The battery is a device in which energy is accumulated and stored. Most of these devices work due to the transformation of electrical energy into a chemical and vice versa. This process allows you to charge and discharge the device. In this case, the equipment can be used as charger, power supply controlling or compensatory installation.

Batteries are required for the work of a variety of devices, ranging from simple televisions for the TV and finishing nuclear power and space industry. All these devices are divided, depending on different technological characteristics and features of use. The battery operation is characterized by a container, voltage, internal resistance, self-discharge current and service life.

What are the batteries? All existing devices can be divided into several types:

• electrochemical;
• magnetic;
• mechanical;
• thermal;
• light.

Electrochemical batteries

This type of equipment is divided into several large groups:

• electrical;
• gas;
• reversible fuel cells;
• alkaline;
• capacitors.

Electrical devices belong to the most common type of batteries. The paper uses lead, nickel, iron, zinc, silver and other types of plates made from alloys. Acids, magnesium solutions, salts and other elements are used as an electrolyte.

The device of such devices is easiest to explain on the example of lead-acid batteries. The equipment uses a reversible fluid interaction reaction (in this case acid) and metal - lead. Thanks to the reversibility of chemical processes, the possibility of reusable use of the battery through a discharge-charge appears. When the current is passed in the direction, the discharge process, the battery is charging if you connect the equipment to the other side, discharged.

Chemical reaction is followed by the following scheme:

• anode: PB + SO42_2E-⇄PBSO4;
• cathode: PB2 + SO42- + 4H ++ 2E-⇄PBSO4 + 2H2O.

How does this happen in reality? If you connect a light bulb to the plates, the electron movement will begin in the battery, that is, an electric current will occur, and a chemical reaction will go. Due to this, lead sulphate is formed on the plates. After connecting power sources, the reaction will go in the opposite direction. Acid will split, fall-down. Next, when the light is turned on, the process is back in the opposite direction.

Important! When charging the plates of the electrodes cannot be completely completely. Part of the raid will still remain on the surface. This leads to the fact that the capacity of the equipment is gradually decreasing.

All types of batteries and electrochemical batteries can be divided into three large groups:

1. Repair acceptable - differ from other batteries by what can be disassembled. On the other hand, these devices require constant checks of the electrolyte level. In addition, the models are more susceptible to depressurization, which, in turn, can lead to an increase in the concentration of acid vapor;
2. Unnwined - repair something in the design of this equipment or pour the electrolyte is impossible. If any problems occur with the work of the battery, the battery is subject to a complete replacement;
3. A low service - in the equipment is provided with access to the level of electrolyte and possibly adding it when the battery is dried.

There are certain varieties of lead-acid batteries:

• LEAD-ACID
• Valve Regulated LEAD-ACID (VRLA),
• Absorbent Glass Mat Valve Regulated LEAD-ACID (AGM VRLA)
• GEL VALVE REGULATED LEAD-ACID (GEL VRLA),
• OPZV.

In lithium-ion batteries, electrodes made of aluminum (cathode) and copper (anode) foils are used, which are impregnated with lithium electrolytes. Additionally, lithium-freecoxide and graphite are used. The charge is ion of lithium, which is charged positively and intercalated in the process of chemical reaction to crystal lattices. When working the battery, the ions overcome the separator barrier along the path to the electrode. For high-quality work, the separator separator is additionally used (usually paper). This element is necessary to prevent the movement of ions in an arbitrary order.

In modern lithium-ion batteries, additional elements are introduced into the cathode and anodes. Therefore, in the abbreviation of titles, substances are mentioned in the chemical decomposition reaction:

• Licoo2 - lithium-cobalt batteries are distinguished by high specific energy, but have a small thermal resistance;
• Limn2O4, LMO - Lithium-manganese models are necessary for powerful power tools and vehicles. When working lithium-manganese batteries, the charge current increases significantly by the formation of three-dimensional spinel structures that improves the flow of ions. But the potential of these batteries is lower than that of lithium cobalt;
• LinimnCoalo2 or NCA - use in one battery immediately nickel, manganese and cobalt as part of the cathode helps to increase the specific power or energy. Due to this, optimal characteristics are provided for different operating modes. In addition, reduced cobalt content reduces cost without loss in quality;
• LIFEPO4 - phosphate is used here for the cathode. Lithium-iron-phosphate batteries differ for a long time operation and increased security;
• Li4Ti5O12 - lithium-titanate battery has an increased resource and the ability to operate at temperatures to -300s;
• Li-POL, Li-Polymer, Lipo, Lip, Li-Poly - Polymer is used in these batteries as an electrolyte. Therefore, the designs of polymer batteries can be any form.

The following type is gas batteries are based on the use of electrochemical potential of gases. During the operation of the device on the electrodes, gas is distinguished, which is absorbed by the adsorbent. Most often for this use activated carbon. The design consists of a coal electrode, adsorbent and permeable membrane.

Reversible fuel cells are carbon nanotubes with catalysts that are immersed in the electrolyte. When charging, water decomposes into hydrogen and oxygen, and during discharge there is a reverse reaction. Systems use high degree of cleaning hydrogen.

The figure shows three projections of the self-made gas battery model, where:

1. capacity;
2. electrolyte (in this case, it is distilled water with salt in proportion of 1 cup of water / 1 tablespoon of salt);
3. rods (suitable rod from batteries or pocket lamp);
4. bags;
5. activated coal inside bags.

One of the exits of the electrodes is marked to designate a positive charge. For charging, the power supply of 4.5 V is used, charging is carried out until the voltage is reached in 2.5 V.

The alkaline type of batteries (AKB) uses a zinc as an anode in a powdered state, a cathode - manganese dioxide, electrolyte - potassium hydroxide. The batteries of this species are a cylindrical building, in the middle of which is a brass rod. This rod removes the negative potential from the zinc powder impregnated with an alkaline electrolyte. All this paste is surrounded by a separator, also impregnated with electrolyte. Next is the active mass in the form of graphite or soot. The mass is mixed with manganese dioxide. Then there is a shell that protects the battery from a short circuit. A positive conclusion is a steel nickel-plated glass, and a negative is a steel circle. An important advantage Alkaline batteries is that the electrolyte is practically not spent.

The following type of electrical batteries are capacitors that have the ability to quickly discharge and charge. These elements have a constant or variable container. Capacitors are used to reduce interruptions in the voltage, isolating the variable or constant component, and, it means to obtain the necessary constant current values.

Mechanical batteries

This type of batteries can be divided into 3 large groups:

1. elastic, where the increase in potential energy occurs during elastic deformation;
2. inertial - work on kinetic energy;
3. gravitational - function due to the potential energy of the relative position.

The first group includes hydro, and pneumatic batteries, as well as rubbing, spring batteries and pressure batteries.

Inertial are flywheels and gyros.

Gravitational - that's large systems, for example, a hydroaccumulatory power plant.

Heat batteries

Despite the fact that these batteries got the name of thermal, main devices here are cooling elements for household and portable refrigeratorsAs well as devices used in a cold chain for the transport of medical preparations, biological tissues.

The principle of operation is that the basic substance (usually take carboxymethylcellulose for this) is cooled to the desired temperature. Then the battery gradually gives the accumulated cold environment and subjects.

Light batteries

So-called solar batteries that have already become familiar, in which solar energy is converted into a constant electric current. The form and principle of building instruments depends on the required power of the equipment. Solar panels We are necessary for portable electronics and the creation of power supply systems of buildings.

Magnetic batteries

These devices are also called spin batteries, as a tunnel magnetic compound (TMS) is used in operation. The design consists of alternating magnetic and non-magnetic films in which Nanomagnets MNAS are built. Due to this alternation, TMS arises, which leads to the appearance electrical power. Thus, the quantum tunneling of electrons occurs, and magnetic energy goes into electrical directly. This type of equipment is just beginning to be embedded in production, therefore most spin batteries are separate laboratory samples or are released in small batches.

The needs for more powerful and specialized storage devices and energy accumulation are constantly growing. Therefore, modern production constantly offers new types of batteries and batteries.

Video

Types of modern batteries for cars and development prospects

Today there are many different batteries. They are used in various spheres of human life. As an example, you can bring accumulators in various portable electronics, UPS and so on. But the most common type of batteries today are the battery for cars. Any car owner knows what a car starter battery is. These devices work under the hood of millions of cars around the world. But not all of these rechargeable batteries are the same. Today we will talk about the types of batteries for the car.

The battery is a chemical current source that includes several batteries. Therefore, it also carries the name of the battery. Combining several elements immediately gives a greater resulting current and voltage. In cars, the type of batteries with 6 elements is most common (they are also called banks), which are given a voltage of approximately 2.1 volts. As a result, the AKB issues a voltage of about 12.6 volts.

The first battery of this type was developed by the French scientist Gaston Plante, which lived more than 150 years ago. The batteries have since improved, but the design and principle of operation of the Akb reached us unchanged. Today you can meet various types of batteries, which differ in the composition of the electrolyte and the materials of the electrodes. Surely everyone heard about nickel's nickel batteries, Ni-Mh, Li-Ion and a number of others.

But as starter car batteries, only lead-acid applies today. This is explained by the fact that this type of batteries has a high energy container. Lead-acid battles can produce a large electric current for a short time interval. This is what is required for the starter, which scrolls the crankshaft when starting the engine. And the replacement of these batteries is not yet, despite the lead and sulfuric acid (in the electrolyte composition) are harmful and hazardous substances.

The case of the lead battery is performed from a plastic resistant to the effects of acid. You can learn from the link on the link. For the manufacture of electrodes, the lead is applied. But since the Gaston Plante, the manufacturers have learned how to dop lead all sorts of additives to achieve certain battery performance. To date, there are several types of batteries for the car, which are discussed below.

Main types of automotive batteries

Surmented Akb

This outdated type of car batteries, in lead plates of which contain more than 5 percent of antimony. Models of modern battery are contained in the composition of the plates significantly less antimony (SB). The role of antimony in the battery plate is an increase in their strength. Clean lead is very soft and not in pure form is not suitable for use in battery. The antimony causes a sharp activation of the electrolysis process, which begins in the battery at a voltage of 12 volts. At the same time, hydrogen with oxygen is distinguished. It looks like boiling electrolyte.

In antimunct batteries, large water from electrolyte occurs. As a result of a decrease in the level of electrolyte, the plates of the electrodes are taken. That this does not happen to periodically add distilled water into banks. As a result, the antimonous type of car batteries is often called serviced. Although modern types of automotive batteries also have design elements required for service.

Now the antimunct batteries are no longer used as a starter. They were changed by other, more progressive modifications of the battery. This type of batteries are still preserved in different stationary sources of current, which requires unpretentiousness of the battery. And modern car batteries are produced with a significantly smaller content of antimony.

Lightweight Akb

Plates with a reduced antimony content began to be used to reduce the intensity of water evaporation from the electrolyte. For minority types of batteries relate to those that have less than 5 percent of antimony as part of the plates. As a result of their application, it was possible to escape from the problem of frequent topping distilled water. But this does not mean that such batteries do not need maintenance at all.

Another advantage of this type of car batteries is a smaller degree of self-discharge battery during storage than old anti-shine models. These batteries are often called non-servant, but it will be more correct to call them low-service. After all, a statement that they do not need maintenance, this is an advertising slogan. Water loss from electrolyte is still present. Therefore, check the level and add distilled water is still needed.

The advantages of minority batteries include their tolerance to the electrical parameters of the on-board network of the car. If voltage drops arise in the network, the battery parameters do not suffer from this. This cannot be said about more modern types of automotive batteries: calcium, agm, gel. Experts believe that a minority of batteries are best used for operation on passenger cars. domestic production. This is due to the fact that it is not yet on all Russian cars ensure the stability of the voltage in the onboard network. At the same time, this type of battery has an affordable price.

Calcium AKB

Adding calcium to lead grids instead of antimony has become a solution to reduce the evaporation of water into the battery. Often on the batteries of this species can be found marking type CA / CA. Such a designation suggests that calcium is contained in the lattices of positive and negative electrodes. Some manufacturers are added in a small amount of silver. This reduces the internal resistance of the battery, increase the efficiency and container. But the main feature Calcium acb has decreased intensity of electrolysis and, accordingly, the drop in the electrolyte level.

Models of calcium batteries are available, in which water evaporation is almost absent for the entire service life. As a result, the car owner does not need to check the level of electrolyte and its density. And in this case, the name of the maintenance-free batteries will be fair. In addition to a minor water consumption, calcium type batteries have a low degree of self-discharge. Compared with antimunct batteries, the self-discharge is less than 70 percent. As a result of the Battery of the CA / CA type, can significantly retain their operational characteristics during storage. In fact, the substitute for calcium antimony increased the voltage required for the start of the electrolysis process from 12 to 16 volts. Therefore, the relear was not so critical.

But any device has both advantages and disadvantages. Calcium acb is much more sensitive to a strong discharge than other types of batteries for cars. There are enough 3─4 strong discharges and the battery capacity is irreversibly falling. This means that the number of accumulated current battery is highly reduced. In this case, the battery will have to change.

It is also worth noting that the calcium type of batteries is sensitive to stability. electrical characteristics onboard network auto. They do not like strong voltage differences. Therefore, before installing such a battery, make sure the generator service, voltage regulator and other devices in the auto network.

In addition, the calcium type of calcium type accumulators is slightly higher than the minor acb. Typically, CA / CA batteries put on foreign cars with a standard set of options. There are high-quality electrical equipment on such cars and the stability of electrical characteristics is guaranteed. When choosing this type of batteries, do not forget that when they are operating, it is impossible to allow a deep discharge of the battery.

Hybrid Akb

On the housing of such batteries, you can meet the designation CA + or CA / SB. Grills of electrodes in such batteries are produced on various technologies. Positive are manufactured with the addition of antimony, negative according to calcium technology. Hybrid car batteries are an attempt to combine the advantages of these types of batteries. As a result, the characteristics turned out average.

Water consumption in hybrid acb is less than that of minor, but more CA / CA. But this type of batteries is more resistant to deep discharge and voltage drops in the electric car subsystem. Read more about in a separate article.

AGM and gel batteries

Batteries manufactured by AMG and GEL technology (usually referred to as gel) have an electrolyte in the associated form. This type of batteries became an attempt to solve the problem of safe operation of batteries. After all, in classic batteries, the electrolyte can remove when turning or damaged the housing. Sulfuric acid is an aggressive substance and represents the danger to the human body. Therefore, the problem was solved by placing the electrolyte into a bound state and reduce its fluidity. In addition to improving safety in gel batteries, it was possible to reduce the shower of the active mass of the plates.

The differences between the AMG and GEL technologies lies in the electrolyte binding method. In an AGM type AGM, porous fiberglass is impregnated with an electrolyte, which is located between the plates. AGM is deciphered as Absorbent Glass Mat or translated into Russian "Absorbing glass." According to GEL technology, electrolyte is transferred to the gel-like state with the help of silicon compounds. Often batteries made according to these technologies are generalized called gels. You can look at the review by reference.

Since this type of batteries does not contain liquid electrolyte, they are not afraid of installation in an inclined position. But, despite the statements of marketers, it is not necessary to exploit these acb in the turned out. The advantages of gel batteries of both species should include low self-discharge and high resistance to vibration. The advantages of gel batteries should include another property. They can produce a high starting current, regardless of the charge of the battery and almost until the complete discharge of the battery. After a deep discharge, they completely restore their capacitance and can withstand a large number of cycles charge-discharge (about 200).

But to the charging process of the battery, gel batteries are very sensitive. The charge of this type of batteries is carried out by smaller current values \u200b\u200bthan in the case of classic lead-acid models. They require the use of a charger with special features.

Sellers today offer universal model charging devices, but refers to their choice need carefully. Here is an article about the requirements for. We also advise you to read the material that. In addition, the gel type Akb is demanding of the stability of electrical parameters in the onboard network of the car.

In cold weather, gel batteries, as well as battery with liquid electrolyte, can be capricious. At negative temperatures, the conductivity of gel electrolyte. The life of this type of batteries ideally is ten years. But in practice it is worth counting on 6─7 years. In some cases, such ankb can be restored. About, read in the article by reference. In cars, they are used less than the other types of batteries. Their distribution limits the high cost. Much more often they can be found in the UPS (uninterruptible power sources), in a motorcycle engineering, water vehicles. Gel batteries in cars can be found on dear foreign cars class premium and SUVs, where there is a large number of electric current consumers. Read more about.

The battery is a source of direct current, which is designed to accumulate and storing energy. The overwhelming number of types of batteries is based on the cyclic transformation of chemical energy into electrical, it allows you to repeatedly charge and discharge the battery.

In 1800, Alessandro Volta made an amazing discovery when he lowered into a jar, filled with acid, two metal plates - copper and zinc, after which it proved that the wire connecting their wire. More than 200 years, modern rechargeable batteries continue to produce on the basis of the opening of Volta.

Types of batteries

With the time of the invention of the first battery, no more than 140 years have passed and it is now difficult to submit a modern world without reserve batteries based on batteries. Batteries are used everywhere, starting with the most harmless household devices: control panels, portable radio receivers, lights, laptops, telephones, and ending with financial institutions, backup power sources for data centers and data transmission, space industry, nuclear energy, and t. d.

The developing world needs electrical energy so strong as a person needs oxygen for life. Therefore, designers and engineers work daily to optimize the types of batteries and periodically develop new types and subspecies.

The main types of batteries are shown in Table number 1.

	Application	Designation	Operating temperature, ºC	Voltage element in	Specific energy, W ∙ h / kg
Lithium-ionic (lithium polymer, lithium-manganese, lithium-iron-sulfide, lithium-iron-phosphate, lithium-iron-yttrium phosphate, lithium-titanate, lithium chlorine, lithium-sulfur)	Transport, telecommunications, solar energy systems, autonomous and backup power supply, Hi-Tech, mobile power supplies, power tools, electric vehicles, etc.	Li-ion (Li-Co, Li-Pol, Li-Mn, LiFep, LFP, Li-Ti, Li-Cl, Li-S)
nickel Solheva	Automobile transport, railway transport, telecommunications, energy, including alternative, energy accumulation systems
nickel Cadmium	Electricians, River and Marine Courts, Aviation
iron-nickel	Backup power supply, traction for electrical transport, control circuit
nickel-hydrogen
nickel-metal-hydride	electric vehicles, defibrillators, rocket-space equipment, autonomous power supply systems, radio equipment, lighting equipment.
nickel-zinc	Cameras
child-acid	Backup power systems appliances, UPS, alternative power supplies, transport, industry, etc.
silver-zinc	Military sphere
silver-cadmium	Cosmos, Communication, Military Technologies
zinc-Bromoic
zinc chlorine

Table number 1. Classification of batteries.

Based on the given data in Table No. 1, it can be concluded that there are quite a lot of types of batteries other than their characteristics that are optimized for use in various conditions and with different intensity. Applying new technologies and components for production, scientists can achieve the desired characteristics for a specific application, for example, nickel-hydrogen batteries were developed for space satellites, space stations and other spacecraft. Of course, the table shows not all types, but only the basic, which were distributed.

Modern systems of reserve and autonomous power supply for industrial and household segment are based on species of lead-acid, nickel-cadmium (less often an iron-nickel type) and lithium-ion batteries are used, since these chemical power supplies are safe and have acceptable specifications and cost.

Lead-acid rechargeable batteries

This type is the most popular in the modern world due to universal features and low cost. Due to the presence of a large amount of varieties, lead-acid batteries are used in the areas of backup power systems, autonomous power supply systems, solar power plants, UPS, different types Transport, communications, security systems, various types of portable devices, toys, etc.

Principle of action of lead-acid batteries

The basis of the work of chemical power sources is based on the interaction of metals and fluid - reversible reaction, which occurs when contacting the contacts of positive and negative plates. Lead-acid batteries, as clear from the name, consist of lead and acid, where a positively charged plates are lead, and negatively charged - lead oxide. If you connect a light bulb to two plates, the chain will be closed and an electric current (electron movement) arises, and a chemical reaction will occur inside the element. In particular, there is corrosion of the plates of the battery, lead is covered by lead sulfate. Thus, in the process of discharge of the battery on all plates, a plaque from lead sulphate will be formed. When the battery is completely discharged, its plates are coated with the same metal - lead sulfate and have almost the same charge relative to the liquid, respectively, the battery voltage will be very low.

If the battery is connected to the charger to the appropriate terminals and turn it on, the current will flow into the acid in the opposite direction. The current will cause a chemical reaction, the acid molecules - to split and due to this reaction there will be a removal of lead sulfate with positive and negative plasticine batteries. In the final stage of the charging process, the plates will have a primordial view: lead and lead oxide, which will allow them to get a different charge again, that is, the battery will be fully charged.

However, in practice, everything looks a bit different and the plates of the electrodes are not completely purified, so the batteries have a certain resource, upon reaching which the container is reduced to 80-70% of the original.

Figure No. 3. Electrochemical diagram of lead-acid battery (VRLA).

Types of lead acid batteries

LEAD-ACID.served - 6, 12V battery. Classic starter batteries for internal combustion engines and not only. Need regular maintenance and ventilation. Susceptible to high self-discharge.

Valve Regulated LEAD-ACID (VRLA)Unquestored - 2, 4, 6 and 12V battery. Cheap batteries in a sealed housing that can be used in residential premises, do not require additional ventilation and maintenance. Recommended for use in buffer mode.

Absorbent Glass Mat Valve Regulated LEAD-ACID (AGM VRLA), maintenanceable - 4, 6 and 12V batteries. Modern lead-acid batteries with absorbed electrolyte (non-liquid) and fiberglass separator separators, which are significantly better retained by lead plates, not allowing them to collapse. Such a solution made it possible to significantly reduce the charge time of AGM batteries, since charging Tok It can reach 20-25, less frequently 30% of the nominal container.

AGM VRLA batteries have multiple modifications with optimized characteristics for cyclic and buffer modes of operation: Deep - for frequent deep discharges, front-terminal - for convenient location in telecommunication racks, Standard - general purpose, High Rate - provide a better discharge characteristic up to 30% and Suitable for powerful uninterruptible power sources, Modular - allow you to create powerful battery packs, etc.



Figure No. 4.

GEL VALVE REGULATED LEAD-ACID (GEL VRLA), non-serving - 2, 4, 6 and 12V batteries. One of the recent modifications of lead-acid type of batteries. The technology is based on the use of gel electrolyte, which provides maximum contact with negative and positive plates of elements and retains monotonous consistency throughout the volume. This type of batteries requires a "correct" charger, which will provide the required level of current and voltage, only in this case, you can get all the advantages compared to AGM VRLA type.

Chemical power supplies Gel VRLA, like AGM, have many subspecies that are best suited for certain modes of operation. The most common are SOLAR series - are used for solar energy systems, Marine - for marine and river transport, Deep Cycle - for frequent deep discharges, front-terminal - collected in special buildings for telecommunication systems, Golf - for golf cart, and also for Polomwit Machines, Micro - small batteries For frequent use in mobile applications, Modular is a special decision on the creation of powerful battery banks for the accumulation of energy, etc.



Figure No. 5.

OPZV., maintenanceable - 2B batteries. Special child-acid elements OPZV type are manufactured using the anode tubular plates and the sulfuric acid gel electrolyte. Anode and cathode of elements contain additional metal - calcium, thanks to which the resistance of the electrodes to corrosion increases and the service life increases. Negative plates are namazy, this technology provides the best contact with the electrolyte.

OPZV batteries are resistant to deep discharges and have a long service life of up to 22 years. As a rule, only applied to the manufacture of such batteries best MaterialsTo ensure high efficiency in cyclic mode.

The use of OPZV batteries is in demand in telecommunication installations, emergency lighting systems, uninterruptible power sources, navigation systems, household and industrial energy and solar electrical generation systems.


Figure No. 6. Everexceed OPZV OPZV structure.

Opzs., low-service - 2, 6, 12V battery. Stationary OPZS lead-acid batteries are manufactured with tubular anode plates with antimony. The cathode also contains a small amount of antimony and is a namazy lattice type. Anode and cathode are separated by microporous separators that prevent short circuit. The battery body is made of a special impact-resistant, chemical-resistant influence and light of transparent plastic, and ventilated valves belong to the fireproof type and provide protection against possible flames and sparks.

Transparent walls allow you to conveniently monitor the electrolyte level using the minimum and maximum settings. The special structure of the valves makes it possible without removing them to add distilled water and washing the electrolyte density. Depending on the load, the topping of water is carried out once in one to two years.

OPZS type rechargeable batteries possess the most high characteristics Among all other types of lead acid batteries. Service life can reach 20 - 25 years and provide a resource up to 1800 deep 80% discharge cycles.

The use of such batteries is necessary in systems with the requirements of medium and deep discharge, incl. where the launched currents of the average size are observed.



Figure No. 7.

Characteristics of lead acid batteries

Analyzing the data given in Table 2, it can be concluded that lead acid batteries possess wide selection Models that are suitable for various operating modes and operating conditions.

			Agm VRLA.	Gel VRLA
Capacity, amp / hour
Voltage, Volt.
Optimal discharge depth,%
Permissible discharge depth,%
Cyclic resource, d.o.d. \u003d 50%
Optimal temperature, ° С
Operating temperature range, ° C
Service life, years at + 20 ° С
Self-discharge,%
Max. Current charge,% of the tank
Minimum charge time, h
Services requirements						1 - 2 years
The average cost, $, 12V / 100Ah.

Table number 2. Comparative characteristics by type of lead acid batteries.

The average data of more than 10 batteries producers were used to analyze, the products of which are presented in the Ukrainian market for a long time and successfully applied in many areas (everExceed, BB Battery, CSB, Leoch, Vertura, Challenger, C & D Techologies, Victron Energy, Sunlight , Troian and others).

Lithium-ion (lithium) rechargeable batteries

The history of origin takes place in 1912, when Gilbert Newton Lewis worked on the calculation of the activity of strong electrolyte ions and conducted studies of the electrode potentials of a number of elements, including lithium. Since 1973, the work has been resumed and the resulting elements of lithium-based batteries appeared as a result, which provided only one discharge cycle. Attempts to create a lithium battery were difficult to the activity of lithium properties, which, with incorrect discharge modes or charge, caused a rapid reaction with high temperature release and even flame. Sony has released the first mobile phones with similar batteries, but was forced to withdraw the products back after several unpleasant incidents. Developments did not stop and in 1992 the first "safe" batteries based on lithium ions appeared.

Lithium-ion type batteries have a high energy density and due to this, with a compact size and light weight, provide 2-4 times greater capacity compared to lead acid batteries. Undoubtedly, the high advantage of lithium-ion batteries is a high speed of 100% recharge for 1-2 hours.

Li-Ion batteries have been widely used in modern electronic technology, automotive, energy accumulation systems, solar generation of electricity. It is extremely claimed in high-tech multimedia devices and communications: phones, tablet computers, laptops, radio stations, etc. The modern world is difficult to present without power supply sources of lithium-ion type.

Principle of action of lithium (lithium-ion) batteries

The principle of operation is to use lithium ions that are bound by additional metals molecules. Usually, in addition to lithium, lithium-cobletside and graphite are used. When the lithium-ion battery is discharged, the transition of ions from the negative electrode (cathode) to the positive (anode) and vice versa during charge. The battery scheme assumes the presence of a separator separator between two parts of the element, this is necessary to prevent spontaneous movement of lithium ions. When the battery chain is closed and the process of charge or discharge occurs, the ions overcome the separator separator striving for the oppositely charged electrode.

Figure No. 8. Electrochemical diagram of lithium-ion battery.

Due to its high efficiency, lithium-ion batteries have obtained rapid development and many subspecies, such as lithium-iron-phosphate batteries (LifePO4). Below is a graphic scheme of the operation of this subtype.

Figure number 9. Electrochemical circuit diagram of the discharge and discharge of the LifePO4 battery.

Types of lithium-ion batteries

Modern lithium-ion batteries have many subtypes, the main difference of which is the composition of the cathode (negatively charged electrode). The composition of the anode may also change full replacement Graphite or the use of graphite with the addition of other materials.

Different types of lithium-ion batteries are indicated by their chemical decomposition. For an ordinary user, this may be somewhat difficult, so each type will be described in the most detailed as possible, including its full name, chemical definition, abbreviation and short designation. For convenience, the description will be used by the abbreviated name.

Lithium Cobalt Oxide (Licoo2) - It has a high specific energy, which makes a lithium-cobalt battery in demand in compact high-tech devices. The cathode of the battery consists of cobalt oxide, while the anode is from graphite. The cathode has a layered structure and during the discharge of lithium ions move from the anode to the cathode. The disadvantage of this type is relatively short term Services, low thermal stability and limited power element.

Lithium-cobalt batteries can not be discharged and charged with a current superior with a nominal capacity, so the battery with a capacity of 2.4 hour can operate with a current of 2,4a. If a large current will be applied to charge, it will cause overheating. The optimal charging current is 0.8C, in this case, 1,92a. Each lithium cobalt battery is completed with a protection circuit, which limits the charge and discharge rate and limits the current at 1C.

The graph (Fig. 10) reflects the main properties of lithium-cobalt batteries in terms of specific energy or power, specific power or ability to provide high current, safety or chances of ignition at high load, operating temperature ambient, service life and cyclic resource, cost.



Figure 10.

Lithium Oxide Manganese (Limn2O4, LMO) - The first information about the use of lithium with manganese spiners was published in the 1983 scientific reports. Moli Energy in 1996 released the first batteries based on lithium-oxide-manganese as a cathode material. Such an architecture forms three-dimensional spinel structures, which improves the flow of ions to the electrode, thereby reducing the internal resistance and increasing the possible solar currents. Also the advantage of spinel in thermal stability and increased securityHowever, the cyclic resource and service life is limited.

Low resistance provides the possibility of fast charge and discharge of a high-current lithium-manganese battery to 30A and brief up to 50a. It is used for powerful power tools, medical equipment, as well as hybrid and electrical vehicles.

The potential of lithium-manganese batteries is about 30% lower compared to lithium-cobalt batteries, but this technology has about 50% of the best properties than batteries based on nickel chemical components.

The design flexibility allows engineers to optimize battery properties and achieve a long service life, high capacity (specific energy), the ability to maximize the current (specific power). For example, with a long service life, the size of the element 18650 has a capacity of 1,1Ah, whereas elements optimized on an increased capacity - 1.5Ah, but they have a smaller service life.

On the chart (Fig. 12), not the most impressive characteristics of lithium-manganese batteries are reflected, however, modern developments have allowed to significantly increase performance characteristics And make this type of competitive and widely used.



Figure №11.

Modern lithium-manganese type batteries can be made with the addition of other elements - Lithium-Nickel-Marganese-Cobalt Oxide (NMC), such a technology significantly extends the service life and increases specific energy indicators. This composition brings the best properties from each system, the so-called LMO (NMC) are used for most electric vehicles, such as Nissan, Chevrolet, BMW, etc.

Lithium Nickel-Marganese-Cobalt Oxide (Linimnco2 or NMC) - The leading manufacturers of lithium-ion batteries focused on the combination of nickel-manganese-cobalt as the cathode materials (NMC). Lithium-manganese type, these batteries can be adapted to achieve high specific energy indicators or high specific power, however, not at the same time. For example, the NMC type 18650 element in a moderate load is 2,8аc and can provide maximum current 4-5a; The NMC element optimized to the parameters of high power has only 2Wh, but can provide a continuous discharge current to 20a. The NMC feature is a combination of nickel and manganese, as an example, a mustache salt can be brought, in which the main ingredients of sodium and chloride, which are separately toxic substances separately.

Nickel is known for its high specific energy, but low stability. The Manganese has the advantage of the formation of the structure of the spinel and provides low internal resistance, but at the same time has a low specific energy. Combining these two metal, you can get optimal characteristic NMC battery for different operating modes.

NMC batteries are perfectly suitable for power tools, electric bikes and other power units. The combination of the cathode materials: a third of nickel, manganese and cobalt provide unique properties, as well as reduce the cost of the product due to a decrease in cobalt content. Other subtypes like NCM, CMN, CNM, MNC and MCN have an excellent troop ratio of 1 / 3-1 / 3-1 / 3. Usually, the exact ratio is kept by the manufacturer in the Security.



Figure No. 12.

Lithium-iron-phosphate (LIFEPO4) - In 1996, phosphate was used as a cathode material for lithium batteries at the University of Texas (and other participants). Lithium phosphate offers good electrochemical characteristics with low resistance. This became possible with nano-phosphate of the cathode material. The main advantages are the high flowing current and long service life, besides, good thermal stability and increased safety.

Lithium-iron-phosphate batteries tolee to a complete discharge and less susceptible to "aging" than other lithium-ion systems. LFP is also more resistant to reload, but as in other lithium-ion type batteries, the reload may cause damage. LIFEPO4 provides a very stable discharge voltage - 3.2B, it allows you to use only 4 elements to create a 12B battery, which in turn allows you to effectively replace lead-acid batteries. Lithium-free phosphate batteries do not contain cobalt, it significantly reduces the cost of the product and makes it more environmentally friendly. In the process of discharge, it provides high current, and can also be charged with a rated current in just one hour before full capacity. Operation at low ambient temperatures reduces performance, and the temperature of over 35 ° C - the service life is somewhat slow down, but the indicators are much better than lead-acid, nickel-cadmium or nickel-metal hydride batteries. Lithium phosphate has a greater self-discharge than other lithium-ion batteries that can cause the need for balancing battery guests.



Figure №13.

Lithium Nickel Cobalt-Oxide Aluminum (Linicoalo2) - Lithium-nickel-cobalto-oxide aluminum batteries (NCA) appeared in 1999. This type provides high specific energy and sufficient specific power, as well as a long service life. However, there are risks of ignition, as a result, aluminum was added, which provides a higher stability of electrochemical processes occurring in the battery at high discharge and charge currents.



Figure No. 14.

Lithium Titanate (Li4Ti5O12) - Batteries with anodes from lithium-titanate were known since the 1980s. The cathode consists of graphite and is similar to the architecture of a typical lithium metal battery. Lithium-titanate has a 2.4V element voltage, can be quickly charged and provides high discharge current 10C, which is 10 times higher than the rated battery capacity.

Lithium-titanate batteries are distinguished by an increased cyclic resource compared to other Li-Ion batteries. They have high security, as well as capable of working at low temperatures (up to -30ºC) without a tangible reduction in performance characteristics.

The disadvantage is sufficiently high cost, as well as in a small indicator of the specific energy, about 60-80W / kg, which is quite comparable to nickel-cadmium batteries. Application areas: Electrical power units and uninterruptible power supplies.



Figure No. 15.

Lithium Polymer Batteries (Li-Pol, Li-Polymer, Lipo, Lip, Li-Poly) - Lithium polymer batteries differ from lithium-ion in that they use a special polymer electrolyte. The resulting excitement to this type of batteries since the 2000s lasts until today. It is based not at groundless, since, with the help of special polymers, it was possible to create a battery without liquid or gel electrolyte, this makes it possible to create batteries of almost any form. But the main problem is that the solid polymer electrolyte provides poor conductivity at room temperature, and the best properties dismantle in a preheated state up to 60 ° C. All attempts of scientists find a solution to this task were in vain.

In modern lithium polymer batteries, a small amount of gel electrolyte is applied for better conductivity at normal temperature. And the principle of operation is built on one of the types described above. The most common is a lithium-cobalt type with a polymer gel-shaped electrolyte, which is used in most cases.

The main difference between lithium-ion batteries and lithium polymer is that the microporous polymer electrolyte is replaced by the traditional separator separator. The lithium polymer has a slightly greater indicator of specific energy and makes it possible to create thin elements, but the cost is 10-30% higher than lithium-ion. There is a significant difference in the structure of the case. If a thin foil is used for lithium polymer, which is given the opportunity to create so thin batteries that they are similar to credit cards, Lithium-ionic assembled in a hard metal case for dense fixation of electrodes.

Figure No. 17. Appearance Li-Polymer battery for mobile phone.

Characteristics of lithium-ion batteries

The table does not have the maximum capacity of the elements, since the technology of lithium-ion batteries does not allow to produce powerful individual elements. When a high container or permanent current is needed, the batteries are connected in parallel and sequentially with the help of jumpers. The state must control the battery monitoring system. Modern battery packs for UPS and solar power plants based on lithium elements can reach a voltage of 500-700V of direct current with a capacity of about 400A / h, as well as a capacity of 2000 - 3000 and voltage 48 or 96V.

Parameter \\ Type
Voltage of the element, volt;
Optimal temperature, ° C;
Service life, years at + 20 ° C;
Self-discharge in place.,%
Max. Current discharge
Max. Current charge
Minimum charge time, h
Services requirements
Level level

Nickel Cadmium Battery Batteries

The inventor is Swedish scientist Valdemar Junner, who patented the technology of production of nickel cadmium type in 1899. D 1990 There was a patent dispute with Edison, which Junner lost due to the fact that he did not own such means as his opponent. Ackumulator AktieboLaget Jungner, founded by Waldemar, was on the verge of bankruptcy, however, replacing the name on Svenska Ackumulator AktieboLaget Jungner, the company still continued its development. Currently, an enterprise based by the developer is called "SAFT AB" and produces one of the most reliable nickel-cadmium batteries in the world.

Nickel-cadmium batteries relate to a very durable and reliable type. There are served and maintenance-free models with a capacity from 5 to 1500 and. Usually shipped in the form of dry-charged cans without electrolyte with a nominal voltage of 1.2V. Despite the similarity of the design with lead-acid, nickel-cadmium batteries have a number of significant advantages in the form of stable operation at temperatures from -40 ° C, the ability to withstand high starting currents, as well as optimized models for a quick discharge. Ni-CD batteries resistant to deep discharge, reload and do not require instant charge as child-acid type. Constructively produced in shockproof plastic and transport mechanical damage well, not afraid of vibrations, etc.

Principle of action of nickel-cadmium batteries

Alkaline batteries whose electrodes consist of nickel oxide hydrate with graphite adding, barium oxide and powder cadmium. As an electrolyte, as a rule, a solution with a 20% potassium content and adding lithium monohydrate is performed. The plates are separated by insulating separators in order to avoid closures, one negatively charged plate is located between two positively charged.

In the process of discharge, the nickel-cadmium battery occurs between the anode with the hydrate of nickel oxide and electrolyte ions, forming a nickel hydraulic hydrate. At the same time, the cadmium cathode forms a cadmium hydrocarbon hydrate, thereby creating a potential difference to 1.45V providing voltage inside the battery and in an outer closed chain.

The process of charge nickel-cadmium batteries is accompanied by the oxidation of the active mass of the anodes and the transition of nickel yoke hydrate to the nickel oxide hydrate. At the same time, the cathode is restored to the formation of cadmium.

The advantage of the principle of action of nickel-cadmium battery is that all components that are formed in the process of discharge cycles and charge are almost not dissolved in the electrolyte, and also do not enter into any side reactions.

Figure №16. The structure of the Ni-CD battery.

Types of nickel-cadmium batteries

Currently, the NI-CD batteries are used most often in industry, where you need to provide diverse applications. Some manufacturers offer several subspecies of nickel-cadmium batteries that provide the best work in certain modes:

discharge time 1.5 - 5 hours and more - served batteries;

discharge time 1.5 - 5 hours and more - non-maintained batteries;

discharge time 30 - 150 minutes - serviced batteries;

discharge time 20 - 45 minutes - serviced batteries;

discharge time 3 - 25 minutes - serviced batteries.

Characteristics of nickel-cadmium batteries

Parameter \\ Type	Nickel Cadmium / NI-CD
Capacity, amps / hour;
Voltage of the element, volt;
Optimal discharge depth,%;
Permissible discharge depth,%;
Cyclic resource, d.o.d. \u003d 80%;
Optimal temperature, ° C;
Operating temperature range, ° C;
Service life, years at + 20 ° C;
Self-discharge in place.,%
Max. Current discharge
Max. Current charge
Minimum charge time, h
Services requirements	Low service or non-serving
Level level	average (300 - 400 $ 100Ah)

High technical specifications make this type of batteries are very attractive to solve production tasks when a highly reliable source of backup power with a long service life is required.

Nickel-iron rechargeable batteries

For the first time, Waldemar Junner was created in 1899, when he tried to find a cheaper equivalent of cadmium as part of nickel-cadmium batteries. After a long test, Junger refused to apply iron, since the charge was carried out too slowly. A few years later, Thomas Edison created a nickel-iron battery, which was powered by the electric vehicle "Baker Electric" and "Detroit Electric".

The cheapness of production allowed nickel-iron accumulators to become popular in the electric transport as traction batteries, also apply to the electrification of passenger cars, power supply chains. AT last years About nickel-iron batteries spoke with a new force, since they do not contain toxic elements like lead, cadmium, cobalt, etc. Currently, some manufacturers promote them for renewable energy systems.

Principle of action of nickel-iron batteries

The accumulation of electricity occurs with the help of nickel hydroxide oxide used as positive plates, iron as negative plates and liquid electrolyte in the form of caustic potassium. Nickel stable tubes or "pockets" contain an active substance

Nickel-iron type is very reliable, because Withstand deep discharges, frequent rearments, and may also be in an underwritten state, which is very detrimental to lead-acid batteries.

Characteristics of nickel-iron batteries

Parameter \\ Type	Nickel Cadmium / NI-CD
Capacity, amps / hour;
Voltage of the element, volt;
Optimal discharge depth,%;
Permissible discharge depth,%;
Cyclic resource, d.o.d. \u003d 80%;
Optimal temperature, ° C;
Operating temperature range, ° C;
Service life, years at + 20 ° C;
Self-discharge in place.,%
Max. Current discharge
Max. Current charge
Minimum charge time, h
Services requirements	Low service
Level level	middle, low

Used materials

BOSTON CONSULTING GROUP RESEARCH

Technical documentation TM BOSCH, PANASONIC, EVEREXCEED, VICTRON ENERGY, VARTA, LECLANCHÉ, ENVIA, KOKAM, SAMSUNG, Valence and others.

Under the battery, you should understand the source of the electric current, which consists of several batteries. Such combination of elements makes it possible to obtain current current or voltage much more, depending on the parallel or sequential connection method.

To date, there are several types of batteries that differ from each other with electrolyte composition and electrodes material. Most people have heard earlier and know that there are all sorts of nickel-metal hydride, nickel-cadmium, lithium-ion, lead-acid rechargeable batteries. However, from all this diversity on cars as starter batteries is used exclusively lead. Such a choice is not profitable, because these batteries have the ability to give a high current in a short period of time, while other batteries do not cope with it. But along with this it is worth saying that lead and acid - extremely harmful substancesSo car enthusiasts have to put up with it. As for the battery buildings, they are made of acid-resistant plastics.

Types of automotive batteries

In the modern production of batteries for electrodes, non-pure lead is used, but with various additives that are divided into several types.

· Antimunct or traditional batteries;

· Minor batteries;

· Calcium batteries;

· Hybrid batteries;

· Gel or AGM batteries;

· Alkaline batteries;

· Lithium-ion batteries.

Antician batteries

The batteries of this type in the composition of the plates contain ≥5% antimony. Often such batteries are called traditional or classic. However, this name is no longer so relevant, because modern classic batteries contain much less antimony.

Antimony is added to lead to increase the strength of the plates. Also, this additive contributes to a sharp increase, accelerate the electrolysis process starting at 12 volts. The released gases (oxygen and hydrogen) create the impression of boiling water. Due to the evaporation of water in large quantities, the electrolyte concentration changes and the electrodes (their upper edges) are broken. Distilled water is poured as compensation in the battery.

With a high content of antimony, this is often serviced batteries, as you need to check the electrolyte density in the battery at least once a month, as well as to fill water.

Today, the batteries of this type are not installed on the machines, because other, more innovative types have long been developed and operated. Anti-shy batteries still operate in stationary installations, where the unpretentiousness of the power supply is more important for other questions. Automotive batteries are made without antimony or with its low content.

Lightweight batteries

Trying to achieve a smaller "boiling" of water, the developers began to produce batteries with a reduced amount of antimony (less than 5%). This factor eliminated the need to constantly monitor the level of electrolyte. Also significantly reduced the level of self-discharge battery during storage.

This type is called non-serviced, arguing that they do not require a certain care. Of course, the term "maintenanceable" is rather marketing, because it did not work out completely to get rid of the problem of "bumping". Water from the electrolyte Cead "rolls out" anyway, although in smaller quantities.

But such batteries have a huge plus. They are absolutely undemanding to the electrical equipment of the machine. Even the voltage of the on-board power grid does not provoke changes in the characteristics of this battery, in contrast to, say, gel or calcium batteries.

Malossur-shirt are often used to install on domestic carswhich today can not provide stable on-board voltage. It is also worth saying that the batteries of this type are much cheaper than the same gel batteries.

Calcium batteries

Another solution, which allowed to reduce the "swallowing" of water is the use of other material in the lattices, and not antimony. Calcium became the most optimal solution. As a rule, this type is wearing the labeling "CA / CA", which means the calcium content in the plates of both poles. Also often in the plates add a small amount of silver - this reduces the internal resistance of the battery and increase the energy intensity and efficiency of the battery.

Calcium use made it possible to significantly reduce gas release and water loss. In fact, the loss of water began so insignificant that the need to check the density lost its relevance. These batteries are rightly called non-serviced.

Also, calcium, except for the weak "bumping" of water, have a reduced level of self-discharge, which allows these batteries to maintain their properties for a long time.

The use of calcium instead of antimony made it possible to significantly increase the water electrolysis voltage to 16 volts. But, despite all the indicated pluses of this battery, it also has cons:

· Capriciousness in relation to the project. It is enough to defuse a battery several times and the energy intensity level is irreversibly reduced, that is, the amount of current decreases sharply. As a rule, after such an incident, the battery can no longer perform its functions, and it is changed. This minus should be called the most important disadvantage of the battery of this type.

· Calcium batteries are extremely sensitive to the onboard network of the machine - poorly carry sharp voltage drops. It is worth considering this nuance before purchasing the battery.

· Also minus the battery in its very high cost, although it is rather no disadvantage, but a forced quality fee.

Often calcium batteries are installed on the Middle range foreign cars, that is, on cars with high-quality electrical equipment, where stability is guaranteed. Buying calcium batteryIt should be noted that it is much more demanding a minority, but due to this type will be a key to success, and you will get a reliable power source.

Hybrid rechargeable batteries

As a rule, such batteries are indicated by "CA +". Plates of electrodes of such batteries are made according to different technologies: positive plates - minority, negative plates - calcium. Such a combination makes it possible to combine positive traits These batteries. "Ringing" water in such batteries is much less than that of minor, but more than that of calcium. But resistance to redevelopments and reloads are significantly higher.

The characteristics of hybrid batteries allow them to occupy a place between minor batteries and calcium batteries.

Gel and AGM rechargeable batteries

And AGM batteries contain electrolyte in the associated state, and not in the "classic" liquid form. Such a gelling state of the electrolyte and led to the definition of the name of the type of battery.

Engineers for many years have been looking for outputs from a variety of rechargeable batteries. The most important problem was always showering the active substance from the plates of electrodes and it was solved by adding additives to the lead - antimony or calcium. An important task was to ensure the safety of batteries, because the electrolyte is a solution of sulfuric acid, it could easily find out from the battery case during damage. Everyone knows how aggressive sulfuric acid. It was necessary to find a way to exclude the possibility of leakage of acid due to certain damage to the case. The developers solved this problem by converting liquid electrolyte into a gel condition. The gel is a tight and less fluid substance, which solved two tasks at once - the plates did not creep, since the dense gel kept them, and the electrolyte itself did not flow.

And, and AGM batteries have gel electrolyte. Their difference is that Agm also has a porous material between the plates, which additionally holds the electrolyte and protects the plates from squeezing. Abbreviation "AGM" is decoded as follows - Absorbent Glass Mat (absorbent glass material). And AGM battery have similar characteristics, therefore, under gel batteries will be in mind and AGM.

Thanks to fixing the gel in the battery, the battery is not afraid of slopes. Moreover, manufacturers say that such a battery can be easily operated in any position. But, despite such loud statements, it is not necessary to exploit a similar type of batteries in, say, an inverted state.

Wonderful vibration resistance is not the only plus gel batteries. Such batteries have a low self-discharge rate, which allows you to store them for a very long time. Store this type of battery follows in the charged state. Gel batteries They have an excellent ability - they can give a high current up to the discharge, and absolutely not afraid of overlap.

If the discharge of such batteries is not terrible, then the charge of such batteries is a factor more capricious. Such batteries are unacceptable to charge in an accelerated rhythm. The charging process must be carried out with a weak current using special chargers that are only suitable for gel batteries. Now on the market you can buy a universal charger, capable of obtaining the manufacturer, charge any type of batteries, but preference should still be given to a special device.

But, to prematurely regret gel car batteries In low temperatures, behave much worse. When the temperature is reduced, the gel partially loses its electrical conductivity.

Absolute tightness, relative vibration resistance, actual maintenance allows you to apply gel batteries on the technique for which classic battery Cannot be installed:

· Motorcycles (motorcycles often deviate from the vertical plane);

· Sea and river transport (permanent pitching);

· Uninterruptible power sources;

· And cars. Often, such batteries are operated on foreign cars, because the price of such batteries is quite high.

Alkaline rechargeable batteries

As an electrolyte, the battery may contain not only acid, but also alkali. There are many different types of alkaline batteries, however, consider those that are used in cars.

Car battery alkaline May be two types:

· Nickel-cadmium;

· Nickel-iron.

Nickel-cadmium battery has positive plates coated with NiO nickel hydroxide (OH), and negative is a mixture of iron and cadmium. The nickel-iron battery has the same positive plates (that is, coated as in the nickel-cadmium battery) - nickel hydroxide. It differs only by a negative electrode - in this battery it is made of pure iron. As an electrolyte in both types there is a solution of caustic potassium.

Plates B. alkaline batteries Packed in "Envelopes" from a thin perforated metal plate. The active substance will also be pressed, which allows to significantly increase the vibration resistance of the battery.

Alkaline possess an interesting feature: nickel cadmium batteries Have positive electrodes for one more than negative. Nickel-iron batteries in turn have negative electrodes more. Also, a feature of such batteries is that the flow of chemical reactions does not require an electrolyte consumption, therefore it is not necessary to add it.

Advantages and disadvantages of alkaline batteries

Alkaline possess a number of benefits to acid batteries:

• the ideal tolerability of rearrangements, moreover, there is an opinion that it is better to recharge such a battery than on the contrary, it is not possible;
• the battery is capable of stored in a fully discharged state without losing its characteristics;
• excellent work in low temperatures, which allows the engine to be surely to start the winter during the year;
• Self-discharge of such batteries is lower than acid;
• alkaline batteries do not distinguish harmful evaporation, in contrast to acid;
• Alkaline batteries are able to accumulate much more energy per unit mass, which allows longer to give out the current.

But, along with this, there are disadvantages:

• Alkaline batteries give a smaller voltage than acid, as a result, you need to combine a lot of "cans" to achieve the desired voltage. Because of this, the dimensions of the alkaline battery are much larger than that of the acid battery.
• Alkaline batteries are much more expensive than acid batteries.

To date, alkaline are used, as a rule, as traction batteries. As for starting batteries, their huge dimensions allow us to use such batteries only on trucks.

Lithium-ion rechargeable batteries

Lithium-ion batteries (and its subspecies) are the most promising elements as an electric current source.

Chemical elements of this current carrier are lithium ions. Today it is not possible to reliably describe the material from which the electrodes are manufactured, as the technology is constantly being improved. Of course, it is possible to say that at first, lithium was used as negative plates, but these were too explosive. After some time, the developers began to use graphite in the manufacture of electrodes. Positive plates used to be made from lithium oxides with manganese or cobalt, but now they are replaced by lithium-phosphate lithium-phosphate, because this material is less toxic, cheap and environmentally friendly.

The most important advantages of lithium-ion batteries are:

• high capacity per unit mass;
• high voltage (one element can give about 4 volts);
• low self-discharge.

There are also some drawbacks of this type of batteries:

• hypersensitivity to the temperature regime. Low temperatures worsen the quality of these batteries. This is probably the main problem Such batteries over which developers work.
• small cycles (about 500);
• these are "aging." For a certain time there is a decrease in the capacity of the battery. This is not a "memory effect" and not self-discontinued, do not confuse. However, work on this problem is continuously carried out;
• hypersensitivity to deep discharges;
• the low power that is not enough for use as a starter battery. The forces of the current current is enough to supply various devices, but it is extremely small for the start of the engine.

When engineers still decide the problem with disadvantages, lithium-ion will replace the classic acid battery.

Every day, hundreds of scientists work on improving all types of batteries. Research centers are constantly asked: how to reduce the size of how to create a frost-resistant battery, and others.

Very serious direction - ensuring environmental friendliness, because modern technologies Cannot do without use in the work of poisonous substances (for example, lead or sulfuric acid).

It is unlikely that traditional lead-acid have their own future. AGM batteries are an intermediate stage in evolution. The battery in the future will not have a liquid, it will look in arbitrary form, and will also have a lot of other parameters that will be able to car owners in full Enjoy the trip and not nervous due to what can refuse at any time.

A car battery is a backup power supply, without any machine, no car can do. The principle of its work is quite simple. While movement, part of the energy generated by the engine is accumulated in the battery. Once the engine is muffled, the on-board network begins to work from the battery.

Important! Without battery, you would simply could not run the car.

Like any other item, the battery over time comes in disrepair. This is usually manifested that its capacity decreases. If the battery is exploited extremely casually, it can be completely discharged.

Of course, there are special techniques that allow you to charge the battery, but you must consider that some acb simply cannot be recovered. With this situation, you will need to purchase a new device, and for this you need to know, the device with which marking it is suitable for you.

Classification of AKB

There is a huge number of diverse aces on the market. Automotive companies go to all sorts of tricks to achieve greater efficiency, increase the volume and service life of their devices. Therefore, before moving to a more detailed classification, we split all devices to served and maintained.

The maintenance-free battery is calculated by those that exclude the possibility of filling water inside. The advantages of such devices can be classified that in almost all there is an indicator that is responsible for the state of the battery.

Consistent AKB require constant care.The driver must periodically pour inside distilled water. It will compensate the electrolyte evaporated during operation.

A more detailed classification of the battery consists of separation by type of plates:

• lead-antimony,
• lead-calcium,
• hybrid.

Each type has its advantages and disadvantages.

General Requirements for Marking

Car batteries are produced by many machine-building companies, it is not surprising that without a general labeling in this segment of the market can not do.

Nevertheless, different car companies apply different labeling on the manufactured accumulators. Moreover, the batteries themselves differ in a number of parameters and classes.

In addition Each country has its own requirements for labeling batteries.Taking into account the fact that in the modern globalized world, the car is collected by the cooperation of companies from different countries and continents, there are a number of international standards for which manufacturers are focused.

According to current international standards, the battery marking should include such data:

• manufacturer sign
• the name of the company,
• nominal voltage value
• capacity value
• polarity near the terminals
• battery Type,
• production date
• number of cans.

Also marking the battery should include signs that limit operation and warning about transport standards.In general, you can distinguish four types of marking depending on the region:

• russian
• european
• asian
• american.

Important! It is worth recognizing that some labeling differ very much from each other. Therefore, you will not hurt the nuances of the decryption.

Marking types depending on the region

In Russia, the labeling of batteries is regulated by GOST 959-91. It is also called "a b s d". These letters indicate the following concepts:

• "A" - this letter in the marking indicates how many cans in the battery. One element - two volts
• "B" - type of battery. Marking "Art" says that we have a starter type battery.
• "C" - the container capacity. Unit measuring amper clock.
• "D" - indicates the material from which the unit is made.

These are the basic parameters that are largely determined if this battery will suit you. Variations are described in detail in the picture from above.

European label

It is worth recognizing that in Europe the requirements for batteries, especially their environmentally friendly. It is not surprising that the European labeling has significant differences.

In Europe, manufacturers of car batteries when creating their products are guided primarily on the DIN standard.It includes the use of five main figures in marking.

Important! There is still an ETN standard, it includes nine digits.

Five-digit marking is determined next parameters:

• The three first digits indicate the battery capacity. To accurately determine this parameters from the written number, it is necessary to take 500.
• Two digits at the end indicate the battery type.

Here you need to make one important clarification. Despite the simplicity of the official standard, each manufacturer tries to specify maximum batteries useful information. Therefore, studying the marking of the European battery, you can find out the following data:

• execution
• specification of terminals,
• features of gases
• vibration rate.

ETN battery marking consists of such indicators:

• The first digit indicates the capacity.
• Second and third - power range. The number six in this marking indicates that during calculations you need to add 100 Ah, seven - 200 Ah.
• Three subsequent numbers are a constructive solution and materials used.
• At the end, three digits indicate the value of one tenth cold scrolling.

When you study the marking of the European battery, you should understand that it may be many additional designations,which manufacturer makes it on its own discretion.

Asian labeling

In the Asian market, use the JIS standard batteries marking. It is worth recognizing that it is very confused, and in order to figure it out, you will need time. Of course, it will not work out without special tables.

Asian battery marking consists of six signs:

• The first two digits traditionally indicate the container. But you must note that the nominal parameter is multiplied by the correction coefficient.
• Third symbol - letter. It indicates the shape of the battery and the size ratio.
• Two subsequent signs - size in centimeters (length).
• The last symbol is only two value - R b L. It indicates the location of the negative terminal.

The capacity of the Asian battery, which is indicated in the marking is significantly lower than the European.

American numbering system

In America, the SAE standard is used in the designation of batteries, but other options are also possible. In this context, the US legislation gives a fairly wide space for the activities of entrepreneurs.

American battery labeling is performed in accordance with the SAE standard. Nevertheless, other types of marking can be used. Traditionally, the number of characters in the nomenclature of six (one letter and five digits). These characters have the following values:

• The first letter indicates the type of battery.
• The first two digits define the size of the device.
• The last number in the nomenclature is the current value during a cold scrolling.

Very often, manufacturers are applied to their devices a backup capacity. Also on the housing you can find how long it takes a decrease in voltage to 10 V. A fixed 25 amp current indicator is taken as a constant.

RESULTS

Basically, the AKB is classified to served and non-maintained. Also, they can be divided into types by the features of the design of the plates. Marking devices depends on the region in which the goods and the manufacturer's factory standards were manufactured.