Western European countries adopted the Euro 2 standard in 1995. In Russia, it began to operate only in April 2006, while our country did not certify cars and fuel according to Euro 1, introduced in Europe in 1992, but stepped over directly to Euro 2.
It was supposed to operate in Russia from 04/01/2006 to 01/01/2008. However, subsequently, the introduction of its replacement Euro 3 was postponed to January 1, 2013.
Basic provisions of Euro 2
Since the main focus of Euro standards is environmental protection, the requirements of Euro 2 were reduced to further (in relation to Euro 1) emission reductions harmful substances in the exhaust of automobile engines:
- cO carbon monoxide was reduced from 2.72 to 2.2 g / km (grams per kilometer) for gasoline engine, from 2.72 to 1.0 g / km for diesel;
- emissions of hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides were reduced by directive from 0.97 g / km to 0.5 g / km for gasoline, and from 0.97 to 0.7 g / km - for diesel engines;
- soot content in exhaust diesel engines reduced from 140 to 80 mg / km;
- for the first time, the mass fraction of sulfur as a harmful substance in diesel fuel was limited: its concentration according to Euro 2 should not exceed the threshold of 500 mg / kg;
- the benzene content of the fuel was limited to 5%;
- the final ban received the additives of tetraethyl lead, which increases octane number gasoline.
The energy characteristics of Euro 2 diesel fuel practically do not differ from Euro 1, and in environmental terms, the new requirements clearly strengthened the protection of the surrounding world. All further changes in the certificate (Euro 3, 4, 5) continued the line of consistent quantitative restrictions on harmful substances in engine exhaust.
Fuel Euro 2 in Russia
To determine what kind of fuel was Euro 2 in Russia, let's turn to our regulatory documents.
To introduce international requirements for Euro certification into Russian standards, GOST R 52368-2005 was issued, which actually interpreted the European standard EN 590 into the legislation of our country. Diesel fuel Euro 2 in this document is not indicated, obviously, as obsolete, since the requirements are set out for the types of fuel, starting with Euro 3 (in GOST it is designated by the environmental group Type I with a sulfur level of 350 mg / kg).
Diesel fuel of Euro class 2 and later is not marked normative document - GOST 32511-2013. It also sets parameters for fuels from Euro 3 class.
The quality of Euro 2 fuel is described only by the technical regulation RT CU 013/2011, adopted by the Customs Union in 2011 for Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus. In the document, this fuel appears under the emission class K2 with a threshold sulfur level of 500 mg / kg.
Euro 2 - European norms (environmental standard) for toxicity of spent exhaust gases vehicles. The standard stipulates the parameters of cold start of engines and reduces the amount of toxic allowable emissions by about 25% compared to EURO 1. In 1995 it was introduced in the European Union instead of Euro 1, and in 1999 it was replaced by the Euro 3 standard.
In Russia, the Euro-2 fuel standard was introduced in the fall of 2005.
Diesel fuel of EURO 2 class pollutes the air too much
As of 2006, the domestic vehicle fleet consisted of 90 percent of cars meeting Euro 0 standards, 5 percent - Euro 1, 4 percent - Euro 2. Only one percent of cars corresponded to Euro 3. So it is not clear what should be done with a huge amount of equipment (working in agriculture, housing and communal services, loading and unloading, in construction), which requires modernization to work on higher quality fuel. In Russia, there are tens to hundreds of thousands of units of equipment operating on Euro-2 gasoline and diesel fuel.
Regulation for EURO 2
On April 22, 2006, a new one began to operate in Russia. The document established that all vehicles operating on the territory of the Russian Federation must comply with an environmental standard of at least Euro-2 in terms of emissions of pollutants.
The new regulation called technical requirements to cars and ICE installed on them ecological class Euro 2:
- categories M (1), M (2) maximum mass not more than 3.5 t, N (1) with spark engines (gasoline, gas) and diesel engines technical emission standards provided for by UNECE Regulations N 83-04 (emission levels B, C, D), UNECE Regulations N 24-03 with supplement 1 (only for diesel engines);
- categories M (1) with a maximum mass over 3.5 t, M (2), M (3), N (1), N (2), N (3) with diesel and gas engines - technical emission standards provided for by the Rules UNECE N 49-02 (emission level B), UNECE Regulation N 24-03 with appendix 1 (only for diesel engines).
Appendix 3 to the Regulation establishes the main technical requirements for fuel for vehicles:
- for gasoline: lead concentration no more than 10 mg / dm3; sulfur concentration not more than 500 mg / kg; the volume fraction of benzene is not more than 5%; saturated vapor pressure in summer: 45-80 kPa, in winter: 50-100 kPa;
- for diesel fuel Euro class 2: cetane number not less than 49; density at 15 o With 820-860 kg / m 3; sulfur concentration not more than 500 mg / kg; fractional composition - 95% of the volume is distilled at a temperature not exceeding 360 o С; lubricity no more than 460 microns.
The peak of popularity for diesel fuel of Euro 2 class is over
The sale of AI-95 gasoline of the Euro 2 class in the Russian Federation is prohibited from 01.01.2011. Since September 2011, the Russian government intended to ban the sale of AI-92 of the Euro 2 standard, but the resulting fuel shortage forced to postpone the ban for more than a year.
Russian car and fuel manufacturers announced the possibility of switching to EURO-2 requirements at different times, due to the unequal conditions and degree of readiness. Thus, automakers were almost immediately ready to produce cars that meet the EURO-2 requirements, and refiners needed time to modernize refineries and develop documents regulating the circulation of EURO 2 fuel.
The temporary return, including of Euro 2 diesel fuel, allowed the oilmen to increase production, which made it possible to reduce the shortage of the most common fuel. The ban on the turnover of Euro-2 fuel in Russia forced the spring of 2011 to close for preventive maintenance, which was one of the reasons for the fuel crisis in some regions. FAS accused the fuel companies of collusion, but the oilmen explained the lack of fuel by the fact that the state was trying to regulate market prices for fuels and lubricants.
Standard "Euro-2"
In the Euro-2 standard, the norms for the content of hydrocarbons in the exhaust were tightened almost 3 times, they became equal to 0.29 g / km.
Requirements for the emission of harmful substances from internal combustion engines:
carbon monoxide (CO) - no more than 55 g / kWh,
hydrocarbons (CH) - no more than 2.4 g / kW * h,
nitrogen oxides (NO) - no more than 10 g / kW * h.
The environmental standard "Euro-2" was adopted by the Russian government in autumn 2005.
Standard "Euro-3"
In 2008, these standards were tightened: the Euro-2 standard was replaced by the new Euro-3.
The Euro-3 standard is a 30-40% reduction in emissions compared to Euro-2. Euro-3 provides for a maximum CO emission of 0.64 g per kilometer for passenger cars.
Acting in Russian Federation the environmental standard for vehicles provides that a vehicle cannot be produced or imported into its territory without the Euro-3 conformity mark.
Permissible levels of toxin emissions for vehicles with diesel and gasoline engines:
carbon monoxide (CO) - no more than 20 g / kW * h,
hydrocarbons (CH) - no more than 1.1 g / kW * h,
nitrogen oxides (NO) - no more than 7 g / kW * h.
According to experts, "Euro-3" has reduced the level of "dirty" emissions in comparison with "Euro-2" by 20%. The Euro-3 standard was introduced in the European Union in 1999, in Russia - on January 1, 2008.
Standard "Euro-4"
The Euro-4 standard is 65 - 70% tougher than the Euro-3 level. It was introduced in the European Union, Japan and the United States in 2005. The Euro-4 standard allows to reduce the emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere by 40% in comparison with the Euro-3 standard.
The Euro-4 standard provides for a 2.3-fold reduction in CO emissions compared to Euro-3, and a 2-fold reduction in hydrocarbons:
carbon monoxide (CO) - 4 g / kW * h,
hydrocarbons (CH) - 0.55 g / kW * h,
nitrogen oxides (NO) - 2 g / kW * h.
Euro-4 reduces the content of nitrogen oxide in the exhaust by 30%, and particulate matter by 80%, sulfur by 0.005%, aromatic hydrocarbons by 35%, benzene by 1%.
In Russia, environmental standards "Euro-4" were introduced by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 12, 2005 No. 609 "On the approval of the technical regulation" On requirements for emissions automotive engineering, released into circulation on the territory of the Russian Federation, harmful (polluting) substances ".
Technical regulations "On the requirements for emissions of harmful (polluting) substances from automobile equipment put into circulation on the territory of the Russian Federation" is used to protect the population and the environment from the effects of emissions from automobile equipment of harmful (polluting) substances.
In accordance with the Federal Laws "On Technical Regulation", "On Safety road traffic"," On the protection of atmospheric air "," On the protection of consumer rights "," On the basis of state regulation of foreign trade activities "and the Agreement on the adoption of uniform technical regulations for wheeled vehicles, items of equipment and parts that can be installed and (or) used on wheeled vehicles, and on the conditions for mutual recognition of approvals issued on the basis of these prescriptions, signed in Geneva (with amendments and additions that entered into force on October 16, 1995), the above regulation establishes requirements for emissions of harmful (pollutants) substances by automobile equipment equipped with engines internal combustion.
On April 21, a new technical regulation "On the requirements for the emission of pollutants by motor vehicles put into circulation on the territory of the Russian Federation" came into force. According to this document, all car factories located on the territory of Russia must produce cars that meet the minimum requirements of "Euro-2".
It should be noted that all of Europe, the USA and Japan are currently producing engines that meet the more advanced Euro-3 standards, and the Euro-2 standard was introduced back in 1995.
What are these norms? They regulate the content of harmful substances in the exhaust gases of a car. The main measurement parameter is the content of carbon dioxide, but, of course, other parameters are also normalized - nitrogen oxide, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, as well as many other particles that are harmful and not environmentally friendly ...
In order for the car to comply with the Euro-2 standard, you just need to install a fuel injection system called an injection system instead of an archaic carburetor.
"Euro-3" is already more complicated, although it is based on the same injector. But in order to comply with more stringent regulations, an increase in injection energy is required. As a result, this contributes to a more complete combustion of fuel in the combustion chamber, and, accordingly, as a result, less harmful substances enter the atmosphere.
According to the Euro-4 standard, afterburners (catalysts) are being introduced into the fuel system. But the standard is not limited to mechanical changes in the vehicle's fuel system. An appropriate fuel quality is also required.
There are often problems with this in Russia. Despite the fact that at present in our country many cars that support the Euro-4 standard are already used, fuel even at proven gas stations periodically contains foreign impurities. This is additional load on catalysts that fail much faster. The part itself is not cheap, so in garage workshops, some craftsmen simply remove the catalyst from the fuel system and reconfigure the computer that controls the engine. However, such intervention in the car is not always accepted, therefore, for a number of car owners, whose car engine is the most environmentally friendly, each refueling without exaggeration turns into a lottery with its own wallet.
According to control and inspection structures, about 25 percent of gasoline sold on the territory of Russia does not meet not only international, but also Russian environmental standards. According to expert estimates of the Ministry of Industry and Energy of Russia, most Russian refineries do not yet have the technological capabilities to produce high-quality high-octane gasoline for domestic market, especially the 95th. More than 40 percent of the total volume of fuel produced is low-octane grade A-76 (AI-80) fuel. Note that Euro-3 gasoline, which, by the way, is planned to be transferred to the Russian vehicle fleet in 2008, is produced in our country by only 3 oil refineries.
The benefits of introducing new standards will be enormous. First of all from an environmental point of view. In 2000, when trucks and buses produced in Russia switched to Euro-2 standards, the amount of harmful emissions dropped by 2-3 times. The introduction of these standards for passenger cars can reduce the environmental load on our lungs by 10 times!
And given the fact that car park in our country it is growing at a progressive pace, the introduction of Euro-3 from January 1, 2008, Euro-4 - from January 1, 2010, and Euro-5 - since 2014 does not seem such a hasty decision. Moreover, according to expert estimates, the Russian car fleet is 90 percent of cars that meet Euro-0 standards, 5 percent - Euro-1, 4 percent - Euro-2, and only 1 percent of 24 million of cars traveling across the country belongs to cars meeting Euro-3 standards.
By the way, in Europe since January 1, 2006 it is forbidden to produce and sell cars that do not meet Euro-4 standards, so the Russian auto industry and related industries have someone to look up to.
For the average Russian car enthusiast, of course, the introduction of stricter environmental limits will lead to two negative points. First, the price of cars will rise. By the most conservative estimates, the installation of an injection fuel system will increase the price of the most popular russian cars in the amount of $ 300 to $ 500. Secondly, the price of fuel will also rise, because the re-equipment of production will certainly affect the selling price.
In this situation, first of all, the interests of the inhabitants of the village and remote from civilization regions of Siberia, the Far North and the Far East will suffer, because it is much easier to repair a car equipped with a carburetor on the knee than an injection car. But on the other hand, if you think about which planet we will leave to our children and grandchildren, then the tightening of environmental requirements must be treated with understanding. There is no alternative to this yet.
Environmental certificate Euro 2 Is a set of Euro standards that limit the content of environmentally hazardous substances in the exhaust gases of cars. In the European Union, this certificate replaced the previous Euro 1 standard and was adopted in 1995. The new standard revised the norms for the emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere. So, the requirements for emissions of harmful substances from internal combustion engines were:
CO - no more than 55 g / kWh is allowed;
СН - no more than 2.4 g / kW * h is allowed;
NO - no more than 10g / kWh is allowed.
On October 12, 2005, the Russian Federation adopted the Technical Regulations “On Requirements for Emissions of Harmful Substances by Cars”, Resolution No. 609. 6 months after the official date of its publication in the press on October 21, 2005, it came into effect. This regulation contains all the norms and requirements of international environmental standards. According to the decree, since 22.04.2006, cars of a class below Euro 2 cannot be produced in Russia. According to the Technical Regulations, imported cars that do not have a Euro 2 certificate will be detained at the border. Whether the car complies with the Euro standard will guarantee a certificate of conformity.
Information about cars will be formed by the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and will be transferred every month to the Department for Ensuring Safe Traffic of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia and the Federal Customs Service of Russia. According to the Technical Regulations, two databases have been created, which contain information about vehicles that meet the Euro 2 standard and information about previously issued certificates of conformity. On the official website of Rostekhregulirovanie, each car owner can see whether his car brand complies with the Euro 2 standard or will need to issue a corresponding Euro 2 certificate. There is also a compliance table adopted by the Ministry of Industry and Energy, which indicates which cars are prohibited from being imported into the territory of the Russian Federation. First of all, the ban includes european carswho are over 10 years old.
The Euro 2 certificate can be issued in certified bodies that have received accreditation from Rostekhregulirovanie for the right to issue such a certificate. If the car was manufactured before 1997, then a special conclusion should be issued. To do this, you need to pass an assessment for the amount of harmful substances in the exhaust gases at a service center. You can also get a certificate that the car has been converted and complies with the Euro 2 standard or higher. According to experts, the new Euro 2 standards may lead to a halving of the used car market. They believe that this will have a positive effect on environment, because old cars emit a very large amount of harmful substances into the atmosphere. These emissions, in turn, have a bad effect on human health.
The ecological situation is getting worse every day, so you should think about it today. According to the legislation, all gasoline and diesel fuel must meet Euro standards. The technical regulations provided for the sale of gasoline and fuel that meets the Euro 2 standard until 31.12.2008. For the Euro 3 standard, the terms of sale are limited to December 31, 2009, for the Euro 4 standard - until December 31, 2013. environmental standards Euro 4. The government envisions the transition to Euro 5 standards by 2014, when domestic manufacturers cars will be technically ready. Euro 5 standards have already been adopted in the European Union in 2009.
