How do motor oil? Motor oils for diesel engines NC-synthetic base oils.

Synthetic oil - this is the synthesis of basic oil based oils, as well as additives that give it useful properties ( increased wear resistance, cleanliness, corrosion protection). Such oils are suitable for operation in the most modern engines and in extreme operating modes (low and high temperatures, high pressure etc.).

Synthetic oil, unlike, produced on the basis of directional chemical synthesis. In the process of its production, raw oil, which is a basic element, is distilled, and then processed to the main molecules. Next based on them is obtained, in which additives are added so that the final product has exceptional characteristics.

Properties of synthetic oil

Schedule of the viscosity of the oil from the mileage

A feature of synthetic oil is that it retains its properties for a long time. After all, they are set even at the stage of chemical synthesis. In its process, "directed" molecules are created, which provide them.

The properties of synthetic oils include:

• high heat-oxidative stability;
• high viscosity index;
• high performance characteristics when low temperaturesoh;
• low evaporation;
• low friction coefficient.

These properties determine the presence of advantages that synthetic oils have semi-synthetic and mineral oil.

Benefits of synthetic engine oil

Based on the above properties, we consider what advantages gives a car owner synthetic oil.

Composition of synthetic oil

Synthetic motor or transmission oil Consists of several classes components:

• hydrocarbons (polyalphaolefins, alkylbenzenes);
• esters (organic acid reaction products with alcohols).

Difference of mineral and synthetic oil molecules

Depending on the composition and conditions of the flow of chemical reactions, oils are divided into the following types of essential, hydrocarbon, polyorganosyloxane, polyalphaole, isoparaffin, halogen-substituted, chloro and fluorine-containing, polyalkylene glycol and so on.

It is important to know that many manufacturers assigned to their oils to the definition of synthetic conditionally. This is due to the fact that in some countries, the sale of synthetics is not subject to tax fees. In addition, the oil obtained by hydrocracking is sometimes denoted as synthetic. In some states, synthetic oils are considered mixtures containing up to 30% of additives, in others - up to 50%. Many manufacturers simply buy basic oils and additives from manufacturers of synthetic oils. Mixing them, they get the compositions that are implemented in many countries of the world. Thus, the number of trademarks and the synthetic oil itself grows from year to year.

Viscosity and classification of synthetic oil

Viscosity - This is the ability of oil to remain on the surface of the details, and at the same time maintain fluidity. The smaller the viscosity of the oil - the less the thickness of the oil film. It is characterized viscosity indexwhich indirectly indicates the degree of purity of the base oil from impurities. Synthetic engine oils have a viscosity index value in the range of 120 ... 150.

Usually, the basic components having the best are used for the manufacture of synthetic engine oils. low-temperature properties, and belonging to wide range of viscous classes. For example, SAE 0W-40, 5W-40 and even 10W-60.

To designate viscosity class used standard SAE - American Association of Automotive Engineers. This classification gives a range of temperatures at which it can work or another oil. The SAE J300 standard divisions oil on 11 types, including six - winter, and five-year-old.

How to choose the viscosity of motor oil

In accordance with this standard, the designation consists of two digits and the letter W. For example, 5W-40. The first digit means low-temperature viscosity coefficient:

• 0W - used at temperatures to -35 ° C;
• 5w - used at temperatures up to -30 ° C;
• 10w - used at temperatures to -25 ° C;
• 15w - used at temperatures up to -20 ° C;

• when developing an engine resource up to 25% ( new Motor) It is necessary to use oils with classes 5W-30 or 10W-30 all-season;
• if the engine has developed 25 ... 75% of the resource - 10W-40, 15W-40 in summer, 5W-30 or 10W-30 in winter, SAE 5W-40 is all-season;
• if the engine has developed more than 75% of its resource, then it is necessary to use 15W-40 and 20W-50 in summer, 5W-40 and 10W-40 in winter, 5W-50 all-season.

Is it possible to mix synthetic, semi-synthetic and mineral oils

Immediately answer this question - mix any oils, even one type, but different manufacturers extremely not recommended. This fact is caused by the fact that when mixing, it is possible to pass the chemical reactions between different additives, the result of which sometimes is unpredictable. That is, the resulting mixture will not match at least any norms or standards. Therefore, mixing oils - the most extreme measure when there is no other way out.

Temperature viscosity dependence

As a rule, mixing oils occurs when a single oil change to another. Or in the case when it is necessary to make a plot, but there is no needed oil at hand. How mixing is harmful to the engine? And what to do in such cases?

Granted compatible oils of one manufacturer. After all, the production technology and the chemical composition of additives will be the same. Therefore, when changing the oil, a few more workers you need to fill the oil of the same brand. It is better to replace, for example, a synthetic oil on a mineral one manufacturer than to another "synthetics" from another manufacturer. However, it is better to quickly get rid of the resulting mixture in the engine at the first opportunity. When the oil is replaced, about 5-10% of its volume remains in the engine. Therefore, the following several cycles of oil replacement must be carried out more often than usual.

In what cases it is necessary to wash the engine:

• in case of replacing the brand or oil producer;
• when the characteristics of the oil (viscosity, type) occurs;
• in the event of suspicion that a foreign liquid is in the engine - antifreeze, fuel;
• there are suspicions that the oil used is poor quality;
• after any repair, when the opening of the GBC was carried out;
• in case of doubt that the latter was held for a long time.

Reviews of synthetic oils

We bring to your attention the rating of stamps of synthetic oils, which is compiled based on the reviews of motorists and opinions of authoritative experts. Based on this information, you can decide what kind of synthetic oil is better.

Top 5 best synthetic oils:

Motul Specific Dexos2 5W30. Synthetic oil approved by the General Motors concern. Is different high quality, Sustainable work in high and low temperatures. Works with any kind of fuel.

Shell Helix HX8 5W / 30. The oil is made according to a unique technology that allows you to actively clean the parts of the engine from the accumulation of dirt and the formation of precipitate on its nodes. Due to low viscosity, fuel economy is ensured, as well as the engine protection between the oil change.

SN / CF.. Oil is produced in the territory Russian Federation. Approved by such famous automakers as Porsche, Renault, BMW, Volkswagen. Oil belongs to the premium class, so it can be used in the most modern gasoline and diesel engines with turbocharging. As a rule, used for passenger cars, minibuses and small trucks. Also suitable for forced engines of sports cars.

Total Quartz 9000 5W 40. All-season synthetic oil for gasoline and diesel engines. Also suitable for engines with turbocharged, machines with catalysts and using eaten gasoline or liquefied gas.

Castrol EDGE 5W 30. Synthetic demi-season oil, can be used both in gasoline and. Since there have such quality classes: A3 / B3, A3 / B4, ACEA C3. The manufacturer promises even more better defense Due to the development of an enhanced oil film that is formed on the details. Provides extended replacement intervals of more than 10 thousand km.

How to distinguish synthetic oil

Despite the fact that the viscosity of mineral, semi-synthetic and synthetic oil may be the same at certain temperatures, the characteristics of "synthetics" will always be better. Therefore, it is important to be able to distinguish oils by their type.

When purchasing synthetic oil, it is necessary first of all to pay attention to the information specified on the canister. Thus, the oil on a synthetic basis is denoted by four terms:

• Synthetically Fortified.. Such oils are synthetically strengthened and have impurities of synthetic components up to 30%.
• Synthetic Based, Synthetic Technology. Similar to the previous one, however, the number of synthetic components here is 50%.
• Semi synthetic.. The number of synthetic components is more than 50%.
• Fully Synthetic.. This is 100% synthetic oil.

In addition, there are methods with which you can check the oil yourself:

• If mixing mineral oil and "synthetics", the mixture will come. However, you need to know exactly how the type is the second oil.
• Mineral oil is always thicker and darker than synthetic. You can throw a metal ball in oil. In the mineral it will sink slower.
• To the touch mineral oil is softer than synthetic.

Since synthetic oil is distinguished by excellent characteristics, unfortunately, you can find a large number of counterfeit on the market, because the attackers are trying to produce on its manufacture. Therefore, it is important to be able to distinguish original oil from fake.

How to distinguish fake

How to distinguish the original engine oil from the fake. (Shell Helix Ultra, Castrol Magnatec)

There are several simple waysthat will help you distinguish a canister or a bottle of fake car Oil From the original:

• Carefully examine the lid and the quality of the blockage. Some manufacturers are installed on the cover of sealing mustache (for example, Shell Helix.). Also, intruders can simply slightly glue the lid to cause suspicion of the original blockage.
• Pay attention to the quality of the lid and canisters (banks). They should not be scuffed. After all, the most popular method of packaging falsification - to the containers purchased on a hundred. It is desirable that you know how the original cover looks like (the most popular oil brand, which is forged is). If the slightest suspicion occurs, check the entire body of the canister and, if necessary, refuse to buy.
• The original label must be pasted exactly And look fresh and new. Check how well it is glued to the canister housing.
• On any packaging container (bottles, cans, iron cans) must be specified number of the factory batch and the date of manufacture (or the date to which the oil is suitable for operation).

Try to buy oil from proven sellers and official representatives. Do not buy it in people or shops causing suspicion. It will save you and your car from possible problems.

Many years ago, in 1873, Professor John Ellis managed to get the engine oil for the first time. He paid a lot of time to study the characteristics of crude oil. Numerous experiences allowed him to conclude that it possesses excellent lubricants.

By adding a manufactured lubricant into the valve mechanism of steam engines, it noticed that the valve movement was much smashed. Decreased wear of parts, the operation time has increased power plant. John registered his discovery and opened the first production of motor lubrication in the world.

Manufacturing technology

It all starts with crude oil production. It is filtered where it is cleared of harmful components. All operations are performed on specialized enterprises with appropriate equipment. Motor oils are divided into several types, each of which is characterized by components and properties.

Mineral is considered the cheapest. They are made of oil, which is subjected to filtration and standard run. Synthetic belong to the most expensive class. They include substances obtained after complex chemical manipulations with products from gas and oil. The hybrid of the above-described compositions began to call semi-synthetic.

More on the topic: Alkaline number of oil

How do motor oil: production process

Modern manufacturing process lubricating products for newest technique divided into several stages. First, the preparation of raw materials is carried out, from which certain oil fractions are obtained. For receiving components, special technological settings performing oil processing in accordance with flow diagrams are used.

After oil distillation, distillate oil fractions are obtained:

• 350-420 degrees;
• 420-500 degrees;
• More than 500c.

The modern oil refining industry opens up new distillation capabilities using the minimum fractional composition. As a result, it turns out much more basic oils.

In the next step, all fractions are cleaning on special oilcloth installations. And cleaning can be performed different ways. It is mainly the selective cleaning of existing oil fractions. To do this is used:

1. A mixture of tricksol with phenol;
2. Deacefaltizat, which is part of the propane.

As a result, the residual raffinate of the oil fraction is obtained. Its hydrotreatment is performed in a constant catalyst. The residual refinat is produced at a temperature of more than 500 ° C. At the final stage, commercial oils are obtained by compounding oil components and special additives.

Every day all appears on the roads more cars Self high-class. Of course, motor oil manufacturers take into account this factor. Each car manufacturer creates a special technical task For the manufacture of the latest lubricant, corresponding to the characteristics of the car engine. It should reliably protect the motor system and extend its life.

Lubrication helps motor

What do you think is vital for the work of the engine of your car? Of course, he needs fuel. But if there is no lubricant inside the motor, even if there is gasoline, it is unlikely to function. Its metal parts will be drowning on each other, trying to overcome the resulting resistance. But the force of friction will be stronger and will not allow parts of the engine to turn. The picture is radically changing as soon as the motor gets lubricant. What motor oil consists of, envelops the parts inside the engine, the resulting film protects the metal from friction damage. Now the engine works without problems.

How did the engine oil appear? In 1866, the American doctor John Ellis experimented with crude oil, studying its properties to use in medicine. Suddenly, he discovered that this is an excellent lubricant, adding the raw material inside the fought steam engine. Valves were released, began to move smoothly and freely. Dr. Ellis patented his discovery, and the world received the first brand of engine lubricant.

That the composition of the product coped with its task, you need:

• compliance with the properties of oil mechanical, chemical, temperature reactions occurring during the operation of the car;
• combination of the engine model, lubrication grade and driving conditions.

Only in the presence of all these factors the motor will work stably and long.

Lubricating liquids are designed:

• prevent friction;
• reduce wear;
• distill heat from rubbing motor parts.

Manufacturers of the whole world are working to create a perfect lubrication composition. To date, several dozen video with detailed information on this topic. Those who are interested in scientific achievements in this area will be useful to see them.

Lubrication classifications

Motor lubricants are created for different types Engines:

• petrol;
• diesel;
• universal - working on any fuel.

For seasonal destination, the engine substance is divided into:

• winter;
• summer;
• suitable for any season.

By chemical composition, the method of production oil happens:

• synthetic - indicated on the Synthetic package;
• mineral - Mineral;
• semi-synthetic - semi-synthetic.

Choose a motor lubricant strictly according to the recommendations of the car manufacturer!

In order for the oil to become useful for the motor, additives are added to its composition. They improve and adjust the properties of lubrication. And it is also help to achieve specific goals, for example, detergents. Or enhance the viscosity of lubricating fluid. Lubricant manufacturers do not disclose the secret composition of additives. This is holding their business and they scrupulously monitor the compliance of the products produced by international standards and certificates.

Engine oil is divided into groups depending on:

• balanced additives in it;
• viscosity coefficient;
• tolerances manufacturers.

Each engine substance receives recommendations for use in a particular car model. All because engines are made from different metals and have their own design features. There are engines for racing, sports cars. There are for SUVs or Machines of Permanent Operation in Conditions big City. For each model there must be a special motor, and for it - a special composition of the oil.

What makes lubricants for engines?

Mineral oils are made by cleaning petroleum fractions. Synthetic - using catalytic synthesis from gases. The combination of the other in which at least a quarter of synthetics is called semi-synthetic lubrication. The composition of this product is hydrocarbons with a given amount of carbon atoms connected by chains

There are straight, long, as a rope, chains of atoms. There are branches like crowns of trees. Chains forms directly affect product properties. Maximum as possible - with rope chains. Branched chains are easier than the ball. Therefore, such oil will freeze at sufficiently high temperatures. Consumers are interested lubricantthat does not freeze even in brutal frosts.

In the production of mineral agents, natural winding chains are straightened by a special way. The synthetic is made artificially, planting the number of carbon atoms to the linear chains until the predetermined length is reached.

If you take the working characteristics of mineral products for the starting point and indicate the unit, then:

• the semi-synthetic exceeds it twice;
• synthetic lubrication, depending on the composition, three, four and five times.

The classification of the American API Oil Institute clearly determines which motor oils are.

1. Simple mineral, obtained by selective oil purification.
2. Improved mineral motor remedies. They are highly affected by hydroprocessing, with high oxidative stability, small content of paraffins and flavors.
3. Semi-synthetic oil with high viscosity coefficient. It is used to use special hydrocracking processing that improves the molecular structure of the substance.
4. Synthetic lubricants. Have the highest level of viscosity, excellent stability when oxidation. Their composition is free from paraffin molecules. Obtained by chemical reaction.

All other synthetic lubricants that do not fall into 4 groups, as well as lubricants on a vegetable basis.

Features of each type of lubrication

The most inexpensive - mineral oils. Their chemical composition depends on the quality of oil. The degree of cleaning, its technology plays the role. Product molecules have different shape and length. Hence the unstable properties of minerals. They are weakly resistant to oxidation, quickly evaporate, the viscosity of them poorly holds the desired level when changing temperature mode. There are video experiments, clearly demonstrating the change in viscosity of oils at different temperatures.

In order to improve such substances, manufacturers subjected to hydrocracking. This is a complex physico-chemical process, with which the twisted long chains of atoms are broken into short. Then with hydrogenation, short chains are complemented by hydrogen atoms.

Hydrocracking implies deep cleaning and modification of molecules, and therefore affects the necessary, the useful properties of the base. Therefore, such oil is improved by additives. The resulting semi-synthetic at a cost closer to mineral lubricant. In terms of indicators - something mean between mineral water and synthetics.

The most advanced characteristics are synthetic oil. Of such oil gases, like butylene and ethylene, short hydrocarbon chains of 3-5 atoms are isolated. By polymerization, they create them long, 10-12 atoms. The programmed chain length determines the constancy of the synthetic properties:

• the stability of viscosity at temperatures up to minus 50, 60 degrees allows you to start the engine in brutal frosts;
• the desired level of viscosity is maintained at temperatures up to 100 ºС;
• due to the homogeneous structure, the substance has excellent resistance to shift deformation;
• the inclination to the formation of varnishes and Nagarov is extremely small;
• such oil is almost caught;
• weakly evaporates.

Synthetic engine stuff resistant. Sometimes it does not require additives at all. When using synthetics, the engines are much less weathered, but its value is significantly higher than that of two other species.

Both gasoline and the engine lubricant are obtained from oil. But the tasks of these products are different. To find out how from one base through modern technologies Create substances intended for different purposes, you can see the video on the Internet.