Definition of bus passenger. Bus capacity

Classification of buses by territorial sign and depending on the destination

Definition 1.

"Regulations on ensuring the safety of passenger transportation by buses" determines the concept of the bus as a car vehicle With a motor intended for the carriage of passengers with a number of seats (except for the driver's seat) more than 8. This vehicle is intended for the transport of passengers on pre-formed routes with developed stopping points.

Territorial sign implies differentiation bus transportation to the following types:

1. Urban - represent travel within one city;
2. Suburban - represent trips within the city and at a distance of 50 km from it;
3. long-distance - represent travel around the city and beyond the distance of more than 50 km;
4. international are trips outside or Russian Federation.

This separation allows you to allocate urban, suburban, long-distance and international buset type.

Another criterion that classifies vehicles is the purpose of transportation. These include general buses, tourist and specialized (such as watch, school and other). Each view can be distinguished by the capacity of the vehicle, comfort, furnishings of the indoor salon and the overall appearance.

Classification of buses for capacity

An important criterion for the classification of rolling stock of buses is the number of places provided:

1. Low group buses 1 groups. These include minibuses that can accommodate no more than 11 passengers. They are submitted to which vehicles include such brands, Ka Gazelle, Mercedes, Hyundai and others.
2. Low capacity buses 2 groups. They are designed for 26 passengers as much as possible. These vehicles are intended for general purpose.
3. Mid-sized buses. This type May be located in its salon up to 34 people. For these buses, vehicles with a total appointment with hinged soft seats are characteristic.
4. Large capacity buses. They can carry up to 45 passengers at a time. The most famous vehicles of this species are Hungarian "Ikarusi". If long tourist-sightseeing trips are assumed, preference is given to the brands "Bova", "DAF", "MAN", "Mercedes", "Neoplan", "Skania", "Setra", "Volvo", "Vanhool" and other.
5. Buses of highly large capacity. This species holds up to 80 passengers.

Classification depending on the number of floors

Another generally accepted criterion is the number of floors at the vehicle. The bus may be single, one and a half and two-storey.

Note 1.

The greatest demand Tour operators enjoy semi-storey buses. This is due to the presence good review Due to the fact that the floor of the cabin, where passengers are located, somewhat raised relative to the driver's seat. The lower room is a luggage compartment.

The lower floors of two-storey buses use as a passenger compartment in case of short excursions to increase the capacity of the bus. A buffet can also be located, equipped with small tables and chairs. Lower floor can also perform the function of the game room or video gallery for children. Some firms can have beds here.

One of the negative points is the size of two-storey buses, which may be a hindrance to the cities with low bridges, where the drivers need to choose a bypass path.

Classification according to the applied fuel

Motor vehicles according to their technical specifications can use various types of fuel, which allows them to be differentiated according to this feature.

The overwhelming number of vehicles calculated for the transport of passengers operate on gasoline, diesel fuel or natural Gaze (liquefied or compressed). At the same time, buses operating with electric batteries are already available - electric vehicles or electricals. A characteristic example is the electric office of the Russian enterprise "Cornet". It is equipped with an electric motor and battery batteriesAnd its recharging is enough to drive 60-70 km.

The bus accommodates 30 passengers, not equipped with steps on the landing site, which significantly simplifies the landing and disembarking of passengers, there is a wide passage in the cabin for comfortable movement, a significant part of the hull is made of fiberglass.

Electrics found their use for transportation in parks and pedestrian zones and for excursion trips to tourists in the city. The first vehicles are used in Moscow on routes in the area of \u200b\u200bPoklonnaya Mountain. One of the mini-enecotors works at the IVC for many years. He carries out the transport of visitors to the exhibition center. It is planned to introduce a similar vehicle for trips to Silver Bor Moscow.

Note 2.

It is worth noting that the creation of such buses is associated with large costs. Therefore, the manufacture of so-called hybrids is considered in more detail, which can be moved both on diesel fuel and on power supply.

At the same time, in direct areas of roads will work economical diesel engine, and on protracted lines or plots where many stops, electrical energy accumulating in batteries batteries will be used.

SPRAVOCHNICK.RU.

Capacity - Bus - Great Oil and Gas Encyclopedia, Article, Page 1

Capacity - bus

Page 1.

Bus capacity - 25 passengers, each passenger on average passing 10 km. In accordance with the foregoing, before the administration of the enterprise, the task is to calculate the long-term lower limit of the price of one ticket at various versions of the mileage of buses.

The capacity of the bus depends mainly on its overall dimensions and mainly length.

The capacity of the bus depends on its overall dimensions.

Bus capacity Q is a permanent value defined by its design. On intracity transportation is the utmost capacity of the bus, on the suburban - the total capacity of the bus, installed by the manufacturer's technical conditions, on the long-distance is only the number of seats.

The capacity of the bus is determined by its design and is the magnitude of constant.

Buses Capacity reaches 100 seats in a two-story body. The driver's seat is sometimes placed next to the engine in order to increase the number passenger seats. In this case, the bus gets an external shape, similar to the car.

We accept to evaluate that every Moskvich spends daily on the bus on average 0 5 hours, the average capacity of the bus (taking into account the differences in busesload at different times DRS) approximately 50 people. Rate how much buses (on average) is located on the line in Moscow, if Muscovites are about 9 million people.

In the case of the use of hourly trucks And buses on the value of the average profit rate are influenced by the car capacity and the capacity of the bus, the change in operating speed, the structure of the park, other factors associated with the procedure for applying tariff board.

When determining the load capacity and capacity of cars, the technical characteristics of the manufacturer should be guided. The capacity of the bus is determined by the total number of seats and standing places.

A large proportion in total capital investments occupy the costs of acquiring and modernizing rolling stock. In this regard, the needs of the need and the entire balance of rolling stock are important in order to correctly and reasonably determine the necessary replenishment of the car fleet not only by their total quantity, but also for carrying capacity, the capacity of buses, specialization, engine types. The calculated amount of rolling stock is compared with car park, buses, passenger cars-Taxi; The planned write-off of rolling stock is taken into account. The need for car supplies is determined in general on the Federal Republic with the allocation of supplies for public road transport, as well as on the Allied, Union and Republican ministries and departments.

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www.ngpedia.ru.

Definition of bus passenger

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

St. Petersburg State Architectural and Construction University

Faculty of Road

Department of Transportation, Management and Security Management

Explanatory note to the term project

Organization of a regular city bus route

KP 49.09.00.000

The work performed a student of the group 1-op-IV

Kharymova A.I.

Date Signature

Work adopted

Sokolov M.I.

Date Signature

Introduction 3.

2. Details of the passenger capacity of the bus 4

Definition of a maximum line. 7.

Definition of a minimum line. 7.

4. Number of workers shifts drivers; Personnel work schedule 7

Definition of replacement of buses on the route. eight

Calculation of time spent for lunch breaks. eight

Adjusting the duration of the buses. nine

5.Chisters the required number of drivers 9

Building drivers' work schedules. 10

6. Suiter of the route schedule 11

7.Wability of technical and operational indicators of the route 13

Conclusion 13.

References 14.

Introduction

Transport is the largest and important branch of the state of the state, the huge sphere of the application of human labor, the widest range of the latest results of science and technology, where the close interaction of parts and units is necessary. At all times, all peoples have played an important role. At the present stage, the value of it is immeasurably grew. Today, the existence of any state is unthinkable without powerful transport. Therefore, under the influence of a developing economy, population growth and a number of other objective factors, transport, as a branch of the state, should continuously grow and improve. Of all kinds of rolling stock, the bus is the most common passenger model of transport.

Bus transport represents the most massive type of passenger automobile transport. He plays a significant role in one transport system countries. Its share accounts for more than 60% of the volume of transportation from all types of mass passenger transport, and passenger turnover is about 40%. Buses are used in urban, suburban, long-distance and international regular messages. Buses carry out transportation throughout the city and contribute to the association of all regions of the city in a single city complex.

Passenger traffic is a common phenomenon in urban life. The goal of the course project is to organize the work of buses on the city route.

Task for the course project

Option 9.

Table 1.

Route indicators

Table 2.

Distance between route, m

The rational calculation of the bus is determined by the formula:

-Passazhiropotok on the most loaded driving;

- Interval of the movement of buses, min.;

-Caffefficient of intra-oxide non-uniformity;

Passenger replaceability coefficient on the route.

For such data suitable bus Liaz-5292 - Big class bus for urban transport.

Low floor level, body tilt system "Booking", a large accumulative platform equipped with special fasteners for wheelchairs, an embarrel for entry / congress, comfortable anti-vandal seats allow you to feel comfortable to all categories of passengers. Modern power units are not irritated by noise in the cabin and vibration on the way.

The use of a reliable aggregate base from leading global manufacturers provides: MOTORESTERS -1 MILLI.km., interservice mileage-30 thousand cm.

Total passenger capacity LIAZ-52927 - 105 passengers, including 20 seating, Including 2 places for disabled. Dimensions of the bus -11990 * 2500 * 3140mm.

Benefits:

High reliability of nodes, units and body,

Ease of landing - landing for all categories of passengers,

Increased passenger traffic due to reduction of downtime at stops and maximum passenger capacity,

Compliance with high environmental standards,

High residual value

Unification with other LIAZ models.

1. Determination of the required number of buses

The number of buses for each hour is calculated by the formula:

- Multimative turnover time, min.

The estimated motion interval for each hour, min, is calculated by the formula:

When calculating should be taken:

- downtime at intermediate stops;

- Downtime at the initial or final stop.

For characteristic periods, the day is adjusted in accordance with the intensity of the street movement and the volume of transportation:

2 minutes from 5.00 to 6.00 and from 19.00 to 1.00 hours;

0 min from 6.00 to 9.00 and from 14.00 to 19.00 h;

2 min from 9.00 to 14.00

We will take that, but

Hence.

Now we define the number of buses and interval for each hour of the day of the route. For example:

Table 3.

Consolidated table of urban passenger regular route

Based on the data of the base table 3, a chart of the distribution of buses for the day of the day is built (Fig. 1).

Definition of a maximum line.

The position of the MAX line is installed on the basis of the value - the coefficient of the enterprise park deficit.

- Total maximum number of buses in peak hours.

Definition of a minimum line.

The definition is performed on the basis of the estimated maximum value of the bus interval on the route depending

When determining, the following restrictions must be taken into account:

≤15 for urban routes,

≤45 min for suburban routes.

and applied with horizontal lines on the chart (Fig. 1).

1. Number of workers shifts drivers; Schedule staff

Calculation is made by the formula

- Number of workers shifts of the route;

- the number of bus-hours according to the diagram;

The total time of zero runs of all route buses;

Additional bus-clock adjusted MIN line;

-Avtobus-clocks cut off by the linus of MAX;

6.7 - The regulatory duration of the work shift (with the exception of the preparatory-concluding time) h.

studfiles.net.

Coefficient - Use - Capacity

Page 1.

The coefficient of capacity is 7 to a significant degree depends on the stability of passenger traffic in time of the year and the hour of day.

For passenger cars This meter is called a coefficient of use of the capacity or filling coefficient, and a nominal number of passenger seats is taken for nominal loading capacity.

For buses instead of the utility utilization factor, another indicator is used - the capacity utilization factor is used as determined as the ratio of the number of passengers actually transported to the number of seats in the cabin.

In this oil, a coaxial-visor water distributor is used, which allows to greatly increase the coefficient of use of the concern. Radial oil equipment is equipped with a rotating mechanism with bottom and surface scrapers. When using radial oil bids, savings of capital and operating costs are ensured, the quality of water purification is improved and the work of the operational personnel is simplified.

However, this information does not provide a complete presentation of the number of passengers transported, therefore, about the coefficient of use of the capacity due to the shortcomings in organizing the collection of travel boards with passengers especially in case of infontantorm service.

The size and number of reservoirs in the composition of the reservoir parks of the main oil products are determined taking into account the quantity and the ratio of the volumes of pumped varieties of petroleum products, the coefficient of use of tanks and requirements is possible greater than the reservoirs. For all cases under the operating conditions, at least two tanks are provided for the oil product.

TN - time in the dress, h; V9 - operational speed, km / h; P is the utility utilization rate; QA is the capacity of the bus; FB is the capacity utilization coefficient; ASP - the average number of buses; AB is the lines of release coefficient; DK - calendar days for the analyzed period.

The main qualitative indicators of the use of rolling stock include the average daily mileage of one train unit (in sections), the average composition of the train, the average precinct and technical speed Train movements, passenger population on the car, coefficient of use of the train unit, the average mass of the gross train, the average daily duration of the train units on suburban areas.

The population of passengers on the car determines the attitude of passenger-kilometers to the car-kilometers. The coefficient of use of the train unit is determined by division of PAS-Sahiro-kilometers on a passenger-place-kilometer. For suburban trains in the form of a technical norm, the gross train is installed.

The capacity of the bus is determined by its design and is the magnitude of constant. The coefficient of capacity utilization (filling coefficient) is largely depends on the stability of passenger traffic, from their oscillations at the time of the year and hours of the day. With comprehensive analysis, it is desirable to have materials on the results of observations characterizing the changes of passenger traffic, or use ticket-accounting.

At intermediate stations, combined with points for - / Liva (transshipment), the capacity of the reservoir is taken / up to five average daily volumes. With sequential I pumping several types of petroleum products, the capacity of the reservoir of the vuireny fleet of the intermediate bulk station takes i equal to the volume of oil products in one cycle. The dimensions and the number of reservoirs in the composition of the reservoir park / bulk station of the main oil pipelines OPRA-I are divided taking into account the coefficient of use of the capacity of the tanks and the distribution of tanks in the varieties of petroleum products in accordance with the volume of each - the variety of petroleum products into railway tanks.

Pages: 1.

www.ngpedia.ru.

39. Method of selecting type and capacity of the bus

The main criterion when choosing a rational type of buses for the route is an expedient movement interval, which is determined according to the data surveys of passenger traffic.

The minimum route interval (in the peak hours - PE) is tmin, the maximum (in the hours of duty traffic - DD) is Tmax (but not more than Tpred) and in the discharge hours of the passenger transport (between the PIC SP) - TMID.

Specific passenger traffic and interval that meets the conditions and requirements of transportation of passengers on a specific route corresponds to a certain nominal capacity of the QCC bus, which is calculated according to the expression:

qRACH \u003d FMAX * Tmin * KT / 60

where Tmin is the movement interval at peak hours, min;

Fmax - Maximum passenger traffic at peak hours, pass.

kT is a coefficient of intra-eye unevenness.

The characteristics of the route and the results of the calculation of the capacity of buses.

According to the results of the analysis of the obtained intervals of the movement, a bus with obtained nominal and utmost accommodation is selected for which we will carry out further calculations.

40. Transportation documents in the system of international road transport.

International automobile freight transportation is the carriage of customer goods between states that are manufactured in accordance with international conventions of road transport in customs mode. The main shipping documents with such transportation, as a rule, are: Carnet-TIR, commodity consumer invoice international sample (CMR), invoice, pack-sheet, GTD.

CARNET TIR (TIR Book) - Document Changing Manager, which gives the right to transport goods across the boundaries of states in the separated customs of the Customs Bounds or Kontinterans simplified customs procedures. The document covers the automotive and multimodal transportation of goods (carried out in autofurges, trailers, semi-limits of iconteners) between states recognized by the "Customs Convention on the International Transport of Goods with the Application of a Book of International Road Transportation (TIR)" 1959 and1975g. All car vehicles should have the appropriate permissions of the competent authorities for their use. Issued by the National Warranty Association (Association) authorized in turn by the competent authorities of the country.

It is a book with tear-off sheets, disappeared when passing by the freight of the next customs. It may consist of a maximum of 20 tear-off pages, which allows transportation through a maximum of 10 countries (including the country of departure and destination).

The CMR is an international overhead, due to transportation in Europe, contains information about the sender, the recipient, the type of cargo and its weight parameters. When crossing the boundaries of states in the invoice, the corresponding marks are made, when shipping in specified place The consignee is painted in obtaining cargo.

Convention On The Contract For the International Carriage of Goods by Road (CMR) Convention on the Contract international transportation Cargo (CDP) Agreement determines the responsibility, obligations and rights of the sender, carrier and beneficiary of goods.

Main items of the Agreement:

The CMR invoice is compiled in three copies (one sender, one carrier and one goes along with the delivery

The agreement is considered valid, even if the invoice is not compiled

Responsibility of the sender:

The goods must be packaged in such a way that it can withstand normal transportation; - the sender of the goods is responsible for damage caused by improper packaging; - The sender undertakes to transfer the carrier the necessary data for transportation. They must, at a minimum, include the following: data on the special properties of the transported goods, as about its danger and precautions.

Carrier Responsibility:

Check when downloading the compliance of the data specified by the sender in transport documents with real data;

The conveyor is responsible for the full or partial loss of cargo or for its damage that occurred in the period of time between the acceptance of the cargo to the transportation and its surrender, as well as for the delay in delivery.

Rights and responsibility of the recipient of the cargo:

Upon arrival of the cargo to the place provided for for his surrender, the recipient has the right to demand the transfer of the second copy of the invoice and passing the cargo to him, and they are given a corresponding receipt in adoption. If the loss of cargo is established or if the cargo did not arrive at the agreed period, the recipient may require satisfaction from its name from the conveyor, referring to the rights provided to him by the transport contract. - The recipient is obliged to extinguish the debt obligations based on the overhead. In the case of a dispute, on this occasion, the conveyor is obliged to pass the cargo only in the case of the buyer of the pledge.

Invoice (eng.invoice) - an individual commercial workshop, provided by the seller to the buyer and containing a list of goods, their number and price, on which they will be delivered to the buyer, formal features (color, weight, etc.), delivery terms and information about the sender and recipient. An invoice extract indicates that (except when the delivery is carried out on a prepayment) the Buyer has a duty of payment for goods in accordance with the specified conditions.

Cargo Customs Declaration (GTD) is the type of customs declaration applied by participants in foreign economic activity in the customs declaration of goods moved through the customs border of the Russian Federation or during the customs declaration of goods, the customs regime of which is changing.

Packing sheet - packing sheet, contains a number, date, details of the foreign economic contract, seller details, sender, recipient, vehicle name, brand names, product models, quantity, dimensions, weight, etc.

studfiles.net.

Mininfrastructures invented a new classification for passenger buses

Materials on the topic

MiniFrastructure Plans to determine the classes of comfort of buses and areas of their use in the passenger message. This is reported by the press service of the department with reference to the order draft.

Amendments are invited to divide buses maximum mass into two categories: m2 (no more than 5 tons) and m3 (over 5 tons).

Buses with a capacity of no more than 22 passengers are offered to divide into two classes: A (transportation of passengers sitting and standing), in (passenger transportation exclusively sitting).

Buses for more than 22 passengers will be divided into three classes. Class I buses must have places for standing passengers and ensure the unhindered movement of passengers, class II - the transportation of passengers standing in the passage and (or) in the intended place, which does not exceed the space of two double seats For seating. Class III will include buses, the design of which provides for the transport of only seated passengers.

Different classes and buses categories will be able to be used on routes of different lengths and comfort. Thus, the buses of categories M2 Class A, M3 Class A and M3 Class I will be used on urban and suburban routes, M2 in urban and suburban routes and at long-distance length of up to 150 km, M3 V and M3 II - on urban, suburban, long-distance and international routes.

The project also determines which buses will be able to be used in the city in ordinary, express modes and in route taxi mode. Thus, buses class A, B, II - will be able to be used on all these modes, class I and III - normal, express.

Also, the document specifies the requirements for the comfort of buses. Four grades: the highest is designated ****, lowest - *. For example, at the most comfortable buses, the distance between the front side of the seat back and the rear side of the seat back, located in front, should be at least 83 cm. In addition, there must be footrests, adjustable seats, subject table, seat belts, Water toilet or chemical cleaning, refrigerator, TV and more.

Earlier mininfrastructures prepared a draft change in the order of the Competition for the Transport of Passengers on bus route common use. One of the main innovations will be the ban to participate in the competitions of road carriers using converted trucks (except for intra-bottom suburban routes).

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Depending on the response district, we reserve the right to increase the clock of filing and tariff

The price does not include parking and passage by paid roads, they are paid by the customer.

Required condition Order fulfillment - the presence of a list of passengers in a vehicle for all categories of citizens and children's transportation is added to the age of the child + notification of the traffic police about organized transportation groups of children.

To date, the bus rental is associated with any great celebration of the celebration of any importance, be it a wedding or a simple trip for the city with a goal of rest. The successful organization of the holiday is definitely depends on the solution transportation. The company "Ltd. Transstur" offers the full range of services for renting buses of all kinds of both large and small.

Of course, how the bus looks like, everyone knows, however, the exact definition of this transport is a little divergent with a general understanding. First, this is a transport that simultaneously hosts 8 or more people in order to follow their transportation with the presence of appropriate baggage. Secondly, this type of transport does not need rails and suspended wires, as opposed to his tram fellow and trolleybus, and this means that you can go anywhere and ever. That's why this species Transport has gained such popularity. By the way, any bus rental is much more profitable and more convenient to all other options that the transport sphere can offer you.

1. Low capacity buses (20-35 places).
The ideal solution for a small company of people with no more than 35 people will rent small buses of the so-called small capacity of well-known as mini-buses. You will definitely find a suitable model of your model, just look at the list:

• Mercedes Sprinter-515 2010 bus (black color, 21st place)

Each of the models has a high level of comfort, which is achieved due to the presence of climate control systems, air conditioners, audio, video systems, and, of course, comfortable chairs. Rent mini-buses is one of our most popular services of our company.

2. Air capacity buses (45-50 places).
Models with such a capacity are ideal for large celebrations, such as wedding, anniversaries, etc. Here is a list of these buses:

Each of them has its own distinctive featuresBut overall this is similar to the comfort of the model. For example, inside the "VIP" bus of medium capacity, we can see a chic salon, a climate control system, heating through ventilation, refrigerator and even restroom. There are two-story models. The choice depends on the purely from your celebration and personal preferences. In any case, the rental of middle capacity buses is the right solution.

3. Buses of high capacity (55-75 places).
The company "Ltd. Transstur" offers its customers unique buses with a capacity of up to 75 seats. Our company is one of all sorts of models leading thanks to a large assortment. Buses from 75th landing places are quite rare in the rental services market. If at your celebration a large group of person needs to be transported in unreight of each other, such a model of transport is suitable as never better. Despite the uniqueness of such buses, our company has a pretty large number:

Rent a large buses is gaining great popularity literally every day. If earlier people preferred to rent a few medium models, now the situation has changed dramatically. The cause of all the comfort and convenience that these buses can provide you, without sharing the group of people. For example, "Man Jonckheere" has air conditioning, transformer chairs, individual lighting, restroom and other amenities that will make your trip unforgettable. In other models, these positive parties are also present, plus each of them has its own distinctive features.

To date, our services also enjoy large companies and enterprises that organize all sorts of corporate events. Of course, to transport all employees in one transport is very convenient, and even profitable. On this list of customers does not end. Buses are required in almost any industry of our lives. An example can be athletes who are also our regular customers. Move from the city to the city is quite expensive, besides, they are transported by specialized baggage - sports equipment.

Convenience and low cost of rental services make buses most convenient transport For any kind of trips: from simple moves from the city to the city to huge celebrations.

The bus since his invention firmly entered the city life. Buses are divided into classes in capacity, which are determined by the length of the vehicle itself. There are especially small buses with a length of less than 5 meters, small (5-8 m) and medium, the length of which varies from 8 to 10 meters.

Most popular - city buses. By the way, large 10-15-meter and especially large (more than 15 meters) classes of buses can be attributed to them. This type of vehicle is designed to transport passengers within the city. In the opening hours, the articulated buses (Harmoshka) are departed, which are much more passed, rather than ordinary urban. Also for greater convenience of passengers, manufacturers of this type of technology have established the release of low-voltage models.

School buses are becoming increasingly popular in Russia every year. It is fundamentally from the urban, they are characterized by installing additional light signals and large mirrors increasing the review. Also manufacturers of this type of TC are required to install seat belts on each seat for children.

At first glance, suburban and intercity buses quite similar, but there are still differences. First of all, they relate to the degree of comfort of passengers. If, for example, a "urban route" type seats are often installed in the suburban buses, then in intercity seats are softer, comfortable, with high back. In addition, "Intercocrete" can "boast" a small luggage compartment. In the suburban buses, such pleasure is available only in the form of shelves for hand-laying in the cabin.

Travel buses. Here the manufacturers stopped competing in the existers of the appearance and moved to the salon. The cabin has and comfortable seats that can be installed in a practically horizontal position, and sleeping places for drivers, toilet, kitchenette, air conditioning, televisions. In the tourist buses of the Lux class, you can see even a shower cabin, telephone, sleeping places for passengers - no one limits the fantasy of developers here. Unites various models tourist buses A spacious luggage compartment located under the salon.

Listed above are the main types of buses used to transport passengers at different distances. However, there are many types of specialized buses in the transport system. For example, the opposite buses are used at airports to deliver passengers from the airfield building to the aircraft. Watch, postal, ritual, service and even mines - all these buses that are used for certain purposes in accordance with the functional capabilities of technology.

If we speak specifically about the brands of buses that are most popular in Russia, then among domestic producers - This is a liaz, nefhaz, zil, gas, grooves, UAZ. In addition to domestic, Belarusian Mazu, Ukrainian Bogdani and guests from far abroad travel on the roads: Mercedes-Benz buses, Volkswagen, Setra, Iveco, Peugeot, Neoplan and many others.

Seventh part of the temporary rules transportation of passengers and baggage by car In Russian federation.

Approved
First Deputy
Minister of Transport of the Russian Federation
A.P.Nadsonov
September 29, 1997

160. Transportation In the route taxi mode, the carrier is organized by coordination with local governments on all types of messages (intracity, suburban, long-distance) using buses especially small and low capacityas well as passenger cars. Transportation are organized to provide the population of high-need transport services at the expense of:

• transportation of passengers only on sites for seating;
• increased speed of the message compared to the route transportation buses common use;
• stops on the way on demand passengers anywhere in the route in compliance with the rules of the road;
• approach stopping points to the places of cluster passengers and the organization of routes on the streets and roads, local drives, allowing to safely exploit buses of small and especially low capacity.

161. With the presence of the established passenger traffic on the routes, traffic is organized on schedules.
If the destination route is the main passenger formation, and throughout the route there is an unstable in the intensity of passenger traffic, the movement is organized at operational intervals as accumulated passengers.

162. Transportation Performed for servicing transport links, airports, hospital complexes, cemeteries with central city areas; trade and cultural centers among themselves and with residential arrays, residential arrays with lots of mass recreation, etc.

163. Transportation are carried out in directions combined with routes of other types of transport, complementing them in the "Peak" watch and carrying out the main transportation In the interconneous time, as well as for transport links at night both on independent and on joint routes.

164. At the stopping points of urban and suburban routes, pointers of the time of work of buses are hung to the population.
At stopping points in the long-distance message schedules of motion are postponed.

165. On bus stations, bus station and auto-singavilions (with cash selling tickets for long-distance taxi routes), the schedules of bus departures on all routes passing through this stopping point are shuffled; Train cost tables passengers; basic extracts from the present Transportation Rules for passengers and baggage by road.

Sale of tickets for passing passengers in buses of especially small and low capacity

166. Tickets passenger travel in buses especially small and low capacity Urban and suburban routes are sold by drivers, and in individual items through specially authorized persons.
For passengers long-distance routes for sale of tickets are produced at stopping points at the box office, and where the ticketing tickets are not organized - through drivers directly when landing passengers On the bus before sending it from the stopping point.
At the initial and final stopping clauses of long-distance routes, it is pre-selling tickets for travel in.

167. Forms for travel on these buses are approved by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation on the submission of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation.

Train conditions

168. B. buses especially small and low capacity urban, suburban and long-distance routes Carrier is obliged to provide passengers seating. Passenger travel Above the number of seats are prohibited.

169. Planting passengers In these buses of intercity routes on bus stations and stopping points with cash sales, tickets are made upon presentation of tickets purchased at the box office. Tickets are valid only on the specified day and flight.
Planting passengers On long-distance routes, the initial departure point is made no later than 10 minutes before the bus departure.

170. Disembarking passengers from the bus is made on demand passenger In any place of the path following the rules of the road.

171. The fare of persons in a drunken state is not allowed.

172. In case of removal of the bus from the line due to malfunction, accident, etc. Issued passengers Tickets are valid for travel in another bus of the same route.

173. When following in buses especially small and low capacity Urban, suburban and long-distance routes passenger It has the right to carry with me for free one child under the age of 5 inclusive, if it does not take a separate place.
To practice a separate place, a child under the age of 5 is acquired by a ticket for the current tariff. When following with passenger Several children under 5 years old for each child, except for one, are free, tickets are purchased for the current tariff.

174. In case of refinement, illness or refusal passenger From a trip to the bus of the long-distance route, he has the right to return the ticket and get back the fare in the manner prescribed in paragraph 76 - 82.

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The most acceptable classification of buses for destination should be considered their division into three classes: I - urban; II - long-distance; III - long-distance follows.

For domestic buses, you can select another additional class of departmental buses, designed to deliver people to the place of work.

TO buses of Class I. include city buses with the greatest capacity (the presence of a large number of standing places) and high parameters of passenger sharing (large floor area and door width, low level gender, etc.), and the most

Characteristics of passenger cars with various types of bodies

Table 2.1.

Appearance	Name	Characteristic
Closed body
		An extended base, four side doors, two (three) seats, glazed partition for the first
	Sedan (Hatchback, Salon, Berlin)	Normal base, four or two side doors, two (three) rows of seats
	Coupe (Burlenett)	Shortened base, two side doors, one (two) seats
Fully opening body
	Phaeton (outdated - torpedo)	An extended or normal base, the number of doors and rows of seats depends on the base
	Roadster (slider)	Shortened base, two side doors
Cargo-passenger body
	Universal (Wagon Stay, Familylane, Estethyst, Break)	Closed body with folding rear seats, due to which you can increase the room for cargo
		Closed cab with one (two) rows of seats and cargo platform
	Hatchback (Combi, Lyrtbek, Swinebeck)	Occupies an intermediate position between the universal and sedan, has two (four) side doors and the door in the inclined back wall

with them Unified suburban buses intended for the passenger communication of the city with the near suburbs.

Buses of Class II. Designed to provide long-distance transportation of district and regional scales, reports of cities with a far suburbs, local transport in rural areas. They differ from the class I buses of a larger share of the number of seats, the presence of mainly four-row layouts, the lack of accumulative sites with the placement of standing passengers only in the passage, reduced by the number of service doors, elevated geometric passability parameters, comfortable for passengers, etc.

Buses of class III Designed for the carriage of only sitting passengers under high comfort for long distances and in tourist or excursion purposes. They are equipped luggage compartments and a number of additional equipment: radio and television installations, a place for a guide, wardrobe, bar, toilet, individual lighting and ventilation, air conditioning, etc. Class III buses can be performed in high floors, with an obliquely located interior to improve visibility and have a variety of layout schemes.

In size, the buses are divided into particularly small, medium dimension, large, especially large or articulated.

Especially small buses Can be classified as follows. To class I, particularly small buses can be attributed to route taxi. Transportation on intracity short routes.

Classes II and III include highly small category buses, intended for the transport of seated passengers with a different degree of comfort, determined by the planned duration of the trip.

Most small buses manufactured in the world belong to classes II and III. Small class II buses are domestic PAZ-3205, which have mostly four-row layout of the cabin, one or two service doors, handrails for passengers standing in the passage and intended for the transport of passengers on local routes. Small buses depending on the destination class have a full capacity of 25-50 passengers and a full mass in the most characteristic ranges: 5.3-6.5 and 8.2-8.8 tons.

Middle Dimension busesAs a rule, unified with large buses, which is largely promoted by the popularity of the body's modular design. Medium buses produce many European firms, but their release is relatively small. In the domestic industry, middle buses of classes II and III are represented by the Liaz family. Medium buses have a capacity of 55-75 passengers and a total mass of 9.5-13.5 tons.

Big buses Make up the greatest share in the global production of buses, except for especially small. This dimension of buses is characterized by the greatest variety of structures and layout schemes. The largest part of the issue of class I buses with various options for interior layouts. With the most typical schemes for planning buses for intracity traffic, the number of passengers can be determined averaged as a product of the bus length (M) by 10, i.e. With a bus length 9.5 m - 95 passengers. A large number of cabin layouts used by leading bus companies leads to a certain erasure of faces between buses of classes I and II. Buses of classes I and II have a capacity of 80-120 passengers and a total weight of 14-18.5 tons. Big buses of class III are constructively represent the most diverse group: they are performed by two- and three-axis, one-, one and a half and two-storey, with a large range. Additional equipment. It should be noted that european classification It applies only to single-storey buses.

Especially large or articulated buses Produced in the same enterprises as large buses, and the most unified with them. In the overwhelming majority, they are class I buses, with the exception of single models of articulated buses of classes II and III. Particularly large buses are produced with a length of 16.5-18 m, have a capacity of 145-184 passengers and a full mass of 24-28 tons. These buses are intended for transportation on the most stressful urban, less often - on suburban and long-distance routes.

Trolleybuses are available only to a large and especially large dimension for the implementation of intracity transport of a large number of passengers. The tendency in the unification of trolley buses with buses is determined until the use of fully unified bodies, equipped either by diesel, or by a traction electric motor included with the control and turnover electrical equipment. In the latter case, trolleybus can additionally be equipped with a diesel engine to ensure autonomous movement.

The described classification of buses implies the possibility of further expansion of the dimension and smaller division for its intended purpose, for example, the category of "super-high" buses (trolleybuses), made in the form of three-section articulated buses, such as buses X1ъ1 (France), 280 # (Germany), or type "Omnibus Ban".