Full title:	Jaguar Land Rover Ltd.
Other names:	Jaguar, Jaguar Cars Ltd.
Existence:	1922 - today
Location:	United Kingdom: Coventry
Key figures:	Cyrus Mistry (Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Tata Group); Ralph Speth (CEO of Jaguar Land Rover); Adrian Hallmark (Jaguar Cars Global Brand Manager)
Products:	cars
The lineup:

Famous luxury car brand of English origin. The company is headquartered in Coventry, Midlands County and is currently part of the Ford Motors Corporation. Founded in 1925 by Sir Lyons William and Sir Walmsley William, it was first named Swallow Sidecar (also abbreviated as SS) and was engaged in the production of motorcycle sidecars. But their dream of enriching themselves was a crushing fiasco, and Lyons switched his activities to developing bodies, taking as a basis the replaced "Austin 7". This idea of ​​his was crowned with success and in 1927 he received a large fee for an order for the production of 500 of these bodies according to his sketches.

The body for "Austin 7" liked the car market so much that next orders soon followed, as a result of which the company began to gain success. Famous models such as the Morris Cowley, Wolseley Hornet, and Fiat 509A have purchased their bodies from Swallow Sidecar. The reputation gained, good recommendations and the proceeds from the sale of these bodies were spent on designing their own cars. Lyons was very carried away by his venture and went in the direction of two-seater sports cars. As early as 1931, Lyons presented his two new masterpieces, the SSI and SSII, at the London Summer Motor Show. Then the company received tremendous success and funding, thanks to which the first Jaguar SS90 saw the light a little later. The Jaguar got its name from Lyons, who, in his passion for sports cars, also had good marketing skills. Soon, the first Jaguar SS90 was joined by the second Jaguar SS100. This Jaguar became a classic of the genre and the best-selling model of the 40s, and the company received a new name ("Jaguar"). This move was also associated with the fact that the previous abbreviated abbreviation of the name of the company evoked among critics the memory of a criminal and active Nazi organization at that time.

The next striking success of the company is considered to be the date of appearance of the Jaguar XK120. The newly commissioned Heynes engine had a power of 105 hp. and due to this, the car could easily reach a speed of 126 km / h, which at that time was know-how. The car was recognized at the London Auto Show as the fastest car, the manufacturing company gained frenzied popularity.

Since then, more and more new models have been produced, such as the Jaguar Mk VII, Jaguar XK140, Jaguar XK120. In the 50s, the company improved the engine power to 190 horsepower. And already in the Jaguar, the XK120 introduced this novelty in terms of a cylinder volume of 2.4 liters.

1957-1960 - the time of active work of the company, during which it conquered the entire American auto market with models: XK150 and XK150 Roadster. The buyers were amazed by the power of these models, which was 220 horsepower, and the engine displacement was 2.4 liters and 3.8 liters, respectively.

1961 - 1988 - the company is famous for its sports cars and the appearance of representative sedans. The prices for them were high, but the quality absolutely corresponded to the chosen pricing policy, as it provided the car with a sufficiently high technical characteristic. At this time, the Jaguar company has become one position with Ferrari and Rolls - Royce.

"Jaguar" back in the 50s. began active cooperation with a British company called "Daimler". This company produced excellent cars from its conveyors, but very similar to jaguars, both in class and in technical characteristics. The company wasted no time and convinced the company to replace the production of its Daimlers with the production of Jaguars. Since 1960, the company "Daimler" became part of the Jaguar and began to produce exclusively its products. The company itself during this period experienced a financial crisis, as sales decreased. It was this fact that pushed the company, in order to avoid an economic catastrophe, to unite with the British Motor company. In 1966, she merges with her and in the same year the level of sales and, accordingly, the prestige of the company increases again.

During this short time, the already prestigious Jaguar company managed to participate with the new sensational novelty Jaguar XKE at the next exhibition in Geneva (1961), then make a splash in the American auto market (1962), release a six-cylinder engine on the XJ6 model (1968) and a twelve-cylinder engine with a power limit of 311 horsepower on the XJ12 (1972). The last car for a long time it was considered the most successful in the entire history of this company. But Jaguar never wanted to stop there.

September 1986 saw the premiere of the new high-end Jaguar XJ8 sedan. In 1973, a two-seater closed coupe on the Jaguar XJ saw the light of day. The speed of this car reached 250 kilometers per hour.

In 1988, Jaguar decided to participate in the British Auto Show with its new product - the Jaguar XJ220. The car became a resounding success, however, they decided to reconstruct this model. Excellency Cliff Rüdell transferred these rights to Keith Helfet and he presented the first version of the car in 1987, and then (in 1991) the second version of this car, but already the final one, at the Tokyo Motor Show.

At the 1996 Geneva show, Jaguar's next sports model, the XK8 / XKR, was unveiled, and it became known as a car, delivered as a coupe and a convertible.

In 2000, the Jaguar was introduced to participate in Formula-1. For such a grand event, the firm has launched a new XKR "Silverstone" sports car. This car was produced only one hundred units, but these one hundred units became the fastest in the Jaguar line and began a new chapter in the history of cars with the famous "Jaguar" emblem.

The story of Jaguar did not end there. Beginning in 2008, it began to be produced in various trim levels.

The British company "Jaguar" today specializes in the production prestigious cars... However, in 1922, after registration, it bore the name "Swallow Sidecars" and was engaged in the manufacture of sidecars for motorcycles. And only 4 years later, the two founding partners, William Lyons and William Walmsley, decided to turn their attention to the development of car bodies. Jaguar's first automotive products were for the Austin Seven sports car.

The manufacturer achieved its first notable successes in 1931, presenting its first two cars, the SS-I and SS-II, at the London Auto Show. London buyers loved them, and Jaguar spent the next few years developing premium sedans based on these models. Released in 1936, they were the first cars to bear the Jaguar name.

After spending the entire Second World War as a manufacturer of aircraft engines, the company returned to developing cars immediately after its end. At this time, the company changes its former name, taking as a new "Jaguar", which until then designated only a line of luxury cars. The designation "SS" was too strongly associated with the Nazis at the time, and it could hurt sales. In 1948, the first post-war sedan, the Jaguar Mk V, was introduced, and shortly thereafter, the company released the model that became the fastest production car of the time. The XK120 has a top speed of 193 km / h. This series was continued in 1954 when the XK-140 was born. The new car was equipped with an engine that developed 180-192 horsepower and accelerated to 225 km / h. Three years later, Jaguar introduced the XK150, which had a 253-horsepower 3.5-liter engine.

In 1960, Jaguar bought out Daimler, with which it has worked closely over the past years. However, this decision turned out to be not the best, and led to a number of financial problems. It was possible to improve matters only in 1966, by merging with "British Motors". After that, the time came that can be considered the golden age of the Jaguar - the company produces one after another successful models that beat sales records and occupy the top lines in the charts of the most attractive cars in England. The cars of the brand are gradually becoming more aggressively sporting, both outside and in technical equipment. So, in 1972, "Jaguar" released the XJ12 model, which had a 12-cylinder engine with a capacity of 311 horsepower. It became the best among all the company's products for a long time, until it was replaced by the XJ-S HE in 1981. This model had an automatic transmission and a top speed of 250 km / h, which became another record for a production car.

In 1988, the firm created a new division called Jaguar Sport to improve the speed and performance of the brand's vehicles. The first presented model, the XJ 220, took its deserved highest place on the podium among the fastest production cars, and only the appearance of the McLaren F1 made it go down one line below.

In 1989, "Jaguar" came under the control of the American company "Ford Motor". Thanks to the support of the corporation, the company releases new interesting models without losing its individuality. So, in 1996, the XK8 sports car was released, equipped with a number of the latest developments, among which it is especially worth noting the suspension controlled through the on-board computer. From 1998 to 2000, Jaguar consistently introduced the S-Type, F-Type and X-Type, which became the flagships of the entire UK car industry at that time.

Jaguar's first station wagon, the X-Type Estate, was shown at the 2003 Frankfurt Motor Show. He had diesel engine and an all-wheel drive transmission. And after 4 years, the line of sedans of the British company was updated with the XF business class model.

In 2008, Jaguar was acquired by Tata Motors from India. A year later, the firm introduced the new XJ sedan, which had an aluminum body, wide wheelbase and a powerful engine.

After 4 years of fruitful work, the company launched the Jaguar F-Type two-seater roadster, which was recognized as "the sportiest car in the last 50 years." Under its hood is a five-liter V8 engine with 495 horsepower. In just 4.3 seconds, it can reach speeds of up to 100 km / h.

The real hits of 2013 were a couple of supercharged models: the Jaguar XJ sedan and the Jaguar XKR-S GT for track days. The first car was equipped with almost the same engine as the F-Type, only with 550 horsepower. This two-ton liner can accelerate to 100 km / h in just 4.6 seconds. The second model is a real breakthrough for the company, because its acceleration time to hundreds is only 0.3 seconds.

In 2014, Jaguar engineers tweaked the compactness of the car and unveiled their smallest D-Class sedan, the XE. In 2015, manufacturers decided to modify the XF business sedan produced since 2007, making it 190 kg lighter, shorter and slightly lower. The interior and exterior of the model as a whole remained the same, the developers have worked to increase the level of comfort and have achieved more smooth lines. The new Jaguar XF will go on sale at the end of 2015.

Today the company continues to develop towards the production of sports cars and luxury sedans.

In 2008, Ford sold two of its divisions (Land Rover and Jaguar) to Indian TATA.
Jaguar started out with the production of sidecars for motorcycles, but then switched to the production of bodies for cars. This experience turned out to be successful and gradually Jaguar moved to the production of its own cars.

In 1925, William Lyons and William Walmsley founded Swallow Sidecar, a motorcycle sidecar company. But this occupation did not bring tangible financial profit and the company is trying to establish the production of car bodies. One of the first was an order to develop a bodywork for the Austin Seven. According to historians, up to 500 bodies were made for this model. The body experience turned out to be successful and orders for the construction of bodies for the Fiat 509A, Morris Cowley and Wolseley Hornet cars were subsequently fulfilled. The customers were satisfied and Lyons decided to take the risk of creating his own car brand. At the London Motor Show in 1931, the company announced itself with two models at once - SS-1 and SS-2. In 1945, the company received its current name - Jaguar, abandoning the SS abbreviation (According to some reports, the SS letters frightened public opinion due to the similarity with Nazi symbols). In 1948, the Jaguar XK-120 appeared, which was recognized as one of the fastest production cars - it accelerated to 126 km / h. In 1984, Jaguar came under the control of the Ford concern. But the profile of the company does not change, Jaguar is still a manufacturer of very expensive and very high quality British cars with a sporty character. In 2001, the Jaguar X-Type was released - the first class "D" car in the history of the company, created on the basis of Ford mondeo... Moreover, the first X-Type had four-wheel drive. In 2003 comes out diesel version X-Type is the first diesel car in the history of the company. In 2008, Jaguar comes under the control of the Indian TATA.

Jaguar (Jaguar) - British automobile company, producing luxury cars, is part of the Ford Motor Corporation. The company is headquartered in Coventry, England.

The Jaguar company was founded back in 1925 by two namesakes - Sir William Lyons and Sir William Walmsley. Initially, the company bore the name Swallow Sidecar (abbreviated SS) and was engaged in the production of sidecars for motorcycles. However, the production turned out to be unprofitable and it was decided to switch to the production of bodies for the then famous Austin 7 car. In 1927, 500 such orders were completed. The company has gained a good reputation and has already started receiving orders for body design for the Fiat 509A, Morris Cowley, Wolseley Hornet models.

However, William Lyons didn't stop there. He dreamed of releasing his car. In the summer of 1913, at the London Motor Show, the world saw the first two Jaguar / Swallow Sidecar creations - the SSI and SSII. The models turned out to be successful and were followed by the Jaguar SS90 and Jaguar SS100. The name "Jaguar" was given to his cars by William Walms himself. The Jaguar SS100 was a great success and became the classic sports car of the 1940s.

In 1945 the company became known as Jaguar, as the SS abbreviation evoked undesirable associations with a Nazi criminal organization. New success came to the company in 1948 at the same London Motor Show, where all eyes were attracted by the new Jaguar XK120. Powered by a 105 hp Heynes engine, this car easily reached a speed of 126 km / h and was recognized as the fastest production car.

The fifties begin with the Jaguar Mk VII. The next was the XK140, which in 1954 replaced the Jaguar XK120 in production, the engine power increased to 190 hp. with a cylinder volume of 2.4 liters.

From 1957 to 1960, the company made an active breakthrough in the American market, where it is represented by the Jaguar XK150 and XK150 Roadster models, with engines from 2.4 to 3.8 liters, with a capacity of up to 220 hp.

From 1961 to 1988, the company introduced a range of sports coupes and executive sedans that were both highly priced and equally high performance. In terms of prestige, Jaguar cars can only be compared with Ferrari and Rolls-Royse.

Jaguar (Jaguar) from the 50-ies closely cooperated with the British company "Daimler", whose traditionally luxurious cars, in a class close to the "Jaguars", are gradually being replaced by "Jaguars" produced at the Daimler factories. Since 1960 "Daimler" has been part of the Jaguar. The company itself Jaguar (Jaguar), experiencing obvious difficulties with sales, in 1966 merged with British Motor.

1961 - Jaguar XKE - sensation at the Geneva show.

1962 - Jaguar MkX - success in the American car market.

In 1968, the Jaguar XJ6 (6-cylinder engine) appeared. A little later, in 1972, the Jaguar XJ12 appeared with a 12-cylinder engine producing 311 hp, which for a long time was the most powerful version of the "Jaguar".

In the fall of 1968, the first show of the high-end Jaguar XJ8 sedan was shown. In September 1994: new model(X 300), XJR 4.0 Super Charged with compressor.

1973 - Jaguar XJ - two-seater closed coupe. The maximum speed is up to 250 km / h.

1983 - Jaguar XJ-S - 3.6 liters, 225 hp, new branded engine - AJ6.

The Jaguar XJ220 was first introduced at the 1988 British Auto Show, where it made a splash. The first version was created by Cliff Rudell. However, in 1987 it was changed by Keith Helfet. The final version of the car was presented at the 1991 Tokyo Motor Show. In 1993, a sports lightweight modification "Jaguar XJ220-C" was presented.

1988 - Jaguar Sport is established to develop sports prototypes based on the production Jaguar XJ220 family.

1989 Jaguar becomes a subsidiary of Ford.

1991-94 - the new XJ range

In March 1996, the Jaguar XK8 / XKR sports car was presented in Geneva. Available as coupe and convertible.

Jaguar S-type, business class car (sedan), presented on October 21, 1998 in Birmingham.

Detroit hosted a screening in 2000 sports roadster luxury class F-type Concept. The car is equipped with the latest technology for the production of headlights "Baroptic".

The X-type, a compact luxury sedan, introduced in 2000.

2000 was a turning point for Jaguar. The company re-entered the Formula-1 arena. The release of a new sports car - XKR "Silverstone" was timed to coincide with this event. Only one hundred copies were put into production. It remains to be hoped that the Jaguar will continue to delight us with new victories and original solutions.

William Lyons (Sir William Lyons, 1901 - 1985) was born on September 4, 1901 in the English city of Blackpool (Blackpool) on the north coast of England in a family of immigrants from Ireland. Father - William Lyons - owned a musical instrument store, mother, Minnie Barcroft, was the daughter of a manufacturer. The small town of Blackpool on the shores of the Irish Sea became the birthplace of what would later be called "Mister Jaguar." As a teenager, William Jr.'s thoughts were taken over by technology. His father noticed his genuine interest in motorcycles and took his son to work in the Manchester workshops of Crossley Motors, which were engaged in the production of small trucks for the military, where William Lyons received an engineering practice while studying at a technical school in Manchester. Young William wanted to have his own business and was seriously thinking about the production of the most popular gramophones at that time. However, the market was flooded with gramophones, and this stopped the enterprising young man. And motorcycles by that time had become even more attractive for William. He eventually left Manchester in 1919 to work as a salesman for Sunbeam merchants in Blackpool. Jack Mallalier, a friend of William Sr., saw the young Lyons' interest in technology and took him as a junior salesman to the Brown & Mallalieu garage. In this garage, which sold and serviced Sunbeam cars, William performed a variety of duties. He was a washer, mechanic, chauffeur ... He had a dream - to buy a motorcycle - and on the way to it he did not give in to difficulties.

1920s: THE BIRTH OF A LEGEND

After the war, motorcycles became more affordable, and William Lyons' dream came true: he bought a cheap Norton motorcycle, which was called the "oil bath" because oil was pouring from everywhere. At the same time, Lyons met William Walmsley: his polished aluminum stroller caught the attention of a 20-year-old neighbor who bought it and was delighted with the idea. Young Lyons had two traits that remained his greatest qualities for the next 50 years: possessing business acumen and foresight, he immediately recognized the opening of a profitable commercial prospect, and his sense of style helped to correctly appreciate the attractive appearance of these basically ordinary creations. He foresaw the wide potential opportunities that would unfold if the production was organized correctly, ensuring its viability. As a result, Lyons offered Walmsley a partnership. In September 1922, upon reaching the age of William Lyons, the friends decided to start a business and, with the support and blessings of their fathers, they borrowed £ 500 from the bank to found the Swallow Sidecar (abbreviated SS) motorcycle sidecar company. It got its name from the surname of the owner of the garage, where the first strollers were built, and since Swallow means "swallow" in English, this nimble bird became their emblem. Very stylish aluminum strollers Swallow immediately attracted the attention of motorists. The partners acquired a modest property on the second and third floor of a building in which production was started by a small number of workers. The partners recruited young Artur Whittaker as their sales assistant, but he did better in the procurement area. Subsequently, Whittaker worked for the company for about 50 years, becoming one of the most forward-thinking people in his industry. Model 1 octagonal motorized carriages, for the production of which aluminum was first used, became more and more popular in the market, as a result, their production developed rapidly, which led to the growth of the company, which in 1927, in addition to the production of wheelchairs, mastered the production of car bodies on third-party chassis.

Swallow sidecar

In 1927, Herbert Austin presented his brainchild - the famous Austin Seven. The miniature Sevens were cheap, easy to drive, reliable enough, and rated for the masses, but lacked personality. This is exactly what the talented and enterprising William Lyons took advantage of: deciding not to stop there. Having amassed sufficient capital in the wheelchair business, in 1927 he decided to try himself in a new direction - the production of Swallow car bodies on the Austin Seven chassis. The company's first advancement in this area was the development of the bodywork for the Austin 7, which won the William Lyons company an order for 500 of these bodies. Inexpensive "swallows" Austin Swallow, equipped with 2 and 4-seater original bodies, were in very good demand.

Austin swallow

The Swallow Sidecar bodies were beautiful and graceful, which boosted sales even though the price was higher than the standard Austin. Orders for cars were constantly increasing, and Austin was unable to supply enough chassis, so Swallow began to purchase them from various manufacturers: Morris, Fiat, Swift, Wolseley and Standard (later became the main supplier of Swallow). During the economic crisis, many had to lower their claims, but the Swallow models, which were copies of the style of the more extravagant and luxurious cars of the era, softened the blow and allowed the owners to "keep the brand". Details such as the exquisite bonnet and Ladies Companion Set lifted the Swallow above average. Sales of cars and strollers increased and the decision was made to move to the Midlands, the traditional center of the British auto industry. Thus, the young company “in full force” moved to Coventry.

1930s: FORMATION OF THE COMPANY

SS1

Lyons was obsessed with making his cars as low as possible. By pushing the engine back into the chassis further than was customary and placing the springs in parallel, Lyons was able to achieve a long, low sports car. The SS2, which appeared at the same time and was doomed to remain in the shadow of the SS1, was only a scaled-down version of the Standard Nine chassis. In July 1933, the SS1 Tourer joined the coupe. It was the first open SS model and was first entered into a serious competition. In 1933, a team of three Tourer vehicles was included in the Alpine Rally in continental Europe, and the following year they significantly strengthened the SS's reputation by taking the team prize in this particularly tough competition. In late 1933, the small SS II was significantly improved with specially designed chassis that added over a foot to the wheelbase. At the same time, the front fenders were redesigned to reflect the new styling of the larger model.

SS1 Airline

In the second half of 1934, William Walmsley, who did not share the ambitious plans of his partner and lost interest in the enterprise, broke off relations with Williams Lyons. Shifting his focus to the mechanical integrity of the car, Lyons turned to Harry Weslake, an eminent consulting engineer specializing in engine development, who developed a new cylinder head for the Standard engines used in the company's vehicles. He formed the engineering department and appointed young William Haynes as chief engineer. For the next 35 years, Haynes held a leading role at the company. In 1935, the range was expanded with the addition of the SS I Airline sedan. This design was not one of Lyons' favorites, but the uniform was in vogue at the time and was in high demand.

William "Bill" Haynes(William Munger "Bill" Heynes) (31.12.1904 - 09.1989), born at Leamington Spa near Coventry, was an English automotive engineer. Haynes was educated at Warwick School from 1914 to 1921, after which he began working for the Humber Car Company in Coventry in 1922, where he worked in the design department before becoming chief of technical department in 1930. ... During this time, he was responsible for preparing for the production of new models, including the Humber Snipe and Humber Pullman. In 1935, following the takeover of Humber by the Rootes Group, he joined SS Cars Ltd. at the invitation of William Lyons. Initially, he worked on the chassis, and as a result, with a small team of assistants, he designed a new chassis in less than six months. The chassis was designed for independent front suspension and for new engine 2.6 liters (2663) with 103 hp OHV (77 kW). The new engine and new chassis fit perfectly into the company's first four-door saloon. The powerful, well-equipped sedan has become the cornerstone of the company's development for many decades. Later, Haynes was involved in increasing the production of Standard Motor Company engines, which were then used in Jaguar vehicles. After World War II, SS Cars was renamed Jaguar and Haynes convinced William Lyons that the company should create its own line of engines. The result is the XK engine. In addition to engine development, Haynes also worked on preparations for the production of many vehicles, including the Mk V, the C-type racing car and

D-type, Mk VII, E-type, Jaguar XJ13 and Mk X. After leaving Jaguar at the end of July 1969, he intended to "devote all his energy and enthusiasm to his farm." Shortly before his retirement, he became Commander of the British Empire (CBE) for his achievements and was awarded the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. Following his departure from Jaguar Cars, RJ (“Bob”) Knight and “Wally” Hassan shared his responsibilities.

SS90

The fruits of Weslake and Haynes' work became evident in no time at all when a new, very stylish sports car was introduced. The model, known as the SS 90, had a side-valve 2.7-liter engine, but the performance again didn't quite match the car's flamboyant exterior. However, this was soon destined to change: in 1935, the Jaguar name reappeared on the scene for the first time with a completely new series of sedans and sports cars. William Haynes worked on a completely new cross-section stretched box section chassis for a new, significantly improved range of models. At the same time, Weslake began to improve the Standard engines: using overhead valves, he was able to increase the power of the previous 2.5-liter engine with side valves from 75 to 105 hp. For the new chassis and engine block, Lyons has created a new body style that is less flamboyant than previous models, but no less stylish.

The author of the famous emblem is an English automotive painter Frederick Gordon Crosby(Frederick Gordon Crosby), who worked for "The Autocar" for many years. He pioneered cross-sectional representation of cars: the body parts in his drawings were dismantled, and the internal components of the car were drawn with amazing accuracy and correct position relative to each other. During the First World War, he worked on the creation of accurate drawings of the wrecked German planes at the Ministry of Air Transport, leaving him to draw in gouache and pencil. His work was exhibited three times at the Royal Academy, the first time in 1916: the painting depicts one of the first German zeppelin, shot down by British planes. Gordon Crosby was friends with MG's Cecil Kimber, and when the first racing car was released in 1929

del MG Mark III 18/100 Tigress, Crosby produced a bronze tiger as the model's symbol. But the fate of the model turned out to be a foregone conclusion: the MG M-Type Midget presented in 1930 turned out to be more reliable, faster and lighter, and as a result of the debut race Brooklands Double Twelve brought the MG team to the podium, while the Tigress left due to engine problems. As a result, only 5 copies of the Tigress were built and the project was closed. Perhaps that's why when William Lyons chose the animal for the emblem of his cars, Crosby turned his tiger into a jaguar. Lyons was looking for a symbol of strength, swiftness and power ("Not a symbol that looks like a shot cat" - as he commented on one of the projects of the company, where he ordered), and Gordon Crosby's jaguar best suited his requirements. Despite the fact that from time to time the outlines of this graceful animal changed, until the early 1960s, his figurine adorned the hoods of all cars that left the company's factories. Then they decided to remove it for safety reasons, replacing it with a flat emblem on the hood, but this figure itself was offered to each client as an option.

Walter Hassan(Walter Hassan) (25.04.1905-12.07.1996) an outstanding British automotive engineer who was involved in the development of three highly successful engines: the Jaguar XK, Coventry Climax and Jaguar V12, as well as the development of the ERA race car. Walter Thomas Frederick Hassan was born in London on April 25, 1905. His father, of Irish descent, owned a clothing store in Holloway, North London. He studied at Northern Polytechnic University (now the University of North London) and then at the Hackney Institute of Engineering Sciences. Hasan's first job was as a 15-year-old boy as a shop assistant at a newly founded Bentley Motors, then as a locksmith in an engine store, and then in production. Ultimately, he was awarded the title of Best Bentley Mechanic. After Bentley was taken over by Rolls-Royce Limited in late 1931, Hassan left Bentley Motors and worked for Woolf Barnato. In 1933 he began building a racing car, it became known as the Barnato Hassan, and was one of the fastest cars ever to hit the Brooklands track. In 1938 he joined SS Cars Ltd as Chief Engineer. When the war broke out, he moved to Bristol and worked on engine development for the Bristol Engine Company. At the end of the war, he returned to Coventry to continue working with Bill Haynes on the new XK engine project. This engine remained in production with various modifications from 1948 to 1992. In 1951, 1953, 1955, 1956 and 1957, auto

XK-powered mobiles won at Le Mans. In 1950, Hassan joined Harry Mundy in the Coventry Climax, and he and Claude Bailey designed the lightweight engine that brought Lotus World Championship victories twice. This engine has also been used in cars such as the Lotus Elite. The Coventry Climax was bought by Jaguar in 1963, and now, along with Bill Haynes and the Coventry Climax engineering team, Hassan helped develop the famous Jaguar V12 engine. Hassan retired on April 28, 1972 at the age of 67 and for his achievements in motorsport became an Officer of the British Empire (OBE) and was awarded The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. He died at Easenhall Warwickshire on July 12, 1996 at the age of 91.

SS 2.5 liter Saloon

With his inherent knack for getting attention, Lyons organized a dinner at the Mayfair Hotel in London to present his new model to the press a few days before the 1935 Auto Show. The introduction of the 2.5 liter SS Jaguar sedan was followed by enthusiastic comments, and the assembled guests were invited to name the estimated cost of the car. The average quoted price was £ 632, while the actual price was only ... £ 395! All earlier SS models were removed from the production din, with the exception of the Tourer body, which received a number of changes and became known as the SS100. Superb sports car design was reintroduced in the SS Jaguar 100: With a new chassis and engine, the company began building cars to be proud of. For many, the SS 100 is a pre-war sports car classic. This model was designed to achieve meaningful results in competitions, both national and international.

THE SECOND WORLD WAR

During the war, the production of sidecars for military use increased to almost 10,000 units. At the same time, the technologies of production and design of aircraft were mastered, which later was of great importance in the design of automobile engines. It is not surprising that during wartime Coventry was a special target for bomb attacks, special groups of people were formed to watch on the tower in case of fire. While on duty in one of these groups, Lyons, Haynes, Hassen and Claude Bailey made plans to create a new engine with which the company would gain worldwide fame. The early post-war years were not easy for British companies. Among other problems, there was a shortage of steel and foreign exchange. The government issued an official statement: "Export or die", and steel quotas were directly dependent on export activities; in other words: no export - no steel! First of all, however, it was necessary to resume production as soon as possible, and the best option was the re-presentation of the pre-war series.

1940s: JAGUAR CARS Ltd.

In 1945, it was decided to abandon the wartime name SS, and simply call the company Jaguar Cars. Shortly after the war, the production of sidecars was sold, and 1.5-, 2.5- and 3.5-liter sedans and soft-top models were introduced for the successful implementation of major export deals. The models were named Jaguar Mk IV. The 3.5-liter Jaguar Mk IV proved to be too wasteful for the United Kingdom, but ideally suited for the United States, where most of the cars produced during this period were shipped to. Model SS 100 was not produced in the post-war period, but one copy survived, which was not registered during the war.

Jaguar XK Engine

In 1943, employees of the company Bill Haynes, Walter Hassan, Claude Bailey and Harry Whislake began work on the creation of the first own engine with a hemispherical ignition chamber. Claude Bailey has developed several designs for the cylinder head. Experimental samples were marked with the letter "X", the second letter after it (they were added in alphabetical order) denoted the next design: "XA", "XB", etc. Many schemes were tried: four- and six-cylinder, with an overhead camshaft, while on the eleventh letter it did not become clear that the motor, which received the designation "XK", was the one we were looking for. The engine passed a severe endurance test - a 24 hour test, where the engine speed was maintained at 5000 rpm, and then every two hours the rpm was increased for five minutes to 5250, 5500 or 6000 rpm. The XK engine was a fine example of engineering, which cost the company £ 100,000 to develop.

Harry Whislake(Harry Weslake) (21.08.1897-02.09.1978) was born in Exeter into a middle-class family. His father, Henry, was a director at Wiley and Co, a foundry and engineering company. His amazing engineering skills were evident from a fairly young age: as a schoolboy, he designed and built a system according to which the engine would drive the third wheel near the rear wheel of his bicycle. His father was not impressed with this invention, but he had to blush when a very similar system was sold as the Wall Autowheel a few years later. His love for motorcycles and the desire to make things better (faster) became a key moment of his entire life, as a result, he organized the company Weslake Research and Development, which was engaged in the development and refinement of engines and cylinder heads. Some of the company's key achievements: 1918 - Wex carburetor patent, 1929 - Bentley take the first four places at Le Mans, using engines heavily modified by Harry Weslake, 1935 - modifications to the "Standard" engines to reach 100 mph SS100 cars. 1947 - New Jaguar XK engine with two camshafts designed using Weslake patents 1951 - Jaguar XK-120C wins Le-man using Weslake patented cylinder head 1953 - Jaguar C-type wins Le-man using Weslake's patented cylinder head, 1954,1955,1956,1957 - Jaguar D-type wins the Le-man using Weslake's patented cylinder head.

Jaguar XK120

Jaguar had a great new chassis, an unusually powerful new engine, but no sports car. The decision was made to release a small number of sports cars to maintain popularity and, possibly, successful participation in races. William Lyons was tasked with designing the right body for the 1948 Auto Show in just a couple of months. The result exceeded all expectations. Known as the XK120, the model was destined to become one of the greatest sports cars of all time. It was not easy racing car... The car had the inherent sophistication of Jaguar style, unparalleled comfort for this type of car and, among other things, its price was only £ 998. Top speed allowed the XK120 to become the fastest mass-produced car in the world. To convince skeptics of this, the standard XK120 set a 126 mph record on a closed two-way road in Jebbek, Belgium in front of the press. With the windshield removed, a speed of 133 mph was developed and orders were flooded. It soon became clear that the production of two hundred cars would not be able to meet the demand.

Claude Walter Lionel Bailey(Claude Walter Lionel Baily) (1902-1988). Born September 21, 1902 in Twickenham, son of John Robert Bailey, furniture maker in London and grandson of Walter Peyton, an early pioneer of pneumatic equipment in Britain. He was educated at Richmond Hill School, Surrey and Henry Thornton School, Clapham. Received technical training in mechanical engineering at Regent Street at London Polytechnic. In 1918-1926 he studied at the Anzani Engine Co. in London. In 1928 he worked for Morris Engines Ltd., in Coventry, and then became chief designer and assistant chief designer. From the late 1930s he worked for Jaguar Cars Ltd in the technical department. In the 1940s, he was directly involved in the development of the XK engine of Jaguar Cars Ltd. In 1948 he was appointed chief designer of Jaguar Cars Ltd., Coventry. In the 1960s, as part of a working group with William Haynes and Walter Hassan, he developed the Jaguar V12 engine.

Jaguar Mk V

In September 1948, Jaguar announced its first post-war transition model. The constrained circumstances did not allow to create something more radical, and the Mark V model became the bearer of the company's fame for a couple of years. The main innovation was the independent front suspension developed by Haynes. By that time, a powerful new engine had been created, but it was decided that the Mark V was too conservative for it, and therefore the sedan and the Mark V soft-top model were equipped with the usual 2.5- and 3.5-liter power units. The design of the car had many positive differences. The headlights became smaller and were recessed into the front fenders, the overhead door hinges were replaced with hidden ones, the wheels were smaller and were only stamped, the roofline of the Saloon became more sloping and looked more attractive, the shape of the bumpers changed.

1950s: POPULARITY OF THE COMPANY

Frank Raymond Wilton "Lofty" England(Frank Raymond Wilton "Lofty" England) (08.24.1911-30.05.1995) was an engineer and manager of Jaguar Cars Ltd. Frank England was born in Finchley, a suburb of North London, at the age of 14, England's family moved to Edgware, while studying at Christ's College showed talent in motor building. later collaborated with many famous racing teams (Birkin's Blower Bentley, American Whitney Straight and several others). In 1938 he became a technological engineer at Alvis. During the war, from 1943 he flew a pilot on the Avro Lancasters bomber. In 1945, Lofty England returned briefly to Alvis, but was heavily influenced by the wartime bombing and, on the recommendation of close friend Walter Hassan, moved to Jaguar Cars in early September 1946. He first joined Jaguar in the same role as he worked in Alvis, service manager. At this stage the company had no plans for motorsport, later after a series of victories by private drivers in the new Jaguar XK120 William Lyons invited Lofty England to create a racing team. He gained his fame as manager of the Jaguar Cars sports racing team in the 1950s, during which time Jaguar cars won the prestigious 24 Hours of Le Mans for five consecutive years. Following Jaguar's retirement from Lofty England, England moved into mainstream management of Jaguar Cars. In late 1967, following the retirement of Sir William Lyons, Lofty England was named Chairman and CEO of Jaguar Cars. After development in the company

the V12 engine and the launch of Daimler-branded vehicles, it was England who proposed that the V12 version of Daimler should be called the Double-Six, in memory of the past victories of these cars in the 1930s. Lofty England retired in 1974 and died in 1995 at the age of 83.

Jaguar C-type

A test drive of three Jaguar XK120 models at Le Mans in 1950 showed that Jaguar had the makings of a successful race car while maintaining weight and improving aerodynamics. Subsequently, Haynes and Lofty England's service manager convinced Lyons that the car should be produced solely for the purpose of continuing to compete. This is how the XK120C model, better known as the C-type, was born. To reduce weight, a multi-tubular triangular frame designed by Bob Knight was chosen. The bodywork was developed by aerodynamics specialist Malcolm Sayer, who moved to the company from the aircraft industry. Many components have been borrowed from the XK, including the engine. The engine, however, was modified to include larger dsgecryst valves, taller lifting cams, and larger SU carburettors.

1951-1953: 24h Le-Mans

Three Jaguar C-types were completed just in time to race at Le Mans in 1951. They were to be driven by Stirling Moss and Jolly Jack Feeman; Peter Walker and Peter Whitehead; and Leslie Johnson with Clemente Biondetti. Jaguar cars were considered a "dark horse" and the crowd watched Ferrari, Talbot and Cunningham. However, Moss overcame obstacles at high speed, breaking the distance record and overtaking rivals. The possibility of sensational prizes seemed real until the oil pipe flange on Biondetti's car broke. A similar fate awaited Moss. But luck did not turn away from the third car, and Peter Walker and Peter Whitehead credited the Jagaur C-type models with the first major victory on the road - a victory in the most prestigious 24 Hours Le-Mans race. In 1953, Jaguar engineers worked with Dunlop to develop new disc brakes that became Jaguar's secret weapon at Le Mans 1953. Representatives from most of Europe's leading automakers and top Grand Prix drivers took part in this race. Having a trouble-free braking system, the C-type could brake much later and gain in speed. The result was a complete convincing victory, with the Jaguar C-type finishing first, second and fourth.

Jaguar D-type

The D-type was supposed to be a pioneer thanks to its almost completely monocoque design. This magnesium alloy "barrel" carried a tubular front subframe carrying the engine, steering and front suspension. Much of this model, with its large fuel tanks, was borrowed from aviation. Developed by Bill Haynes and Malcolm Sayer. The new D-type cars were brought to Le Mans in 1954 and high hopes were pinned on them. Hamilton and Rolt fought in the Model D, but they were disappointed - after many hours of driving at maximum speed, during which the car worked flawlessly, the crew lost only one minute and forty-five seconds to the winning Ferrari after 24 hours. In 1955, the cars were modified and received a body with a long hood (Long Nouse) and engines with larger valves. At Le Mans, they competed primarily with the Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR, which they had to win. Mike Hawthorne's Jaguar D-type had a modest lead over Juan Manuel Fangio's Mercedes when another Mercedes car suffered the most catastrophic accident in motorsport history. The driver and more than 80 spectators were killed and many were injured. The Mercedes team dropped out of the race. Jaguar decided to continue and the Jaguar D-type driven by Hawthorne and Ivor Bueb brought victory.

Jaguar XK140

In 1954, the Jaguar XK120 was replaced by the updated Jaguar XK140, which was fitted with a more powerful 190 hp engine. with. The new cars visually resembled their predecessors, differing only in external details. The one-piece roof models had an extended roofline and, like the soft-top coupé, received two additional small seats in the back, suitable for both children and adults on short-distance travel, which in turn made the XK140 more practical for family people. In addition, the car could be ordered with a C-type cylinder head, which increased its power to 210 hp. with., and also the car was offered with three types of transmission: four-speed manual, mechanical with overdrive on top gear and a three-speed automatic with a torque converter. Steering became rack and pinion, which increased the accuracy and information content of control. Roadsters, which were almost all exported, were priced at £ 1,700. The XK140 models retained the popularity of the XK 120, but very few of them took part in the races.

Jaguar Mk 1

At the beginning of the 50s, car manufacturers began to abandon the production of passenger cars on a separate chassis and began to design and create cars with a monocoque body. This idea was very popular with William Lyons, because abandoning the heavy chassis, it was possible to apply new ideas in car design, as well as make lighter and more sporty Saloon models. Therefore, a new compact four-door model, aimed at young and sporty clients with families, was chosen as a test of the pen. Initially the car was called Jaguar 2.4 Liter and later Jaguar 3.4 Liter, however, in October 1959, after the release of the new model Jaguar MK2, it was renamed Jaguar MK1. The 2.4-liter Jaguar Mk1 was the company's first small Saloon since the Jaguar 1.5 and Jaguar 2.5-liter were discontinued in 1949 and immediately became a success. The 3.4-liter sedan, introduced on February 26, 1957, was designed for the American market and was not initially freely available on the domestic market.

Jaguar MK VIII / Mk IX

In October 1956, the Mk VII successor, the Jaguar Mk VIII, was introduced. Externally, the car has benefited from a one-piece windshield, a redesigned radiator grille and larger taillights, no decorative flaps in the rear wheel arches, and a more luxurious interior than the Jaguar Mk VII. In terms of mechanics, the car received a new cylinder head, which was dubbed the B-type and which, contrary to logic, followed the C-type! The new head had a changed angle of inclination of the valves and allowed the engine to develop power of 210 hp. with .. After two years of serial production, the Jaguar Mk VIII was replaced by the Jaguar Mk IX. The car was presented at the Moto Show in 1958. The main difference from the Jaguar Mk VIII is the new 3.8-liter 220 hp engine. from the Jaguar XK150 model and new disc brakes on the front and rear axles of the car, as well as the appearance of power steering.

A fire at the Browns Lane factory. In 1956, Jaguar was doing just fine, the Jaguar C-type and D-type had won 24 hours of Le-man races since 1951, in 1956, the Jaguar D-type again came first in Le-man, and the Jaguar Mk sedan VII won the Monte Carlo Rally. The Jaguar Mk 1 was the sportiest sedan in the world, and the executive Mk VIII almost reached the pinnacle of luxury by 1950s standards. The Jaguar XK 140 was considered a true supercar. That all changed on the night of February 12, 1957, when a fire broke out at Jaguar's Browns Lane plant. The next day, the company logo was on the front pages of virtually every British newspaper. It is still not really clear what caused the fire. The media wrote only that the fire broke out in the utility compartment, after which it quickly spread to the production conveyor and warehouse. Firefighters arrived at the scene in a matter of minutes, but could not do anything - there were tons of engine oil, a huge amount of car tires and other combustible material at the plant. It is difficult to imagine a more suitable place for a fire. The body elements of future cars were stored in a warehouse in the form of sheet aluminum and they were all destroyed. A loss of three million pounds in 1957 could have been a financial ruin. The company has invested in the development of its first monocoque sedan, the Jaguar Mk 1

three times less. The next morning, the workers gathered for the conflagration. They were pulling charred and defaced cars from under a collapsed roof - the clearing work became a large-scale operation. Despite the fact that used car dealers nearly melted the switch, offering to buy up the charred remains, Jaguar scrapped everything, preventing the damaged parts from reaching the market. Two weeks after the fire, contrary to all expectations, the plant began to produce cars again. True, for a long time the plant worked only at a third of its capacity, producing cars for local dealers in order to somehow recoup losses. The Browns Lane fire is believed to be the largest and most costly fire in the history of an automobile industry.

Jaguar XK150

In early 1958, a version of the XK150 Roadster appeared in response to requests from the US market. The Jaguar XK150 became larger, the fenders were integrated into the body, the car acquired a wider hood, a complex windshield appeared, the interior offered significantly more comfort to passengers and had a more luxurious interior trim. The walnut dashboard has been replaced by a genuine leather dashboard. But the main change is the introduction of disc brakes on all wheels, a technical innovation that has brought the Jaguar brand many sporting victories. ... The launch of the XK150 Roadster coincided with the introduction of the "S" variant of the engine with a new cylinder head designed by Harry Weslake. It became known as the "straight through head" and along with three SU carburettors significantly increased the power to 250 hp. with. With this engine, the XK150 could accelerate to 133 mph and reach 60 mph from a stationary position in just 8.0 seconds. This version was called the Jaguar XK150 3.4S and had a cylinder head painted orange. In Great Britain the car cost £ 1940.

Jaguar MK 2

In 1959, attention was focused on small sedans, and by the end of the year, the Jaguar Mark 2 was introduced, significantly improving over its predecessor, the Jaguar MK1. The car looked fresher and more airy, aided by a completely redesigned body above the waistline. The glazing area has been increased by 18%, which significantly improved visibility and especially to the rear. Thin A-pillars allowed for a wider windshield, and the rear window increased in size and began to go over the sidewalls of the body. The doorways and side windows of the doors were framed by thinner chrome frames. The shape of the radiator grille was changed, the side, rear and fog lights were replaced. The model was equipped with a 2.4-liter, 120 hp. with., 3.4-liter capacity of 210 liters. with. and 3.8 liter engine with a capacity of 220 liters. with .. The fast little Jaguar became extremely popular and there was even a queue of buyers for it. The base car was priced at £ 1344.

Norman Dewis(08/03/1920) is a living legend of the British automotive industry. Jaguar Cars Ltd.'s chief development and test engineer, Norman Dewis, has worked for 36 years to create the Jaguar driving style, and it is to him that these fine British cars owe their unrivaled combination of comfort and handling. He played a major role in the development and testing of all Jaguar models, without exception, from 1954 to 1986 (13 models). As a boy, at the age of 14, he became an apprentice at the car company Humber Cars and was engaged in the installation of bumpers and fenders. Norman Dewis had worked for Humber Cars for almost a year when he had the opportunity to sign a contract with Armstrong-Siddeley, one of the most famous engineering companies in the UK of the middle of the last century. The five-year contract gave

for a young person exceptional opportunities for professional growth and doing what he loves. In 1939, with the outbreak of World War II, he was drafted into the army. He served in the aviation regiment as a gunner on the Short Sanderland flying boat. In 1943, the Air Department transferred Norman Dewis to another job and until 1951 he was engaged in aircraft inspection and flight readiness testing. Norman Dewis joined Jaguar in 1951. He set up a testing department and subsequently developed over 600 test procedures. In 1953, the Jaguar D-type appears, which soon won many races. Norman Dewis drove this car on the Mille Miglia in Italy and Le-man in France, he also holds the speed record in a Jaguar D-type, and on October 20, 1953 in Jabbeke, Belgium, reached a speed of 172,412 miles in a Jaguar XK120 / h, which became a speed record for a production car. However, the main achievement of his life, Norman Dewis considers the creation, together with the Dunlop company, of disc brakes - an invention that saved countless lives: the legendary disc brakes were first used on the Jaguar D-type. In 2015, Norman Dewis became an Officer of the British Empire (OBE) and was awarded The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire for his services to the British automotive industry.

ACQUISITION OF DAIMLER COMPANY

On May 26, 1960, Jaguar expanded with the acquisition of Daimler by Sir William Lyons. The name Daimler was adapted in Britain by the entrepreneur Frederick Simms, who had been manufacturing and selling Daimler outboard motors in London since 1893, having bought a license from the German company of the same name. In 1896, Simms opened the country's first car production facility in Coventry, and from the beginning of the 20th century, Daimler became known as the "royal" brand, and the British crown favored Daimler. Daimler cars, unlike Jaguars with their sporty character, have always lived up to the word "luxury". In 1931, the Lanchester company was joined to Daimler, which was distinguished by its originality in technical solutions and excellent design, but since 1956 Cars Lanchester were discontinued. The Daimler lineup, formed by Lord Docker, was recognized as interesting, especially the luxurious coupes created in conjunction with the Hooper body shop. But these extremely impractical and extremely expensive machines were struggling to find demand. Accordingly, the volume of output was so small that substantial profits were out of the question. One of Daimler's best designs was the SP250, a small sports car with a fiberglass body. It had an eye-catching design and Edward Turner's beautiful 2.5-liter V8 engine, but it didn’t have the best chassis, like the inexpensive Triumph TR. Nevertheless, this car left its name in the annals of sporting victories: Duncan Blake won the North American championship among production cars on it in 1961. Therefore, the release of the Daimler SP250 lasted only until 1964. It was decided to keep the large Daimler Majestic Major with a 4.5-liter V8 engine in the production program, so as not to leave the "crowned persons" without transport. By the 70s, Daimler cars had practically lost their individuality. The only exception was Daimler DS420, produced in 1968-1992. Other products of Daimler Motor Company Ltd. represented Jaguars in an extended configuration with the company logo.

1960s: ICON OF AUTOMOTIVE DESIGN

Jaguar e-type

The E-type, or XK-E as it was called in the USA, was fast, had excellent acceleration, excellent handling, unheard of refinement and comfort for such a car, and finally it even looked great! The car was unveiled at the Geneva Motor Show on March 15, 1961. The press, as well as the public, were delighted: on rare occasions, the car received so much praise. Pricing £ 1,950 for the roadster and £ 2,100 for the solid roof model added skepticism as Aston Martin cars cost almost twice at that time, and Ferrari cars - almost three times more. A few weeks later, two roadsters and two solid roof models were exhibited at the New York Auto Show - the reaction was quite extraordinary. As with the XK120, Jaguar's claims have been tested on the track. Two cars have been registered for the GT Trophy at the Oulton Park circuit. They were managed by Graham Hill and Roy Salvadori, who were ready to compete with Ferrari and Aston Martin. The two E-types were in the lead until Salvadori had brake problems and was beaten by Grand Prix racer Innes Island in a DB4 GT Aston Martin. After doing his best, Ayeland was never able to get past Hill, who used all his skill to get around the Aston, and as a result, all three finished with a narrow lead. It was the first glittering victory on the road and an irrefutable proof of the E-type's strengths.

Malcolm Sawyer(Malcolm Sayer) (05.21.1916-22.04.1970) was a designer of aircraft and cars. His most famous works are Jaguar E-type, Jaguar XJ13 and Jaguar XJ-S. He spent the last twenty years of his life working for Jaguar Cars Ltd and was one of the first engineers to apply the principles of aircraft design to the creation of automobiles. Sawyer was born May 21, 1916 in Cromer, Norfolk. He was educated at Great Yarmouth Grammar School where his father taught mathematics and arts. At the age of 17, he received a prestigious scholarship and attended Loughborough College (later Loughborough University) in the Department of Aeronautical and Automotive Engineering, earning honorary degrees of the first class. During World War II, Malcolm Sawyer worked for the Bristol Aviation Company, developing aircraft. After the end of the war, Malcolm Sawyer went to Iraq in 1948 to work at the University of Baghdad, where he founded the Faculty of Engineering. At this time in Iraq, he met a German professor who helped him better understand the mathematical approach to developing a method for calculating aerodynamic curves. In 1950, Malcolm Sawyer returned to the UK and joined Jaguar Cars Ltd. in 1951. He called himself an industrial designer and artist and hated the term

"Stylist", saying that he is not a hairdresser. His authorship belongs to the following body designs: Jaguar C-type, Jaguar D-type, Jaguar E-type, Jaguar XJ13, Jaguar XJ-S (although the car began to be produced after Sawyer's death). His main merit was that the design of the car "worked" both aerodynamically and visually. He developed a methodology for calculating aerodynamic curves using tables, a job now performed by sophisticated computer-aided design software. On April 22, 1970, Malcolm Sawyer died at the Regent Hotel in Leamington Spa from a heart attack at the age of 53.

Jaguar MKX / 420G

The Jaguar Mk 2's experience in production has allowed for the creation of a new large sedan in accordance with the spirit of the times. Before the start of production, the car went through the largest testing program in the company at that time. The Jaguar Mk X was a fully monocoque design. It had an extended version of the new independent rear suspension, like the E-type, and the same engine. The design of the car was focused on the US market. The car was oversized by European standards. Despite its size, the car was not slow and had a top speed of 120 mph, which was popular with American buyers. Unfortunately, the model did not become as successful as expected, although it gradually developed into a great vehicle capable of carrying five people quickly and comfortably. At the London Motor Show in October 1966, a model with the designation Jaguar 420G was unveiled, which differed from the Mk X only by the addition of a vertical molding on the radiator grille, as well as additional repeaters on the front fenders and a chrome strip along the fender and door panels (which allowed painting on request car in two tones). According to the new safety rules, the car has lost the figure of a jumping Jaguar on the hood.

Robert Joseph "Bob" Knight(Robert Joseph "Bob" Knight) (09/20/1919- 08/31/2000) - an outstanding engineer - the developer of car chassis. "Bob" Knight was born in 1920, attended Bablake School in Coventry, and then graduated from Birmingham University with a BS in mechanical engineering. He joined SS Cars Ltd. in 1944, as a technical assistant in the chassis development department at the invitation of Chief Engineer William "Bill" Haynes himself, who was impressed by the young "Bob "'s preparation, intelligence and analytical skills. "Bob" Knight proved to be extremely capable of improving vehicle dynamics. He was a brilliant engineer and was appointed chief development engineer in 1951. Vehicle Jaguar Cars Ltd .. In tandem with Malcolm Sawyer, they created the beautiful Jaguar C-type, D-type, and when development began on the Jaguar E-type, he developed a completely new rear suspension. It is known that this work took him only 27 days, and the impetus was a dispute between him and William Lyons for 5 pounds sterling that this work could not be done in a month. By 1960, "Bob" Knight was leading the entire development of Jaguar, and three years later took over the position of William Haynes as chief engineer. In 1978, he was named managing director of Jaguar and spent some time building the organization that would become the backbone of the independent Jaguar company in the years to come. After leaving Jaguar in 1980, John Egan succeeded him, and "Bob" Knight did not abandon his engineering career. He has worked with a number of major companies including Dunlop and Rolls-Royce. In 1975, for his achievements in the development of the British automotive industry, "Bob" Knight became Commander of the British Empire (CBE) and was awarded The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. "Bob" Knight died on August 31, 2000 at the age of 81.

Jaguar S-type

In 1963 the S-type sedan was announced. It represented a pleasant compromise between the Mk 2 and the Mk X shape. Most importantly, the S-type received independent rear suspension and this model was offered with either a 3.4-liter or 3.8-liter engine. The development of the Jaguar S-type model required many engineering challenges. The key element was the installation of a redesigned independent rear suspension with a wider track than the Jaguar E-type. The main feature of the new suspension was that it used a semi-axle as the upper lever, at the base of which the brake discs were installed. The suspension itself was attached to the car body through silent blocks, which had a positive effect on the comfort of movement in the car. Fitting this suspension to the S-type required a complete redesign of the rear of the Mk 2. The rear was eventually borrowed from the Jaguar MK X. The Jaguar S-type used the same subframe and double wishbone front suspension as the Jaguar MK2. Despite the increase in the weight of the Jaguar S-type, no changes to the braking system were required and the car was equipped with a disc brake system from the Jaguar MK 2 model.

Jaguar 420

The Jaguar 420 sedan was introduced in 1966. It was similar to the redesigned S-type, but had a Mark X front end. With what the name suggests, the 420 sedan was a great car. ... The Jaguar 420 was designed to replace the S-type, but due to continued demand for the model, all four Jaguar models (MK2, S-type, 420 and 420G) remained on sale.Although it was a temporary model for Lyons, because they were working on something really special that was destined to see the world in a couple of years. An interesting fact, since the acquisition of Daimler, Sir William Lyons has not produced cars with the same bodies and engines, but under different brands. The Daimler Sovereign, in the body of a Jaguar 420, became the first model in the company's history to use badge-engineering.

Jaguar XJ13

In mid-1955, Jaguar's engineering team took on the ambitious development of a V12 racing engine. Work under the leadership of Claude Bailey continued for eight long years. In 1964, the first working prototype of a 5.0-liter V12 engine with 60-degree aluminum camber and 10.4: 1 compression ratio was tested. The engine showed the following characteristics - power 502 hp. at 7600 rpm., torque 523 Nm at 6300 rpm. and engine weight 294 kg. The car for the new engine was prepared for 1966. It received the in-house designation Jaguar XJ13. The car received a mid-engine layout and was created for the new V12, which was included in the power frame and was part of the chassis, a five-speed manual transmission was located behind the engine and transmitted torque to the rear wheels of the car. The front suspension echoed the E-type suspension, in which the torsion elements were replaced with regular springs, and the rear suspension did not have a subframe and used single shock absorbers instead of twin shocks on the Jaguar E-type. Sadly, the XJ13 has never raced and has become an enthusiast museum piece. Its shape is another Malcolm Sawyer's masterpiece. True to tradition, this model has become one of the most beautiful cars and an eternal tribute to this outstanding engineer who died suddenly in 1970.

Jaguar XJ Series 1

In the second half of the 60s. Jaguar had too many sedan models targeting a fairly narrow market segment that quickly became obsolete, and the time was ripe for the next leap and dramatic improvement. 1968 saw the introduction of the XJ6, which undoubtedly became the most exquisite, and enthusiastic accolades were not long in coming. First, the shape is Lyons' next masterpiece. In an era when cars began to lose their character, Jaguar cars continued to persist in maintaining their identity. Not only was the car looking great thanks to Bob Knight's impeccable work, the XJ was setting new standards for ride and comfort. With the introduction of the XJ, all other sedan models were supplanted with the exception of the 420G. To provide a wide range of products on the market with just one body style, Jaguar offered a choice between the familiar 4.2-liter XK engine and the new 2.8-liter variant, in 1972 the V12 variant was introduced. Considering the £ 2,250 XJ6's fair price, the waiting lists were long as usual, to say the least. Sir William Lyons' decision to concentrate on one model turned out to be absolutely correct, as the XJ series provided the company for almost two decades.

1970s: TIME OF TRIUMPH

The new Jaguar XJ Series 2 four-door sedan was unveiled at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 1973. Visually, the Jaguar XJ Series 2 cars stylistically differ little from the Jaguar XJ Series 1 model, with the exception of the higher installed front bumpers, as required by the new safety rules, which led to a change in the main radiator grill, which was significantly reduced in size, and a second grille appeared under the bumper cooling the radiator. The interior of the car has undergone a more significant update, on the steering column, in addition to the turn switch, a wiper control lever has appeared, and the turn switch has acquired a turn-on function high beam instead of the foot switch on the XJ Series1. Switches disappeared from the front panel, and instruments were grouped closer to the driver. The structure of the dashboard has undergone visual and functional changes, including a complete redesign of the air conditioning system. Engines were offered the same as on the XJ Series 1, and from 1975 the 2.8-liter engine was replaced by a 3.4-liter engine. As a result, the dynamics of the most inexpensive versions were improved, which cost, however, no less than £ 3,500.

RESIDENCE OF WILLIAM LYONS

In 1972, there were major personnel changes: William Lyons retired. Frank England has taken over as chairman and CEO of Jaguar Cars. But even after retiring from business, William Lyons did not break off ties with the company. By that time, he had become not only a living legend, but also the hero of a whole host of curious stories passed from mouth to mouth by the company's employees. It was said that the frugality inherent in Sir William from his youth, over the years transformed into outright stinginess. Once he allegedly dropped into the Jaguar showroom in Piccadilly Circus. Taking this opportunity, the salon manager asked to be allowed to replace the old rugs that were at the entrance to the showroom. "Of course not, because these are still quite decent," Lyons replied. And after a while he came back to the same salon and got angry when he saw new rugs. The reaction was immediate: "I ordered you to refrain from wastefulness and thought that you understood me!" It was already going to be fired, but the manager managed to justify himself: "Sir, I just put more worn rugs in front of the employees' offices, and those that were there - in front of the entrance." In response, I heard: "In that case, I am waiting for you on Monday at my Weppenberry Hall, do it in my house."

Jaguar xjc

In 1973, the extraordinary popularity of the XJ models received a new round, new versions of the Series II were presented at the Frankfurt Motor Show, where a new body style was introduced. It was an XJC coupe that looked particularly stylish. The main building had only two doors and no window frames. So, in the absence of a central window pillar, the windows on the doors and in the rear could be lowered, creating the effect of a complete absence of the pillar. As such, the XJ6C and XJ12C looked particularly sporty. A pair of V12 XJ coupes were prepared to race Broadspeed for the British company in the European Touring Car Championship. Despite the proficiency of racers such as Derek Bell, the cars were not successful in 1976 due to flaws. Unfortunately, following the release of a small batch of great coupes in November 1977, Jaguar decided to discontinue short wheelbase bodies and focus on long wheelbase sedans. The Jaguar XJ6C was priced at £ 5,777 and the Jaguar XJ12C at £ 7,281. £.

Jaguar E-type Group 44

During this time in the United States, the V12 E-type had a big impact on the racing scene. Bob Tallius, whose Group 44 team successfully registered Triumph and MG sports cars for SCCA racing, convinced Jaguar that the E-type could compete. Jaguar decided to return Group 44 to the east coast, and Joe Huffaker, who had been successfully working with MG vehicles for several years, to the west coast. E-type models dominated the regional championships for two years, breaking the Corvette's lead in these series. In 1975, Tallius won an easy win in the "B" Class Production Car Championship. To indicate the scale, it should be mentioned that the Corvette had won the championship 14 times in the previous 17 years. Ironically, the E-type was discontinued by the end of 1974, and these racing victories only served to illustrate the company's design and engineering advantages in 1961.

Jaguar XJ-S

Released in September 1975, the XJ-S was technically closely related to the XJ sedans. At that time, the design was very unusual, but at the same time the car looked modern and its proportions corresponded to the concept of GT (grand tourer). The final design of the car took shape by 1972, but Malcolm Sawyer, who developed this unusual design, did not see it any more. died tragically in 1970. While some found the overall appearance of the car somewhat controversial, no one could argue against its impressive performance. A fuel-injected V12 engine was used, which ensured excellent driving characteristics of the car. The speed of 60 miles per hour could be reached in 6.9 seconds, and the top speed was 150 miles per hour. The level of refinement and quietness was raised to sedan standards, and air conditioning came standard. Initially, there was both a manual and an automatic transmission, but later the manual version was removed. In 1980, Jaguar announced the new H.E. for V12 engines. The result was a significant reduction in fuel consumption, which gave the V12 XJ-S a significant advantage during the eighties, when fuel shortages were particularly acute. the fastest production car in the world with an automatic transmission.

Jaguar XJ-S Group 44

Following the release of the Jaguar XJ-S, Group 44 created a model for the professional Trans-Am racing. Several test trips in 1976 revealed the potential of the model, and in 1977 it was planned to participate in a full season. In the 1978 season, Group 44 beat numerous Porsches with its XJ-S, which now produced 540 hp. with., and Tallius finished the season as Category 1 Champion in the Trans-Am Championship. Next year on a new lighter car equipped with a 560 hp engine. With., Tallius won the last seven races and became the champion again. By registering the XJ-S in 1977 for Brian Fürstenau, the car designer, for the last three races, Jaguar also won the title of manufacturer champion. The final season in which Group 44 drove the Jaguar XJ-S was in 1981, and again Tallius won the first race of the season and then another. This was a year before Group 44 stopped competing at Trans-Am and focused on Group C races at the IMSA GTP.

Jaguar XJ Series 3

In 1979, the XJ sedan was significantly modified. The design from Pininfarina was very elegant, except for the changes in the bumpers, door handles and lights, the body below the sill line has not undergone changes, unlike the interior of the car, in which the front and rear pillars, the shape of the roof and side glazing have changed. It is noteworthy that the windshield and rear glass became glued, like in the most modern models at that time. In the front part, the shape of the radiator grille has changed, and the headlights have acquired windshield wipers. On the technical side, the car has acquired a new five-speed gearbox, for the first time on production vehicles. The new Series 3 was slightly re-shaped with a flatter roofline and more glass to give the car a sharper appearance. All this, along with improved accessories, gave the impression of a complete modernization of the car and increased the height in the area rear seats... In fact, the car took on a style that existed timelessly and has enduring popularity.

1980s: ON THE TRACK AGAIN!

Jaguar XJR-5

In 1982, Group 44 received the green light to design and manufacture a sports racing car using the Jaguar V12 engine. The car was created for IMSA competitions in the States. The model was named the XJR-5 and was a honeycomb-structured aluminum monocoque with a centrally located engine acting as a tension piece to which the rear suspension clung. The finishing touch was the eye-catching green and white stripes on the bright fiberglass body. The car finished first, making its debut in the Road Atlanta, and won the same competition in 1983. In 1983 and 1984, the Jaguar XJR-5 won several victories in the USA (Road Atlanta, Lime Rock, Mosport Park, Miami) and the decision was made put it up as an experiment in the 1984 24 Hours of Le Mans. The races were attended by two cars with drivers Claude Ballot-Lena / John Watson / Tony Adamovicz and Bob Tulius / Brian Redman / Doc Bundy, but both were forced to retire due to technical problems. The next 1985 JaguarXJR-5 driven by Bob Tulius / Chip Robinson / Claude Ballot-Lena managed to finish and took 13th place (for the first time after a break of 20 years).

Sir John Egan(John Egan) (11/07/1939) - British industrialist. He was Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of Jaguar Cars from 1980 to 1990, and Chairman of Jaguar PLC (Public Limited Company) from 1985 to 1990. John Egan was born November 7, 1939 in Rawtenstall, Lancashire, the son of a garage owner. The family moved to Coventry, where he attended Bablake School. He studied petroleum engineering at Imperial College London and then worked for Shell in the Middle East from 1962 to 1966. Later, he moved to AC Delco in 1968 and then to British Leyland, where he played a role in the development of Unipart's business. After four years at Massey Ferguson, John Egan was named Chairman of Jaguar Cars. On April 17, 1980, a Jaguar press release announced that John Egan had been appointed CEO and Chairman of Jaguar Cars Ltd., which he was from 1980 to 1990. In the most difficult times of the early and mid-1980s, he managed to improve the quality of cars, negotiate with the workers and end long-term strikes, increase the number of cars produced in the company, and expand the model range. After Ford bought Jaguar Cars for £ 1.6bn, Sir John Egan took over as chairman of the BAA (British Airports Authority). In June 1986 he was knighted. His contribution to the development of Jaguar Cars is enormous, second only to founder Sir William Lyons. They call him "The Man Who Saved Jaguar"!

Jaguar XJ-S TWR

After returning to the UK on the competition arena appeared new strength... Racer Tom Walkinshaw prepared the Jaguar XJ-S for racing in Australia in 1982 and planned to create a pair of cars for the European Touring Car Championship. The first season brought first and second places to the Tourist Trophy at Silverstone. Over the next year, Jaguar scored five victories against a backdrop of six BMW victories; The meaning of the numbers becomes clear when we mention that for every two Jaguar cars, five German cars were registered. The 1984 season turned out to be successful for Tom Walkinshaw's team, who added a third champion XJ-S to his collection. The team led the European Championship with a streak of victories, and Walkinshaw ended the season with the European title. Following this triumphant success, the team was tasked with developing a sports car to challenge the world and win Jaguar at Le Mans for the sixth time.

DEATH OF WILLIAM LIONES

In February 1985, Sir William Lyons passed away quietly in his own home, Wappenbury Hall in Leamington Spa, having seen his beloved company regain its independence in his lifetime the year before. The tribute to this man was truly limitless. For 50 years he has been the epitome of Jaguar, and his role in automotive history cannot be overemphasized; he is remembered by many for being a shrewd businessman or autocratic boss who referred to all of his employees by name. Others will remember him for his frugality, and still others for his personal attention to detail. But we mostly remember him for his unique sense of design and style, and the way in which he incorporated a little character into every car he built. So when we see the Jaguar badge on the boot lid, we know it really is Lyons' car. His wife Greta, Lady Lyons, whom they had married back in 1924, died the following year. They are both buried in St. John the Baptist Cemetery near their home.

Jaguar XJR-6

Teams like Porsche and Lancia had an enduring racing track record, but the British Formula 1 teams were the world leaders in chassis design, and Tony Southgate, a former Grand Prix designer, was hired to create the new XJR-6. At that time, the Grand Prix cars used the "ground effect" to "push" the car into the road at high speeds, and Southgate found a worthy application for this. The car was first tested in June - July 1985, and already in August 1985 at the first race in Canada took third place. Thanks to a contract with the manufacturer of Silk Cut cigarettes in 1986, the TWR-Jaguar team competed in the racing championships in Silk Cut colors. By this time, the V12 engine had been upgraded, its volume was 6.5 liters (6496) and the power was increased to 690 hp and on May 5, 1986 the Derek Warwick / Eddie Cheever crew in a Jaguar XJR-6 won their first victory since 1957 at the Silverstone race. 1000 kilometers.

Jaguar XJR-7

Group 44 made its debut with the new XJR-7, its redesigned body was more robust thanks to the use of composite and honeycomb materials, and the use of aluminum instead of steel, but the V12 engine and rear suspension remained unchanged. At the end of 1985 and in 1986, in front of their compatriots, the team managed to win two fourths and several second places, the team again demonstrated such consistency, finishing second in the manufacturers' championship. Team TWR had a great season, winning the 1000km race at Silverstone and moving closer to the title of world champion. In total, under the auspices of Jaguar Cars, the Group44 team has participated in 76 competitions over six seasons, including two events at Le Mans, and made a total of 120 starts. It was an excellent result in itself, but unfortunately no championship was won and Bob Talius' hopes of another attempt at Le Mans were dashed when Jaguar Cars management redirected financial support to Tom Walkinshaw and his TWR team.

Jaguar XJ40

Work on the car continued from the late 70s. Jim Randle took over the engineering and developed a completely new suspension for the car. Prototypes have been tested in extreme climates over a total distance of 5 million miles. Released in Europe in the second half of 1986 and in the United States in early 1987, the new XJ6 was met with widespread acclaim. The models were offered with the 3.6-liter AJ6 engine and the 2.9-liter version was also offered in Europe, waiting for the car has reappeared. The 3.6 had good ride quality and the new suspension provided excellent ride quality. It was possible to order a 5-speed manual or automatic transmission. Automatic box had the original "J-Gate" drive tuning knob - the brainchild of Jim Randle. The car received a completely new, redesigned interior with trim in Connolly leather and wood inlays of precious woods with inlay, and the passengers in the rear seats received folding picnic tables made of polished wood, and a new automatic transmission gate made it easy and quick to select the speed for a more lively ride. ... Three derivative models were proposed - the XJ6, Sovereign and the best in the series, Daimler.

James Neville "Jim" Randle(James Neville "Jim" Randle) was born in April 1938. Randle became one of the leading British car designers, a former chief engineer at Jaguar and the designer of one of the world's fastest sports cars, the Jaguar XJ220. Currently director of the Automotive Engineering Center at Birmingham University, he started out as a 16-year-old apprentice and led his first full-scale automotive project, the Rover 2000TC, at the age of 25. In 1965 he joined Jaguar Cars Ltd. in the engineering department and was involved in the creation of the Jaguar XJ Series 1, and later in cooperation with Pininfarina and the Jaguar XJ Series 3. As director of product development for Jaguar in the 1980s, he was responsible for preparing for the production of many large projects, including including the XJ40 sedan. In 1984, Jim Randle spearheaded, unofficially, the development of what is called the Saturday Club, a group of engineers and designers from the Wheatley center who volunteer on weekends and after hours on a new supercar for Group B racing. ", Which later became known as XJ220. He left Jaguar Cars Ltd. as the company's chief engineer after 26 years in 1991, just two years after Ford took control of Jaguar Cars Ltd. The American giant appointed his people to key positions, and Randle was removed from office.

Jaguar XJR-8

By 1987, the TWR XJR-6 was significantly redesigned and renamed the XJR-8. About 60 changes were made to the car, the engine volume was increased to 7.0 liters (6995), and its power was 720 hp Now the cars became stiffer, lighter, more powerful and had more downforce to improve traction properties. The changes paid off as Jaguar won the first four rounds in the 1987 championship. The next round was Le Mans, and Southgate designed the body specifically for the fast French circuit. Three XJR-8LMs, as they were named, have been registered, but luck has turned away from them, with a puncture and a cracked cylinder head dropping out two cars, and problems with the transmission delayed a third. The seventh round brought first and third places in the Brands Hatch races, and the victory at the Nürburgring in Germany finally cemented the world championship for Jaguar cars, which won eight races out of ten this year.

Jaguar XJR-9

In 1988, the index in the name of the car was again changed to Jaguar XJR-9, the car received an upgraded V12 engine with a displacement of 7.0 liters and an increased power of 750 hp. IMSA cars were sponsored by Castrol, they were painted in elegant green, red and white colors and won the first match, Daytona's 24 Hour Race - the season was off to a great start. At this time, the team started the world championship from the second place after Sauber Mercedes in the first race, followed by victories of the team leaders, Martin Brandl and Eddie Cheever, in Yarama (Spain), Monza (Italy) and Silverstone (England). Porsche cars have dominated Le Mans for several years. TWR-Jaguar came out in opposition in 1988, registering at least five new XJR-9LMs. After 24 hours of tough racing, the XJR-9LM, driven by Lammers, Johnny Dumfries and Andy Wellace, crossed the finish line, adding another victory to the five Jaguar won in the fifties. This moment was to be enjoyed. The rest of the season was very successful, with Martin Brandl and Jaguar finishing respectively as Drivers 'and Manufacturers' Championship winners by a substantial margin.

Jaguar XJR-10

The XJR-10 did not have a well-known V12 engine, but a 3.0-liter twin-turbo V6 engine that developed 650 hp. The engine was equipped with an electronically controlled injection system and equipped with two Garrett turbochargers. This lightweight and high-revving engine was great for short-range acceleration and the TWR-Jaguar team had high hopes for it. The Jaguar XJR-10 debuted at the IMSA Championship on May 29 at Lime Rock. Jan Lammers finished second, just one second behind a car from the Nissan team. In July, the Jaguar XJR-10, driven by drivers Ian Lammers and Price Cobb, triumphed in Portland, beating Nissan. The JaguarXJR-10 ultimately amassed 6 wins from 26 positions in the extremely competitive IMSA GTP Championship. For a while, Jaguar cars have competed in shorter distance races with smaller turbocharged cars. The advantage was that they could quickly develop turbo boost to increase power. Thus, TWR developed the XJR-10 for sprint racing, but continued to use the V12-powered XJR-12 for long distance races such as Daytona and Le Mans.

Jaguar XJR-11

By July 1989, the Jaguar XJR-11 was prepared for the specification of the Group "C" championship. The car was powered by a 3.5-liter V6 engine with electronically controlled injection and equipped with two Garrett turbochargers, which developed 750 hp. Like the Jaguar XJR-10, it faced very strong competition, this time from the Sauber-Mercedes team with their vehicles powered by powerful V8 engines - Silver Arrows. Jan Lammers and Patrick Tambay were able to take only sixth place. Reliability problems due to engine problems have plagued the Jaguar XJR-11 for most of the year. The only victory for the Jaguar XJR-11, with a Bosch Motronic engine management system instead of the one installed by Zytec, was won at Silverstone on May 20, 1990. Changes in the rules made the Jaguar XJR-11 almost obsolete for the 1991 season and the XJR-11 did not perform as well as the TWR team was counting on Jaguar, yet it served Jaguar Sport well for most of the two seasons 1989-1990.

Jaguar XJR-12

TWR-Jaguar's engineers studied the experience of using turbocharged V6 engines and concluded that this engine did not meet the reliability requirements on long races such as the 24 Hours of Le Mans and in 1990. old engine The V12 was returned in for Le Mans. The car was named the Jaguar XJR-12 and was again successful, winning the 1989 24 hour Daytona race under the control of the Jones / Lammers / Wallace drivers, followed by victories in Tampa, Portland and Del Mare. In the 24 Hours Le-man race on June 16 and 17, 1990, the Pryce Cobb / John Nielsen / Martin Brundle drivers took Jaguar's seventh and final Le Mans victory. In 1991, Jaguar XJR- returned to Le Mans with a 7.4-liter V12 engine and a power of 780 hp, it weighed exactly 1000 kg, as required by the new regulations, but was able to take only second and third places, losing to the Mazda team. After the rules changed again, Jaguar retired from the race.

RIGHTS IN THE JAGUAR RESTRICTED TO FORD MOTOR CORP.

On November 1, 1989, Ford Motor Corporation (FoMoCo) applied to the board of Jaguar Cars Ltd. with a proposal which, after a lengthy discussion of the proposed conditions, led to the conclusion of an agreement. This agreement recognized the integrity of the Jaguar brand and established that Jaguar should remain a separate legal entity with a self-sustaining capital structure and its own board of directors. On December 1, 1989, an extraordinary shareholders meeting was held, at which the board's recommendation to accept the Ford proposal was approved. Seven days later, the decision became unconditional, and Ford announced it was closing its offer on February 28, 1990, when a bid was filed to remove Jaguar from the stock list. Ford Transition Team spent three months preparing the Jaguar Activity Report, during which time appointments were made officials Ford into the main board. By the end of March, Sir John Egan announced that he was leaving Jaguar, and although he immediately handed over as chief executive, he retained the position of non-executive chairman until the end of June 1990. William J. Hayden (CBE), who took over as Chief Executive in March, took over as Chairman and Chief Executive on July 1, 1990. Bill Hayden has extensive experience in the British auto industry, where he has held a number of very senior positions. Commenting on his appointment, he said: “I believe in Jaguar, its products and its people. The level of skill, education and ability of the workers is higher than I have seen anywhere else. "

1990s: THE FORD EPOCH

Jaguar XJR-15

After winning Le-man in 1988, Walkinshaw conceived a new sports car concept that resulted in the Jaguar XJR-15. Its official premiere took place at Silverstone in early 1991. The XJR-15 is a rear-wheel drive sports car equipped with a 6.0 liter V12 engine and 450 hp. The XJR-15's chassis and body were made of carbon fiber and Kevlar, making it the first road car built entirely of composites. It was developed in accordance with the 1990 "Group C" racing rules. In the road version of the car, the suspension was tuned more comfortably and the car received accolades from journalists. For the XJR-15, the 1991 Jaguar Sport Intercontinental Challenge special sports series was created. This competition in three racing series was held during 1991 in support of the Formula 1 Grand Prix in Monaco, Silverstone and Spa-Francorchamps. The car was produced by the Jaguar Sport division in Bloxham (UK) from 1990 to 1992, with a total of 50 Jaguar XJR-15s produced, each selling for $ 960,165.

Jaguar XJ220

As early as 1984, a small team of enthusiastic engineers at Jaguar Cars were contemplating an all-wheel drive vehicle that would lead the company to victory at Le Mans. Initially it was an informal project, the development of the so-called "Saturday Club", a group of engineers and designers from the center in Wheatley, volunteering on weekends and after hours, albeit under the direction of technical director Jim Randle. The prototype was unveiled on October 22, 1988 at the Birmingham International Auto Show and attracted a lot of interest, the car literally gathered crowds around it. In early 1992, it was officially announced that the Jaguar XJ220 would go on sale in about sixteen months, priced at £ 360,000. The production version was presented to the public at the Tokyo Auto Show on October 25, 1991. The Jaguar XJ220 used a 3.5-liter twin-turbo V6 engine in series production. As standard equipment, the car was equipped with electric drives for windows, mirrors and seats, air conditioning, an audio system with a CD player, and aluminum wheels. An alarm and an immobilizer were installed as standard. The salon was made of leather of any color at the buyer's choice. The price has also changed, just for each Jaguar XJ220 you had to pay £ 403,000 in Britain, or $ 540,000 in America.

Jaguar XJ (X300)

The new XJ made its world debut at the Paris Motor Show in October 1994, and the launch of the brand's new flagship was Jaguar's highlight of the year. For the first time, the company has released a new car, manufactured according to world quality standards, simultaneously in all markets of the world. At the time of development, the new XJ was indexed X300 internally, with over £ 200 million invested in it, and it was the first model presented by Jaguar since its acquisition by Ford. The most striking aspect of the new series is the combination of traditional and modern features, resulting in a sleek new body design. Every outer shell panel has been redesigned from the XJ40 model. Engineers have made the new XJ quieter, smoother, more comfortable, faster, while more economical, safer, more reliable and stronger. New 4.0-liter engine with 326 hp compressor, a first for production luxury sedans, also ensured that the new XJ was more attractive to customers. The car was a resounding success and earned praise from Jaguar dealers, the press and customers around the world.

Jaguar XK8

In 1996, the XK8 debuted at motor shows in Geneva and New York, causing a wave of approval. The powerful, flying lines of the XK8 were reminiscent of the great Jaguar sports cars. The XK8 is Jaguar's first new sports car and belongs to the latest generation in Jaguar's long-term production strategy. Building on the Jaguar tradition, the XK8 is a unique combination of style, luxury, refinement and craftsmanship, while setting new standards in the sports car market in terms of dynamic performance, advanced technology, quality and reliability. Jaguar engineers have created a completely new design body and new interior. The new suspension, steering and braking system also confirms the XK8's reputation for best-in-class ride and handling balance. At the heart of the XK8 is the all-new AJ-V8 engine. Designed and built by Wheatley, a 4.0-liter 32-valve V8 with a 290 hp four-barrel carburetor. set new standards in power for the Jaguar brand. Since unveiling at the Geneva Motor Show where it was voted Best Car, the XK8 has won awards and rave reviews around the world for its style, beauty, speed, handling and even sex appeal!

Sir Nicholas Vernon "Nick" Sheel(Nicholas Vernon "Nick" Scheele) (03.01.1944-18.07.2014) - Chairman and CEO of Jaguar from 1992 to 1999. "Nick" Sheal was born in Brentwood, Essex, the eldest son of Werner J. Sheel and his wife, Nora E. Sheal. He was educated at the Brentwood School and continued his studies at Durham University in St Cuthbert. After graduation, he joined the Ford Motor Company. Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, William Hayden, retired at the end of March 1992, his extensive experience in manufacturing allowed the company to significantly improve quality and productivity during his two years in office, and the company he was transferred was already more resilient in every respect. Sheeal, who joined Jaguar earlier in the year as Vice Chairman In September 1992, at the company's 70th anniversary celebration, Nick Sheal made it clear that Jaguar would continue to develop its strengths: “Sir William Lyons believed in providing our customers with a personality and excitement with vehicles that deliver world-class performance, ride quality and comfort at an affordable price. Today, these qualities remain a priority for Jaguar. Our goal for the future will be to live up to this tradition and create new models that are unmistakably Jaguar and worthy of that legacy. ” Under his leadership, new models XJ (X300), XJ8, XK8, S-type were launched, production of absolutely new

The only one for the company is the AJ-V8 engine. In April 1999, "Nick" Sheel, Chairman and CEO of Jaguar, was named Chairman of Ford Europe. During his seven years in the Jaguar structure, this man has made significant changes in the work of the company. Under his leadership, Jaguar regained its rightful place among the world's most popular brands in terms of brand image, product quality and customer satisfaction. In 2001, "Nick" Sheehl was awarded the British Order of Chivalry - Most Outstanding Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) for his services in the development of British exports. He died on July 18, 2014 at the age of 70.

Jaguar XJ8 (X308)

Jaguar unveiled the new XJ8 sedan at the Frankfurt Motor Show on September 11, 1997. The vehicle has been extensively modified to improve quality, durability and structural performance. Torsional stiffness has also been increased, placing Jaguar on a par with the leaders. The interior of the XJ8 is a modern evolution of the stylish Jaguar signature that intelligently combines traditional materials and craftsmanship with high technology. Increased passenger comfort, improved ergonomics and increased legroom, while at the same time enhancing safety. Wide-ranging changes included the front suspension, braking system, and wireless throttle control. All XK8 and XJ8 hulls were painted at Castle Bromwich using new equipment. The car was equipped with all-aluminum V8 engines with four camshafts with a volume of 3.2 liters and 237 hp. and 4.0 liters with a capacity of 284 hp, later a version with a 4.0-liter compressor with a capacity of 363 hp appeared.

Jaguar S-type

In early 1998, Jaguar announced that the mid-size S-type sports sedan (in-house index X200) would debut at the Birmingham International Auto Show in October. Full production of the S-type will be completed by 1999, guaranteeing Jaguar ushering in a new century with record levels of production and the broadest range of products in the company's history. The new model was developed at the Jaguar Technical Center in Wheatley, built at the company's Castle Bromwich plant and went on sale in March 1999. The S-type was hailed as an all-new, more affordable, compact, luxury sports sedan that complemented and expanded Jaguar's existing lineup. Lower than the XJ in terms of size and value, the S-type embodied the brand's core values ​​of unusual styling, high power, easy handling and unmatched comfort. The S-type was powered by either a 3.0-liter V6 engine or a 4.0-liter V8. The powerful V6, the company's first ever V6 engine, matched perfectly with a chassis that combined unrivaled performance and ease of handling. In addition, innovative technologies were used in the production of the car, including voice control of the audio system, telephone and climate control pioneered in mass production cars, which ensured safe and easy use of these systems.

2000s: NEW TIME

In October 1999, Jaguar announced its intention to compete in the Formula 1 World Championship. The decision to participate was made after Ford bought the Stewart Grand Prixte racing team in June 1999, which was renamed Jaguar Racing. Jaguar's great achievements in motor sport have established it as a worthy candidate for participation in Formula 1. In more than 50 years, Jaguar has won Le Mans seven times, the world championship twice, as well as the Monte Carlo rally and countless lesser events. However, the 2000 season turned out to be extremely unsuccessful, due to technical malfunctions, both cars got off at the very beginning of the season. By the 2001 season, the design of the car was seriously modified and the new car allowed Eddie Irwin to climb the podium in the Monaco Grand Prix, but did not bring other victories to the team. The year 2002 for the Jaguar Racing team began extremely unsuccessfully, in most races the cars were refused due to technical problems. It wasn't until the end of the season that the Jaguar Racing team managed to achieve a slight improvement in results, and Eddie Irwin brought the car to the podium for the second time in team history. 2003 brought the team a clear improvement in results, she scored 18 points - twice as many as in any of the previous championships. In 2004, the team received new Jaguar R5 vehicles, but the results were down again. For three years in a row, the Jaguar Racing team was only seventh in the Constructors' Championship and could not rise higher. As a result, the management decided to sell the team.

Jaguar X-type

In February 2001 at Geneva Motor Show the new X-type was unveiled, which became a decoration of the exhibition, and a road test carried out shortly after it, by representatives of the press, confirmed that, despite its size, it was a real Jaguar. The sleek and understated design, along with traditional Jaguar signatures, made the vehicle recognizable, and the interior trim met the quality and comfort standards that have built Jaguar's reputation. From a technical point of view, the X-type stood out for its all-wheel drive system, which distributed traction between the front and rear wheels in a ratio of 40/60. This was the first all-wheel drive system used in the manufacture of Jaguar vehicles. Engines for the X-type were light V6 power units with 4 camshafts and with a displacement of 2.5 and 3.0 liters and the highest power density in its class. Jaguar engineers developed engines to meet the high demands placed on the company behind the legendary XK and V12 engines. Aimed at a wider and younger audience, the X-type was first equipped with a 2.5-liter V6 with 194 horsepower and a 3.0-liter unit with a capacity of 227 horsepower, and in 2002 a modification with a front-wheel drive and a displacement engine was added to the production range 2.1 liters with a capacity of 156 hp The sale of the car began shortly after the official opening of the Halewood plant, and the car itself became a source of pride in the products manufactured by the company. The model was the smallest in Jaguar's lineup and was produced in sedan and station wagon bodies, with the X-Type being the company's only mass-produced station wagon.

Jaguar XJ (X350 / 358)

The Paris Motor Show in September 2003 was marked by the presentation of a completely new and technically advanced sedan that replaced the existing XJ8. Developed as part of a project called the X350, the new XJ represented an important step forward not only for Jaguar, but for the entire automotive industry. Most of the body components in new cars are made of aluminum. The extensive use of aluminum in the production of the new XJ made it 200 kg lighter previous model and this despite the fact that the new model is longer, taller and wider than its predecessor. The salon has become more spacious and more comfortable for all passengers. What's more, being 40% lighter than the previous XJ, the new car's carcass is 10-15% stronger, which increases the reliability and durability of the body. The new car was powered by a 4.2-liter V8 engine, both supercharged and naturally aspirated. Moreover, there were modifications equipped with a 3.5-liter V8 engine and a 3.0-liter V6. The self-adjusting suspension is another innovation that comes standard on all models in conjunction with the CATS system. The design of the new car is fully consistent with the style of the Jaguar company. In addition to the standard XJ with a short wheelbase,and a special modification - a lengthened version of the XJ with a compressor V8, which received the designation Jaguar Super V8 Vanden Plas. In 2005, the name was changed to Daimler Super Eight (exclusively for the US market). A limited edition version of the Super V8 Portfolio was available. The top models had a very rich equipment, in particular, headrest monitors and active cruise control with Forward Alert function, which warns of approaching an obstacle."Aluminum XJ" is the seventh generation of the XJ series. Since the release of the first model in 1968 to the start of sales in the spring of 2003, approximately 800,000 Jaguar XJs have been produced.

Jaguar XK (X150)

At the January 2005 Detroit Auto Show, Jaguar unveiled a new concept car called the Advanced Lightweight Coupe, designed by Jaguar Design Studio under the direction of Ian Kalam. The Jaguar XK, internal code X150, was unveiled at the Frankfurt Motor Show on November 2, 2005 with a 4.2 liter V8 engine like the first generation cars. In January 2006, the JaguarXK convertible was unveiled at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit. The press reviews were positive: the car handled superbly, accelerated superbly, the brakes provided ample information, and the tuned exhaust system sounded great. The redesigned interior and completely redesigned dashboard provided excellent visibility to the driver and additional space in the front seats. After showing live test vehicles at dealerships in mid-March 2006, Jaguar XK sales worldwide have shown steady growth. The car was offered as a coupe and convertible with a folding soft top, controlled by an electric drive. The chassis of the car as a whole rooted the design of the XK8. Under the hood of the car was installed a V8 engine with a volume of 4.2 liters and a power of 298 hp. paired with a six-speed "automatic" ZF. In some markets, an option was offered with a 3.5-liter V8 engine developing 258 hp. with., and the version of the Jaguar XKR was equipped with a V8 compressor engine with a volume of 4.2 liters, which made it possible to increase the output to 416 liters. with. In 2011, a new version of the Jaguar XKR-S was introduced with an improved 550 hp engine. (405 kW) and a torque of 680 N / m., And later the XKR-S GT.

Ian Callum was born in Dumfries (Scotland). At the age of 14, he made his first attempt at a design for a Jaguar car and sent his sketches to the company in the hopes of getting a job. He graduated in industrial design, first graduating from the Glasgow School of Art and then from the Royal College of Art in London with a master's degree in automotive design. The first serious place of work of the designer was the Ford company. From 1979 to 1990, Callum managed to check in at many Blue Oval dealerships around the world: British, Italian, and even Japanese and Australian. The Scotsman continued his career in the British engineering company TWR (Tom Walkinshaw Racing), of which he was appointed chief designer in 1991. It was here that his talent as an automobile "artist" was fully revealed: commissioned by Aston Martin, Callum painted an incredibly beautiful DB7 coupe, which began a new era in the history of the legendary British brand. He joined Jaguar in 1999, marking a new era in the development of the brand. Under his leadership, innovative and compelling models such as the Jaguar XK, the luxurious XF and the stunning flagship of the Jaguar XJ brand have been developed. Ian received five honorary doctorates from universities around the world and the title of Royal Industrial Designer from the Royal Society of the Arts (RSA). Ian Callum became one of the first representatives of the automotive industry to be inducted into the Scottish Motoring Hall of Fame. In 2013, he was named "Person of the Year" by the British publication Top Gear, in 2015 he won the prestigious "Designer of the Year" award, and also took first place in the ranking of the 100 best designers in Great Britain by Designerati according to The Drum.

Jaguar XF (X250)

In September 2007, at the Frankfurt Motor Show, a rear-wheel drive five-seater E-class sports sedan, the Jaguar XF, was presented. At the time of its creation, the car received the in-house index X250. The car was modeled after the C-XF concept and completely changed the concept of the model, having lost all stylistic ties with the Jaguar S-type model. The Jaguar XF's design has nothing to do with the retro styling of its predecessor. Low roof, long bonnet, wide wheel arches - now Jaguar has a sporty character. The XF is a four-door sedan that combines sophisticated styling, performance sports coupe, as well as the perfection of the luxurious interior of the executive class car, allowing the driver and four passengers to enjoy an exciting ride at speeds up to 250 km / h. The interior design gives a sense of spaciousness, with less wood, leather and ostentatious luxury inside the car. The XF is marketed as a sports car, so it has powerful engines that match its character. In April 2011 at the New York International Auto Show, the company unveiled an updated XF model. The facelift included changes to the front and rear of the car, which were based on the styling of the Jaguar C-XF concept car.