Every year the number of cars in cities increases, therefore, the concentration increases exhaust gases. What action the products of the engine work can be found on the body, you can find out in their composition.
The development of all mankind is invariably accompanied by the growth of the population and, of course, needs. At the same time, industry is developing and automobile transport, and B. environment More and more poisonous chemicals are thrown. About 90 percent of the total pollution amounts are exhaust gases from cars. This problem today is becoming increasingly relevant.
Automobile exhaust gases are a kind of cocktail of several hundred chemicals that can harm and human health, and ecology. They stand out in the process of combustion of fuel.
Statistics state that one "car" allocates per day to the environment on average to one kilogram of carcinogens, toxins and technical components. At the same time, harmful substances accumulate and may be contained in the atmosphere of up to five to six years. They can harm both the environment and man, and plants, and animals.
When the concentration of exhaust gases in the air exceeds the norm, they negatively affect human well-being. Most of all, taxi drivers and minibuses suffer from their impact, as well as people who spend a lot of time in the fleet. At the same time, diesel engines are considered the most harmful, which can work out a lot of soot.
Emissions from exhaust pipe Cars instantly affect the respiratory organs, and adults have much less than in children. It is determined by the fact that the maximum concentration of gases is concentrated at about the level of the kindergarten.
The composition of the exhaust gases of cars
The harm of the environment is applied thanks to toxins that are contained in exhaust gases. Of these, the following chemical compounds are especially distinguished:
According to statistics, buses and trucks produce much more exhaust gases than cars and motorcycles. This is connected with the volume of engines and the mode of their work.
Impact on the human body
In its composition, car exhaust gases have poisonous and harmful chemical compounds, they can cause the development of chronic and acute diseases. The following pathologies may arise in the respiratory authorities:
- asthma;
- allergy;
- bronchitis;
- malignant neoplasms;
- hymorite;
- emphysema;
- inflammation of the respiratory tract.
In addition, due to the content harmful substances Cardiovascular system may suffer in emissions. For her, the following phenomena are characteristic:
- dizziness;
- didna and breathing difficulty;
- signs of angina;
- formation of thrombosis;
- myocardial infarction.
Substances present in the composition of car exhausts can accumulate inside the body. Because of this, it is hatching, leading to the development of serious diseases. There are a lot of disputes on the influence of exhaust gases on human health, but they all reduce that harm is inevitable.
Many people still know that plants can "breathe". That is, they also felt the effect of exhaust gases. 
Microparticles of toxins poison the body of the plant, because the trees and flowers growing along the roads look so dull and sluggish.
In addition, the huge amount affected the composition of climatic precipitation. Precisely because of operation vehicle Increased acid rains, multi-colored fogs or dark snow. Of course, such precipitations contribute to the purification of air, but the pollution in the same way fall into the ground. After that, heavy metals and chemical compounds apply further through agricultural crops and animal feed. Such a "cycle" of harmful substances is adversely affected by the state of health.
Protection measures
Maximum damage Automotive emissions are on people who stand in traffic jams for a long time. Motorists, without having a gas mask or respirator, are literally forced to inhale them. However, the oral cavity or nose can be closed with a scarf or handkerchief. The fabric will not be able to protect harmful substances from entering the body, but it will at least minimize their number.
If you have often to stand in the autodigations, the diet is recommended to be supplemented with green vegetables, berries, and seeds. It is also desirable to drink as you can more waterBecause it eliminates intoxication.
The effect of exhaust gases on the environment also extends to homes and apartments that are located near the highway. Often the exhausts in the home fall through the velocities and windows. Specialists to enhance security advise to install hermetic structures, and use bizers for ventilation.
Today, scientists still continue to develop alternative species of fuel, electric vehicles and other eco-friendly technologies. But while this is only a matter of the future, because the problem of emission of exhaust gases is now so relevant.
According to environmental studies, in large cities, almost 90% of the pollution of the atmosphere falls on transport exhausts. The strongest pollutants are cars operating on diesel fuel. Also, the type of gasoline burned is also played. For example, sulfur gasoline distinguishes sulfur oxide into the atmosphere, and - chlorine, bromine and lead. But the most common composition of exhaust gases as follows:
Nitrogen - 75%;
- oxygen - 0.3-8.0%;
- water - 3-5%;
- carbon dioxide - 0-16%;
- carbon monoxide - 0.1-5.0%;
- nitrogen oxides - 0.8%;
- hydrocarbons - 0.1-2.5%;
- aldehydes - up to 0.2%;
- soot - up to 0.04%;
- Benzpins - 0.0005%.
Carbon monoxide
Product of incomplete combustion of gasoline or diesel fuel. This gas has no color, so it cannot feel his presence in the atmosphere. This is its main danger. Curmarket gas binds hemoglobin and causes tissues and organs of the body. This leads to a headache, dizziness, loss of consciousness and even to death.
There are often cases when warming the car in a closed or even open garage led to a fatal outcome of the car owner. Not having smell and colors, carbon monoxide leads to the loss of consciousness and death.
Nitrogen dioxide
Yellowish-brown gas with a sharp smell. Improves visibility, gives the air a brownish shade. Very toxic, can cause bronchitis, significantly reduces the organism resistance to colds. Especially negative nitrogen dioxide affects people suffering from chronic respiratory diseases.
Hydrocarbons
In the presence of nitrogen oxides and under the influence of the ultraviolet of the sun, hydrocarbons are oxidized, after which the oxygen-containing poisonous substances are formed with a sharp smell, so called photochemical smoking. Cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are also contained in resins and soot, they are strongest carcinogens. Some of them are able to cause mutations.
Formaldehyde
Colorless gas, has an unpleasant and sharp smell. In large quantities annoying respiratory tract and eyes. Toxic, causes the damage to the nervous system, has a mutagenic, allergenic and carcinogenic effect.
Dust and Saya
Weighted particles, no more than 10 microns. May cause diseases of respiratory and mucous membranes. Sayage is a carcinogen and can cause cancer.
During the engine operation on the walls of the exhaust system, unburned particles are accumulated. Under the influence of the pressure of the gases, they are thrown into the atmosphere, polluting it.
Benzpins 3,4.
One of the most dangerous substances that contains exhaust gases. It is a strong carcinogen, increases the likelihood of cancer.
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The effect on the atmosphere of exhaust gases is an urgent environmental problem. Many people use cars and do not even guess how much air is poisoned. To assess the damage, it is worth examining the composition of exhaust gases and the consequences of their environmental impact.
What exhaust gases consist of
Car exhaust gases are formed during the engine operation, as well as with incomplete or complete combustion of the fuel used. In total, more than two hundred different components are found in them: some exist for just a few minutes, others decompose and twist in the air for a long time.
Classification
All exhausts by properties, components and the degree of environmental impacts and the human body are divided into several groups:
- The first group combines all substances that do not have toxic properties. This includes water vapors, as well as natural and inalienable components of atmospheric air, inevitably penetrating car engines. This category includes CO2-carbon dioxide emissions, which is also non-toxic, but reduces oxygen concentration in the air.
- The second group of components of automotive exhaust exhaust gases includes carbon oxide, that is, carbon monoxide. It is a product of incomplete combustion of fuel and has pronounced poisoning and toxic properties. This substance, falling into the human body when inhalation, penetrates blood and react with hemoglobin. As a result, the concentration of oxygen is strongly reduced, hypoxia occurs, and in severe cases and death.
- The third group covers nitrogen oxides that have a brown tint, an unpleasant caustic smell. Such substances are dangerous for a person, as they can irritate the mucous membranes and hit the shell of internal organs, especially the lungs.
- The fourth group of exhaust components is the most numerous and includes hydrocarbons that appear due to the incomplete combustion of the fuel used in automotive engines. And it is precisely such substances form a bluish or light white smoke.
- The fifth group of exhaust components is represented by aldehydes. The highest concentrations of these substances are observed with minimal loads or with the so-called idle course when temperature mode Combustion in the engine is distinguished by low indicators.
- The sixth group of components of exhaust automotive gases is various dispersed particles, including soot. They are considered to wear the wear of engine parts, and may also include particles of oils, aerosols, nagar. The soot itself is not dangerous, but it can settle in the respiratory tract and worsen visibility with exhaust.
- The seventh group of substances included in the exhaust gases are various sulfur compounds formed during combustion in fuels of fuels containing sulfur (they are primarily a diesel). Such components have a sharp characteristic odor, and they are able to provide irritating effect on mucous membranes, as well as violate metabolic processes and oxidative reactions.
- The eighth group is different lead connections. They appear during operation carburetor engines Subject to the use of eaten gasoline with additives, contributing to an increase in octane number.
The effects of exposure of exhaust gases
The effect of exhaust gases on human health, ecology and atmosphere is extremely destructive. First of all, harmful emissions formed during the combustion of fuel in car engines are strongly contaminated by air, forming. Some small and light particles are able to rise and reach atmospheric layers, changing their composition and sealing structure.
Exhaust gases are one of the reasons for the greenhouse effect, which is developing a rapid pace and represents a real threat to ecology and all mankind. It causes weather anomalies, warming, melting glaciers, an increase in the world's ocean.
Another direction of the negative effect of exhaust gases is to promote acid rain. Recently, they began to go more and more and badly harm the ecosystem. The drop-down precipitations with high acidity change the composition of the soil, which can make it unsuitable for growing plants and growing crops.
Flora suffers greatly: it rains literally corrupt foliage and fruit. Also, acid precipitates are harmful and dangerous for a person: they have an annoying and toxic effects on the skin, the scalp.
Extremely dangerous exposure to car exhausts and for the human body. Gas components almost immediately fall into the respiratory system, the mucous membranes of lungs and bronchi irritate, disturb and oppress the respiratory functions, and also cause a number of chronic diseases, including asthma and bronchitis. But the substances from the respiratory tract are absorbed into the blood and change its composition, for example, significantly reduce oxygen concentration. Also, the compounds penetrate all tissues and organs, and some are able to cause rebirth and mutation of cells in the future, their destruction.
How to avoid the serious consequences of the influence of exhaust
To minimize the dangerous and serious consequences of the negative impact of automotive exhaust gases, a number of measures should be taken:
- Competent, rational and moderate operation of automotive vehicles. Do not allow long work on the idlingAvoid riding on large speedsIf possible, refuse the car in favor of using public transport, namely trolley buses and trams.
- The most effective way is the refusal of oil-containing fuels and the transition to alternative energy sources. In the past few years, scientists have begun to develop cars operating on electricity and even solar panels.
- Constantly monitor the serviceability of the car, and especially behind the state of the engine and all its parts, as well as at the work of the exhaust system.
- Available modern meanswhich reduces the concentration of harmful substances in car exhausts. These include the so-called catalytic neutralizers of exhaust gases. If applying them constantly, then emissions will be less dangerous for the atmosphere and humanity.
Using the car, each owner must take care not only about its health, but also about the influence of transport and exhaust on health and the environment. Only in this case will be able to avoid sad consequences.
They accompany us almost everywhere - fly to our kitchen through the window, pursue a car in the cabin, pedestrian crossing, in public transport... car exhaust gases - are they so dangerous for a person, how do they present the media?
From total to private - air pollution by exhaust gases
Periodically in major cities because of the hanging smog, even the sky is not visible. Paris's authorities, for example, at such days are trying to limit car departure - today the owners of cars with even numbers go, and tomorrow with odd ... But as soon as you enters the fresh wind and distribute the accumulated gases, they again produce everyone, until the new wave of smog will cover the city So that tourists do not see the Eiffel Tower. In many major cities, it is cars that are the main air pollutants, although the global plan is inferior to industry leadership. Only the sphere of energy production from petroleum products and organic organics throws into the atmosphere twice as many carbon dioxide than all cars combined.
Plus, according to the estimates of ecologists, humanity cuts into so many forests annually as it would be enough for the processing of all CO 2, falling into the atmosphere of the exhaust pipe.
That is, no matter how cool, but pollution of the atmosphere of car exhaust gases - on a global scale, only one of the links is destructive for our planet consumption system. However, let's try moving away from the common to particular - that closer to us, some kind of plant on the edge of geography, or car? " iron Horse"- by and large, our personal exhaust generator" charms ", which is here and now continues to do it. And he harms, first of all, we yourself. Many drivers complain about drowsiness and seek a way, without even suspecting that the lack of forces and cheerfulness occurs due to inhalation of exhausts!
Harm exhaust gases is all so bad?
In total, the exhaust gases contain more than 200 different chemical formulas. This is harmless to the body of nitrogen, oxygen, water and the same carbon dioxide, and toxic carcinogens, which increase the risk of disease with serious agers up to the formation of malignant tumors. However, this is a perspective, the most dangerous substance that is able to influence our health here and now is the carbon monoxide CO, the product of incomplete combustion of fuel. We can't feel this gas with our receptors, and it is not in touch and invisibly creates our body a small Auschwitz - the poison limits the access of oxygen to the cells of the body, which in turn may cause as ordinary headacheSo more serious symptoms of poisoning, up to loss of consciousness and death.
The most terrible thing is that precisely children are exposed to the greatest poisoning - just at the level of their inhalation, the largest number of poison is concentrated. The experiments carried out in which all sorts of factors were taken into account, revealed regularity - children regularly exposed to carbon monoxide and other exhaust products, simply stupid, not to mention weakened immunite and "small" diseases like frequent colds. And this is only the top of the iceberg - is it worth describing the impact on our formaldehyde organism, benzopyrin and another 190 different compounds? Pragmatic Britons calculated that the exhaust gases annually kill more people than the perishes in the car accidents!
Car exhaust gases - how to deal with them?
And again go from the total to the private - you can accuse the global governments in inconsulatory, to scold industrial magnates whenever you or members of your family are sick, but you and only you can do anything not for a complete abandonment, but At least to reduce emissions. Of course, we are all limited to the capabilities of their wallet, however, from the actions listed in this article, for sure, there will be at least one that will suit you. Just let's agree - you will begin to execute right now, without postponing on the ghostly tomorrow.
It is possible that you can afford the transition to gas-ballot engines - do it! If there is no such possibility, adjust the engine, spend. If the engine is all right, try to choose the most rational mode of its work. Ready? Go further - use the neutralizers of the exhaust gases! Does not allow a wallet? So save money on gasoline - more often walk on foot, go to the store by bike.
The cost of fuel is so high that in just a few weeks such savings you can afford the best neutralizer! Optimize trips - Try to perform as many cases as possible in one check-in, combine trips with your neighbors or colleagues. Acting this way, performing at least one of the listed conditions, you personally can be satisfied - air pollution by exhaust gases thanks to you decreased! And do not think that this is not the result - your actions are similar to small pebbles that entail avalanche.
diesel engines, vol.%
Sulfur dioxide is formed in the exhaust gases in the case when sulfur is contained in the source fuel ( diesel fuel). Analysis of the data given in Table. 16 shows that the exhaust of carburetor DVS has the highest toxicity due to the greater emissions of CO, NO X., C. N.H. M. et al. Diesel engine discharge in large quantities of South, which in pure form non-toxic. However, soot particles, possessing a high adsorption capacity, carry a particle of toxic substances on its surface, including carcinogenic. Suite can be in suspension in the air for a long time, thereby increasing the time of exposure to toxic substances per person.
The use of leaded gasoline, which has a lead compound in its composition, causes air pollution of very toxic lead compounds. About 70% of lead added to gasoline with ethyl liquid enters the atmosphere with spent gases, of which 30% settles on Earth immediately behind the cut of the car's exhaust pipe, 40% remains in the atmosphere. One cargo car of the average carrying capacity highlights 2.5-3 kg of lead per year. The concentration of lead in the air depends on the content of it in gasoline. Eliminate the receipt of high-tech lead compounds into the atmosphere can be replaced by eaten gasoline on non-determined, which is used in Russian Federation and a number of countries in Western Europe.
The composition of the exhaust gases of DVS depends on the mode of operation of the engine. In the engine operating on gasoline, with unstended modes (acceleration, braking), the mixing processes are violated, which contributes to increased allocation of toxic products. The dependence of the composition of the exhaust gases of DVS from the excess air coefficient is shown in Fig. 77, but. Realcuting the combustible mixture to an excess air coefficient A \u003d 0.6-0.95 on overclocking mode leads to an increase in the emission of unburned fuel and the products of its incomplete combustion.
In diesel engines with a load decrease, the composition of the combustible mixture is impoverished, therefore the content of toxic components in the exhaust gases at low load decreases (Fig. 77, b).Content co and with N.N. M. Rates when working on the maximum load mode.
The number of harmful substances entering the atmosphere in the composition of exhaust gases depends on the total technical status Car and especially from the engine - the source of the greatest pollution. So, with a violation of the adjustment of the carburetor, the emissions of the CO increase by 4-5 times.
In the process of aging, the emissions of it increase due to the deterioration of all characteristics. With wear piston rings Increases breakthrough through them. Leaks through the exhaust valve can be the main source of hydrocarbon emissions.
Features of operation and designs that affect emissions in carburetor engines include the following parameters:
3) speed;
4) Mode Management;
5) Nagar formation in the combustion chamber;
6) surface temperature;
7) backdling exhaust;
8) overlapping valves;
9) Pressure in the inlet pipeline;
10) the ratio between the surface and volume;
11) working cylinder;
12) compression ratio;
13) recycling of exhaust gas;
14) combustion chamber design;
15) The ratio between the piston stroke and the diameter of the cylinder.
Reducing the amount of outlied pollutants is achieved in modern cars Due to the use of optimal design solutions, accurate adjustment of all engine elements, the choice of optimal motion modes, the use of fuel high Quality. Control of the vehicle motion modes can be carried out using a computer installed in the car.
The operational and design parameters affecting the emissions of the engines in which the ignition of the mixture occurs due to the compression, includes the following characteristics:
1) an excess air coefficient;
2) ahead of injection;
3) the temperature of the incoming air;
4) the composition of the fuel (including additives);
5) turbochards;
6) air turbulence;
7) combustion chamber design;
8) characteristics of the nozzle and jet;
9) recycling of exhaust gas;
10) Carter ventilation system.
Turbocaddv increases the cycle temperature and, thus, enhances the oxidative reactions. These factors lead to a reduction in hydrocarbon emissions. To reduce the temperature of the cycle and thus reduce the emission of nitrogen oxides, intermediate cooling can be used in conjunction with turbocharging.
One of the most promising directions for reducing emissions of the toxic substances of carburetor engines is to use the methods of external suppression of emissions, i.e. After they come out of the combustion chamber. Such devices include thermal and catalytic reactors.
The purpose of the use of thermal reactors is to reduce hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide by means of noncatalithic homogeneous gas reactions. These devices are designed for oxidation, so they do not lead to removal of nitrogen oxides. Such reactors support the increased temperature of the exhaust gases (up to 900 ° C) during the daisy period (an average of up to 100 ms), so that oxidative reactions continue in exhaust gases and after they leave the cylinder.
Catalytic reactors are installed in exhaust systemwhich is often somewhat removed from the engine and, depending on the design, is used to remove not only hydrocarbons and CO, but, in addition, and nitrogen oxides. For automotive vehicles, such catalysts are used as platinum and palladium, for oxidation of hydrocarbons and CO. To reduce the content of nitrogen oxides, rhodium is used as a catalyst. As a rule, only 2-4 g of noble metals is used. The main metal catalysts can be effective when using alcohol fuels, but their catalytic activity falls rapidly when using traditional hydrocarbon fuels. Two types of catalyst carriers are used: tablets (aluminum γ-oxide) or monolith (cordieritis or corrosion-resistant steel). Cordierite when it is used as a carrier is coated with γ-aluminum oxide before applying a catalytic metal.
Catalytic neutralizers Constructively consist of input and output devices that serve for supplying and output of neutralized gas, housing and a reactor enclosed in it, which is an active zone, where catalytic reactions proceed. The reactor-neutralizer operates under large temperature differences, vibratory loads, an aggressive medium. Providing effective cleaning Exhaust gases, reliability neutralizer should not give up the main assemblies and engine units.
Neutralizer for diesel engine shown in fig. 78. The design of the neutralizer is axisymmetric and has the appearance of the "pipe in the pipe". The reactor consists of outer and internal perforated grilles, between which the layer of the granulated platinum catalyst is placed.
The purpose of the neutralizer is deep (not less
90 in%) oxidation of CO and hydrocarbons in a wide temperature range (250 ... 800 ° C) in the presence of moisture, sulfur and lead connections. Catalysts of this type are characterized low temperatures starting efficient work, high heat resistance, durability and ability to work steadily when high speeds gas flow. The main disadvantage of the neutralizer of this type is the high cost.
In order for catalytic oxidation to occur normally, the oxidizing catalysts require a certain amount of oxygen, and restoring catalysts - a certain amount of CO, C N.N. M. or H 2. Typical systems and reactions of catalytic oxidation-recovery are shown in Fig. 79. Depending on the selectivity of the catalyst in the process of restoring nitrogen oxides, some ammonia may form, which is then oxidized again in NO, which leads to a decrease in the efficiency of the destruction of NO X..
An extremely undesirable intermediate product may be sulfuric acid. For an almost stoichiometric mixture, both oxidizing and reducing components in exhaust gases coexist.
The efficacy of catalysts can be reduced in the presence of metal compounds that can flow into exhaust gases from fuels, lubricating materials, as well as due to wear of metals. This phenomenon is known as the catalyst poisoning. The activity of the catalyst anti-knock additives of tetraethylswin is especially significantly reduced.
In addition to the catalytic and thermal neutralizers of the exhaust gas gases, liquid neutralizers are used. The principle of the operation of liquid neutralizers is based on the dissolution or chemical interaction of toxic components of gases when they pass through the liquid of a certain composition: water, aqueous sodium sulfite solution, sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution. As a result of passing exhaust gases of the diesel engine, the emission of the aldehydes is reduced by about 50%, the soot - by 60-80%, there is some decrease in the pens (a) content of the pyrene. The main disadvantages of liquid neutralizers are large dimensions and the insufficient degree of cleaning in most components of the exhaust gases.
Increasing the economy of buses and trucks It is achieved primarily by the use of diesel engine. They have environmental benefits compared to gasoline internal combustion engine, since they have a smaller at 25-30% specific consumption fuel; In addition, the composition of the exhaust gases in diesel engine is less toxic.
To assess the contamination of atmospheric air emissions of vehicles are set specific values gas emissions. There are techniques that allow for specific emissions and the number of cars to calculate the amount of vehicle emissions into the atmosphere for various situations.
