During training at a driving school, we all acquire the most basic driving skills. This is more or less enough to pass the exam in the traffic police, but oh, how not enough for confident driving in real conditions... Now the real study begins! Every day, absorbing the knowledge acquired on the road, the beginner gradually turns into an experienced driver.
- the brain immediately signals the spinal cord
If you're just gearing up for a trip or have been driving for months or even years, take some time to review these 8 safe tips. Numerous studies show that using a cell phone while driving is the equivalent of driving drunk - even using a speakerphone.
An increasing number of states are creating laws regarding the use of cell phones and text messages. Young drivers often face stricter laws. Research shows that, on average, texting causes a loss of focus on the road within 6 seconds. During this time, you can drive the entire length of the football field. A lot can go wrong when you drive the length of a football field without looking at the road.
Safety Fundamentals is designed to prepare you for driving in challenging road conditions at least theoretically.
1. How to keep a safe distance and safe lateral spacing.
A picture familiar to everyone: the one who was driving in front slowed down, the one who was driving behind did not have time to react. In 99.9% of cases, the one who was driving behind is to blame. And the accusation will be standard - not keeping a safe distance.
And when you lower your head, you will not notice the key changes that can occur. Remember, you still need to pay attention to the road when you stop. Using your headlights increases your visibility and helps other drivers see you, even if you think it's a light.
In the early morning and early evening you need to use your lights, or other drivers may not see you, which can be disastrous. Acceleration is a major contributor to a fatal teenage accident. This is especially true when driving on roads with a lot of traffic or with which you are not familiar.
So what should it be, this safest distance? Rules do not contain any numerical value, and they cannot. The safe distance depends on many reasons and in each case is determined by the driver independently.
The higher the speed, the greater the distance should be. On dry surfaces, the distance is one, on slippery surfaces - another. An experienced driver, even while driving bumper to bumper, will never hit the driver in front. A beginner can become the culprit of an accident, keeping an increased distance.
Safe Driving: Driving Secrets
Don't feel the pressure to keep up with road trafficif it seems to you that everyone else is flying away from you. Safe speed helps ensure your well-being and keeps you away from costly travel ticketsthat can cause a sharp hike.
It can be tempting to eat, drink, flip the radio, or play music loudly as you cruise through the city, but it can all make your mind or vision wander for even a few seconds. As an inexperienced driver, you are more likely to lose control of your vehicle.
Of course, there are some well-known guidelines. For example, on a dry road, the distance (in meters) should be at least half the speed (in km / h), and on slippery road - not less than the absolute speed value. That is, when driving at a speed of 60 km / h on a dry road, the distance should be at least 30 meters, on a slippery road - at least 60 meters. Knowing and using such a recommendation is certainly not harmful. However, in reality, everything happens a little differently.
Having one teenage passenger in your car can double your risk of a car accident. The addition of additional adolescents raises the risk of escalation Always be aware of traffic ahead, behind and next to you, and you have possible escape routes. Stay at least one car behind the car in front of you at slower speeds and maintain a large buffer zone at higher speeds.
The Final Word: Teens Who Become Safe Drivers
Some car insurance companies will even give you a discount if you accept approval to improve your driving skills. There is no substitute for the driving experience and the wisdom that age brings, but by applying the tips above, you can increase the chances you win of becoming teenage accident statistics. Plus, when you have a good accident-free driving record, it's easier to find cheap car insurance in the future.
In the process of movement, each of us involuntarily monitors the traffic situation, the computer inside us analyzes the incoming information and gives the result - a danger signal, we are scared! The driver instinctively increases the distance to get rid of the unpleasant feeling of anxiety. In this sense, all drivers have the same safe distance - when not scary.
Here's a new twist ...
A good thing to keep in mind is to pretend that any other driver doesn't know that there are any other cars, or if they do, it's just a vague concept to worry about how a piece of paper is on the road. Do not under any circumstances expect any things that you might get used to in Western countries, such as being told at any time, obeying the speed limit, or drivers that relate to personal safety or anyone else.
Things get a little harsher on intercity roads. Keep in mind that you do not need to worry about intersections with roundabout, keep in mind that the inner lane is one for accelerating luxury cars and speeds over 200 mph are not unusual.
But still, keeping a safe distance, focusing only on "scary-not scary", is somehow very subjective and completely unscientific. What does science say about this?
Each time the driver detects an obstacle on the road, further events develop as follows:
As an added bonus, intercity highways have unmarked speed bumps, moving sands, and sometimes camels. If you plan on driving in the desert, this will be a major problem. You must make sure you have a well maintained vehicle with four-wheel drive, sufficient water and mobile phone with ample welcome if you plan on riding in the desert.
A pedestrian crossing is not a guarantee that the driver will slow down, and a pedestrian on the road is not a guarantee that the driver will change his course or speed at all. If you are involved in an accident, you must leave the vehicle exactly where it is, even if it is in the middle of the road. Dubai is an exception, where heavy traffic means it will be a serious road hazard.
- the eyes communicate information to the brain;
- the brain immediately signals the spinal cord;
- the spinal cord commands certain muscle groups, and your right leg is transferred from the gas pedal to the brake pedal.
This time (from the moment when the driver detected an obstacle on the road until the moment the brake pedal is pressed) is usually called driver reaction time.
If someone is injured in an accident, the person who caused the accident is immediately sent to prison while the injured person is not in the hospital. Even minor accidents can include lengthy lawsuits where drivers are prohibited from leaving the country, so be very careful when and how you drive, even if no one else is.
Road rage, even minor expressions such as rude gestures and swearing, can in fact attract significant fines. They are primarily intended to speed up, but they also register other traffic disruptions. Funnily enough, you can't turn right at a red light unless there is a yield sign, which makes you wonder why they don't put “Don't Get Out of Inner Lane at Roundabout” somewhere there. Parking is prohibited where the curb is painted yellow and black and the use of front seat belts is mandatory.
It has been experimentally established that the reaction time is different for different people and it can vary from 0, 4 to 1, 6 seconds. (It is better for a novice driver to assume that this is his reaction time - 1.6 seconds).
But that's not all. Engineers measured the response time hydraulic drive brakes, and it, as it turned out, can reach the value 0,4 seconds. I.e brakes can be triggered with a delay of 0.4 seconds after the driver begins to press the brake pedal.
Beautiful and strong half of humanity: management features
This is imposing the meaning of the word on corporal punishment, not on the fact that "they give you a piece of cake." All information that we provide about travel insurance is a short summary. It does not include all terms, conditions, limitations, exclusions and termination conditions of the travel insurance plans described. Coverage may not be available to residents of all countries, states, or provinces. Please read your policy language carefully for full description coverage.
And all this time
(as much as 2 seconds after the driver in front flashed the brake lights)
your car will approach him inexorably!
And only after2 seconds the actual braking will begin!
Say no to drink driving. Everyone knows that you shouldn't drive when you drink. Alcohol affects your perception and reaction. In the worst case, you only see blurry pictures and pass out. Avoid distractions. Distraction while driving can negatively affect your reaction speed. Plus, you don't focus entirely on traffic.
In addition to cell phones, there are other things besides distractions that distract your attention from traffic, including playing radio, makeup, smoking, or eating. Also, be careful when traveling with children or animals on board, as they are a potential distraction. Make sure the kids are properly tied and the animals are in their boxes.
- Using cell phones can be very dangerous.
- If you need to make a call, turn right and turn off the engine.
- None of this should be done while driving.
It turns out that on dry asphalt, a safe distance can be considered the distance that a car travels in 2 seconds.
At a speed of 60 km / h, this is just over 33 meters, and at a speed of 90 km / h - exactly 50 meters.
And about these 2 seconds on the exam they ask:
And they also ask about the reaction time:
What is driver reaction time? Your car will approach him inexorably!Driving a sleepy car is almost as dangerous as driving under the influence of alcohol, especially at night. Sleepiness doesn't necessarily mean the driver is falling asleep, but simply nods for 1-2 seconds. If possible, you should have another driver with you in long tripswith which you can take turns. Even with treatment, you must be very careful, as some cause fatigue as a side effect. If you are taking antihistamines or cold medications, you should read the leaflet.
1. Time from the moment the driver detects the danger until the vehicle stops completely. 2. Time from the moment the driver detects the danger until the start of taking measures to avoid it. 3. The time it takes to move your foot from the fuel pedal to the brake pedal. Task comment Compliance with traffic rulesDamage while driving is incredibly important - the suspension reduces the chance of serious injury by 50%. The strap keeps passengers in shock and does not throw them through the vehicle or even through windshield... Do not be distracted by stories in which the participants of the accident are trapped in the car under the seat belts. While these cases do exist, you should keep in mind that they only apply to the minimum number of accidents.
The time it takes to move your foot from the fuel pedal to the brake pedal is only one component of the driver's overall reaction time. First, the eyes communicate information to the brain, then the brain communicates with the spinal cord, the spinal cord commands the muscles, and only then does the transfer of the leg from one pedal to another begin. Traffic jam or other awkward car enthusiast can be frustrating. It's important to stay calm here. Aggression and anger are tax deductible. If another road user is behaving this way, just remain calm and relaxed. The faster it is from your point of view, the better. Unfortunately, this is often overlooked and leads to accidents over and over again. For short trips, the lawn will only save you a few minutes, but it will greatly increase the risk of accidents! If you have an appointment, leave the house on time.
So the second is the correct answer. |
Novice drivers do not yet know how to accurately track the traffic situation. Moreover, all their attention is focused on the control process itself - muscle memory has not yet been developed - the legs confuse the pedals, and the hands "do not remember" which lever is. At first, any of us experiences constant stress along with positive emotions. The natural reaction is to push everyone else away from you. Well, if they weren't here at all!
I have to disappoint you. In today's life, you will not be able to maintain a comfortable distance all the time. The vacated living space will immediately be occupied by advanced colleagues. So from the first steps you will have to drive in conditions where the distance to the vehicle in front will be frighteningly small. Especially in traffic jams.
In this regard, I want to give some advice.
You are in luck - the blue Opel driving in front of you is "transparent". Through it you can clearly see what is happening further on the road.
Watch that car (which is in front of the Opel), and as soon as its brake lights come on, you can start braking. Another second, and the brake lights will flash at Opel, but you are already ready for this.
But you can do that - move slightly to the left within your lane and control the development of events ahead. At least the left brake lights of those traveling in front are visually easily identifiable.
Finally, there is also such a possibility - watch the shadows of the cars in front of you. During the day, shadows can be from the sun, at night - from street lamps.
If the shadows far ahead begin to stop, it's time for you to move your right foot from the gas pedal to the brake pedal.
Now about the safe lateral interval.
Spacing (side spacing) is the distance between the sides of vehicles. It is important to observe a safe lateral distance in relation to neighbors traveling in the same direction as you on the right and left, but it is a hundred times more important to observe it in relation to oncoming vehicles. Lateral touch during oncoming traffic inevitably leads to dire consequences. And here it is necessary to understand the following. At low speeds, we can, as they say, crawl into the eye of the needle. But the higher the speed, the wider the dynamic corridor is required for the driver to safely operate his vehicle.
Yes, one more thing. I almost forgot! But you probably already understood yourself - if your car is "transparent", it creates comfortable conditions for the one behind. And, consequently, the likelihood that he "yawns" and hit you is sharply reduced.
2. How to use the brakes correctly.
In order to make it easier for us to understand each other in the future, let's learn the following three terms:
1. Distance covered during the driver's reaction time Is the path traversed from the moment a hazard is detected to the start of taking measures to avoid it.
2. Braking distance - the distance traveled from the start of taking action to a complete stop.
3. Stopping path - the distance traveled from the moment the danger was detected to a complete stop.
That is, the stopping distance includes both the distance traveled during the driver's reaction time and, in fact, the braking distance. And the braking distance is the distance traveled by the car from the moment the brakes are applied to the moment it stops completely.
Each driver has his own reaction, which is released by nature. We also do not control the response time of the brake drive. These components of the common stopping distance are not in our control. And here is the length and trajectory braking distance very much even depends on the skillful or inept actions of the driver.
I'm talking about an accident that happened before my eyes.
The driver of the red car drives out of the yard and sees that a blue car is approaching on the left, but the eye tells him: "I have time to turn, nothing bad will happen."
The driver of the blue car "hits the brakes" and in a moment finds himself in the oncoming lane. The blow was so strong that the red was thrown onto the lawn.
What happened, why did the blue car run into the oncoming lane? Why did the movement suddenly become uncontrollable? And what is interesting - if now the driver of the blue car did not brake at all, they would have peacefully dispersed!
Here we need to get acquainted with the new term -wheel lock.
If the brake pedal is driven into the floor with a kick of the foot, then all four wheels can be instantly blocked, that is, all four wheels will stop rotating.
But the car won't stop moving!
It will continue to move under the action of inertia, sliding the wheels on the road surface. I also call this movement "skid", and while the wheels do not roll on the road, namely slide, it is completely pointless to rotate the steering wheel - it will not give any result.
The car is steered as long as the wheels are rolling!
If the wheels are blocked, the car becomes uncontrollable!
Hence the conclusion - in all cases, the effort on the brake pedal must be increased smoothly! If the situation is calm, this smoothness can be arbitrarily extended in time. If emergency braking is required, then the smoothness of pressing the pedal will be compressed to the limit in time. Still, it won't be a blow to the brakes!
What gives the driver such a smooth touch? The driver will feel in time that he has crossed the line of what is permitted - the car “floated”, skidded. That is, now there is no braking - the wheels have lost traction! It is necessary to loosen the pressure on the pedal in order to restore the braking effect and restore control to the car.
In the collection of the traffic police there are puzzles where you are asked exactly about this braking technique:
Reducing the braking distance of the vehicle is achieved: 1. By pressing the brake pedal all the way. 2. By intermittently pressing the brake pedal. 3. By pressing the brake pedal while using the parking brake system. Task comment Which answer is correct is clear - the second. Just do not take the expression "... by intermittently pressing the brake pedal" literally. This does not mean that you have to press - release, press - release. Since we are talking about a situation when it is required to shorten the braking distance as much as possible, it means that you need to press on the brake and you need to press hard. But without blocking the wheels! As soon as the driver feels that the car is slipping, it is necessary to slightly loosen the pressure on the pedal and immediately increase the pressure again, and again loosen, if necessary. And so on until a complete stop. This is how you intermittently press the brake pedal. |
But this ability to brake by intermittent pressing of the brake pedal is needed only if your car not equipped with so-calledABS(from the English.Anti– lock breaking system– anti-lock braking system).
If on the dashboard of your car, when you turn the ignition key, a yellow icon with the inscription ABS lights up, then you have this system installed. If it is working properly, this icon goes out after a few seconds.
And ifABS you have, then press the brake pedal, as they say, "from the heart." SmartABS will not let you block the wheels.
It remains only to finally formulate correct principles emergency braking.
1. In all cases (and especially on slippery roads), the minimum braking distance can be achieved only by preventing the wheels from locking.
2. If the carnot equipped with an anti-lock braking system, then the anti-lock braking system is the driver himself, and when emergency braking its task is to keep the braking process on the verge of locking the wheels by intermittently pressing the brake pedal.
3. If the car is equipped with an anti-lock braking system, then simply press the brake pedal to a full stop, and the smart will do the rest for you ABS.
And they ask about this on the exam:
What is engine braking.
Here, in our conversations about safe driving techniques, the moment has come when we need to clarify one very important condition.
All questions of a theoretical nature in the tasks of the traffic police concern only cars with manual transmission. Accordingly, we will continue to talk about vehicle control techniques. from mechanical box gear changes.
On a dry road with a good surface, wheel lock is an unlikely event.
At the same time, on a slippery road, it is enough to lightly press the brake pedal, and the wheels no longer roll, but slide.
In such a situation, the most effective braking is engine braking. And even better - combined braking, that is, both the engine and the already known to us intermittent pressing of the brake pedal on the verge of locking the wheels. True, in this case, you will have to press the brake pedal not only smoothly, but also gently.
And engine braking means just taking your foot off the gas pedal. Moreover, it must also be removed not by a jerk, but by smoothly decreasing the pressure on the pedal. The engine speed will begin to fall, and if before that you were moving in fifth gear at a speed of 90 km / h, then gradually in the same fifth you will go at a speed of 60 km / h. But the wheels do not slip, but forcibly rotate, and the car is still controllable!
Move from fifth gear to fourth, or even immediately to third, then to second, and if necessary, then to first gear. At the same time, the right foot is on the brake pedal, it slows down slightly all the time, and now, finally, the speed dropped to quite safe, and you can continue to move even on such a slippery road. Then you have to "cut" in second gear at the speed of a pedestrian, but what to do: "The quieter you go - the longer you will be!"
Experienced drivers love engine braking and use it almost always to varying degrees.
Even in the most innocuous situation, for example, stopping at a red traffic light, experienced drivers prefer not to coast in "neutral", but simply move their foot from the accelerator pedal to the brake pedal, in this mode they approach the intersection and only in the immediate vicinity of the stops - the lines move the gear shift knob to the neutral position.
A special case is driving on a long descent.
In urban driving, the brake discs of a passenger car heat up to a maximum of two hundred degrees. This is undesirable, but quite bearable - the brakes remain functional.
If you constantly press on the brake, the temperature can rise to 400-500 degrees. But this is already really dangerous! Overheating discs and pads brake system almost completely stops working - the pads slide on a hot disc like clockwork.
This can happen if, on a long descent, roll down in neutral, braking all the time, not allowing the car to accelerate too much.
The brakes can be spared by going downhill using engine braking. It is enough to turn on a downshift (third or second) and remove your foot from the accelerator pedal. The car and would be glad to accelerate, but it is held back crankshaft engine that does not want to rotate faster (you do not press the accelerator pedal, but in the idle move the crankshaft speed is still only 800-900 rpm.). And at such speeds and in second gear, the car goes slowly.
On this topic (movement on steep descent) in the collection of the traffic police there are two problems, and at least one of them requires a little comment.
How should you select a gear for engine braking, taking into account the steepness of the descent? 1. The steeper the descent, the higher the gear. 2. The steeper the descent, the lower the gear. 3. The choice of gear does not depend on the steepness of the descent. Task comment
Experienced drivers use this formula: "In whatever gear I am going to climb this mountain, in the same gear I will go down from this mountain." The steeper the climb, the lower the gear will have to be included in order to overcome it. Accordingly, the steeper the descent, the lower gear will be required in order to descend safely later. |
Another special case is a water hazard.
At a speed of movement (80 km / h and above) the water simply does not have time to "escape" from the wheel.
As a result, the so-called water wedge , the tires lose traction and the car becomes uncontrollable.
This phenomenon is also calledaquaplaning. When aquaplaning, the car does not react to the steering wheel or the brake!
But this is only until the speed decreases and the wheels push through the water!
Therefore, if something terrible has happened, and the car swam, you should not rotate wheel and step on the brake pedal. When the speed drops, and contact with the road is restored, the turned wheels will certainly cause the car to be thrown to the side. And if, at the same time, you also block the wheels by pressing the brake pedal, then the car's skid is guaranteed.
Wheels are, of course, not skis, and the car weighs more than a skier. But if the puddle is deep, and the speed is under 100 km / h, then you can slide on the water surface in a car. Only this is no longer a pleasure, but a mortal danger.
What shall we do if a “water wedge” has formed under the wheels and aquaplaning has begun? 1. Let's press the brake pedal. 2. In no case! We will brake with the engine, reducing the pressure on the accelerator pedal. As the speed drops, contact with the road will be restored, and with it the vehicle's handling will be restored. And here it is important that the wheels do not slip, but forcibly roll along the road. |
Hence the conclusion - if the puddle is large and deep, it must be overcome carefully and at low speed.
But this alone is not enough. In a deep puddle, the brakes are sure to pick up water.
What if brake pads moisten well, their excellent frictional properties disappear.
The driver presses the brake pedal, the pads are regularly pressed against the discs, but braking does not occur - the wet pads rub against the discs without offering any resistance!
What to do? Wait until they dry? If it's summer, you can, of course, wait, but it will take a long time. And if it's winter, the pads will freeze up in general, and where to go with such brakes?
Therefore, it is most correct to dry the brakes on the move, observing all safety measures, namely: we take the extreme right position on the roadway, turn on the emergency gang and, moving in first gear, periodically press the brake pedal. The friction will heat up the pads and discs, evaporate the water and restore braking.
Here's how you will be asked about it on the exam:
3. Speed \u200b\u200bof movement.
In ideal conditions (when driving on dry asphalt and in clear weather), drivers can safely move at a speed permitted by the Rules on this section of the road. However, if the surface is slippery or the visibility is insufficient, drivers will instinctively slow down to the speed they feel is safe in the given conditions.
That is, in difficult road conditions, the choice of a safe speed is subjective - each driver decides for himself how fast he will go further. And in this case, the driver is no longer guided by the readings of the speedometer, but by his own feelings. At the same time, the universal rule remains immutable:
In any conditions, a safe speed is one at which the stopping distance is obviously less than the visibility distance!
In addition, it must be borne in mind that the human eye is an imperfect device. Numerous studies have confirmed that in the dark and in conditions of insufficient visibility, the eyes deceive us and, moreover, they deceive us. greater danger!
In the fog, it seems that oncoming cars are barely crawling, and the driver begins to prepare for the oncoming passing too late. But this is already really dangerous!
It would be better if it seemed to us that they were going fast, then we would reduce the speed in advance and increase the lateral interval.
But the distance to objects in conditions of insufficient visibility seems to be greater than in reality.
And it's dangerous!
It only seems to us that the car in distress is still far away. In fact, it's high time to slow down! In fog, the distance to objects is perceived distorted and always in the direction of greater danger.
It would be better if it seemed to us that it was already a stone's throw away, and we would begin to take measures in advance.
And in clear weather, not everything is so perfect - with an increase in speed, the driver's field of vision sharply narrows - the driver in front controls everything, but the danger from the side may not be seen.
4. Some features of the use of external lighting devices.
In heavy fog or snow high beam headlights are ineffective. A light beam 100 meters long simply does not reach the roadbed, completely disappearing in a hundred-meter thick fog (or thick snowfall).
From the driver's seat it looks something like this. The driver does not see the road, but sees only fog (or falling snow).
The dipped beam headlights are shorter (45 - 50 meters), and something will break through the 50-meter wall of fog - part of the light beam will reach the roadbed. And if you also add foglights, then the visibility of the road will become quite bearable.
The flat and wide beam of fog lights provides good illumination of the road in the immediate vicinity of the vehicle.
From the driver's seat it will look something like this.
Conclusion:
When driving at night in dense fog or heavy snow, the best visibility is provided by fog lights jointly with low beam headlights .
And of course, the speed must be chosen so that the stopping distance is less than the visibility distance.
And one more thing that drivers should always remember!
In the dark, approaching the top of the rise, you always need to switch low beam headlights!
If this is not done, then already 100 meters before the top of the ascent you will not see the road - the beam shines into the sky without touching the roadbed. This is first.
And, secondly, having met at the top of the rise, the drivers will simultaneously blind each other (if they do not switch to low beam in advance).
5. Maneuvering. Safety requirements.
5.1. The beginning of the movement.
Practical driving test may not be passed if it is wrong to get into the car and get out of it wrong. There are no instructions on this in the Rules, and in life you can get in and out of the car as you like - there is no punishment for this by any regulatory legal acts.
Another thing is that safety depends on this, and safety, as you know, comes first.
Therefore, they will begin to ask you about the correct landing and disembarkation already at the theoretical exam:
What should a driver do when boarding a car parked on the sidewalk or on the side of the road? 1. Walk around the front of the vehicle. 2. Go around the car from behind. 3. Task comment
It is about getting into a left-hand drive vehicle parked on the right side of the road. If you bypass the car when boarding behind , then you may not see your own destruction.
It's much safer this way. |
What should a driver do when getting out of a vehicle on the sidewalk or on the side of the road? 1. Walk around the front of the vehicle. 2. Go around the car from behind. 3. Both options are valid. Task comment
If, after disembarking, bypass the car in front , then you can again not see your own destruction.
And if after disembarking to bypass the car behind , then you can see the approaching danger. There is a real chance to survive. |
5.2. Safe U-turn using the adjacent territory on the right.
In a practical driving test, you may well be asked to turn around on such a narrow road using the courtyard entrance.
In principle, you can do so - turn right into the courtyard, stop, and then in reverse cross the road.
True, in this case you will have to turn your head pretty much - danger is approaching you from all sides.
But it is possible, and vice versa - to enter the yard not in front, but in reverse. To complete the U-turn, all that remains is to turn left.
Don't you think it's both more convenient and safer?
5.3. Safe U-turn using the adjacent territory on the left.
If the yard is on the left, then backing into it is not easy.
In this case, it is better to "dive" into the yard forward.
However, you will have to drive in reverse, and the danger can only be from behind. And you are looking there.
And again I must tell you that in life it will happen this way and that, and no one will punish you for it. And on the exam, you must definitely demonstrate knowledge safe techniques maneuvering, otherwise it will be considered a mistake.
There are questions about such U-turns (using the adjacent territory) and Tickets. They ask right there: “Which figure shows on right
Or: “Which figure shows way of turning using the adjacent territory left ensuring road safety ”?
Now I have the right to expect that the answers will not cause you any difficulties.
5.4. Competent tactics of passing a curved section of the road.
If the road turns right.
If the road turns right, the driver can afford to take far left position on its own half of the carriageway. This is done in order to maximally "straighten" the trajectory of movement on the corner.
Pay attention - at the exit from the turn, the trajectory of movement is already almost a straight line.
But this is extremely important! - if the trajectory of movement has no curvature, then there is no centrifugal force, which tends to demolish or overturn the car.
In this picture, the driver initially pressed against right edge roadway. Thus, he hoped to straighten the curvature of the turn. And at the initial stage he succeeded.
But what did this tactic lead to? - he "buried" in a solid line of marking, and now, in order not to fly into the oncoming lane, you need a sharp turn of the steering wheel! In this case, you also have to brake, and then the skid of the rear axle of the car is almost guaranteed.
If the road turns left.
In this case, in order to straighten the curvature as much as possible, it is necessary in the initial phase of the turn to press as much as possible to the right. And at the exit from the turn, you need to set such a trajectory so that it does not differ much from the straight line.
In this picture, the driver did the opposite - first pressed to the left, then "buried" on the side of the road, braked, abruptly turned the steering wheel to the left, and then the movement of the car took on an uncontrollable character.
You will see such drawings in exam tickets, I took them from there. Only there will not be a hint in the form of cars going into a skid. Only trajectories will be shown - literate and illiterate. But is this really a problem for a competent driver.
5.5. Overtaking is the most difficult and dangerous maneuver.
Overtaking is always going into oncoming traffic. And, therefore, before deciding to overtake, the driver must accurately calculate the path of the upcoming overtaking - whether he will have time to return to his lane without interfering with either the driver of the overtaken vehicle or the driver of the oncoming vehicle.
And it is also extremely important to position yourself so that the driver of the overtaken car always sees you in the rear-view mirror and knows about your intentions.
The soul is much calmer if you keep a safe distance. Hence, by the way, and opposite Lane good view, and the truck driver sees you in the rearview mirror.
And even if the attempt to overtake is unsuccessful, it is not too late to return back to your lane.
6. Stopping and parking on slopes.
When stopping and parking, the Rules oblige drivers to take all measures to exclude spontaneous movement of the vehicle. This requirement can be read in the last paragraph of Section 12 of the Rules.
Rules. Section 12. Clause 12.8. The driver can leave his seat or leave the vehicle, if accepted necessary measures, excluding spontaneous movement of the vehicle or its use in the absence of the driver.
The rules do not specify what “all measures to exclude the spontaneous movement of a vehicle” are. Anyway, what should be on the road for our car to go on an independent journey without us.
This can happen when you stop or park on a slope.
Of course, first of all, both drivers should tighten hand brake... But this is not "all measures". If you leave the car, then, after turning off the engine, do not forget to engage first gear (if the car is with a manual gearbox). It's like another hand brake - the wheels cannot rotate, being connected to a stationary engine crankshaft.
Well, if the car is with automatic transmission, then, of course, the selector knob is in the "P" position.
But it turns out that this is not all "measures"!
And the handbrake seems to be tightened, and the gear is engaged, and, nevertheless, statistics know many cases when vehicles parked on slopes suddenly began to roll downward, crippling equipment and people. Therefore, competent drivers in this case use another wise trick:
The idler wheels of the car must be turned out correctly!
CarsAandBstandon the descent .
Car A the front wheels rests on the curb of the sidewalk and will not go anywhere in the absence of the driver.
Car B may start spontaneous movement (if, for example, his handbrake is faulty).
CarsINandDstandon the rise .
Car D can also roll downward (as long as the rear right wheel will not rest against the curb of the sidewalk). And, as you can imagine, this is not good.
This road has no sidewalk, which means there is no curb. There is only the shoulder, which is always located on the same level with the roadway.
Cars A and D, if they go without an owner, they go outside the road. And it's much better than on the road.
But the cars B and IN they will just go to the roadway, which is completely unacceptable.
You will see such drawings in exam tickets, and I took them from there. Only there will be no tips showing the trajectory of spontaneous movement of cars. It will only show who turned the wheels in which direction. But is this really a problem for you, for competent drivers.
7. Car skidding.
Any braking action transfers the vehicle's weight to the front wheels. That is, the front wheels are firmly pressed to the road, and the rear wheels, on the contrary, tend to get off the road.
In such a situation, a small lateral force is sufficient for the rear axle of the car to begin to rotate around the front axle.
This phenomenon is called car skidding.
Where does this lateral force come from?
To the greatest regret, it will certainly be taken, and there are plenty of reasons for this!
7.1. Car skidding during hard braking.
When braking, the car is pulled forward by one single force - the force of inertia. And this force is applied to the center of gravity of the car.
And as many as four forces resist the inertial force, namely, the braking forces of the four wheels of the car. In this case, the main load falls on the brakes of the front wheels (it is not for nothing that the front brake pads wear out faster than the rear ones).
So, when braking, the rear wheels are weakly pressed to the road and therefore prone to blocking. It is enough to sharply press the brake pedal, and now they no longer roll, but slide, losing traction with road surface... In this case, almost all braking is carried out only by the front wheels.
Now let's imagine that the left front wheel slows down more effectively than the right. There can be many reasons for this - for example, different tire pressures, or the asphalt on the left is dry, and on the right is wet. Sometimes it is enough for one of the wheels to roll along the road markings, and the other on the asphalt!
In this case, when braking, a moment of forces immediately arises that tends to turn the car.
As a result, the left side of the car starts to move more slowly than the right side. The rear axle of the vehicle is skidding or the vehicle simply skids.
The further movement of the car will resemble the movement of a stone thrown on the ice - the stone spins and spins, but flies in a straight line to where the inertial force drags it.
The first natural reaction of an inexperienced driver is to apply more brake pressure. As you can imagine, this means that the skid will continue. The opposite action can change the situation - take your foot off the brake pedal.
They took their foot off the brake pedal, and immediately the moment of forces turning the car disappeared. But the force of inertia has not gone anywhere, it still drags the car forward! It doesn't matter, we turn the steering wheel towards the skid and align the trajectory of the car.
Note. As we have already determined, a car skid is a rear axle skid. Rear wheels tend to approach the front. In this case, while leveling the car, the driver turns the steering wheel towards the approaching rear wheels... It is customary to call this "Turning the steering wheel towards a skid".
Let's see how they will ask you about this at the exam in the traffic police:
To stop the skid caused by braking, the driver must first of all: 1. Stop the started braking. 2. Disengage the clutch. 3. Continue braking without changing the effort on the brake pedal.
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Where do you think driving safety starts? No. A bit wrong. Driving safety for every motorist begins with his own, only understandable and inherent factors.
Someone is afraid to get under way, while someone is afraid of cars overtaking him. Someone is well oriented and holds the road, but is afraid of passing on a narrow road. That is, traffic safety depends, in addition to generally accepted rules, on purely individual factors. But you have to deal with the individual on your own.
We are convinced that the secrets of driving a car that will be given to us in the heading “ Safe driving"Seasoned and experienced motorists will help in many ways, both to novice motorists, and more experienced drivers with experience.
In the heading we will try to publish materials that will include not only tips on driving a car, but also cover critical situations on the road, features winter driving and driving at night. A woman behind the wheel is a "by the town", but many women in safe driving will give a head start to men drivers, and we will pay special attention to this issue, both in this and in a separate section about drivers with the "Shoe" sign.
We will not reveal much of a secret if we say that correct driving is the foundation of safe driving. But he, the correct driving, still needs to learn.
We sincerely hope that the advice on driving a car, which will be given by experienced, seasoned motorists - professionals, in many ways will help many people to make driving truly safe.
Good luck on the road.
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