q./ E. dean e. about 2 . Hysteresis losses of rubber in conditions of harmonic periodic deformations characterize module of internal friction TO. This is a double meaning of mechanical losses per cycle with a dynamic deformation amplitude equal to one, i.e. K \u003d 2. q./e. about 2 , then R \u003d k / e dean .

Fatment (dynamic fatigue ) Call irreversible changes in the structure and properties of rubber under the action of mechanical deformations in conjunction with non-mechanical factors (light, heat, oxygen) leading to their destruction. In rubber, subjected to constant static deformation or load, accumulates residual deformation E. oIST . Determine it by compression by 20% of samples of cylindrical shape and exposure in the compressed state at normal or elevated temperatures, the specified time: e. oIST \u003d (H. o. -h. 2 / H. o. -h. 1 ) . 100% where h. o. - the initial height of the sample; h. 1 - the height of the compressed sample; h. 2 - Height after removal of load or strain and rest.

Fatigue (dynamic) endurance N. It is characterized by the number of cycles of multiple deformations of the samples to their destruction. The variable conditions during the test may be the amplitude of deformation, the load amplitude and the frequency of deformation. A large number of test methods have been developed for fatigue endurance. Widely use tests on multiple stretching Before the destruction of samples rubber in the form of double-sided blades. Standardized Test Method for multiple compression before the destruction of samples in the form of massive cylinders, inside which the temperature is measured, characterizing heat formation due to hysteresis losses and the difficulty of heat removal in environment. We often perform tests for resistance to the formation and growing cracks in samples subjected to multiple bending and having zones of increased stresses in which their destruction occurs. When testing on resistance to growing cracks observe the growth of the damage to a certain limit, which is applied to the test sample by puncture or discharge, and when tested on resistance to the formation of cracks Determine the number of deformation cycles prior to the start of the sample destruction - the appearance of primary cracks on it.

Wear resistance rubber characterize abrasion which is a decrease of volume by friction on a solid surface due to wear By separating the small particles of the material per unit of friction operation at a given mode of their tests. Abrasion It is a complex process, the mechanism of which depends substantially on the properties of rubber, friction surfaces and the conditions of their interaction. In places of contact of the irregularities of the material surfaces, local stresses and deformation occur. With friction of rubber on surfaces having very sharp and hard face, occurs abrasive wear (abrasion "microsonia " ). With a slide of rubber on a rough abrasive surface without sharp cutting projections, repeated loading of the contact zones occurs, which leads to fatigue wear most characteristic for rubber products. With friction on relatively smooth surfaces with a high value of the friction coefficient between the rubber and the abreasing surface, when contact voltages reach the values \u200b\u200bof rubber strength, intensive cohesion wear (abrasion "rolling"). To estimate abrasibility, rubber uses various devices, in which the samples test are testing strictly defined shape under the conditions of friction of sliding or rolling with slippage. Samples are abrasion on the abrasive grinding skirt (abrasive wear) or on a metal grid (fatigue wear). Permanent values \u200b\u200bduring the test are the speed of sliding and the load on the sample. The change in the volume of the samples is estimated by weight loss, and the friction work is calculated, knowing the power of friction and the length of the path passable by the sample during the test. There are other more specific methods of laboratory and bench tests.

Laboratory tests allow strictly regulating and simplifying the conditions of deformation and receive well-reproduced results in contrast to the results of operational tests. Therefore, they are the first and main stages of the process of developing new or control the quality of existing types of rubber products.

One of the most serious problems that can happen to the car driver on the road is such a nuisance as a prolque tire. No, probably, not a single motorist who would not be afraid of such accidents, because the smallest than threatens the puncture of the car tire on the road, is a delay in the way, sometimes very significant (if there is no spare and required tools in the car). Well, in addition to a forced trip to the tireage, there is a risk of getting anything more serious, because when driving at high speed, the tire puncture may well be the cause of a dangerous accident.

That's just life does not stand still, and together with many other inventions of the new millennium, such a successfully fell. interesting novelty As a tire, made using technology without punctures. Of course, a similar innovation, designed to make it easier to ease the lives to motorists, is interested in very many, therefore the topic of so-called reinforced tires for cars is disclosed in detail in detail.

Interesting to know:The first tires were invented even earlier than the first car - in the distant 1846 R. Thompson patented an analogue of a modern tire with a tire made of rubberized cans and pieces of skin. The use of this device facilitated the process of movement of the wagon and reduced the noise.

If the term Run Flat is literally translated from the English language (and this name is fragile novelty tires), then it turns out the unobed expression "flat ride", which, however, almost completely reflects the essence of this technology. Run Flat is a puncture-resistant to punctuate and other different kind of tire damage.

After all, if when a conclusive tire is a further continuation of the movement, it becomes simply impossible, then in the case of the Run Flat bus, the driver has the opportunity to continue moving - it can take at least to the nearest car service.

1. Device and principle of operation

It should be known that under the conditional name Run Flat, a number of diverse automotive tires are presented, which are made using various bonding technology. Tires Run Flat. of different types They differ from both of the manufacturing technology, as well as conditions, and some nuances of their operation.

1.1 Tires with reinforced sidewalls

The most common and affordable (which just necessitates their great popularity) is the Run Flat tires with enhanced lateral support. Their main differences from ordinary tires is the presence of more thickened and hard side surfaces. It just allows such a tire when damaged to avoid deformation under the rather weight of the car and makes it possible to continue the movement. You can travel on this bus after the puncture, you can take another 90 kilometers (or even more) at a maximum speed of 80 km / h.

True, there is a tire with reinforced sidewalls and one essential drawback - they will be completely useless if the carrier side part will be subjected to serious damage. Just this type of bonded tires and was the first among the entire row of a variety of RUN FLAT rubber (for the first time this technology was applied back in 1992) and, as already mentioned above, it is they who remain the most sought-after.

1.2 Tires with supporting ring

Another type of Run Flat tires are tires having axial support, that is, tires equipped with a supporting ring located throughout the circle of the disk from its inner. This design allows the tire when procolored not to sink and not collapse due to the fact that said supporting layer protects its inner surface from friction about the rim. In case of damage, almost all load assumes an upholstery providing axial support. This allows the car for a long time to continue to move in normal mode and overcome the distance to 320 kilometers, without reducing significantly speed.

Interesting to know: For the first time to apply the car for the car. In 1884, the brothers Eduard and Andre Mishalin, who, by the way, are the creators of the world-famous in our time of the company "Michelin".

However, Run Flat tires with a supporting ring also have cons, and the main cost of this technology will be the high cost of this technology - the tires of this type will also be at odds, and, in addition, they also need to have special tires and specific wheelcases.

1.3 Airline tires

Also, in addition to the above-listed tires with Run Flat technology, there are also so-called flights or self-healing tires. The design of this type of tire is the simplest among all bobbin tires. They are practically no different from ordinary tires, and their only feature is the presence of an additional layer on the inner surface, which consists of a special sealing agent. In cases where the tire puncture occurs, this very sealant is able to very quickly tighten the resulting hole from the inside, thereby restoring the integrity of the tire and not allowing the puncture to significantly affect the air pressure in it.

Now most models of self-metric tires are capable without much losses to tighten the punctures width to 4.7 mmthat just corresponds to the size of the standard opening after the puncture of the usual nail.

This type of Run Flat tire is not only the simplest, but also the cheapest among the others, while not requiring any special conditions operation. By cons of such a design, it is possible to include the small efficiency of the self-restoration of the tire in frosty or rainy weather, as well as the inability to cope with the sealing of too large or lateral damage.

2. Benefits of using tires Run Flat

Undoubtedly, use when driving tire Run Flat has a lot of all kinds of advantages. In addition to the main amenities, which consist in the absence of the need to replace the wheel when the place is in place and, moreover, the evacuation of it to the nearest tire unit, there is still such a factor as safety during tire damage when driving at high speed. Also, the presence of a bobbin bus delivers the driver from the need to carry the spare tire, thereby allowing to save free space in the car, which is undoubtedly can also be considered a plus.

Interesting to know:The process of rubber vulcanization, which is now used on each tire unit, was discovered quite by chance: Overlighted inventor Charles Chudjil, simply forgot with a hot furnace with a sulfur and rubber mixture.

3. Features and rules of operation of the RUNFLAT tires (which cars can be put on how to focus, how to repair, which discs, etc.)

And, of course, in addition to the unconditional advantages and benefits of using bubble technology tires, there are also certain disadvantages and difficulties. First of all, it is possible to include peculiar features of the RUN FLAT tires, although many drivers also celebrate the lower comfortability of trips with binding buses. The car on which the Run Flat rubber is installed must be equipped with a special tire pressure control system (pressure sensors), otherwise the driver may simply not notice the puncture and pressure loss in the bus and not to change the speed and motor vehicle, which can be dangerous .

It is also worth considering that not every tire does not offer the RUN FLAT tire installation service, because in most cases such a procedure requires special equipment. As a rule, after damage and subsequent ride, the Run Flat bus is not refundable, and often the owner of the car in the end has to fully change the tire set. Moreover, the last fact reminds one more substantial for our motorists minus RUN FLAT rubber - their fairly high cost.

4. Confusion in tire designations

Almost all the companies known in the company are engaged in the production and sale of tires in this industry, and just because of this, a certain confusion occurs in the names and notation of the Run Flat tire. Manufacturers use various marking for their products, so motorists should be aware that the notation Runflat, Runonflat, RFT, Euphoria, EMT, ZP, ZP SR, RFT, SSR, DSST, TRF, RSC And other label your bins are different companies manufacturers.

As soon as it comes to automotive tireswho are not afraid of puncture, it means that the car even, "catching a nail", is able to easily move without difficulty, in any case, until it comes to the nearest car service. Three technologies that allow the car to keep the ability to drive even with a punctured tire are actively used.

Self-metation;
self-support;
Support systems.

Each manufacturer automotive rubber Releases "bonding" products under its own designation: Bridgestone RFT-RUNFLATTIRE, DUNLOP DSST-DUNLOP Self-Supporting Technology, Pirelli RFT-Run Flat Technology. If these technologies are generalized, then the use of the term "Runflat" will appropriate.

Goodyear Runonflat.

Goodyear has led the development of tire technology that has not been afraid of punctures for more than 70 years. Starting from the very first safe cameras in 1934, before the launch of EMT technology in 1992, and to the revolutionary technology Runonflat today.

Goodyear Runonflat tire is a tire with a distinctive additional property: if necessary, it retains its characteristics when moving for 80 km at a speed of up to 80 km / h at a very low or zero tire pressure level. Therefore, even in the case of full loss of pressure, the Runonflat bus will allow the driver to continue the way in safe placewhere the bus can be examined.

Runonflat technology is based on the concept of reinforced bike sidewalls. When the usual tire is blown away, it simply settles under the weight of the car, the side depart from the disk and the sidewalls flatten on the road. The weight of the car completely destroys the tire after a few kilometers of movement. Runonflat tire's reinforced sidewalls hold it on the disk and successfully keep the weight of the car more 80 kilometers after puncture and full pressure loss.

Since your tires continue to work after pressure loss, Runonflat technology requires the presence of pressure-tpms pressure installed in the tire pressure system (Tire Pressure Monitoring System), which will report on the need for a tire service. Without such a system, you will not be able to learn about puncture or loss of pressure in the tire.

The TPMS-improved tire monitoring system recommended by all vehicles is an absolute requirement for cars equipped with Runonflat tires. There are two different types of TPMS system: the indirect system-TPMS does not measure tire pressure, but considers it on the basis of signals received from ABS / ESP. Since there is no need for additional sensors, this is a very economical solution that provides the basic and functional monitoring system. The disadvantage of this system is low accuracy. Direct systems have sensors in tire valves that transmit a radio outline of the car. This accurate and reliable system also serves the tire temperature and gives detailed information about the pressure in them.

Goodyear Emt.

With the Goodyear EMT tires, the driver may not be asleep such an unpleasant phenomenon as punctures. Even when punctured, when all the air came out of the tire, it is possible to drive another 80 km. The system works, thanks to a strengthened frame, an increase in sidewall support, so that the tire withstands the weight of the car, even with complete air loss. Such tires can only be used in the presence of a tire pressure control system.

It is noteworthy that EMT tires can be mounted on any standard disk, and there is no need for a spare wheel, which increases the useful volume of the trunk and saves fuel due to the reduction of the car weight.

A self-sustaining sidewall and a layer for removing high temperature withstands the weight of the car and reduces the temperature rise in the pressure drop in the tire, allows you to continue the movement after losing air from the tire. The fastening of the core still holds the bus on the rim of the disk, allows the driver to maintain control over the vehicle while continuing movement.

DUNLOP DSST (Dunlop Self-Supporting TECHNOLOGY)

In the 70s of the last century, Dunlop created Denovo-first safe after the prolque of the bus. Demonstrating the possibilities of new items, Fiat Mirafiori drove from Dalleop to Turin with navalized rear tires, and Chevrolet Corvettes-from Boston to Los Angeles.

Currently on the basis of this technology created modern system DSST, due to which the tire with a pressure loss can drive up to 80 km at a speed of 80 km / h. Tires are simple and easy to use, they can be installed on all standard wheels without special tools or equipment, and at the same time are suitable for any types of cars.

DSST technology allows the bus to continue moving even after the pressure loss, due to the special strengthening elements of the side walls. If the DSST bus loses pressure, the driver may not feel this and continue to move at high speed and for a greater distance that it can damage the tires. To prevent such a situation, it must be installed on the wheels special system Tire pressure control. Pressure sensors will warn the driver about the loss of pressure and that the speed must be reduced. Such a control system can be established as the primary configuration on new car And equipped additionally.

DSST tires have the following list of benefits:

The patented design of the side wall withstands the weight of the car, even when the tire is completely lowered;
Special design and application of new rubber blends help to avoid tire damage caused by significant loads;
Even with full pressure loss - acceleration, braking and car management remain reliable after a puncture you can continue the movement of about 80 km;
DSST bus can be installed on any standard rim and any car.

Bridgestone RFT (Run Flat Tyre)

RFT technology will continue to move after the prolque bus. The driver can bring the car to the service even after puncture the bus. RFT eliminates the need for a spare wheel, which increases free space in the car trunk.

The use of RFT tire allows you to continue the movement at least 80 km even with zero internal tire pressure.

Kumho XRP (Extended Runflat Performance)

Safe after puncture of the XRP bus possess advanced performance due to unique and innovative technologies Kumho. XRP technology (Extended Runflat Performance-enlarged Characteristics of the Splot Tire) allows you to continue moving on a damaged bus without losing comfort and reliability. When creating these tires, the company tried to achieve high comfort of movement, since it is usually a sacrifice safe after puncture of the tire.

Kumho XRP tires guarantee the ability to drive a distance of 80 km at a speed of 80 km / h even on a completely lowered tire. The developers of the technology have reduced the maximum movement range to increase the comfort associated with it. Kumho XRP tires are designed so that the density of the side wall is standard under normal conditions, and increased-in conditions of pressure loss.

Special inclusions in the rubber mixture and anti-reversion component, firming compound, have a characteristic feature of a high heat resistance that improves the work safe after the prolque of the tire. In addition, a new, environmentally friendly fabric Cord Liocell is used in the Kumho XRP tires. It is designed on the basis of high technologies and increases stability on high speeds. This liocell differs from ordinary fabric cords, whose production pollutes the environment.

Tire board are designed to optimize the distribution of contact pressure, when the tire loses air, as well as to simplify the installation procedure and shift the tires.

Tires one of the danger factors on the roads. Safe after puncture Kumho XRP bus provide maximum safety and comfort. Driver's safety is the main task for Kumho and her new technology Production of safe after prolque Shin-XRP.

Pirelli SWS (Safety Wheel System)

Pirelli SWS-technology of tire production, which themselves produce podcock. This security system was designed for motorcycle tires in 2004, but only recently it began to apply for tires of passenger and more powerful, off-road cars.

The Pirelli SWS system works with a special reservoir with compressed airembedded in the rim of the wheel and allowing "pumping" the punctured bus automatically. The paging system activates the tank valve when the sensor is reported on the loss of air pressure in the bus.

This system can be applied not only on special RUN FLAT tires, but also on ordinary, widespread.

Advantages of the Pirelli SWS system:

Natural recycle air: The system constantly and continuously compensates for the natural pressure loss, ensuring that the tire remains properly pumped and safe for use. The reservoir maintains optimal pressure for 9-12 months;

In the case of a puncture: the system pumped off the bus, holding down the full loss of air. This increases safety, reduces the risk of accidents caused by punctures of tires, and allows the motorist to get to Tech apposor station.

SWS technology works in a complex with Pirelli K-Pressure technology (tire pressure monitoring system). Below you can see a schematic image of the Pirelli tire security system. On the incision of the wheelbarrow marked the tank with air.

This article lists not all manufacturers who use and universally introduce technology of bubble tires. However, those used by them and materials are similar to each other, so it is hardly advisable to mention each of them.

If a bike has to ride gravel, glass, spines, nails and other obstacles, it significantly increases the risk of puncture of the wheels. Since there was such a problem to the author of the homemade, it was decided to slightly upgrade tires to reduce the chance of a puncture of the camera. The revision is quite simple, but effective.

Materials and tools for homemade:
- Spanner by 15 mm;
- new or used tire;
- old tire;
- new camera;
- Knife (suitable one who cut plasterboard);
- two screwdrivers under the screws with a flat head or knife;
- Pump.

Bicycle refinement process:

Step one. Remove the wheel
First you need to remove the wheel from the bike, which you want to modify. Most often breaks rear wheelSince it accounts for the greatest weight. In order to remove the wheel, you will need to unscrew the two nuts, most modern bicycles use turnkey nuts by 15 mm. On older bicycles need a key to 17. You also need to make sure that the manual brakes are turned off.

Step second. Remove the camera
In order to remove the tire and get the camera, you need two flat screwdrivers. You can also use two tablespoons or forks. Both screwdrivers are inserted between the rim and the tire at a distance of 5 cm and then bred in different directions. If the screwdriver is sharp, you need to be careful, otherwise you can easily damage the camera if it is needed, of course.

Step Three. We prepare old tire
Now you need to take the old tire. It needs to be cut in such a way that it can fit inside the new (outer) wheel tire. As a result, a double tire is formed, which will be very hard to break through the camera. The edges of the old tire must be removed using a sharp knife. As a result, only a flat section should remain from the old tire.

If the tire is too long, it will need to be cut to optimal length. The final gap after the placement of the strip in the bus must be minimal.

Step fourth. Installing a new camera
Since the wheel will now be securely protected from a puncture, you can safely install a new camera into it. To do this, it must be pre-grinding to pump a pump so that it takes out its shape. Well, then the camera is placed in the bike tire. When laying, it is necessary to ensure that the manufactured armor was in a circle of the tire.

Pitch fifth. Collection of wheels
After laying the camera, the tire can be put on the rim. At first, in the hole of the rim you need to insert the valve for pumping the wheel. Well, then it all depends on the skill of the cyclist. When assembling, you should use sharp screwdrivers and other similar items, as they can easily pierce the camera and even the tire. Two classic metal spoons or forks are suitable for these purposes.

Step six. The final stage. Punify the wheel and install on the bike
Before installing the wheel, you need to pump it. First you need to pump up the camera is not very much and then with your hands to warm the bus in a circle, so that the camera lights well. Well, then the wheel is pumped to working pressure.

After that, the wheel can be installed on the bike and make a trial check-in. Significant changes in the dynamics of the bicycle should not be observed.

According to the author, now the wheel will be steadily for punctum, and this is very important when driving long distances. Among other things, even if the puncture of the wheel happens, due to the double tire on the hiring, it will be possible to slowly get to the destination or the nearest workshop, where the wheel can be repaired. Also for such a wheel requires less air pressure, since the installed tab occupies an internal volume of the wheel.

If you need to protect the wheel of the bicycle even more, such tabs can be made several, though it will affect weight and perhaps the dynamics of the bicycle. If weight plays a key role in this matter, then you can search for easier materials for such purposes. If you need to get uncomplete tires generally, you can be made of nonsense, that is, inside there will be only some tires. This approach will be good for homemade carts,

Legendary quality tire michelin. It is known to each driver, however, a few exactly know how they appear on the light. While visiting the plant's journalists in Olsztyn, the company lifted the curtain of secrets and told about the production of agricultural and industrial tires that are issued there.

The total area of \u200b\u200bthe plant in Olsztyn is 200 hectares, on which more than 4.5 thousand people work. 400 thousand tires are produced per year, which are available in 143 sizes and weigh from 23 to 199 kg. In addition to tires under the Michelin brand, the enterprise produces tires under other brands of the company - Kleber and Taurus. Michelin agricultural tires also produces in True (France) and Valladolid (Spain).

Outside, all tires are very similar, and if it were not for the name of the brands, they would be difficult to distinguish them. Probably, this is one of the reasons why farmers pay attention mainly only for the price. The quality for many does not matter, since it simply cannot assess it and proceed from the opinion that all tires are made of rubber and about the same.

This opinion is not true, and this will confirm anyone who worked in the field on budget tires and tires more high-class. Sometimes it even happens that the premium brand tires serve as longer than new cheap tires, which were bought just for the sake of savings.

What is the difference between the tires of various brands? For sure, we, of course, will not answer this question, because it is a commercial mystery of each manufacturer. Be that as it may, it was allowed to look at the production process in Olsztyn.

The future properties of the tire are largely dependent on the rubber mixtures used in the manufacture of its various components (brekers, tread, etc.) during their creation of rubber mixed with special oils, carbon, antioxidants and other additives. The exact composition, naturally, keeps in the strictest secrecy. The finished mixture enters the extruder, where thin ribbons are made of it, which are wound on the coils. At this stage, the so-called raw tires are created. The extruder produces a rubber tape of a thickness of about 0.1 mm. And the thickness, and the width, of course, can be changed, which allows the tires of various models.

In addition to raw tires, the core of the side is prepared (it holds the tire on the rim), as well as cord - textile and metallic. They constitute the basis of the tire. In this process, it is used including a cloth with a diagonal weaving, so that the tire board is so durable. At this stage, they are connected to other components, such as reinforcing stripes and Her Mosla. This is a layer of airproof rubber, which can be seen if you look inside the tire.

According to the standard procedure, large agricultural and industrial tires are manufactured manually, and the reinforcing bands are simply installed by hand. However, one and a half years ago, innovative equipment was mounted in Olsztyn, which automated this process. The complex covers an area of \u200b\u200b400 m2 and is called "Crocus". It is controlled by two people whose work consists mainly in managing the automatic installation of various elements of the raw bus. Laser light helps in this. At the end, the protector is established, whose share accounts for up to 50% of the weight of the tire. The manufacture of the agricultural tire, depending on the size takes 12-15 minutes. New equipment was developed by designers from Olsztyn with the support of French engineers.

At the next stage, the raw tire is sent to the vulcanization press in which it acquires its final appearance (During the vulcanization, the external shape of the tire and the tread pattern is created). This process lasts about an hour at a temperature of 150-200 degrees and a pressure of several dozen MPa. For each size, there is its own vulcanization program, which is naturally controlled automatically.

After completion of the vulcanization, each tire is checked at a special stand by qualified personnel. If any defects are detected, the tire is returned to remove it. Additional selective checks are also carried out, the purpose of which is to assess the work of the quality control department.

"Michelin tire designers always seek to achieve the balance of characteristics," says Adam Voroniecky, a michelin agricultural department manager. - In the case of agricultural tires, we are talking about durability, soil protection and fuel economy. " In accordance with this approach, the UltraFlex technology was developed in particular, which are manufactured by tires operating at a low pressure level. They can be easily distinguished by labeling if or vf. The first means that the tires have an increased elasticity of sidewalls, and the second is that their defunability is even higher. What does it give? Such tires have an increased spot of contact with the Earth, thereby preventing sliding and the soil seal is reduced. In addition, the tires are also distinguished by reinforced with purevins, a flat profile and a new form of tread blocks. In production, naturally, a special compound is used, characterized by increased thermal resistance. Result - Ultraflex tires withstand the same loads as standard tires, but can be operated at reduced pressure - up to 0.8 bar.

UltraFlex technology is used in the production of axiobib series tires (for tractors with a power of more than 220 hp), Xeobib (for tractors with a capacity of 80-220 hp), Cerexbib (for combines) and spraybib (for sprinklers). The latter and largest model in this row became the prototype of the Axiobib tires size IF850 / 75R42. The height of this tire is 2.32 meters, and the load capacity is up to 9.5 tons.

During a visit to the plant, we also conducted a demonstration of the qualities of industrial tires of the Compact Line line - Michelin line is the only manufacturer of radial tires for compact industrial equipment, such as forkliftSurvived by farmers engaged in animal husbandry. Tires are called BiBSteel All-Terrain and Bibsteel Hard Surface. The first model is characterized by a double layer of metal cord, rim protection and reinforced sidewalls, which are 2.5 mm thicker than that of the last generation bus - Stabil "X XZSL. In the second tires strength even higher. Thanks to this tires are maximum resistant to the protector or sideways. What prevents simple equipment. In addition, Michelin says that the Compact Line tires are often capable of listening to the longer tires of the same size with a diagonal design.

For Telescopic Loaders, Michelin offers XMCL series tires, which are effective during work and on concrete, and in dirt. The manufacturer notes that the tires are characterized by high-resistant punctures and breaks, and the innovative rubber mixture also increased resistance to mechanical damage and abrasion.