To drive a car well, you need to drive it regularly - to maintain your skills. In addition to skills, you also need a willingness to react without hesitation to certain road emergencies. To develop it, you need to imagine different incidents and rehearse your actions in them. You can do this while sitting at home on the couch and turning an imaginary steering wheel. No driver observes ALL of the rules prescribed to him, especially if he is in a hurry or is distracted by a conversation with a passenger. Therefore, for safety, adhere to the rule of three "D" on the road: "Give the fool a way." (It's useful for pedestrians, too.) Receptions it is necessary to know not only the driver, but also the one who can only be in the role of a passenger - not in order to annoy the driver with his advice, but in order to adequately assess the drivers whose services he happens to use, and in order to properly plan trips. There are mentally normal individuals who are not capable of driving a car - due to the tendency to over-focus on certain details road traffic (and the inability to perceive the traffic situation as a whole) or as a result of anchored fear in the subconscious. If you find yourself in this category, you must either give up trying to master the car, or train for a very long time in comfortable conditions.
Car selection
There are quite a few points that are responsible for efficiency. safe driving ... It is very important that the position of the steering wheel in the car corresponds to the direction of travel accepted in the country. A red or orange car is more visible during the day, a white one at night. A conspicuous car is less likely to be hit by someone or jump out under its wheels. Original exterior design of the machine undesirable because it distracts other drivers from driving. The front-wheel drive car is better controlled. Long bonnet - collision protection. Hard top - roll-over protection. High head restraints on the front seats during sudden braking and collisions protect people sitting on them from bruises by passengers and objects in the rear of the passenger compartment, and also protect against injuries in the event of a car roof being pushed in. The simultaneous use of head restraints and seat belts is believed to reduce the likelihood of death from head-on collision two to three times, and when overturning - five times. It is desirable that the front seats move and unfold so that you can sleep in the cabin while lying down.
Preparing for departure
Before leaving, check the serviceability and vehicle completeness... Stow your luggage in the cabin, taking into account possible collisions and rollovers. In a collision or sudden braking, passengers and things in the rear seats move forward and can injure those in front. For instance, first aid kit, which lies loosely against the rear window, turns into a projectile in a collision that can break the driver's head. Consider what you will do if the car breaks down halfway: in the summer you may need a lot of drinking water, in the winter - warm clothes. In case the car gets stuck in a puddle, it is helpful to have a pair of rubber boots in the cabin. If you have a problem, you should not drive until you understand it and pay sufficient attention to the road. Even on a short trip, it is better to take a reliable companion: a quiet, prudent and physically strong one. All these actions will help you to seriously improve your efficiency. safe drivingcar generally.
Actions in normal situations
Traffic
Drive so that there is more space around your vehicle. Stay away from vehicles in front of and behind you for at least a 2-second, preferably 4-second distance. This is necessary in order to brake without collision... When controlling the position of the car within the lane, be guided not by the curb or by the markings on the left, but by an imaginary point in front, which you want to get to in a few seconds.
Taxiing
The normal position of the hands on the steering wheel is "fifteen to three", that is, you should hold onto it to the right and left, and not below or above. Thumbs should wrap around the steering wheel and be on the inside. When shifting gears with your right hand, keep the steering wheel with your left hand in its upper sector - in case of emergency maneuver. When cornering tightly, use high-speed taxiing with a cross change of hands. If you are cornering at high speed, maximize the turning radius; this will reduce the chance of skidding. To increase the radius, start and end a turn as close to the opposite side of the lane as possible, and drive the middle of the turn closer to the side of the road into which you are turning. However, if oncoming cars pass the turn at the same time with you, the specified maneuver can lead to a collision. Remember this when you practice. safe car driving.
Overtaking
You should not overtake on the curve of a narrow road that turns to the right: the overtaken car can block the oncoming car from you. When overtaking, it may be discovered that another car is moving in front of the overtaken car and distance between them is too small to squeeze in there, and that oncoming traffic interferes with overtaking two cars at once, and the place on the lane from which you left to overtake is already taken by another car. In order not to find yourself in such a situation, never go to overtake if you are too propped up from behind: you must always have a place to retreat. You must also be prepared for the fact that the overtaken car can sharply deviate to the left to bypass some obstacle - this must also be taken into account when driving a car.
Braking
Braking is the main reaction to any road accident (except perhaps shelling from roadside bushes). With sharp braking, one must beware of blocking the wheels (their complete immobilization), since in this case the wheels begin to slide along the road, the braking distance increases by almost half, and skidding is possible. If the wheels are blocked, you must release the brake for a moment, then press again. Way fast braking at safe car driving: Press down hard on the pedal several times, being careful not to cause the wheels to lock. Way smooth braking: Depress the pedal gradually, then release as the speed decreases (since the slowly rotating wheels are locked when the brake is applied lightly). When hard braking no need to press on the clutch pedal, as the rotation of the wheels by the engine prevents them from locking. Hard braking will push you against the steering wheel. Do not counteract this by resting your foot on the brake. You better button up safety belt tighter. Do not brake when cornering: skidding is possible. Reduce speed when approaching a bend in advance.
- Do not hold your gaze for a long time at any one object, as there will be a danger of missing something significant elsewhere. It takes about 1 second to move and fix your gaze from the extreme right position to the extreme left, and during this time you will drive about 17 meters at a speed of 60 km / h.
- Don't think about anything. Don't solve problems while driving. Do not carry interesting interlocutors. Do not listen to sound recordings and radio (firstly, so as not to be distracted, and secondly, to better hear what is happening around). Your mind should be mainly focused on the perception of the environment.
- Observe not only the road, but also the space near it. A dangerous development of events can begin outside the carriageway.
- Take a quick glance in your rearview mirror several times a minute.
- Look as far ahead as possible - at least 12 seconds of travel. At a speed of 60 km / h, you will need 3..6 seconds to brake, the same - to the oncoming driver.
Consideration of physiological factors
Do not drive in a bad mood or in a great excitement - half of the dead drivers drove in this state. The first two hours of driving - the “working-in” period - are the most dangerous. Every hour, stop for a 5-minute rest: walk, warm up. After taking a large dose of alcohol, a noticeable decrease in the speed of mental reactions occurs within three days. The one about really safe car driving after drinking alcohol is out of the question.
Driving in special conditions
Riding at night
Main problems safe car driving at night driving- poor visibility and the ability to fall asleep while driving. Keep in mind that after a long time watching TV, visual acuity remains reduced for 1-2 hours. To improve visual acuity, eat sweets, drink coffee. Whenever you switch to low beam, try to see the visible limits of the road. Do not look at the oncoming vehicle. Let it be on the periphery of your vision. In case of blinding, slowly slow down and stop at the edge of the road. It is possible to get glare from a vehicle moving behind you through the rearview mirror. If an oncoming vehicle shines with one headlight at night, it may not be a motorcycle, but a car whose left headlight is faulty, so you need to keep to the right. Do not turn off the headlights in the morning twilight: at this time you need to be especially noticeable to other drivers, since those who have been driving since the night are already tired, and those who left in the morning are not yet fully awake.
Riding in winter
When driving in winter time check the brakes periodically. If a brake pads get wet and slip, dry them with a few gentle taps on the brake pedal. Do not use parking brake, as brake pads can freeze. Better put in first gear. Refill the gas tank more often: ice can form on the walls in a half-empty tank, which can later break off and block the fuel intake holes. Have a solid emergency supply of clothing, food, dry alcohol, and winter hiking gear. A snow hurricane, even in a densely populated area, can create difficult situation for drivers. If you sleep with the engine running, using it as a stove, seepage exhaust gases into the salon can lead to poisoning. If you remember this, then safe driving in winter will not pose any problem for you.
Riding in the mountains
Due to the rarefaction of air, it is necessary already at an altitude of 2000 meters adjust the ignition installed on the plain, towards the earlier generation of the spark. Continuous light braking downhill can cause the brakes to burn and boil. brake fluid... Brake with the engine, that is, with the engine off, do not press the clutch pedal. In rain and snow melting, landslides and mudflows are possible. Do not linger near streams and ravines, or in places where traces of past rock movements are visible. Mountain weather can change very quickly. Fogs are especially dangerous (they appear when the temperature drops sharply). Even on short trips, pack an emergency supply. These simple principles will provide you with safe driving even in highly mountainous areas.
Avoiding a sudden obstacle
A load in front of the truck can fall off at a bend or on a bump. In a strong wind, a broken tree or a large branch may fall on the road in front of you. A pedestrian standing on the side of the road may suddenly decide that he needs to cross the road just in front of your car. The first reaction when an obstacle appears is to apply the brake. But it is useless if the distance to the obstacle is less. braking distance... In addition, skidding is possible. Distance required to avoid a small obstacle when safe driving twice as short braking distance, so try to avoid the obstacle while slowing down moderately. If the car is equipped with " airbags“, Sharp braking is also undesirable because the inflated“ pillow ”can cause more injuries than it would have been without it. There are cases of death of children due to such "pillows".
Driving on a slippery road
The road becomes slippery not only on ice. Wet fallen leaves can do the same. Just started or very light rain also reduces the grip of the wheels. road surface: It turns road dust into thick mud that acts as a lubricant. In fog at temperatures of about 0 degrees Celsius, a crust of wet (and therefore slippery) ice can form on a previously dry road surface - due to the precipitation of water from the air. The main hazards on slippery road — lengthening the stopping distance and skidding (side slip). Means against both - slow speed, new protectors and also, as a last resort, over-the-protector chains... When skidding during safe car driving, always turn the front wheels in the direction in which you want to move: for example, if the hood turns you to the right, turn the steering wheel to the left. When doing this, do not apply the brake or clutch. Fuel supply should be moderate.
Overcoming ledges and pits
Do not pick up obstacles from acceleration, as the springs may burst. Slow down in advance, and give gas just before the obstacle. Front springs straighten up, and you will have something to meet the blow.
Overcoming a water barrier
Even a small puddle is dangerous because it can hide a hole or a sharp object. When driving in a car in shallow water, the water level should not be higher than the middle of the wheel. Do not accelerate into the water as the raised wave will flood the engine. In the water, do not stop pressing on the gas - so that the water does not fill the muffler.
Overcoming a water obstacle on ice
Ice thickness of 15 cm is sufficient for crossing a vehicle weighing 2 tons. Each additional ton of weight requires an additional 5 cm of ice. Drive on the ice with the door open, dropping off the passengers. If the ice cracks and water appears on it, do not jump out of the car right away, but try to increase your speed. These simple safe driving rules help you maintain control of your vehicle in such adverse conditions.
Movement at the level crossing
If the engine stalls at a railway crossing and there is no one to push the car, use the starter motor with first gear engaged. If the starter does not work, engage first gear and drive the car by turning the crank.
As you can see principles of safe driving quite simple and accessible to almost anyone. The main thing is not only to remember about them, but also to be ready to apply them. And this is achieved only by long and persistent training. But for the sake of own safety you can even go for it, right?
In the second part, we will talk about situations that will really put your life and safety at risk, as well as how to behave in them and how to prevent them.
Tips on how to confidently drive a car in difficult conditions and to minimize the likelihood of an accident, he gave our readersValery Goryanov, master of sports in motorsport, coach to improve driving skills.
Hold on tight to the steering wheel
Rule # 1. Before the start of the cold season, when the thermometer is just starting to approach zero, carry out a complete inspection of your car.
In winter, the load on the engine and other units increases significantly, so it is advisable to replace your iron horse oil, check other fluids, and pour an anti-freeze into the washer reservoir.
Rule # 2. Pay attention to the landing: many motorists like to recline far and be in a reclining position, or, conversely, get as close as possible to dashboard... This is a big mistake.
The seat adjustments should be adjusted so that the driver does not have to reach for the steering wheel and pedals, the viewing angle is extremely wide, and the gaze is directed parallel to the road surface - this will allow an adequate assessment of the approach speed and distance to objects. Always hold the steering wheel with both hands positioned like the hands showing the time "10 minutes to 2" on the dial. In this case, their length is always sufficient for any turn and turn.
Rule # 3. If this is the first time you are driving an unfamiliar vehicle, check the brake and accelerator pedal travel first. If possible, during the first frost or in fresh snow, test the transport on a safe site or in a secluded place, practicing emergency procedures.
So, everyone knows that when skidding it is necessary to "catch" the car, first turning the steering wheel in the direction where the car is carrying, and, only having stabilized its movement, smoothly return to the previous course. But calculating the angle and speed of such a maneuver and preparing for it psychologically is much easier by studying it in practice.
Rule # 4. In case of any suspicious deviation in the movement of the car, immediately slow down by releasing the accelerator. And in general, the key to safe driving is a leisurely ride.
For some reason, many Russian motorists are trying to squeeze out of their cars maximum speed without thinking about the dire consequences it can lead to. But the Swedes, for example, have limited permissible speed In many settlements up to 30 km / h.
Rule # 5. Be especially careful in the rain: a car suddenly driven into a puddle loses contact with the road and stops obeying the driver.
In such a situation, do not try to turn the steering wheel: after dropping speed, you must continue driving straight.
Rule # 6. In case of an unsuccessfully calculated overtaking, associated with leaving the oncoming lane, press yourself as close to the associated transport as possible by turning on the right turn signal.
You should not try to disperse the oncoming traffic by going to the opposite side of the road: even in the event of an accident, the damage from a collision with a car moving in your direction will be incomparably less than with frontal impact on the opposite lane.
Rule # 7. Never stop on a road with the wheels turned to the left.
In this case, upon impact in the rear, your car will be thrown into the oncoming lane. This is how the actor Yuri Stepanov died. Even while waiting for the arrow to light up, keep the wheels strictly directed straight ahead, and turn the steering wheel only after starting the movement.
Rule # 8. When turning, always stay in your lane, even if it seems to you that there are no other cars nearby.
For example, motorcyclists, of which there are more and more today, appear suddenly and almost imperceptibly.
Rule # 9. Do not brake directly in front of a traffic light or bumper of the car in front, but in advance by pressing and smoothly releasing the pedal.
This will not only allow you to calmly stop (and if the system refuses to take other actions), but also promptly warn the drivers driving behind you about your intentions.
Rule # 10. Do not forget about the existence of a "dead zone" on the side of the right car pillar. Sometimes even a truck moving nearby is not visible in the mirror.
You can find out who is next door to you with a quick turn of the head. Make sure there is a sufficient distance to the nearest obstacle, but do not hold your gaze for more than a moment: remember that at a speed of 60 km / h per second, the car travels more than 16 m.
Concede to "dzhigit"
Rule # 11. As you gain experience, learn to anticipate the actions of other road users.
For example, a car moving slower than the flow is most likely looking for a parking spot and may brake abruptly. Keep in mind that it is not uncommon for inexperienced car owners to forget to turn off the turn signal or even point in the opposite direction from where they are going to go.
Rule # 12. Give way to "fools" and "horsemen".
Today, more and more motorists who do not have driving experience in megacities and do not know the area are coming to Russian cities. Remember this and try not to approach chaotically moving cars. If the car in front of you starts to stop, you should not try to get ahead of it without waiting for the start of the maneuver. Too often hot guys on powerful daddy's foreign cars began to prancing on our roads, creating conflict situations from scratch. And the fashion of not using turn signals shows that these guys come from a village, on two streets of which only horse-drawn carts drive ... You need to let such people through without trying to chase after them or prove something: nerves, health and safety are more expensive. If you cut off - smile and let go. The life of reckless drivers will sooner or later both teach and punish.
There are several binding rules safe driving ..
1. If a turn is planned, stop braking before starting. When braking on a bend, the lateral stability of the vehicle decreases, and movement with high speed may cause it to tip over. In addition, frequent use of this practice will quickly wear out tires, as well as steering and chassis parts.
The trajectory of the car should have the greatest steepness at the beginning of the turn, in other words, when entering the turn, you need to turn the steering wheel to the maximum angle, and then gradually return it to its original position as you go through the turn. Immediately after entering the turn, gently press the gas pedal and increase the speed.
2. After the end of braking, the brake pedal should be released smoothly. This reduces the stress on the valves and cuffs of the main brake cylinder, and accordingly, increases their durability.
3. In the event of emergency braking, do not completely block the wheels. In this case, the braking distance will increase, and if the wheel brakes are poorly adjusted, the car can skid up to overturning. Therefore, if you feel that the car is skidding, release the pressure on the pedal. Start braking with the gear and clutch disengaged. This way, the wheels will not be blocked even if you press the pedal harder than necessary.
4. The braking performance is reduced if the linings brake wheels wet. Therefore, experienced motorists in front of a large puddle slightly squeeze the brake pedal and overcome the obstacle, slightly slowing down. This way, the brake pads pressed against the drums practically do not get wet. After driving through a deep puddle after a rainstorm, check the operation of the brakes and, if necessary, dry the pads by lightly pressing the brake pedal while driving in low gear.
5. The braking distance on an icy road is much longer than on a dry one. In icy conditions, it is recommended to use the combined braking method. In other words, braking should be done only by the engine, and only with the help of brakes. Engine braking is carried out as follows: gas is released, when the clutch is disengaged, intermediate gas is given, then the clutch is squeezed out, downshifting and the clutch is engaged again.
To perform intermittent braking, apply the brake firmly and immediately release the pedal. Even if the wheels do not lock on the edge of skid, they still have time to spin and regain traction, thus slowing down the skid. Then you need to press the brake again, but slightly weaker, and release it again. Such actions are performed until the speed drops to 20-25 km / h.
6. If you feel that the car is starting to skid, immediately turn the steering wheel towards the skid. When you stop skidding the rear wheels in one direction, you may feel that the car begins to skid in the other direction. In this case, you need to turn the steering wheel in the opposite direction. To prevent skidding back, do not wait until the rear of the vehicle has stopped uncontrollably. If you are convinced of positive effect from turning the steering wheel, turn it in the opposite direction, ahead of a new skid in the opposite direction.
The fact is that if you do not react in a timely manner, the car will skid from side to side, as a result of which a rollover may occur. If side skid is observed, release the brake immediately, otherwise the wheels could lock.
Remember: when driving on slippery roads, you must avoid sudden braking, acceleration, cornering and other maneuvers.
7. If, after exiting a skid, one or both sides of the car drove to the side of the road, do not try to taxi on roadway... The fact is that the edge of the asphalt is a small ledge that does not prevent the front wheels from moving out, but delays the rear ones, which can provoke a skid. Therefore, it is possible to drive off the side of the road onto the carriageway only after the speed has been reduced to 15–20 km / h.
8. The car should be accelerated quickly enough, but not abruptly. Sudden acceleration will quickly wear out engine parts. Long driving in intermediate gears should also be avoided.
9. Ascents and descents on a slippery road are preferable to overcome on low gears, without changing gear, without decelerating or increasing the gas, without changing the speed. If it is not possible to drive around a steep incline or descent in icy conditions, change to the selected gear before the slope starts and continue driving at minimum engine RPM without using any sharp turns of the steering wheel. Short ascents and descents can be overcome with acceleration.
In case of wheel slip and sliding backwards on an incline, park the car obliquely to the road, using a stone, wood, curb as a support.
10. If the car is stuck in the snow, do not allow the wheels to slip for a long time, as ice holes may form under them. Clean the snow from under the car and clear a small track. Minor snow drifts can be overcome with right-angle acceleration. If you feel like you can't get through a snowdrift, stop, back up and try again after clearing the road.
It should be borne in mind that if the track formed by the previously passed vehicle is too deep, the bottom of the vehicle will hit the snow, which will make it difficult to maneuver. Driving in the snow is preferable without stopping or shifting gears, since otherwise the car can lose speed and stop, and it is very difficult to get under way in the snow.
11. Driving in the beginning of rain is dangerous, as water and road dirt that has not yet been washed away form a film, as a result of which the car can skid. Therefore, getting under way and accelerating the car in such conditions should be very smooth and careful. It is strongly not recommended to sharply accelerate and brake. You should also increase the distance to the adjacent vehicle and reduce the speed when cornering.
Remember: driving speed in a rainstorm should not exceed 60 km / h, even if you are driving on a good road. It is recommended to adhere to this rule when driving on those sections of the road where water accumulates. If the car is moving at high speed on a road flooded with water, a water slip effect may occur (a water shaft forms in front of the front wheels, the wheels gradually slow down and begin to slide along the shaft, which leads to a skid).
12. Starting driving on a slippery road, it is preferable to include not the first, but the second gear. In addition, you can put some sand under the wheels or put anti-slip mats .. The road is slippery not only because of snow and ice. Asphalt becomes very slippery as soon as it starts to rain. The same road happens in the early morning in fog.
The road surface becomes especially slippery at stops, intersections and pedestrian crossings(due to frequent braking). Therefore, as you approach such areas, it is necessary to reduce the speed in advance using the intermittent braking method.
When driving on a slippery road, it is safer to drive over a bump or pothole without changing the straight line of the vehicle. The fact is that, trying to go around an obstacle with a sharp maneuver, you can provoke a skid of the car. Braking on a slippery road should be combined (mainly with the engine, pressing the brake pedal).
Short, difficult-to-pass sections on a dirt road should be overcome with acceleration. In the event that the trail of a car passing on a road with soft ground is not too deep, it is better to drive on it. But deep ruts should be skipped between the wheels. In wet clay areas, the vehicle may skid.
As for the muddy road after rain, it is preferable to move on it for more high gear and low gas. Shift down in a timely manner in front of difficult ground areas. Puddles on unpaved roads are especially dangerous, as stones or holes may appear under the water.
13. If you have to drive off-road, adhere to the following guidelines:
- Move ditches, roadside ditches and embankments in low gears at an angle close to a straight line;
- the car must move over the obstacle smoothly, without sharp turns and gear changes. If you hit an obstacle, turn up the throttle a little. After overcoming the obstacle, the gas should be released and slightly slowed down;
- it is extremely dangerous to cross ditches and embankments at an acute angle, as the vehicle may be skewed;
- on soft ground, it is preferable to ride in low gear, firmly holding the steering wheel and evenly supplying fuel;
- after ford, press the brake pedal while driving to dry the brakes.
14. When overtaking, the main part of road accidents falls on collisions not with oncoming, but with passing cars, since cars go at high speeds with a short distance from one another. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the skill of determining the distance to oncoming and passing vehicles. When overtaking, keep in mind that the driver of the car you are overtaking may not notice the overtaking warning signals and may suddenly swerve to the side.
Rebuilding to the right lane after overtaking is possible only on condition that the distance to the car that you overtook allows you to see it in the mirror. This means that the distance should be at least 20 m. When changing to the right lane, do not forget to turn on the direction indicator.
Slowing down when overtaking at the sight of an oncoming car is unacceptable. To prevent an emergency, it is necessary to give a signal to the overtaken vehicle and return to your half of the road in time.
15. In order not to get into emergency situations, you must be prepared for the fact that the driver of a neighboring car may violate traffic rules. Remember: a well-developed skill of quick reaction is vitally important for a motorist.
16. Be especially careful when overtaking at intersections. As a result of misinterpretation of traffic rules at intersections, there are often collisions of cars moving in the same direction - the site. This happens as follows: the overtaking driver, entering the oncoming lane and not noticing the left turn signal of the car in front, continues to maneuver, believing that when changing lanes, the driver must give way to the car moving along the way to forward direction... However, no one takes into account that this provision of the traffic rules only implies changing lanes when driving in parallel rows within the carriageway for one direction.
In the case of overtaking at an intersection, the overtaking one, noticing that the vehicle in front gives a left turn signal and approaches the middle of the carriageway, overtakes only on the right.
17. If you are overtaking a cyclist, you must observe an interval of at least 1 m. When overtaking, control the situation through the rear-view mirror. Do not make unexpected maneuvers in front of the cyclist. Keep in mind that the cyclist is the same pedestrian, he just moves at a higher speed.
18. Do not turn off the standard headlights in fog, snow and heavy rain, as this leads to reduced visibility, forming a wall of light in front of your eyes. Optimum visibility is achieved when all the lights on the vehicle are off, but this is not acceptable, as this makes the vehicle invisible to other drivers.
The so-called fog lights... If the fog is weak (road visibility with high beam more than 100 m), it is recommended to use high beam headlights in combination with fog lights. When driving with oncoming cars high beam switch to low and turn off the fog lights.
In medium fog and heavy rain, the dipped beam headlights must be constantly switched on together with the fog lamps, and in thick fog and heavy snow, only fog lamps must be used.
19. Be especially attentive at unregulated intersections. Accidents in the area of an intersection are usually caused by non-observance of a safe distance, violation of the rules of maneuvering, as well as failure to follow directions from road signs.
20. When bypassing a bus or gazelle standing at a bus stop, be prepared for the fact that a pedestrian may get out from behind them. Watch the gap between the body of a stationary bus and the road. Keep sight of pedestrians walking along the edge of the sidewalk or road. It should be borne in mind that a pedestrian can start crossing the street at any time. In addition, there may be people with low vision among pedestrians, so care is needed.
A pedestrian may slip and fall on the road. In this case, drive off to the curb or drive the vehicle into a snowdrift or bushes. Be especially careful after 4 pm as, according to statistics, this is the time when the largest number of pedestrian collisions occurs.
21. It should be remembered that the danger emergency increases if at least one of the following conditions is present:
- poor health of the driver;
- too tight steering wheel or brake pedal;
- slippery road;
- fog, snowfall;
- approach of the source of danger from the side;
- insufficient illumination or contrast of the hazard source;
- driving in a state of emotional stress;
- taking sedatives;
- smoking while driving (it is preferable to stop for a few minutes and smoke in the air).
It should be borne in mind that temperatures above 28 ° C reduce alertness, so if your car does not have an air conditioning system, it is better to travel on hot days early in the morning or late in the evening.
Even with mild fatigue, most people lose their sense of speed. In addition, many motorists feel that it has become harder to drive. It is not uncommon for drivers to experience the so-called motorway syndrome, caused by long-term driving at a constant speed. The uniform flickering of lanterns and marking lines is visually addictive. In this state, the motorist still reacts to external stimuli, but the reaction rate is significantly reduced. Rhythmic music is an effective distraction from monotony.
Learn to take driving as a responsible job. You need to set yourself up for a trip in advance, and while driving, you need to show attention and interest in the environment. Lack of discipline, irritability, depression, fatigue and nervous stress are the main causes of emergencies.
22. In urban conditions, when driving at a speed of 60 km / h, the distance between cars should be 20 m, and outside the city at a speed of 90 km / h - 40 km. Moving at a speed of 60 km / h, a car travels 16.7 m per second, at 90 km / h - 24.5 m. At the same time, the braking distance at a speed of 90 km / h is twice as long as at a speed of 60 km / h. Therefore, non-observance of the distance is fraught with collision when emergency braking.
Too much distance is also undesirable, since it allows other drivers to overtake and change lanes, and pedestrians - to cross the street in front of your car.
When determining the optimal distance, keep in mind that the braking distance of a loaded vehicle is 10-15% higher than the braking distance of an unloaded vehicle. It should also be borne in mind that the braking distance of trucks or buses is longer than the braking distance of cars. True, when driving on a slippery road, the braking capabilities of different types of cars are equalized.
When choosing a distance, it is necessary to take into account the fact that on an icy road, studded tires increase the braking capabilities of the car by 20–40%. Remember to brake on slippery roads as soon as the brake lights of the vehicle in front come on.
Consider the color of the car as well. According to statistics, black cars suffer the most from rear-end collisions. The fact is that dark objects visually seem smaller, and the distance to them is greater than it actually is. As you know, fog also distorts the perception of distance between cars.
23. When passing oncoming traffic at night and in poor visibility, try to stay closer to the right side of the road. Here it is necessary to maintain the maximum lateral distance to the oncoming vehicle. If a vehicle with one headlamp is driving towards it, it can be not only a motorcycle, but also a car with a faulty headlight. When approaching the turn on outside pay attention to the right side of the road, trying to avoid the headlights of an oncoming vehicle. If you move along inside, you should be the first to switch the light from high to low.
When driving with oncoming vehicles at night, switch the high beam to the low beam one 100–150 m away. If the headlights of an oncoming vehicle interfere with you, reduce your speed. You should also change the high beam to the low beam when overtaking, leaving gates and lanes, as well as when driving through unguarded railway crossings.
24. If the car is driven by a crosswind, forget about the brakes. In this case, it is necessary to smoothly turn the wheels in the opposite direction. As you know, wind is especially dangerous on a slippery road. Therefore, you must drive in such a way that there is sufficient distance between your vehicle and the obstacle to which it can be carried. An oncoming vehicle can also be such an obstacle, so keep the required distance. To keep the vehicle stable, do not place heavy loads on the roof rack.
25. It is often preferable to drive off the road when driving on slippery asphalt. Remember: the vehicle must pull off the road at an angle of 30–40 ° at the lowest possible speed. This angle of travel minimizes the risk of overturning. When choosing an exit location, avoid poles and trees, but small bushes can slow the vehicle down.
26. On closed bends mountain road regardless of the steepness, you need to switch to the lowest gears. It is not superfluous to warn other drivers with a sound signal (during the day) or switching the low beam to high beam (at night). It should be borne in mind that a necessary condition for the safety of movement on a mountain road is the serviceability of the braking system. It is preferable to brake in a combined way in low gears. Please be aware that using the foot brake only can cause the pads to overheat.
27. When driving on long ascents, as a rule, the engine overheats, which impairs its operation and increases the evaporation of electrolyte. Therefore, if necessary, stop and cool the engine. In the mountains, the tightness and serviceability of the cooling system are of particular importance.
28. When coasting, remember to release the clutch pedal. Many drivers keep their foot on the clutch by inertia until a gear change becomes necessary. This is absolutely unacceptable, since the clutch release bearing is not designed for long-term continuous operation.
Release the clutch pedal smoothly, otherwise the load on the transmission and engine will increase. By the way, the heavier the car is loaded, the more smoothly you need to release the clutch pedal.
29. If the car is moving forward, in no case must reverse gear. Do not engage gears immediately after depressing the clutch pedal. Make a short pause in the neutral position of the lever and only then engage the gear. Thus, the rotational speeds of the respective gears will equalize. If this rule is not followed, the teeth of the transmission gears will be subject to severe wear.
30. Every 5-10 seconds, the driver must look in the rear-view mirror. Before overtaking another car, braking, and also before turning, you need to look at what is happening behind your car.
31. On vehicles with anti-theft devices steering lock, the ignition must not be turned off while driving. Experienced drivers turn off the ignition and then turn on at the end of the descent in order to save fuel on gentle long descents, but this method is not suitable for all modern cars.
32. At intersections, when turning left, keep as far away from the center of the intersection as possible. Thus, your car will not interfere with oncoming traffic.
33. Driving in a city presupposes compliance with the speed at which the main traffic flows. Do not move from row to row unnecessarily or overtake a row of stopped cars.
34. The trailer of the road train shifts to the center of rotation when driving.
35. If you unexpectedly find yourself in a small slippery area in ice, it is better to pass it by pressing the clutch or brake pedal without changing the speed.
36. After a long drive on the highway, many drivers underestimate their actual speed. You can't lose your sense of speed. You should glance at the speedometer from time to time.
37. If there is a danger while driving, it is necessary to reduce the speed or stop the machine.
38. It should be borne in mind that rear-view mirrors, which have a spherical reflective surface, increase the distance between objects.
39. If you need to park your car on a slope where there is a curb, park the car at an angle at the edge of the carriageway, resting front wheel into the curbstone.
40. Prolonged braking of a car with the clutch engaged on steep descents, as a rule, is accompanied by overheating of the brakes or their failure.
41. When overtaking on a road with a steep slope from the center to the shoulders, consider the possibility of skidding downhill. To prevent skidding, after the start of overtaking, hold the car a little in the middle of the road, and then smoothly move it to the left side, ahead of the overtaken car and gradually move to the right side.
42. Remember that the way a driver sits influences a driver's performance while driving. An uncomfortable fit will tire you out much faster.
43. When approaching an unregulated intersection, look left, right, left and right again .. A second look to the left and right is necessary in order to check if the situation has changed. Watch the warning signals given by other drivers, correlate them with the location of vehicles on the roadway, because it also happens that the signal and the position of the car contradict each other.
44. If on back seat there are children in the car, lock the doors. Older drivers should be especially careful while driving. It is known that after 35 years of age the field of vision inevitably narrows, its acuity and ability to adapt to various conditions deteriorate.
45. Do not drive immediately after leaving the illuminated area. Visual acuity also decreases with smoking.
Unfortunately, a huge number of accidents occur in urban environments. And this is despite the relatively low speed of the cars. That is why driving in the city should be based on the desire not to create accidents.
Young green
All drivers were once inexperienced. In no case do not be ashamed of the fact that your driving experience is not long. And stick the corresponding on rear glass your vehicle is not at all shameful. This symbol will help other drivers understand that you are not yet capable of driving. difficult maneuvers and you can get confused in an unforeseen situation.
Search a woman
Some important tips especially for lovely ladies. Driving around the city involves moving from one point to another, not narcissism in and the desire to catch the admiring glances of men. Moreover, in most cases, increased attention from men indicates a strange driving style, and not about their interest.
Attention, attention, and more attention
A common newbie mistake is to only see what is ahead.However, this is not enough for safe driving... It is very important to learn to notice what is happening on the left, right, and behind you. This will help keep the situation under control, even if there are no maneuvers in your plans yet.
Look in the mirrors as often as possible. At first it may seem to you that this is only distracting, but over time it will become clear that full-fledged city driving without comprehensive control of the situation on the road is impossible.
It is important to consider the so-called dead zone if you need to change lanes to the left. Experienced drivers advise in this case to quickly turn your head to the left in order to assess the existing interference. At the same time, it is important to keep an eye on the car in front in order to find your way in time if this vehicle starts to slow down. Be especially careful if a bus, wagon, or truck slows down.
Here's a new twist ...
Any self-driving manual for city driving includes information on the importance correct technique turns and U-turns. So, it is necessary to finish and braking before entering the turn. When performing this maneuver, the steering wheel should be in such a position that it does not need to be turned again. It is safe to accelerate when cornering, but do not push the throttle too hard. A significant decrease in travel speed will reduce the stability of the vehicle.
Important! If you drive a car with front-wheel drive, during forced braking when turning, your left foot works, the gas is not released.
Passing the "Driving" exam successfully
The city with its dense traffic flows- the place is unpredictable. It is not surprising to get confused here. Pull yourself together and remember everything that you went through in the practical lessons. Do not get lost at traffic lights, do not miss the sign " the main road”, Keep your distance, and driving on will not terrify you!
During training at a driving school, we all acquire the most basic driving skills. This is more or less enough to pass the exam in the traffic police, but oh, how not enough for confident driving in real conditions. Now the real study begins! Every day, absorbing the knowledge acquired on the road, the beginner gradually turns into an experienced driver.
Safety Fundamentals is designed to prepare you for driving in challenging road conditions at least theoretically.
1. How to keep a safe distance and safe lateral spacing.
A picture familiar to everyone: the one who was driving in front slowed down, the one who was driving behind did not have time to react. In 99.9% of cases, the one who was driving behind is to blame. And the accusation will be standard - not keeping a safe distance.
So what should it be, this safest distance? The rules do not contain any numerical value, and they cannot. The safe distance depends on many reasons and in each case is determined by the driver independently.
The higher the speed, the greater the distance should be. On a dry surface, the distance is one, on a slippery surface - another. An experienced driver, even when moving bumper to bumper, will never hit the driver in front. A newcomer can become the culprit of an accident, keeping an increased distance.
Of course, there are some well-known guidelines. For example, on a dry road, the distance (in meters) should be at least half the speed (in km / h), and on a slippery road, at least the absolute value of the speed. That is, when driving at a speed of 60 km / h on a dry road, the distance should be at least 30 meters, on a slippery road - at least 60 meters. Knowing and using such a recommendation is certainly not harmful. However, in reality, everything happens a little differently.
In the process of driving, each of us unwittingly monitors the traffic situation, the computer inside us analyzes the incoming information and gives the result - a danger signal, we are scared! The driver instinctively increases the distance to get rid of the unpleasant feeling of anxiety. In this sense, all drivers have the same safe distance - when not scary.
But still, keeping a safe distance, focusing only on "scary-not scary", is somehow very subjective and completely unscientific. And what does science say about this?
Each time the driver detects an obstacle on the road, further events develop as follows:
- the eyes communicate information to the brain;
- the brain immediately signals the spinal cord;
- the spinal cord commands certain muscle groups, and your right leg is transferred from the gas pedal to the brake pedal.
This time (from the moment when the driver detected an obstacle on the road until the moment the brake pedal is pressed) is usually called driver reaction time.
It has been experimentally established that the reaction time is different for different people and it can vary from 0, 4 to 1, 6 seconds. (It is better for a novice driver to assume that this is his reaction time - 1.6 seconds).
But that's not all. Engineers measured the response time hydraulic drive brakes, and it, as it turned out, can reach the value 0,4 seconds. I.e brakes can be triggered with a delay of 0.4 seconds after the driver begins to press the brake pedal.
And all this time
(as much as 2 seconds after the brake lights flashed on the person ahead of the driver)
your car will approach him inexorably!
And only after2 secondsthe actual braking will begin!
It turns out that on dry asphalt, a safe distance can be considered the distance that a car travels in 2 seconds.
At a speed of 60 km / h, this is just over 33 meters, and at a speed of 90 km / h - exactly 50 meters.
And about these 2 seconds on the exam they ask:
And they also ask about the reaction time:
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What is driver reaction time? 1. Time from the moment the driver detects the danger until the vehicle comes to a complete stop. 2. Time from the moment the driver detects the danger until the start of taking measures to avoid it. 3. The time it takes to move your foot from the fuel pedal to the brake pedal. Task comment The time it takes to move your foot from the fuel pedal to the brake pedal is only one component of the driver's overall reaction time. First, the eyes communicate information to the brain, then the brain communicates with the spinal cord, the spinal cord commands the muscles, and only then the transfer of the leg from one pedal to another begins. So the second is the correct answer. |
Novice drivers do not yet know how to accurately track the traffic situation. Moreover, all their attention is focused on the control process itself - muscle memory has not yet been developed - legs confuse pedals, and hands “do not remember” where which lever is. At first, any of us experiences constant stress along with positive emotions. The natural reaction is to push everyone else away from you. Well, if they weren't here at all!
I have to disappoint you. In today's life, you will not be able to maintain a comfortable distance all the time. The vacated living space will immediately be occupied by advanced colleagues. So from the first steps you will have to drive in conditions where the distance to the vehicle in front will be frighteningly small. Especially in traffic jams.
In this regard, I would like to give some advice.
You are in luck - the blue Opel driving in front of you is "transparent". Through it you can clearly see what is happening further on the road.
Watch that car (which is in front of Opel), and as soon as its brake lights come on, you can start braking. Another second, and the brake lights will flash at Opel, but you are already ready for this.
But you can do that - move slightly to the left within your lane and control the development of events ahead. At least the left brake lights of those traveling in front are visually easily identifiable.
Finally, there is also such a possibility - watch the shadows of the cars in front of you. During the day, shadows can be from the sun, at night - from street lamps.
If the shadows far ahead begin to stop, it's time for you to move your right foot from the gas pedal to the brake pedal.
Now about the safe lateral interval.
Spacing (side spacing) is the distance between the sides of vehicles. It is important to observe a safe lateral spacing in relation to neighbors traveling in the same direction to the right and to the left, but it is a hundred times more important to observe it in relation to oncoming vehicles. Lateral touch during oncoming traffic inevitably leads to dire consequences. And here it is necessary to understand the following. At low speeds, we can, as they say, crawl into the eye of the needle. But the higher the speed, the wider the dynamic corridor is required for the driver to safe management with your vehicle.
Yes, one more thing. I almost forgot! But you probably already understood yourself - if your car is "transparent", it creates comfortable conditions for the one behind. And, therefore, the likelihood that he "yawns" and hit you is sharply reduced.
2. How to use the brakes correctly.
In order to make it easier for us to understand each other in the future, let's learn the following three terms:
1. Distance covered during the driver's reaction timeIs the path traversed from the moment a hazard is detected to the start of taking measures to avoid it.
2. Braking distance- the distance traveled from the start of taking action to a complete stop.
3. Stopping path- the distance traveled from the moment the danger was detected to a complete stop.
That is, the stopping distance includes both the distance traveled during the driver's reaction time and, in fact, the braking distance. And the braking distance is the distance traveled by the car from the moment the brakes are applied to the moment it comes to a complete stop.
Each driver has its own reaction, which is released by nature. We also do not control the response time of the brake drive. These components of the common stopping distance are not in our control. And here is the length and trajectory braking distance very much even depends on the skillful or inept actions of the driver.
I'm talking about an accident that happened before my eyes.
The driver of the red car drives out of the yard and sees that a blue car is approaching on the left, but the eye tells him: "I have time to turn, nothing bad will happen."
The driver of the blue car “hits the brakes” and in a moment finds himself in the oncoming lane. The blow was so strong that the red was thrown onto the lawn.
What happened, why did the blue car drift into the oncoming lane? Why did the movement suddenly become uncontrollable? And what is interesting - if now the driver of the blue car did not brake at all, they would have peacefully dispersed!
Here we need to get acquainted with the new term -wheel lock.
If the brake pedal is driven into the floor with a kick of the foot, then all four wheels can be instantly blocked, that is, all four wheels will stop rotating.
But the car will not stop moving!
It will continue to move under the influence of inertia, sliding the wheels on the road surface. I also call this movement "skid", and while the wheels do not roll on the road, namely slide, it is completely pointless to rotate the steering wheel - it will not give any result.
The car is driven as long as the wheels are rolling!
If the wheels are blocked, the car becomes uncontrollable!
Hence the conclusion - in all cases, the effort on the brake pedal must be increased smoothly! If the situation is calm, this smoothness can be extended arbitrarily in time. If emergency braking is required, then the smoothness of pressing the pedal will be compressed to the limit in time. But all the same it will not be a blow to the brakes!
What gives the driver such smoothness of pressing? The driver will feel in time that he has crossed the line of what is permitted - the car “floated”, skidded. That is, now there is no braking - the wheels have lost traction! It is necessary to loosen the pressure on the pedal in order to restore the braking effect and restore control to the car.
In the collection of the traffic police there are puzzles where you are asked exactly about this braking technique:
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Reducing the braking distance of the vehicle is achieved: 1. By pressing the brake pedal all the way. 2. By intermittently pressing the brake pedal. 3. By pressing the brake pedal while using the parking brake system. Task comment Which answer is correct is clear - the second. Just don't take the expression "... by intermittently pressing the brake pedal" literally. This does not mean that you have to press - release, press - release. Since we are talking about a situation when it is required to shorten the braking distance as much as possible, it means that you need to press on the brake and you need to press hard. But without blocking the wheels! As soon as the driver feels that the car is slipping, it is necessary to slightly loosen the pressure on the pedal and immediately increase the pressure again, and again loosen it, if necessary. And so on until it comes to a complete stop. This is how you intermittently press the brake pedal. |
But this ability to brake by intermittent pressing on the brake pedal is needed only if your car not equipped with so-calledABS(from the English.Anti– lock breaking system– anti-lock braking system).
If on the dashboard of your car, when you turn the ignition key, a yellow icon with the inscription ABS lights up, it means that this system you have installed. If it is working properly, this icon goes out after a few seconds.
And ifABSyou have, then press the brake pedal, as they say, "from the heart." CleverABSwill not let you block the wheels.
It remains only to finally formulate correct principles emergency braking.
1. In all cases (and especially on slippery roads), a minimum braking distance can be achieved only by preventing the wheels from blocking.
2. If the carnot equipped with an anti-lock braking system, then the anti-lock braking system is the driver himself, and during emergency braking his task is to keep the braking process on the verge of locking the wheels by intermittently pressing the brake pedal.
3. If the car is equipped with an anti-lock braking system, then simply press the brake pedal to a full stop, and the smart will do the rest for you ABS.
And they ask about this on the exam:
What is engine braking.
Here, in our conversations about safe driving techniques, the moment has come when we need to clarify one very important condition.
All questions of a theoretical nature in the tasks of the traffic police concern only cars with manual transmission. Accordingly, we will continue to talk about vehicle control techniques. from mechanical box gear changes.
On a dry road with a quality surface, wheel blocking is an unlikely event.
At the same time, on a slippery road, it is enough to lightly press the brake pedal, and the wheels no longer roll, but slide.
In such a situation, the most effective braking is engine braking. And even better - combined braking, that is, both the engine and the already known to us intermittent pressing of the brake pedal on the verge of locking the wheels. True, in this case, you will have to press the brake pedal not only smoothly, but also gently.
And engine braking means just taking your foot off the gas pedal. Moreover, it must also be removed not by a jerk, but by smoothly decreasing the pressure on the pedal. The engine speed will begin to fall, and if before that you were moving in fifth gear at a speed of 90 km / h, then gradually in the same fifth gear you will go at a speed of 60 km / h. But the wheels do not slip at the same time, but forcibly rotate, and the car is still controllable!
Move from fifth gear to fourth, or even immediately to third, then to second, and if necessary, then to first gear. At the same time, the right foot is on the brake pedal, it slows down slightly all the time, and now, finally, the speed has dropped to quite safe, and you can continue to move even on such a slippery road. Then you have to "cut" in second gear at the speed of a pedestrian, but what to do: "The slower you go - the longer you will be!"
Experienced drivers love engine braking and almost always use it to varying degrees.
Even in the most harmless situation, for example, stopping at a red traffic light, experienced drivers they prefer not to coast in "neutral", but simply transfer their foot from the accelerator pedal to the brake pedal, in this mode they drive up to the intersection and only in the immediate vicinity of the stop line do they move the gearshift knob to the neutral position.
A special case is driving on a long descent.
Brake discs passenger car with an urban driving rhythm, they heat up to a maximum of two hundred degrees. This is undesirable, but quite tolerable - the brakes remain functional.
If you constantly press on the brake, the temperature can rise to 400-500 degrees. But this is already really dangerous! Overheating discs and pads brake system almost completely stops working - the pads slide on a hot disc like clockwork.
This can happen if, on a long descent, roll down in neutral, braking all the time, not allowing the car to accelerate too much.
The brakes can be spared by going downhill using engine braking. It is enough to turn on a downshift (third or second) and remove your foot from the accelerator pedal. The car would be glad to accelerate, but it is held back by the crankshaft of the engine, which does not want to rotate faster (you do not press the accelerator pedal, but in the idle move the crankshaft speed is still only 800-900 rpm.). And at such speeds and in second gear, the car goes slowly.
On this topic (movement on steep descent) there are two problems in the collection of the traffic police, and at least one of them requires a little commentary.
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How should you select a gear for engine braking, taking into account the steepness of the descent? 1. The steeper the descent, the higher the gear. 2. The steeper the descent, the lower the gear. 3. The choice of gear does not depend on the steepness of the descent. Task comment
Seasoned drivers use this formula: "In whatever gear I go up this mountain, in the same gear I will go down this mountain." The steeper the climb, the lower the gear will have to be included in order to overcome it. Accordingly, the steeper the descent, the lower gear will be required in order to descend safely later. |
Another special case is a water hazard.
At a speed of movement (80 km / h and higher), the water simply does not have time to "escape" from the wheel.
As a result, a so-called water wedge , the tires lose traction and the car becomes uncontrollable.
This phenomenon is also calledaquaplaning.When aquaplaning, the car does not react to the steering wheel or the brake!
But this is only until the speed decreases and the wheels push through the water!
Therefore, if something terrible has happened, and the car swam, you should not rotate steering wheel and step on the brake pedal. When the speed drops, and contact with the road is restored, the turned wheels will certainly cause the car to be thrown to the side. And if, at the same time, you also block the wheels by pressing the brake pedal, then the car's skid is guaranteed.
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Wheels are, of course, not skis, and the car weighs more than a skier. But if the puddle is deep, and the speed is under 100 km / h, then you can slide on the water surface in a car. Only this is no longer a pleasure, but a mortal danger.
What shall we do if a “water wedge” has formed under the wheels and aquaplaning has begun? 1. Let's press the brake pedal. 2. In no case! We will brake with the engine, reducing the pressure on the accelerator pedal. As the speed drops, contact with the road will be restored, and with it, the car's handling will be restored. And here it is important that the wheels do not slip, but forcibly roll along the road. |
Hence the conclusion - if the puddle is large and deep, it must be overcome carefully and at low speed.
But this alone is not enough. In a deep puddle, the brakes are bound to pick up water.
And if the brake pads are well moistened, their excellent frictional properties disappear.
The driver presses the brake pedal, the pads are regularly pressed against the discs, but braking does not occur - the wet pads rub against the discs without offering any resistance!
What to do? Wait until they dry? If it's summer, you can, of course, wait, but it will take a long time. And if it is winter, the pads will freeze up in general, and where to go with such brakes?
Therefore, it is most correct to dry the brakes on the move, observing all safety measures, namely: we take the extreme right position on the roadway, turn on the emergency gang and, moving in first gear, periodically press the brake pedal. The friction will heat up the pads and discs, evaporate the water and restore braking.
Here's how you will be asked about it on the exam:
3. Speed of movement.
In ideal conditions (when driving on dry asphalt and in clear weather), drivers can safely move at the speed allowed by the Rules on this section of the road. However, if the surface is slippery or the visibility is insufficient, drivers will instinctively slow down to a speed that they feel is safe under the given conditions.
That is, in difficult road conditions, the choice of a safe speed is subjective - each driver decides for himself how fast he will go further. And in this case, the driver is no longer guided by the readings of the speedometer, but by his own feelings. At the same time, the universal rule remains immutable:
In any conditions, a safe speed is one at which the stopping distance is obviously less than the visibility distance!
In addition, it must be borne in mind that the human eye is an imperfect device. Numerous studies have confirmed that in the dark and in conditions of insufficient visibility, the eyes deceive us and, moreover, they deceive us. greater danger!
In the fog, it seems that oncoming cars are barely crawling, and the driver begins to prepare for the oncoming passing too late. But this is already really dangerous!
Better if it seemed to us that they were going fast, then we would reduce the speed in advance and increase the lateral interval.
But the distance to objects in conditions of insufficient visibility seems to be greater than in reality.
And it's dangerous!
It only seems to us that the car in distress is still far away. In fact, it's high time to slow down! In fog, the distance to objects is perceived distorted and always in the direction of greater danger.
It would be better if it seemed to us that it was already a stone's throw away, and we would begin to take measures in advance.
Yes, and in clear weather, not everything is so perfect - with an increase in speed, the driver's field of vision sharply narrows - the driver controls everything in front, but he may not see the danger from the side.
4. Some features of the use of external lighting devices.
In heavy fog or snow, the high beam headlights are ineffective. A light beam 100 meters long simply does not reach the roadbed, completely disappearing in a hundred-meter thick fog (or thick snowfall).
From the driver's seat it looks something like this. The driver does not see the road, he sees only fog (or falling snow).
The dipped beam headlights are shorter (45 - 50 meters), and something will break through the 50-meter wall of fog - part of the light beam will reach the roadbed. And if you also add foglights, then the visibility of the road will become quite bearable.
The flat and wide beam of fog lights provides good illumination of the road in the immediate vicinity of the vehicle.
From the driver's seat it will look something like this.
Output:
When driving at night in dense fog or heavy snow, the best visibility is provided by the fog lights together with low beam headlights .
And of course, the speed must be chosen so that the stopping distance is less than the visibility distance.
And one more thing that drivers should always remember!
In the dark, when approaching the top of the rise, it is always necessary to switch low beam headlights!
If this is not done, then already 100 meters before the top of the rise you will not see the road - the ray shines into the sky without touching the roadbed. This is, first of all.
And, secondly, having met at the top of the rise, the drivers will simultaneously blind each other (if they do not switch to low beam in advance).
5. Maneuvering. Safety requirements.
5.1. The beginning of the movement.
Practical driving test may not be passed if it is wrong to get into the car and get out of it wrong. There are no instructions on this in the Rules, and in life you can get in and out of the car as you like - there is no punishment for this by any regulatory legal acts.
Another thing is that safety depends on this, and safety, as you know, comes first.
Therefore, they will start asking you about the correct landing and disembarkation already at the theoretical exam:
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What should a driver do when getting into a car parked on the sidewalk or on the side of the road? 1. Walk around the front of the vehicle. 2. Go around the car from behind. 3. Task comment
It is about getting into a left-hand drive car parked on the right side of the road. If you bypass the car when boarding behind , then you may not see your own destruction.
This is how it is much safer. |
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What should a driver do when getting out of a car parked on the sidewalk or on the side of the road? 1. Walk around the front of the vehicle. 2. Go around the car from behind. 3. Both options are valid. Task comment
If, after disembarking, bypass the car in front , then you can again not see your own destruction.
And if after disembarking to bypass the car behind , then you can see the approaching danger. There is a real chance to survive. |
5.2. Safe U-turn using the adjacent territory on the right.
On a practical driving test, you may well be asked to turn around on such a narrow road using the courtyard entrance.
In principle, you can do so - turn right into the courtyard, stop, and then reverse cross the road.
True, in this case you will have to turn your head pretty much - the danger is approaching you from all sides.
But you can also vice versa - drive into the yard not in front, but in reverse. To complete the U-turn, all that remains is to turn left.
Don't you think it's both more convenient and safer?
5.3. Safe U-turn using the adjacent territory on the left.
If the yard is on the left, then backing into it is not easy.
In this case, it is better to "dive" into the yard forward.
However, you will have to leave in reverse, well, so the danger can only be from behind. And you are looking there.
And again, I must tell you that in life it will happen this way and that, and no one will punish you for it. And on the exam, it is imperative to demonstrate knowledge of safe maneuvering techniques, otherwise it will be considered a mistake.
There are questions about such U-turns (using the adjacent territory) and Tickets. They ask right there: “Which figure shows on right
Or: “Which figure shows way of turning using the adjacent territory left ensuring road safety ”?
Now I have the right to expect that the answers will not cause you any difficulties.
5.4. Competent tactics of passing a curved section of the road.
If the road turns right.
If the road turns right, the driver can afford to take far left position on its own half of the carriageway. This is done in order to maximally "straighten" the trajectory of movement on the corner.
Pay attention - at the exit from the turn, the trajectory of movement is already almost a straight line.
But this is extremely important! - if the trajectory of movement has no curvature, then there is no centrifugal force, which tends to demolish or overturn the car.
In this picture, the driver initially pressed against right edge roadway. Thus, he hoped to straighten the curvature of the turn. And at the initial stage he succeeded.
But what did this tactic lead to? - he "buried" in a solid line of marking, and now, in order not to fly into the oncoming lane, you need a sharp turn of the steering wheel! In this case, you also have to slow down, and then the skid rear axle the car is almost guaranteed.
If the road turns left.
In this case, in order to straighten the curvature as much as possible, it is necessary in the initial phase of the turn to press as much as possible to the right. And at the exit from the turn, it is necessary to set such a trajectory of movement so that it does not differ much from the straight line.
In this picture, the driver did everything the other way around - first pressed to the left, then "buried" on the side of the road, braked, abruptly turned the steering wheel to the left, and then the movement of the car took on an uncontrollable character.
You will see such drawings in exam tickets, I took them from there. Only there will not be a hint in the form of cars going into a skid. Only trajectories will be shown - literate and illiterate. But is this really a problem for a competent driver.
5.5. Overtaking is the most difficult and dangerous maneuver.
Overtaking is always going into oncoming traffic. And, therefore, before deciding to overtake, the driver must accurately calculate the path of the upcoming overtaking - whether he will have time to return to his lane, without interfering with either the driver of the overtaken car, or the driver of the oncoming car.
And it is also extremely important to position yourself so that the driver of the overtaken car always sees you in the rearview mirror and knows about your intentions.
The soul is much calmer if you keep a safe distance. From here, by the way, and Opposite Lane well visible, and the truck driver sees you in the rearview mirror.
And even if the attempt to overtake is unsuccessful, it is not too late to return back to your lane.
6. Stopping and parking on slopes.
When stopping and parking, the Rules oblige drivers to take all measures to exclude spontaneous movement of the vehicle. This requirement can be read in the last paragraph of Section 12 of the Rules.
Rules. Section 12. Clause 12.8. The driver can leave his seat or leave the vehicle if he is accepted necessary measures, excluding spontaneous movement of the vehicle or its use in the absence of the driver.
The rules do not specify what “all measures to exclude the spontaneous movement of a vehicle” are. And in general, what should be on the road for our car to go on an independent journey without us.
This can happen when stopping or parking on slopes.
Of course, first of all, both drivers should tighten hand brake... But this is not yet “all measures”. If you leave the car, then, after turning off the engine, do not forget to engage first gear (if the car is with a manual gearbox). It's like another hand brake - the wheels cannot rotate, being connected to the stationary crankshaft engine.
Well, if the car is with automatic transmission, then, of course, the selector knob is in the "P" position.
But it turns out that this is not all of the measures!
And the handbrake seems to be tightened, and the gear is on, and, nevertheless, statistics know many cases when vehicles parked on the slopes, suddenly began to roll down, crippling equipment and people. Therefore, competent drivers in this case use another wise trick:
It is necessary to unscrew the idler wheels of the car correctly!
CarsBUTandBstandon the descent .
Car BUT with the front wheels rests on the curb of the sidewalk and will not go anywhere in the absence of the driver.
Car B may start spontaneous movement (if, for example, his handbrake is faulty).
CarsINandDstandon the rise .
Car D can also roll down (as long as the rear right wheel will not rest against the curb of the sidewalk). And, as you can imagine, this is not good.
This road has no sidewalk, which means there is no curb. There is only the shoulder, which is always located on the same level with the carriageway.
Cars BUT and D, if they go without an owner, they go out of the road. And it is much better than on the road.
And here are the cars B and IN they will just go to the roadway, which is completely unacceptable.
You will see such drawings in exam tickets, and I took them from there. Only there will be no clues showing the trajectory of spontaneous movement of cars. It will only show who turned the wheels in which direction. But is this really a problem for you, for competent drivers.
7. Car skidding.
Any braking action transfers the weight of the vehicle to the front wheels. That is, the front wheels are firmly pressed to the road, and the rear wheels, on the contrary, tend to get off the road.
In such a situation, a small lateral force is sufficient for the rear axle of the car to begin to rotate around the front axle.
This phenomenon is called car skidding.
Where does this lateral force come from?
To the greatest regret, it will certainly be taken, and there are plenty of reasons for this!
7.1. Car skidding during hard braking.
When braking, the car is pulled forward by one single force - the force of inertia. And this force is applied to the center of gravity of the car.
And as many as four forces resist the inertial force, namely, the braking forces of the four wheels of the car. In this case, the main load falls on the brakes of the front wheels (it is not for nothing that the front brake pads wear out faster than the rear ones).
So, when braking, the rear wheels are weakly pressed to the road and therefore prone to blocking. It is enough to sharply press the brake pedal, and now they no longer roll, but slide, losing grip on the road surface. In this case, almost all braking is carried out only by the front wheels.
Now imagine that the left front wheel brakes more effectively than the right. There can be many reasons for this - for example, different tire pressures, or the asphalt on the left is dry, and on the right is wet. Sometimes it's enough for one of the wheels to roll on road markings, and the other on the asphalt!
In this case, when braking, a moment of forces immediately arises, striving to turn the car.
As a result, the left side of the car starts to move more slowly than the right side. The rear axle of the vehicle is skidding or the vehicle is simply skidding.
The further movement of the car will resemble the movement of a stone thrown on the ice - the stone spins and spins, but flies in a straight line to where the force of inertia drags it.
The first natural reaction of an inexperienced driver is to apply the brakes even harder. As you can imagine, this means that the skid will continue. The opposite action can change the situation - take your foot off the brake pedal.
They took their foot off the brake pedal, and immediately the moment of forces turning the car disappeared. But the force of inertia has not gone anywhere, it still drags the car forward! It doesn't matter, we turn the steering wheel in the direction of the skid and align the trajectory of the car.
Note. As we have already decided, a car skid is a rear axle skid. Rear wheels tend to approach the front. In this case, while leveling the car, the driver turns the steering wheel towards the approaching rear wheels... It is customary to call this "Turning the steering wheel towards a skid".
Let's see how you will be asked about this at the exam in the traffic police:
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To stop the skid caused by braking, the driver must first of all: 1. Stop the started braking. 2. Disengage the clutch. 3. Continue braking without changing the effort on the brake pedal. |
