Gasoline operating, originates in the 19th century. Since then, this type of mechanical transport has undergone significant changes and has gained great popularity in different areas of life. And this is not surprising - the bus is convenient to use, spacious, and its modern models offer maximum comfortable conditions.
One of the most interesting models of this transport is a two-storey bus. At one time, it was created to increase the passenger capacity on London roads. Now such a bus is rarely used as urban transport, but found excellent use in the tourist sphere.
Double-decker bus It is intended mainly for the carriage of sitting passengers, but it has features for long distances. A special advantage during excursions are those who sits on the top floor and has the opportunity to inspect the surroundings. Some models of transport have an open top, which really like to tourists, but not suitable for rainy days.
The advantages of the bus with two floors are obvious. It accommodates twice as many passengers than the usual; has high maneuverability and dynamics; Has high attractiveness for tourists. There is an erroneous opinion about the inclination of these buses to tipping, but, in fact, all of them are equipped with an antioxidal mechanism.
It is worth considering that a two-storey bus has a number of inconvenience. In particular, high garage of high height and development of a route that excludes low bridges and the proximity of trees.
Now two-storey buses produce several companies. different countries. Among them are the Swedish Volvo Concern, german company Man and her subsidiary Neoman, as well as a German manufacturer of Mersedes-Benz buses.
Travel companies willingly use MAN bus excursions. The MAN WAGON Union model has a large shift roof, which allows for the warm season to overcome distant distances. This model is used exclusively as a tourist bus.
For a large group of passengers, MAN JONCKHEERE model is perfect. It is designed for 75 seating, equipped with air conditioning, microphone, dvd-system and toilet.
An even greater capacity has a model Man Lion. , S City DD designed for 85 passengers. This bus is an embodiment of transport comfort. It provides places and ramps for people with disabilities, wide passages, a spacious coofer with folding backs, two stairs. Moreover, the staircase on the rear site is arranged so that you can go right away at the second floor, bypassing the first. The bus has three broad entrances and a low-blooded floor without steps. The height of this model is more than 4 meters, so the review from the second floor gives stunning sensations. Driving a bus is solid pleasure - everything is aimed at reducing fatigue and distraction of the driver. Behind the work of the liner "Watch" a special computer program.
The two-storey bus is increasingly implemented in the tourist sphere, as it pays for its costs. Tourists always prefer Dubdkener to travel. In addition, he wins due to a large capacity.
Introduction
At all times, all peoples have played an important role. At the present stage, the value of it is immeasurably grew. Today, the existence of any state is unthinkable without powerful transport.
Population growth, an increase in consumption of material resources, urbanization, scientific and technical revolution, as well as natural-geographical, economic, political, social and other fundamental factors led to the fact that the transport of the world received unprecedented development both in large-scale (quantitative) and in Qualitative terms.
The desire to increase the speed of messages and the frequency of departure of transport units, the need to improve the comfort and reducing the cost of transportation - all this requires the improvement of not only existing vehicles, but also the search for new ones that could more fully meet the requirements rates than traditional types of transport. To date, several new types of vehicles have been developed and implemented in the form of permanent or experimental installations and significantly more in the form of projects or just ideas.
It should be borne in mind that most of the so-called new modes of transport have been offered many years ago, but they did not receive applications and are now re-offered or reborn on a modern technical basis. So, for example, two-storey transport. The similarity of which appeared back in 1910 in London, where he was rapidly developed. And all the time improving, such a type of transport has reached this day.
For most people, the combination of "two-storey public transport" is associated primarily with English red buses. And indeed, the London Dubddecker, no doubt, is the most prominent and well-known representative of this type of transport. And yet, the geography of the use of two-storey public transport is much wider: such cars go or ever walked around the cities of Germany, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, USA, Canada, Austria, Portugal, India, China, Turkey, Hong Kong, and so on. Not without such means of movement and in Russia. And the two-storey public transport includes not only buses. Two-storey transport systems have many advantages. They are able to provide high passenger capacity within a relatively small vehicle. In crowded transport conditions and where the place is limited, it may be their main advantage. the main problem With two-storey vehicles: the height of the vehicle means the need for serious route planning.
The object of study of this course work will be two-storey transport.
The relevance of this work is that two-storey transport is a solution to the problem of the load of the highway, the bandwidth of which is limited.
Objective: Analyze the use of two-storey vehicles for transportation of tourists.
To achieve the goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
Consider the history of the first two-story transport;
Give the characteristic to all types of modern two-story transport;
To understand for which reasons, two-storey transport is the main means of movement in some countries and is absent in others.
The purpose and objectives of the work determined its structure, which includes: Introduction, one section and conclusion.
The history of the emergence of two-story transport
The carriage for all. I will have to transport urban residents on a specific route and the schedule for the first time came to the Germans. Back in the middle of the XVII century, with Louis XIV, during the times of valiant musketeers, public carriers appeared in Paris, in which eight passengers could cross the city on the installed route. And although the passage in postal diligences cost three more expensive, public carriages did not fit. The company existed for two decades and bent due to unprofitability. 1
In the XVIII century, an attempt to earn public transport was taken in Germany. However, as in France, the case ended in failure, the passage of public caters was too expensive for ordinary citizens. In 1826, in French Nantes, someone Etienne Bureau began to use a multi-seat carriage for the transport of port employees and sailors from the customs to the Office of the shipowner, his grandfather. Diligence stayed for planting passengers near the hat store with a signboard "OMNE Omnibus". Translated from Latin, this meant "OMNE for all" (the first word - the surname of the merchant). As a result, a new vehicle for the transport of passengers in the city was called Omnibus. For the first time, the success of public transport managed, again, the Frenchman - Stanislas Bodry in 1827. He organized an Omnibus line to deliver customers into his baths on the outskirts of the city. However, with time, the citizens began to use its inexpensive transport not only in a bath day. When Bodria discovered that most passengers leave the carriate long before the final stop, he decided to create several omnibus routes as a separate enterprise, and it suddenly began to bring good income. But on the rails this business put Nante Jacques Lafite. It was his carriages that were officially called Omnibus.
After a couple of years, fashion for passenger realization moved through La Mans. In 1829, Kareny Affairs Master George Shilibir, who is considered the founder of London public transport, created a spacious diligence with a pair of horses in the harness and dozen seats inside. It was such crews that began to walk in London streets regularly and in accordance with the established routes. The main clients are shill with a stringing English middle class. Over the name for his creation, he did not think for a long time, calling the carriage on the French pattern by Omnibus. In subsequent years, the Park of London Omnibuses grew, as on yeast. In the middle of the XIX century, several Omnibus companies have already competed with each other, challenging the most profitable routes. By the way, the first competition did not stand George Shilibir himself. With an increase in the number of Omnibuses, the passage was somewhat cheaper, and passengers became more and more. The lack of places in the salon of the diligence did not stop many - they climbed onto its roof. The hand with the venge did not rise to take a full fee from such a passenger, and the trip accounted for a couply twice as cheaper than in the Omnibus cabin. It can be said that modern London buses are obliged by their "two-story" by those likima guys, which burned 150 years ago on the roofs of Omnibus. The case was logically ended with the fact that additional longitudinal seats and the staircase on the second landing floor were built (it was called the Imperial), and a half-time fare on the top "deck" was introduced. Naturally, even the presence of a staircase did not allow to use the imperial women, and the second floor for a long time was exclusively male. Such Omnibuses received a nicknamest stand for knives - In the XIX century, London gentlemen wore black cylinders and bowlers, and the top tier filled with passengers, really reminded the row from knives handle. The design of the modern London bus is borrowed from the Omnibus end of the XIX century. It was then that the streets of the English capital appeared carriages with benches like park on the imperial, and they were already located no longer along the roof, and across it was comfortable double seats, such familiar in modern buses. At the same time, a spiral staircase with a fencing appeared in the Omnibus, allowing shy ladies to rise to the second floor. The entrance to the crew was in the left front of the cabin, next to Kucher, because the law regulating the street movement in London, allowed the passengers only on the left side of the street. In addition, for Omnibus, they made a track of the rut. Katya on one side of the street, they did not create interference to each other and the rest of the participants of the movement - it was a little resembled Russian competitors. So, the comfort was added, the movement more or less organized, it was for small - to replace horses harvested in Omnibus, to the internal combustion engine. 2.
In 1910, London General Omnibus's largest Omnibus company also puts the route of Omnibus with a gasoline engine. The scheme then laid into the basis of English bus production, preserved to this day. At first, the imperial was done open, and passengers who were tired of mocking under the eternal London rain, happily met the model NS with an indoor upper part that appeared in 1926. On this and subsequent Regent St model, the imperial was shorter than the lower tier, and a visor had a visor over the driver's cab. In 1932, the London Streets are the Regent Stl model, in which the covered top of the cabin hangs over the cab, located on the right of the hood outstanding forward. The same bus is first equipped with a light beam with a number and description of the route. It is with the REGENT STL model London survived the second world. Like any peaceful subject, during the war, two-storey buses have new functions. They were actively used to transfer troops and cargoes to the ports and even served as a temporary chapter for residents of London, who were deprived of the sores as a result of German bombers. During the war years and several civilians, the city bus fleet severely dilated - it was required to be almost complete replacement for new technique. It's time to reach the scene by the legendary Red Routemaster. New london bus Since 1947, engineers Douglas Scott and Colin Curtis were developed. And with their task they coped brilliantly. Only talented people could create a bus, which descendants will find the cult vehicle.
From 1954 to 1968, four series of red two-storey buses appeared. The name of the Routemaster-RT itself (the owner of the road, route) obliges to a lot. In these machines, many progressive engineering solutions were implemented. First of all, the rootmaster body was sewn from aluminum panels, which provided him with phenomenal durability. On the other hand, a decrease in the mass of the car made it possible to increase the capacity of the cabin to 64 passengers, while its steel predecessor - "Regent" - took on board no more than 56 people. Rutmaster wins in weight even with modern buses of similar capacity - the difference is already in two tons! Already in the second series, the Routemaster length was increased from 27 feet of 6 inches to 30 feet (about 9 m), and the number passenger seats - Up to 72. This modification has become the most popular and lasted on the streets of the British capital to this day. Almost all buses that run in London were bright red, and this tradition is still alive. The buses for the suburban message were painted green or yellow. Since 1964, on the top of the buses, fasteners with backlit for advertising are mounted. The first Routemaster series had open platform In the rear, the last series was equipped with automatic doors and had a fully closed rear site. Of course, the interior changed, the luggage shelves appeared, lamps daylight in the cabin. In 1968, the last Routemaster came from the assembly shop, the model production was stopped. In just 14 years, 2876 Routemaster was released, of which they are more than 800 in Britain today, and approximately 500 in other countries. The incredible Rutmaster's popularity has several reasons. Open rear area as it is impossible to better fit the rhythm of life big City. Passengers could jump or jump off the bus at any intersection, even during stopping at the traffic light or in traffic. Today it is categorically prohibited, and another 20 years, such a picture personified the spirit of free London. Another feature of the Routemaster was the mandatory presence of a conductor in the cabin - the driver did not spend time at stops for the sale of tickets. In addition, London conductors were famous for goodwill and sociability. In their duties, it was not only to issue a ticket to every passenger, but also help people with disabilities and older people to sit on the bus and go on time. The profession of the conductor also assumed the excellent knowledge of the city, so get a consultation in Rutmaster, how to get to a particular point of London, did not work. The second floor of Routemaster has always occupied tourists, and on some regular buses, real excursions were often suitable. And in the front seat of the second tier, lovers of couples were always suitable. Passengers knew that these were "places for kisses" and rarely occupied them without extreme necessity. 3.
Routemaster's Sunset began in 1982 - red buses gradually began to shoot from urban routes. This was largely due to the privatization of the British transport system under Margaret Thatcher. And the buses wanted to put on scrap metal, but there was a huge demand for Routemaster olderies not only on the British islands, but also around the world. They actively bought collectors, travel agencies, wedding bureaus, and in Scotland and Australia they even put on routes. Disposable Red London buses broke up all over the world. Rutmaster, retired, found a warm welcome in the USA, New Zealand, Holland, Italy, Germany, France, Spain, Sweden, Portugal, Hong Kong - not complete list. There is one such a bus in Japan, Mexico, Uruguay, Dubai, and even in Zimbabwe. In 1992, when only about 500 Routemaster remained on routes in London, the authorities decided to extend their lives. The authorities gave the credit of confidence in red buses for another 10 years, but everyone understood that the days of Routemaster were considered. In 2003, the old buses began to leave London Streets one after another, and on December 9, 2005, the crowds of citizens were accompanied by the last Rouratmaster, returned from the flight to the park. London's authorities explained the need to write off the rutmaster by the fact that they are unsafe, uncomfortable for disabled people and passengers with children's wheelchairs. In addition, they said, by 2017, in London, there should not be public transport that does not meet the requirements of the Law on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, so that sooner or later they still have to cut alive. In addition, modern London buses do not need conductors, payment is made using the Oyster Card magnetic card, and the cost of serviced Routemaster is too burdensome for urban treasury. And yet the authorities of London lost to the public, which demanded a return to the streets of one of the symbols of the capital. Several renovated RouteMaster a year later came into two historical London route - №9 and 15. These routes mean little in the transport infrastructure, but tourists and citizens reiterated the opportunity to ride on the cult rutmaster at the old Good London.
Today, the London Buses Park consists of machines of both two-storey and ordinary layout. All of them are equipped with the latest technology, comply with the strict requirements of Euro 4, have low gestures and special landing devices and disabled landing. But they will never receive a tolik of the respect and folk love used by Routemaster. London enthusiasts - admirers of the Red Bus - united in the Association to get the return of Rouratmaster to the system. They offer to release new Routemaster - in compliance with all modern requirements. And with its suggestions, they bombard not only the city authorities, but also the parliament of the country, comparing the loss of Routemaster with a hypothetical loss of Big Ben. The most amazing thing that the authorities heard the voice of the public, and some deputies even decided to help return the capital one of her characters and actively lobby this idea in parliament. And, maybe quite soon we will witness the revival of the legendary owner of the route - the Red two-storey Routemaster, the real English bus.
1.2. Varieties of two-story transport
Double-decker bus
Two-storey bus bus that has two levels. Often used in long-distance transportation, in the cities - more and less. The myth is widespread that the two-storey buses are prone to tipping, it is incorrectly - most of the two-storey buses are equipped with anti-recovery mechanisms (usually ballast from cast-iron sauins mounted on the chassis to reduce the center of gravity). four
Some double-decker buses have an open top floor, without a roof and low sides. They are popular for sightseeing sightseeing. There are at least two advantages of such a two-storey bus: you are sitting above, so you see further, in addition, the air is better on the open deck than at the road level filled with vehicle exhaust gases. In general, the open platform is very convenient for sitting passengers, except, of course, rainy days. The increased height of the vehicle requires major route planning: low bridges are easy to consider because they are marked on route maps, but the trees are more difficult to take into account, the driver can be difficult (and at night and it is impossible) to assess the distance to them. Tree branches can cause serious damage to the roof and windows of a two-storey vehicle, the oversizedness of the tree may be non-obvious when approaching it, but it can knock the window or worse than the roof angle.
In 1959, three two-storey German buses began to be operated in Moscow, but by 1964 all buses were written off due to difficulty in operation. In Gomel, several two-storey busesman MAN were exploited from 1997 to 2004. Since the 2000s, double-decker buses in small quantities are operated in Barnaul. In the late 90s, the beginning of the 2000s in St. Petersburg at the suburban route T-4, the yellow two-storeyed MANs went. Now the remains of these buses can be seen in the park. The following route was one bottleneck - Bridge District J.D. On the avenue of the strikes, where these buses followed strictly along the axial (with the permission of the traffic police). In Tallinn, these buses work on excursion routes - 3 with a roof and one without Hansabuss. B 2006 The Moscow authorities stated our intention to purchase the two-storey buses "Neulatin" (German concern's products) for use on urban routes. They are shorter than habitual citizens articulated "Ikarusi", but due to the second floor exceed them in terms of capacity. Two-storey neoplanes are designed primarily for the transportation of seated passengers - from 86 to 99, depending on the modification. Reduce the number of seats to increase the overall capacity is not to avoid raising the center of gravity and, accordingly, increasing the probability of tipping (although you can add more iron as a counterweight to the base of the bus). Another disadvantage of two-storey buses is a low ceiling height, on the second floor it is only 1700 mm, for comparison, the height of the ceiling in the Volkswagen LT46 - 1855 mm used as route taxi. It should also be noted the need for a radical re-equipment of bus parks to ensure work such high buses.
Where are used now.
Most buses in Hong Kong and approximately half of Singapore are two-story. The only areas in North America, which use two-storey buses for public transport, - Western Canadian Province British Columbia and the city of Las Vegas (USA). Two-storey buses are currently being checked in Ottawa on special routes. The city of Davis (California) in the United States uses vintage two-storey buses for public transport that UNITRANs manage. UNITRANS - owned by University of California (University of California).
Two-storey trolleybus
Yaroslavl two-story trolleybus on the streets of Moscow ...
A red two-storey bus is a symbol of Great Britain, along with the queen, Big Ben and football. But two-storey transport was in the Soviet Union! At the end of the 30s of the last century, two-story Yatb-3 trolley buses left on the Yaroslavl automotive factory. 5 After 70 years, there are no more trolley buses, nor the plant that released them (now it is the Yaroslavl Motor Plant "AUTODIZEL"). So how did they appear and why disappeared?
The first Soviet two-storey trolleybus was made in a hurry - hurried to launch him on the day of elections to the Supreme Council of the RSFSR. In the summer of 1938, the first Soviet two-story trolleybus was released. In total, in 1938, 2 two-story trolley buses were collected, another eight "appeared on the light" in 1939. Total in Moscow streets turned out to be eleven two-story trolley buses - ten Soviet and one English. More two-story trolleybuses in the USSR were not released. The last time this trolleybus was published in June 1953 6
The basis of the design was taken by a two-story city trolleybus of the English company "English Electric Company" of the 1935 sample. The initial design was a bit changed under our conditions: transferred the steering wheel on the right side to the left, and the door from the left side to the right. If one four-way back door served in the English prototype for the input and exit, then the front door for exit was made on Yatb-3. This handsome one of 9.5 meters long and 4.7 meters high can transport a total of 72 seats (32 - on the first floor and 40 on the second) and 28 standing, and only below. The electric motor with a capacity of 75 kW (101 hp) allowed a trolleybus to develop speed up to 54 km / h.
For its time, "Yatb-3" contained a lot of technical innovations: ventilation, electric heating, elegant decoration of the cabin, the panel of "free places" above the entrance. The housing was performed by all-metal, with a frame of rectangular pipes, and not wooden, as was done earlier. For the first time, a backup system of nutrition from batteries, wide four-dimensional doors, a double brake system was applied. But, unfortunately, the operating experience in our conditions showed a number of constructive flaws that put the cross on the fate of the first and last Russian two-story trolleybus. Snow and frightened in winter made a heavy car control extremely difficult. In addition, when moving is not for even asphalt, but in the "normal" Russian winter street, having a highly located center of gravity Yatb-3 appeared a dangerous squabble. Additional inconvenience has created a staircase to the second floor. In winter, the snow was constantly naked on her steps with the shoes of incoming passengers, and it became just dangerous.
Another disadvantage was a small height of the cabin, which was limited to the height of the contact network. On the first floor, the distance from the floor to the ceiling was only 1.78 meters, and at the top and less - 1.76 meters, so it was not very convenient to stand in the aisle, especially in winter, in high heads.
In addition, unlike England, where the conduitors strictly watched all the seats on the first floor first, then - the seats of the second floor, and the last place - the standing place of the first floor, to fulfill these recommendations we did not seem to be possible , especially during peak hours. And on the execution of these rules, the stability of the trolleybus and, accordingly, the safety of passengers depended.
At the end of 1939, after one and a half years of operation in Moscow roads, it was decided to stop production. Most of the cars were sent to the depot to the parking lot and partially dismantled. Only three trolley buses continued to use on some routes. In 1941, all "Yatb-3" began to put on scrap metal. But the war made its own adjustments. While the fighting was going, it was not to the fate of unusual trolley buses. They just stood in Angaras Depot. And after the victory, the lack of cars on urban routes began to be acute. The factories still could not provide the issue of a sufficient number of new trolleybuses, and decided to use the ITB-3 preserved. The "old people" were in a fairly decent state, so the latter of them was removed from only in 1948.
Alas, not a single copy of this unique trolleybus is not preserved to this day - the only two-story trolleybus, ever released outside of England. True, a two-story trolleybus can be seen in the cinema - in the film "Podkinish". 7.
Two-storey tram
Two-storey trams were popular in some European cities like Berlin and London, Asia (usually in the former colonies). Trams went through London until 1952 - and today they resemble only three preserved specimens in the museum. Pic tramway in London -1934. Then 2500 trams transported a billion passengers. They are also used for example in Hong Kong, Alexandria, and Blackpool. Hong Kong trams for years a hundred years. They survived Japanese intervention, the arrival of new Chinese power. Here this is the most exotic type of transport and, probably, one of the most inexpensive ways to move around the city, this design is similar to the old English two-storey bus Roadmaster. But in England they were replaced with new models. But Hong Kong trams will walk around the city for a very long time. In this tram you need to sit down from the rear site, equipped with turnstiles, and go through the front door, throwing a coin on the cashier or by spending a card over the terminal. "The Hongkong Tramways Ltd" now has a total of 164 double-decker trams, which makes it the only fully two-story tram line in the world, including trams with open upper levels for tourists and private hired, and one special tram of maintenance. Most trams are stylized under retro and only has sliding windows, but three new modern trams began to work in 2000. These new trams are more comfortable than old and have air conditioning equipment.
The use of two-storey trams was unusual for North American tram lines. When they began to be used in August 1912, a car, number 6000 of "New York Railways Co.", was particularly interesting.
The car was developed by Frank Hadley (Vice-President and Director General of the New York Company) and James S. Doyle as a logical development of their single-challenged "Stepless" (or low-profil) tram. The trolley of the two-story tram clearly shows the almost road level of the central doorway, only 3 inches (75mm) above the sidewalk and show a low-profil construction, which, with a special seat location, allowed the lower floor to be low-freung throughout the wave. To the upper deck, the passengers accessed through the stairs from both ends of the lower salon (in the center of the input wagon there was no). The central longitudinal seat can be seen in the photo with passengers, looking at the side of the car. The full height of the wagon was rather low (a little more than 12 feet, or 4m) and was partly due to the fact that the central New York used trams through the third rail system and not from the top wire. The project is far ahead of his time, since only in recent years, low-profile trams have become usual on lines in many parts of the world and especially in Europe.
In 1913, the St. Petersburg City Council suggested that two-story trams in St. Petersburg, converting trailers for this. The first test tram passed one turn well, and on the second I went with a rail, and fasted on the pavement. After that, the desire to go to the two-story tram is lost. 8
Two-storey train car
Two-storey car - a car in which two passenger passengers arranged to increase passengers, one over the other. Such types of wagons are used purely for the purpose of transporting people.
Examples of electric trains having two-storey wagons can be shinkansen E1, Shinkansen E4, TGV Duplex wagons.
Advantages and disadvantages.
The advantage of two-storey wagons:
Higher passenger capacity and, therefore, the suspension;
- Often the entrance doors are located at a lower level, which allows you to do without high platforms.
Disadvantages of two-storey wagons:
In the case of the door location at the lowest level, it becomes impossible to use such cars on lines with high passenger platforms;
The high height of the car increases the height of the center of gravity of the car and, therefore, his tendency to overturning;
The design of the wagon is complicated, in particular, a curved bridge beam is usually required.
Design:
The two-stage train has a passenger capacity by 40-60% more than a similar car of the usual design.
Due to the limitations of the wagon dimensions, the permissible dimensions of the rolling stock, which, in turn, are limited to the dimensions of existing buildings (tunnels, overpasses, the height of the contact suspension on electrified lines), various technical solutions apply to accommodate two passenger compartments.
In some designs, the first floor is located as low as possible between the carts, and in the location of the carts, the floor of the lower salon rises sharply, the staircase is satisfied with the top level in this place.
There are also such structures where the second floor of the car is used as a hall for observations or restaurant. In such cars, the first floor has a small height of the ceilings and is as if technic, and the second level has panoramic glazing, as well as the glazing of the roof of the car. Such wagons in particular were trying to use in the USSR in tourist trains in the 1970s and 1980s.
In the USSR at N.S. Khrushchev attempt to produce bunk wagons for passengers. However, it was not shorted to the large-scale release of this design. This project remained only in experienced models and layouts. In foreign countries, two-storey cars in trains are used for quite a long time and are very common, especially in recent decades. Foreign railway workers have long calculated the benefit of using two-storey structures. After all, such a car allows you to increase the number of passengers up to 60 percent more compared to the usual. Thus, on rather dense railway highways, there is the possibility of unloading by reducing the number of passenger compositions and an increase in the volume of the most profitable freight. Also, the two-storey construction reduces the load on the passenger railway transport, making it in turn more profitable.
Two-storey car built in Russia
The first two-storey car in Russia introduced the Tver Carriage Plant on the Expo 1520 exhibition passing in Moscow region. 16 quadruple coupe, 8 of which are located at the lower level and 8 on the top, look and equipped in the same way as the usual. The difference lies in lower ceilings - on the upper shelf there is less spacious, and there is no upper luggage compartment over the corridor. A two-story wagon has a height of 5.25 meters, and weighs 65 tons - it is only 10% more than the usual jewel. It accommodates it significantly more places - 64 against 36.
To reduce the weight of the double wagon, the designers abandoned the shelves transformers and made ordinary, cost the minimum set of shelves and grids for personal belongings. At the same time, the SV version of the wagon will be with transformer shelves. The corridors of the upper and lower floors are located from different sides. The door is only one. To pass to the coupe, you will need to go down or climb into several steps. In the opposite end of the car, also on the "middle" level, a block of three toilet rooms is located, they are so located to minimize the queues.
In accordance with the terms of reference, new cars are designed to move at speeds up to 160 km / h. The service life will be 40 years.
A new car after launching to production is supposed to be used on lines with high stable passenger traffic - for example, from Moscow to St. Petersburg. Serial production will begin no earlier than 2011. nine
Two-storeykonka
Conno-iron urban road. The horse appeared after the occurrence railways. Using horses wanted to eliminate the dangers of steam movement and take advantage of the facilities of the carriage of mass cargoes on railways. Metal wheels who rolled along smooth rails had a smaller rolling resistance and a laying of two horses could pull on the rails larger in size (40-50 people, that is, 2 times more of the Omnibus) than on uneven cobbled bridges. This made the exploitation of the kink significantly cheaper than the Omnibus. The fee for travel inside the car was charged in 6 kopecks, on the imperial - 4 kopecks. Women fare on Imperial was banned (so that they did not flush in the wind of the skirt, disturbing the feeling of decency, when lifting the empire and descending from him.
Two-candyairplane
Many early hydroplanes, such as Boeing 314, had two decks for passengers. After World War II, Boeing-377 (Stratocruiser) is a two-storey airliner based on G-29 superreproof, began to be used by airlines all over the world. For many years, the only two-story airliner in production was Boeing 747, although the second floor (deck) is less in terms than the main level. The new A380 airbus, however, has two decks, in the full length of the aircraft. ten
Two-candyferries
The roles of ferry are often vessels (river trams), but sometimes other floats, such as pontoons, are also ferries. However, from a formal point of view, with this use, they themselves become ships, as they acquire a transport function.
1.3. Dvu-story public transport in Russia
For the first time, two-storey urban transport appeared in our country before the revolution. In 1907, the entrepreneur B.A. Ivanov purchased a party of German buses "Gaggenau" for St. Petersburg, some of which was two-storey with open top. " Buses went to two routes: from Alexandrovsky Garden to Warsaw or Tsarskoselsky railway stations. However, the bus movement existed in St. Petersburg for a long time, ceasing in 1914 due to the mobilization of the entire bus park to the current army. Two-storey buses from 1910 went through Kharkov: from the station to Sumy Street, but also there the bus message soon stopped. And in 1913, a two-story tram was tested in St. Petersburg. The initiative belonged to the deputies of the city Duma. Being disgruntled overload of St. Petersburg trams, they demanded it to test a two-story tram of the city tram commission. Experts took this idea with a certain proportion of skepticism and, as it turned out later, not without reason: during the tests held on January 24, the tram fell safely from the rails in the second turn. After that, they refused the idea.
We also had two-storey transport of our own production, but he appeared already in the USSR in the 1930s. His story began with the fact that in 1937, by decree of Khrushchev, who was then the first secretary of the Moscow Committee of the Party, two trolley buses were purchased from the English company: one familiar (albeit three-axis) one-story, and the second (also Of course, the three-axis) is a two-story. The problems with a two-storeyer began at the stage of its transportation: after its delivery by the sea in Leningrad, the railway workers refused to carry the trolleybus because of his very impressive dimensions. I had to drag him on a tug to Kalinin, and from there on the barge he fell to Moscow. So in July 1937, this unit was in the first Moscow trolleybus park. In September, the experienced operation of the English car began. To do this, it was necessary to increase the height of the contact networks on the first route of the two-storey trolleybus along Gorky Street (now Tverskaya) from 4.8 to 5.8 m. After monthly operation, in October 1937, this trolleybus was sent to Yaroslavl Automobile Plant. There, according to the image of the Englishman, his domestic analogue was created, which received the designation of Yatb-3. The length, width and height of the Soviet trolleybus, as in his English prototype, were 9470, 2510 and 4783 mm respectively. On the first floor there were 32 seats and 28 standing places, on the second - 40 seats (standing at the top was strictly prohibited). For lifting to the second floor in the back of the cabin, a two-hours-stayed staircase was located. One of the problems of trolleybus was the height of the salon: for the first floor it was 178 mm, for the second - only 176, which delivered a lot of inconvenience to passengers. The electric motor with a capacity of 75 kW (101 hp) allowed a trolleybus to develop speed up to 54 km / h. The weight of the car was 10, 7 tons (against 8.5 tons of the English prototype). In June 1938, the first two Yatb-3 arrived in Moscow. Together with them and the English two-storeyman returned. The first route of the new trolley buses was held from Sverdlov Square (now theatrical) past Tver Write and the village of Sokol to Coptevo. The second route appeared with the opening of the SVV (now the ICC): according to Sretenka and the 1st Meshanskaya (now the prospect of the world). In 1939, the park of Moscow two-story trolleybuses was replenished with another 8 Yatb-3. Thus, 11 cars (10 Soviet and 1 English) rushed in the capital. After that, the release of Yatb-3 was discontinued. And the two-story trolleybuses were driving in Moscow until 1953, when the last Yatb-3 was written off.
Again the two-storeyers in Moscow appeared in 1959. This time it was two German bus. The total length of such a trailer with a tractor was 14800 mm, of which the trailer itself accounted for 112200 mm. On the first floor of the trailer, 16 seats and 43 standing places were provided, on the second - 40 seats and 3 standing. The first floor was connected with the second two 9-speed stairs. The height of the interior of the first floor is 180 cm, the second - 171 cm. Diesel Motor tractor with a capacity of 120 hp Allowed this design to develop a speed of 50 km / h. Initially, this trailer, along with two two-storey buses, went along route No. 111 from the Oktyabrskaya metro station to Moscow State University, and then all three cars were sent to the Route from Sverdlov Square to Vnukovo Airport. Traveling these cars until 1964
Two-storeyers could be seen on the streets of Russia and after the collapse of the USSR. In the late 90s - early 2000s in St. Petersburg, the German two-storey bus "MAN" was walking along the T-4 route. The same buses still go to Barnaul. And in 2006, the Government of Moscow declared the possibility of purchasing the same concern "MAN" of the batch of two-storey buses "Neoplan", so that perhaps two-storeyers can again be found on the streets of Moscow.
1.4. The use of two-storey vehicles for transportation of tourists
The bus as a vehicle of collective use in the aspects of the transport of groups of passengers and tourists is not equal. For destination For the purpose of transporting passengers in buses, several groups can be distinguished, but in most cases buses are used for excursion purposes. The greatest part of excursions in tourist centers is organized on buses. A part of the objects of sightseeing Tourists are overlooked directly from the bus along the movement, for example, when a sightseeing tour of a major city. If the climate allows, the buses are made open two-level - double Deck.(Similar buses are in Berlin, Madrid, Sydney and London). Taking into account the possible weather, London buses have a soft folding roof of the second tier. In the daytime in London, there are round-round three circular sightseeing routes City Sightseeing.. These routes were first introduced in 1972 and consistently enjoyed success. Each tour is accompanied by a guide (at a minimum of five languages), you can choose a route with a suitable touch language, and you can do without a guide. More than 200 buses were involved on routes. In 2000, 1.3 million excursions are planned. The cost of excursion from 15.5 to 18 pounds sterling depending on the type of route and the season. In London, such services provide several competing operators working independently of the company "London buses", at the same time, at least one of the companies perform transportation on red buses, similar to local. The size of the fare fees is determined by carriers and is usually installed in the form of a fixed amount per trip within one day (or several days). Tickets do not need to be ordered in advance and you can buy from the driver or cashier at the bus stop. More professionally organized tours on comfortable tourist buses must be ordered in advance through the tour of agents.
Depending on the number of floors, buses are single, one and a half and two-storey.
Most travel agencies prefer to work with semi-storey buses, as they have good review Due to the fact that the floor of the passenger compartment raised relative to the driver's cab. The lower room is intended for transportation of luggage of tourists. The lower floors of two-storey buses can be used as a passenger salon with short excursions in order to increase the capacity of the vehicle or as a buffet equipped with small tables and chairs. Some firms are arranged on the first floor of gaming rooms or video galleons for children. There are buses in which the lower floor is equipped with bedrooms. It should be noted that the dimensions of two-storey buses are often a hindrance when traveling. In some cities, due to low bridges, drivers have to choose bypass tracks. In individual countries (United Kingdom), two-storey buses are used as an urban transport of transport, but recently the number has decreased significantly.
The attractiveness of such buses is as follows:
In most - attractive, modern design;
Good visibility;
Convenience of seats (at least - no worse than the middle class aircraft);
Have a lot of space to accommodate tourist baggage;
In such buses, children easily transfer long crossing;
Such buses are created specifically for long journeys;
Good sustainability on the road and high security.
Usually, most of the one-hour tourist buses have 40-46 seats, two-storey on average - 62 seats. Also in buses there are places with a table, depending on the buse type there may be a different amount, there is a buffet (6 seats) and bar on the first floor.
Travel by bus has a certain beauty, and there is a category of tourists who sincerely love this way of movement. Modern tourist buses are very comfortable, well equipped for a pleasant journey and help getting pleasure. In all tourist buses The number of passengers is clearly regulated, the passenger cannot stand, he must occupy a separate chair (with the exception of infants that are allowed to keep knees from parents), places are numbered. This is a question - a fundamental - and no self-respecting tourist will go (and the driver or experienced accompanying will not allow disgrace) on excursions or transfer, standing in the tourist bus cabin. Comfortable comfortable chairs, huge panoramic glasses, air conditioned air, cozy music, TV for those who are tired of looking into the window, minibuny with a fridge. For overnight stays in some buses arrange chairs folded in beds. However, practice shows that they are played in roadside motels or city hotels. The most complex suspension makes the heavy machine smooth without shaking on the road irregularities, and the high power engine provides movement with big speeds on highway. In Germany, tourist buses are followed by cobwebs to 140 km / h, and sometimes more.
On the other hand, there is no inconvenience on the bus trip. Not all people endure the tech, and many have to take Aeron. Sitting for a long time in the chair, no matter how soft and convenient it is, is tires. Chairs are located two on each side along the move. The location by the window is natural, it is more profitable from the point of view of the review, it became one of the passage sitting in the chair in a slightly less convenient position. The cervical vertebrae is beginning to hurt from a long seating, the body is leaving, the legs are crushed. With long crossing passengers, it is recommended to free yourself from shoes and put on soft slippers. Once every three or four hours it is advisable to make stops at 10-20 minutes, which are best planned with excursions, interruptions for organized nutrition. If the tour program is provided over the night in the bus cabin (in the chair), it is recommended to take a small pillow under the head and a light plaid with you a small pillow. In order for the body to be not flooded, special exercise complexes are offered for workout sitting.
In addition to the main characteristics, the following, tourist buses differ in the complete set, i.e. the fact that they are equipped - availability acoustic system (microphone and speakers for guide and music), video systems (color monitors attached under the ceiling (if 2 floors, then two floors are equipped) to the ceiling, usually 2, 3 or 4, and video recorder), air conditioning, drying, refrigerators, kitchens .
After the start of operation of the two-story "Motor Omnibus", the next step in the development of multi-tier transport, it would seem, should have become a three-storey ... And why not? But it turned out that the trip even on the second floor is not so safe and pleasant, as it may seem at first glance.
The height of the urban double-decker is also limited to engineering facilities in the city. After all, the cost of laying new tracks of power supply, tram and trolleybus lines, changing the height of all bridges, the tunnels will turn out in such a sum that the launch in a series of a new two-storeyer will seem like a trifling. In addition, the weight of the bus itself will require a more durable road fabric or an increase in the number of wheels. In general, solid difficulties ... Therefore, the two-storey bus is growing only in length and wide, and a decrease in height and today is one of the main tasks when designing two-storeyers. So about the full-fledged third floor of urban transport today no one says. In many countries, restriction of transport height of up to 4 meters has been introduced, and in most two-storey buses the second floor is intended only for sitting passengers - it is simply impossible to stand there, since the height of the cabin is 1600-1700 millimeters.
Yet automobile transport - The most emergency compared to other means of movement and transportation, newspapers and television regularly reports heavy transport accidents, in which tourists of bus routes become victims. But, however, many people prefer to overcome long-term trips on buses.
Conclusion
After analyzing the two-storey vehicles, it can be said that currently two-storey transport is used only in high-industrial countries, such as Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, etc.
In Russia, they have already tried to introduce three times in transport system Two-storey transport. The first attempt to use the two-storey rolling stock of firewood transport in Moscow refers to 1937. The trolleybus of the English company EEC entered the route No. 1, then walked from the center of Moscow to Falcon. On the sample of English trolley buses in Yaroslavl, 10 Yatb-3 was manufactured. However, the complexity of management and cases of overturning machines (especially on snow-covered pavement and ice), as well as problems with dimensions on the streets led to the write-off of trolleybuses immediately after the decision of post-war problems with the release of new equipment.
In 1959, three two-storey German buses arrived in Moscow. The problems previously noticed during the operation of Yatb-3 were confirmed, and by 1964 all buses were written off.
And the third attempt was in 2006 to purchase two-story city buses (for replacing 5,000 buses available in Moscow, it will take 3 thousand neoplanes worth 300 thousand euros each). However, experts "Transport in Russia" doubt the meaningfulness of such a step. Two-storey buses are intended primarily for the transportation of seated passengers - from 86 to 99, depending on the modification, and reduce the number of seats to increase the overall capacity can not be avoided to raise the center of gravity and, accordingly, increase the probability of tipping. In addition, the permissible axial load contributes its limitations. Another lack of two-storey buses is an extremely low ceiling height. On the first floor it is 1800 mm, on the second - only 1680 mm. For comparison: the height of the ceiling in the Volkswagen LT46 - 1855 mm used as route taxi taxi. It should also be noted the need for a radical re-equipment of bus parks to ensure work such high buses. Many old junctions and overpass are not adapted for them. It is possible for distant express routes of two-storey buses and can be useful, but the massive replacement of existing buses is clearly not justified.
Also, the general disadvantages of urban two-story transport include:
Larger download and unloading passengers;
Additional costs (acquisition and maintenance) due to a more complex design of this device;
Requires a staircase (which is uncomfortable for passengers);
Requires a large height of garages and warehouses;
Low bridges and other obstacles, such as service cables, often limit the routes where they can be used.
At the end of the fifties, the idea appeared in Germany to increase the capacity of urban transport in Germany. The reason was that the articulated buses were not permitted, and the real two-storey buses were not practical at all because of their height. The rear of the 1/2-storey bus was similar to a two-story bus, while the front was a standard one-storey bus. Ludewig was the only body-building company that built such buses.
Dimensions of two-storey buses are often a hindrance when traveling, so most travel agencies prefer to work with semi-storey buses, as they have a good review due to the fact that the passenger salon floor is raised relative to the driver's cabin, and the lower room is intended to transport baggage of tourists.
As for the other two-story transport, it can be said that it is the same as the two-storey buses are more common in high-industral countries. In Russia, the experience of operating two-storey trolley buses in our conditions showed a number of constructive flaws that put the cross on the fate of the first and last Russian two-story trolley buses.
Trams also did not fit. In 1913, the St. Petersburg City Council suggested that two-story trams in St. Petersburg, converting trailers for this. The first test tram passed one turn well, and on the second I went with a rail, and fasted on the pavement. After that, the desire to go to the two-story tram is lost.
The only place where the two-storey public transport is not only an effective means of movement, but also the symbol of the capital - London. And in 2003, the old buses began to gradually leave the streets, on December 9, 2005, the crowds of citizens were accompanied by the last Rutmaster.
But the public demanded the return of this legendary transport. And a year later, several renovated buses were allowed to historic routes No. 9 and No. 15. These routes mean little in the transport structure, but tourists and townspeople reappeared the opportunity to ride on the cult rutmaster on the old Good London.
Summing up, why do you need two-storey transport, we can say that the highways and roads are overloaded, their throughput is limited. In many countries, this transport is a solution to the problem. But in order to fully or partially replace existing transport, high costs are required. The main problem of such transport is its height and not the ability to overcome significant barriers, such as bridges and service cables. This causes the need for a serious planning of the route or full re-equipment of highways.
List of used literature
Transport Services in the hospitality industry
Abstract \u003e\u003e TransportIn the class of minibuses separately allocated transport facilities less than 5.5 m. There is ... 9) articulated; 10) semi-storey; eleven) two-storey ("Doubledekers", for example, which have become a symbol ..., as a rule, one and a half and two-storey. It is connected not only with ...
Transport Providing as the most important element of the infrastructure tourist
Coursework \u003e\u003e Physical Education and SportShips, yachts) facilities. Air transport facilities include the most diverse transport facilities: from civilian .... Tourist buses, as a rule, one and a half and two-storey. It is connected not only with the obligatory ...
Ilyina E. N. Organization of railway travels: educational and methodical manual. - M.: Soviet Sport, 2003. - 104 p.
Birzhakov M.B. Industria Tourism: Transportation. Edition Third. - M.: Publisher "Nevsky Fund", 2007.-605 p.
Osipova O..y. Transport service Tourists: studies. Manual for studies Higher. studies. establishments. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2004. - 368С.
Kuznetsova S. I., YANKOVICH L.V. Russian aircraftism and tourist air transportation market: method, recommendations. - M.: Rib Tourist, 2006
Creinin A.V. Passenger traffic on rail transport. - M: Publisher Transport, 1990.
Glyaev V.G. Organization of tourist transport. - M.: FIS, 2001. - 512С.
Transport in Russia, "2003-2010.
"Motor Collection" - October 2007
transport transport facilities. From Newhawen in Diep - 4 hours ..., of which 16,400 two-storey and 43 200 Standard buses ... Past and present: Modern airports, two-storey Traditional English buses, as well as ...I. Nikitina, based on Lastauto & OmniBus
SETRA S 431 DT two-storey bus is the most new development In a series of buses Topclass (TC) 400. The new flagship has to replace the SETRA S 328 DT, the last copy of the SETRA S 328 DT, the last copy of the plant in Ulm in February 2002. The heir is a successful combination of an attractive appearance and modern technologiesAnd also impressive with its sizes. It is distinguished by a high level of safety, comfort and practical fitness for the driver and passengers.
This machine design was developed in the design center of Evobus GmbH built 7 years ago in Ulm, which develops all buses of Mercedes-Benz and Setra. The new bus can not be noticed: he is striking, both impressive sizes and a kind of appearance, which the designer Wolfgang gave him a folder, not only formally combined the glazing zone of the upper and lower floors of the bus, but also created a corporate identity called La Linea. Design managed to get a combination of traditions and innovations. Not only those that the new two-storey bus inherited from the exterior of the predecessor: it combines the traditional properties of SETRA buses, such as strength and high quality, with new corporate identity, dynamics, emotionality and innovation.
At first glance, you can see the ownership of the bus SETRA S 431 DT to the TopClass series. The external corporate identity of the two-story bus is fully borrowed from the Top-Class 400 series. It was obvious already on the first sketches. However, with the whole family similarity new bus More than just the heir to SETRA S 328 DT: it is included in the series 400, but speaks independently, being unique and individual.
All buses of the 400 series, despite different length and height, combines the principle of design La Linea. This style element was the starting point when placing a two-storey bus. The designer refused to follow the shortened, fashion trends, and was aimed at a long-term perspective. Specialists managed to find a favorable combination of form and functionality. When looking at the bus, the impression arises that all the side windows are single, turning into the roof.
The bus has a rounded and attractive view. The proportional ratio between the laconic absorbed windows and the side wall together with a smooth surface contributes to elegant appearance. According to the chief designer V. Folder, the setra S 431 DT bus successfully embodied aesthetics and functionality.
The framework of a two-story bus is based on the same basis as the other buses of this series. Different than the predecessor, the main axis of the carcass is oriented: not in the longitudinal, but in the transverse direction. Now SETRA uses an annular sampling structure similar to that used in shipbuilding. Such a frame is better opposed to twisting efforts. For two-storey buses, this is very valuable quality, as stability is increasing when driving and durability. In addition, rounded sparkouts when tipping can serve as a safety arc.
Stability during the movement and comfort of the machine depends largely also from the bridges. Since ZF HD bridges are not intended for low-arm cars, and there was no opportunity to develop a new design from the point of view of finance and time, the car received well-proven in the predecessor 328 DT front axle Kassbohrer with low independent suspension on triangular levers. Leading and active managed supporting bridges, as well as other buses of this series, manufactured by Mercedes-Benz and ZF.
Naturally, for a two-storey bus choice of engines is limited. The machine, the full mass of which reaches 26 tons, requires the engine with a capacity of at least 400 hp By bus, an OM 502 LA (V-8) with turbocharging and intermediate cooling, with four valves per cylinder, a working volume of 15.93 l, with a capacity of 435, 4,75 or 503 hp, is installed on the bus. at 2,000 min -1. Its maximum torque is respectively 1,900; 2 100 and 2,300 nm at 1 100 min -1. Gearbox - MB GO 210, six-speed mechanical, with a pneumatic amplifier. 12-speed automatic box ZF AS-Tronic is serially installed on 503-strong models, and with an engine with a capacity of 476 hp - as custom equipment. The gear ratio of the main transmission is 3.583 or 3,154.
To increase the reserve of the stroke, the new two-storey bus compared to the predecessor received fuel tanks increased by 150 l capacity, one of them is placed on the left, the other on the right side.
Instead of large and heavy steel receivers in the pneumatic system, small aluminum is now installed. This contributes not only to a decrease in mass, but also saves a place next to the bridge, which reduces the time of the triggering of the brakes and thus contributes to improving security. At the same time, experts were able to place four boxes under the floor, which, along with tools and a spare mirror, can also accommodate a large number of drinks.
For a spare wheel, a place is provided directly behind the right front wheel. This makes it easier to pull it out if necessary. In addition, the "Wheel" key, jack and others are "wheel" behind the front bumper, divided into three parts, hides a wipe fluid tank, installed by ordering a centralized lubricant system, etc.
Dependent suspension of the rear leading bridge and active controlled supporting bridge - pneumatic, stabilizer transverse stability Installed in the front and rear bridges. Tires - 315/80 R 22.5. Brake system - double-circuit pneumatic with electronic adjustment (EBS), with disk brake mechanisms On all wheels, anti-slip and anti-test systems, a motor brake. Rule mechanism - ZF SERVOCOM 898 with variable gear ratio (22.2 - 26.2). The minimum rotation radius is 11.38 m.
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| A new bus is subject to anti-corrosion protection. |
New SETRA S 431 DT bus wider, longer and heavier predecessor, his dimensions 13 890х2 550х4 000 mm, the base is 6,700 + 1,350 mm, the front Sve is 2,600 mm, the rear is 3,200 mm. Number of places - 89 + 1. The bus transports to 14 passengers more than its shorter predecessor.
The SETRA S 431 DT two-storey bus is not only equipped with everything necessary that there are in other 400 series models, but has even more. And if the appearance of the car is striking, then its "inner world" is not inferior to him. This is manifested not only in obvious things that attract attractiveness and high quality, and above all in a variety of small, but well-thought-out details that make life on board a pleasant driver and passengers. It starts at the entrance. Doors have not only a specially designed management system, but also a more efficient seal of thickness of only 12 mm, providing better defense From the noise created by the air flow when driving than the old door with a rubber seal. The driver's door also has a more subtle seal, however, it penetrates less noise through it into the cabin.
In the prototype of the bus at the front entrance there was a campaign seat for the accompanying, but in serial model Him moved back. As a result, the space was obtained to accommodate more than was used so far, the refrigerator. The instrument panel in all parts corresponds to the one that is used in all other buses of the TOPCLASS family. The driver is provided optimally decorated workplace. Compared to the predecessor, the seat regulation range is increased by 80 mm, so even a high growth driver is convenient here.
Directly behind the driver's seat is the front staircase for lifting on top. It is used to accelerate the passenger traffic when entering and output. The lowest step of the stairs leans and thus ensures space to accommodate various trifles.
Thanks to brilliant surfaces and light paints, the lower floor performs an impression of relatively large, despite the rather narrow space, which are installed reliable, tested in the Evobus buses, 24 seats for passengers, of which four due to the wheel niche should always sit back to the direction of movement. The rear entrance area is a kitchen block of own design, equipped with a coffee maker, microwave, etc. For this bus, also developed a special toilet cabin with numerous, easily wedgered roundings inside.
The top floor has a smaller inner height: only 1,700 mm. However, at the expense of deep luggage shelves, space with 14 rows of seats seems to be air and cozy. Walking fluid crystal monitor video and navigation Systems It takes a little space in the roof zone.
The bus is not only conveniently located passengers, but their luggage is also well fit. Compared to S 328 DT, it is increased by 1.5 m 3 capacity of the luggage compartment, and now it is 6.6 m 3. With an open recreation area for the driver, it reaches even 8.4 m 3. In general, when a specially equipped additional space is added (0.8 m 3) for baggage under the floor, the capacity reaches 9.2 m 3. Of course, for the bus taken on board 90 people, it is not sufficient, but this is a weak place of all two-storey buses. The luggage space is isolated from the engine with special mats, and when driving it no longer heats up. For the driver also provides a trunk. The entrance to the door through the door, the width of which is increased by 20 mm, the loading height is approximately 150 mm less than that of the bus s 328 dt. Passengers on the upper and lower floors of the bus expect the same climatic comfort.
A new two-storey bus is the first SETRA DT bus, the framework of which is entirely manufactured at the Mercedes-Benz plant in Mannheim, which eliminates the company from excessive expenditures. The machine is the result of close cooperation between the factories. The frame is born in mannheim, final finishing and painting are produced in Ulm. At the plant in Mannheim, a good anticorrosive protection is obtained: they are painted by cataphoresis.
Naturally, the bus of 4 m high can be produced on a regular conveyor line. For approximately 180 double-storey buses that SETRA assumes to be released annually, the mannheim has created its own line.
Two-storey bus (passenger bus, excursion bus)
Description of the two-story bus (passenger bus, excursion bus)
1. The two-storey bus type LCK6140 is a view of a road vehicle with a body support construction designed for passenger transport and tourist purposes.
2. Maximum capacity can reach up to 86 people, up to 74 +1 +1 high-class places
3. Fuel consumption, only faces 0.6-0.7 l. / 100 people / 1 kilometer in full load, by 30% - 40% lower than ordinary
4. High strength frame with zinc coating outer surface
5. Hydrodel, Vacuum Tires, Front and Rear disc brakes, electronic subsoiler onboard pitching and anti-lock brake system Equipped to ensure maximum security.
6. The aspiror has automatic lifting functions and moves with a handle
7. Offline equipment: air conditioning Denso, onboard TV, dispenser, toilet, coffee maker, first-aid kit, dining table and work desk, etc.
8. Windows in the zone of driver finding the driver can be raised at will
9. The reduced zone of driver finding on the first floor contributes to the expansion of the installation space between spare parts and oil tank, which can increase the size of the capacity up to 20%
Characteristics of a two-story bus (passenger bus,
Excursion bus)
| A type | LCK6140HD. | |
| Common parameters | Doshⅹv (mm) | 13700ⅹ2550ⅹ4000. |
| Max Common Weight (kg) | 25000 | |
| Nominal number of passengers (person) | 75+1 | |
| Max speed buses (km / h) | 125 | |
| Engine parameters | engine's type | ISME420 30. |
| Manufacturers | Cummins. | |
| Max Power (kW) | 306/1900 | |
| Torque | 2010/1200 | |
| Chassis parameters | Standard location | |
| Transmission | ZF AMT 12 2301BO | |
| Front I. rear axle | ZF RL 75EC ZF A-132 | |
| Forks with depreciation | ZF 8 cylinders | |
| Brake | Disc brake | |
| Tires | 295 / 80R22.5. | |
As a manufacturer and supplier of a two-story bus in China, we supply high-quality double-decker buses that use world-famous systems such as Cummins, Yuchai, Weichai, etc. Thanks to 50 years of development, Zhongtong Bus has the opportunity to offer you high-quality two-storey buses that are certified ISO9001 and 3C. Located in the province of Shandong, China, we are surrounded by a variety of opportunities for transporting air, sea and land. Thus, we reduce shipping cost to our customers. Welcome to Zhongtong Bus!
